initial commit / add all books

115 files changed, 2004 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/2495/CH1/EX1.5.1/Ex1_5_1.sce b/2495/CH1/EX1.5.1/Ex1_5_1.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f57a43693
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH1/EX1.5.1/Ex1_5_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+clear ;

+clc ;

+T1 = 234.5 ;// Temperature in K

+P = 1 ; // Pressure in atm

+rho1 = 14.19 // Density of solid Hg in g/(cm^3)

+rho2 = 13.70 // Density of liquid Hg in g/(cm^3)

+V = 200.59 // volume of liquid and solid in g/mol

+delV = ((V/rho2)-(V/rho1))*(10^-3)// in dm^3/mol

+delTdelP = 0.0051 // K/atm

+R1 = 8.314 // in J

+R2 = 0.082 // in (dm)^3/atm

+delH = ((delV*T1)/(delTdelP))*(R1/R2)*10^-3;//molar heat of fusion in kJ/mol

+printf('delH = %.3f (KJ)/mol',delH)

+T2 = 273// in K

+delP = (delH*(R2/R1)*(T2-T1))/(delV*T1)*10^3;//pressure required to raise melting point to T2 in atm

+printf('\ndelP = %d atm ',delP)

+

+

+//Example in page 10

diff --git a/2495/CH1/EX1.5.10/Ex1_5_10.sce b/2495/CH1/EX1.5.10/Ex1_5_10.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..24edd9961
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH1/EX1.5.10/Ex1_5_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+clear

+clc

+T=273;//in K

+R=8.314;//in J/Kmol

+DelHm=T*2.303*R;//in J/mol

+printf('DelHm=%.1d J/mol',DelHm)

+

+//page 16

+

diff --git a/2495/CH1/EX1.5.11/Ex1_5_11.sce b/2495/CH1/EX1.5.11/Ex1_5_11.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..72d485cb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH1/EX1.5.11/Ex1_5_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+clear;

+clc;

+DelG=2866;//in J/mol

+rhoG=2.25;//in gm/cm^3

+rhoD=3.52;//in gm/cm^3

+MC=12;//mass of carbon

+P1=1;//in atm

+P2=(-DelG/(MC/rhoD-MC/rhoG))+P1

+printf('P2=%.1f Jcm^-3',P2)

+R1=0.082;//in dm^3atm

+R2=8.314;//in J

+P21=P2*(R1*1000/R2)

+printf('\nP21=%.1d atm',P21)

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 23

+

diff --git a/2495/CH1/EX1.5.12/Ex1_5_12.sce b/2495/CH1/EX1.5.12/Ex1_5_12.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7e016b687
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH1/EX1.5.12/Ex1_5_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+clear 

+clc

+rho1=1.21;//in gm^cm-3

+rho2=1.10;//in gm^cm-3

+P2=3260;//in atm

+T2=298.15;//in K

+P1=2450;//in atm

+T1=242.15;//in K

+MI=18;//molar mass of ice in gm/mol

+R1=8.314;//in J

+R2=0.082;//in atm dm^3

+DelH_Tr=((P2-P1)*(R1/R2)*(MI/rho2-MI/rho1)*T1)/(T2-T1)

+printf('DelH_Tr=%.3f J/mol',DelH_Tr)

+

+//There is an error in the answer given in the textbook

+//In text book he took (T1-T2)=6,but actually (T1-T2)=56

+//page 23

diff --git a/2495/CH1/EX1.5.13/Ex1_5_13.sce b/2495/CH1/EX1.5.13/Ex1_5_13.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b5a956650
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH1/EX1.5.13/Ex1_5_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clear

+clc

+DelVm_tr=0.0126;//in cm^3/gm

+P=1;//in atm

+Ti=368.65;//in K

+DelTDelP=0.035;//in K/atm

+R1=8.314;//in J

+R2=0.082;//in dm^3atm

+DelHm_tr=Ti*(DelVm_tr*32/1000)*1/(DelTDelP)*(R1/R2)

+printf('DelHm_tr=%.1f J/mol',DelHm_tr)

diff --git a/2495/CH1/EX1.5.2/Ex1_5_2.sce b/2495/CH1/EX1.5.2/Ex1_5_2.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..99e614d77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH1/EX1.5.2/Ex1_5_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clear;

+clc;

+T1=373.15;//in K

+P=1;//atm

+Vv=1674;//in cm^3/gm

+delPdelT=27.12;//in torr/K

+R1=8.314;//in J

+R2=0.082;//in atm/(dm)^3

+delH=((delPdelT)/760)*T1*((Vv*10^-3)*18)*(R1/R2)

+printf('delH =%d J/mol',delH)

+

+////Example in page 15

diff --git a/2495/CH1/EX1.5.3/Ex1_5_3.sce b/2495/CH1/EX1.5.3/Ex1_5_3.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d26587d7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH1/EX1.5.3/Ex1_5_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+clear;

+clc;

+T1=313.75;//in K

+P1=59.1;//in torr

+T2=353.15;//in K

+P2=298.7;//in torr

+R=2.303*8.314;//in J/(K*mol)

+delH=R*log10(P2/P1)*((T2*T1)/(T2-T1))

+printf('delH=%d J/mol',delH)

diff --git a/2495/CH1/EX1.5.4/Ex1_5_4.sce b/2495/CH1/EX1.5.4/Ex1_5_4.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aaf6df326
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH1/EX1.5.4/Ex1_5_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+clear

+clc

+T1=325.15;//in K

+T2=338.15;//in K

+P2=760;//in torr

+DelHm_v=10.5;//

+P1=P2/(10^((DelHm_v/2.303)*((T2/T1)-1)));//in torr

+printf('P1=%.1f torr',P1)

+P=200;//in torr

+T=T2/(1+((2.303/10.5)*log10(P2/P)));//in K

+printf('\nT=%.1d K',T)

+I=log10(P2)-(((DelHm_v*T2)/2.303)*(-1/T2));//

+printf('\nI=%.3f',I)

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 16

diff --git a/2495/CH1/EX1.5.5/Ex1_5_5.sce b/2495/CH1/EX1.5.5/Ex1_5_5.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..389ba4491
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH1/EX1.5.5/Ex1_5_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+clear;

+clc;

+P=760;//in torr

+dP=52;//in torr

+dT=2;//in K

+DelH_RTb=10.5;//Trouton rule

+Tb=(DelH_RTb*P)/(dP/dT)

+printf('Tb=%.1f K',Tb)

+R=8.314;//in J/Kmol

+DelH_v=(DelH_RTb*R*Tb)

+printf('\nDelH_v=%1d J/mol',DelH_v)

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 17

+

diff --git a/2495/CH1/EX1.5.6/Ex1_5_6.sce b/2495/CH1/EX1.5.6/Ex1_5_6.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3282e6f8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH1/EX1.5.6/Ex1_5_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clear;

+clc;

+T1=373.15;//in K

+P1=76.0;//in cmHg

+P2=77.0;//in cmHg

+DelHm_v=2255;//in J/gm

+Vm_v=1664;//in cm^3/mol

+Vm_l=1;//in cm^3/mol

+R=8.314;//in J/Kmol

+T2=(1/((1/T1)-((2.303*R/(DelHm_v*18))*log10(P2/P1))))

+printf('T2=%.1f K',T2)

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 18

diff --git a/2495/CH1/EX1.5.7/Ex1_5_7.sce b/2495/CH1/EX1.5.7/Ex1_5_7.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c7daa2008
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH1/EX1.5.7/Ex1_5_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clear;

+clc;

+T1=373.15;//in K

+P1=76.0;//in cmHg

+T2=363.15//in K

+DelHm_v=2268;//in J/gm

+R=8.314;//in J/Kmol

+P2=P1*(10^((DelHm_v*18/(2.303*R))*(1/T1-1/T2)))

+printf('P2=%.1f cmHg',P2)

+

+//page 19

+

diff --git a/2495/CH1/EX1.5.8/Ex1_5_8.sce b/2495/CH1/EX1.5.8/Ex1_5_8.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8e8a8d2ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH1/EX1.5.8/Ex1_5_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+clear

+clc

+T1=456.15;//boiling temperature of iodine in K

+T2=389.65;//vapour pressure temperature of iodine in K

+P1=760;//pressure in torr

+P2=100;//vapour pressure in torr

+DelHm_f=15.65;//heat of fusion in kJ/mol

+R=8.314;//in J/K

+DelHm_v=(2.303*R*log10(P1/P2))/((1/T2)-(1/T1));//heat of vapourization in J/mol

+DelHm_s=(DelHm_f*1000)+DelHm_v;//heat of sublimation in J/mol

+T=311.85;//temperature at solid vapour equilibrium in K

+P=1;//pressure at solid vapour equilibrium in torr

+K1=(DelHm_s)/(2.30*R);//

+K2=(DelHm_v)/(2.30*R);//

+T0=(K1-K2)/((K1*(1/T))-(K2*(1/T2))-log10(P2));//triple point temperature in K

+printf('\nT0=%.1f K',T0)

+P0=10^(K1*((1/T)-(1/T0)));//triple point pressure in torr

+printf('\nP0=%.2f torr',P0)

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 19

+

diff --git a/2495/CH1/EX1.5.9/Ex1_5_9.sce b/2495/CH1/EX1.5.9/Ex1_5_9.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f99fcbc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH1/EX1.5.9/Ex1_5_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+clear

+clc

+K1=5.36;//

+K2=4.95;//

+T1=-2875;//in K

+T2=-2740;//in K

+R=8.314;//in J/Kmol

+T=(T2-T1)/(K1-K2);//triple point temperature in K

+printf('T=%.1f K',T)

+P=(10^((T1/T)+K1));//triple point pressure in atm

+printf('\nP=%.7f K atm',P)

+DelHm_s=2.303*R*(-T1);//molar enthalpy of sublimation in J/mol

+DelHm_v=2.303*R*(-T2);//molar enthalpy of vapourization in J/mol

+DelHm_f=DelHm_s-DelHm_v;//molar enthalpy of fusion in J/mol

+printf('\nDelHm_f=%.1d J/mol',DelHm_f)

+DelSm_f=DelHm_f/T;//molar entropy of fusion  in J/Kmol

+printf('\nDelSm_f=%.2f J/Kmol',DelSm_f)

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 20

diff --git a/2495/CH1/EX1.7.1/Ex1_7_1.sce b/2495/CH1/EX1.7.1/Ex1_7_1.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3e97d9697
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH1/EX1.7.1/Ex1_7_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clear

+clc

+T=263.15;//in K

+P2=1.95;//in torr

+rho=0.920;//in gm/cm^3

+P=1;//in atm

+R=0.082;//in dm^3atm/(molK)

+P1=P2*exp((18/(rho*1000))*(P-(P2/760))/(R*T))

+printf('P1=%.3f torr',P1)

+

+//page 29

diff --git a/2495/CH1/EX1.7.2/Ex1_7_2.sce b/2495/CH1/EX1.7.2/Ex1_7_2.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e92103087
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH1/EX1.7.2/Ex1_7_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clear

+clc

+P0=100;//in atm

+P=1;//in atm

+P2=31.82;//in torr

+rho=0.996;//in gm/cm^3

+R=0.082;//in dm^3atm/(molK)

+T=303.15;//in K

+P1=P2*(10^(((18/(rho*1000))*(P0-P))/(2.303*R*T)))

+printf('P1=%.1f torr',P1)

+

+//page 29

diff --git a/2495/CH2/EX2.10.1/Ex2_10_1.sce b/2495/CH2/EX2.10.1/Ex2_10_1.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..29d7bc4bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH2/EX2.10.1/Ex2_10_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+clear

+clc

+P=2.47;//osmotic pressure in atm

+DelHm_v=539*18;//in cal/mol

+R=0.082;//in litreatm

+Vm=18.1;//molar volume of water

+T=303;//in K

+Tb=373;//boiling point temperature in K

+DelTb=(P*Vm*10^-3*(Tb^2))/(DelHm_v*(R/1.987)*T)

+printf('DelTb=%.4f K',DelTb)

+

+//The above calculations are done in CGS units

+

+//To convert them into SI units the following changes are done

+R=8.314;//in J/Kmol

+P=2.47*101325;//in N/m^2

+Vm=18.1*10^-6;//in m^3/mol

+

+//Both answers come out be same

+//page 70

diff --git a/2495/CH2/EX2.10.2/Ex2_10_2.sce b/2495/CH2/EX2.10.2/Ex2_10_2.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4d17e274d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH2/EX2.10.2/Ex2_10_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+clear

+clc

+rho=1.59;//density of CCl4 in kg/dm^3

+M1=154;//molar mass of CCl4 in kg/mol

+DelTb=0.60;//boiling point of CCl4 in K

+Kb=5.03;//in Kkg/mol

+m=DelTb/Kb;

+m2=3;//amount added to CCl4 in gm

+m1=100;//amount of CCl4 in gm

+M2=(m2*10^-3)/(m1*10^-3*m);//molar mass of substance

+printf('M2=%.3f kg/mol',M2)

+Kf=31.8;//freezing point depression in Kkg/mol

+DelTf=Kf*m

+printf('\nDelTf=%.3f K',DelTf)

+P=(m2*10^-3/M2)/(((m2*10^-3)/M2)+((m1*10^-3)/(M1*10^-3)));//relative vapour pressure DelP/P1

+printf('\nP=%.5f',P)

+V1m=m1*10^-3/(rho);//volume in dm^3

+R=0.082;//in dm^3atm/Kmol

+T=298;//Temperature in K

+P0=((m2/250)*R*T)/V1m;//osmotic pressure in atm

+printf('\nP0=%.3f atm',P0)

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 71

+

diff --git a/2495/CH2/EX2.11.1/Ex2_11_1.sce b/2495/CH2/EX2.11.1/Ex2_11_1.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6ca9e0507
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH2/EX2.11.1/Ex2_11_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+clear 

+clc

+w2=0.122;//amount of benzoic acid in kg

+w1=1;//amount of benzene in kg

+Tb1=353;//boiling point of benzene in K

+Tb2=354.5;//boiling point at which actually boiling of benzene starts in K

+DelH_v=394.57;//in J/gm

+M1=w2/0.122;//amount of benzoic acid in mol

+R=8.314;//in J/Kmol

+M2=((M1*78*10^-3)*R*Tb1^2*w2)/(w1*(Tb2-Tb1)*(DelH_v*78));//apparant molar mass of benzoic acid in kg/mol

+printf('M2=%.4f kg/mol',M2)

+alpha=2*(1-(w2/M2));//degree of dimerisation in mol

+printf('\nalpha=%.4f mol',alpha)

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 75

diff --git a/2495/CH2/EX2.11.2/Ex2_11_2.sce b/2495/CH2/EX2.11.2/Ex2_11_2.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e4cec04ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH2/EX2.11.2/Ex2_11_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+clear

+clc

+w2=0.011;//amount of barium nitrate in kg

+M2=0.2613;//molar mass of barium nitrate inkg/mol

+w1=0.1;//amount of water in kg

+Kb=5.2;//for 100gm of water in K

+m=(w2/M2)/w1;//molality of solution in mol/kg

+DelTb_0=Kb/10*m;//in K

+T=100.46;//boiling point of water

+i=(T-100)/DelTb_0;//van't hoff factor

+v=3;

+alpha=(i-1)/(v-1);//degree of ionization

+printf('alpha=%.2f',alpha)

+

+//page 75

+

diff --git a/2495/CH2/EX2.11.3/Ex2_11_3.sce b/2495/CH2/EX2.11.3/Ex2_11_3.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..836fccc72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH2/EX2.11.3/Ex2_11_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+clear

+clc

+M1=324.6;//molar mass of Hg(NO3)2 in gm

+m1=3.24;//amount of Hg(NO3)2 in gm dissolved in water

+w=1;//amount of water in kg

+M0=(m1/M1)*(1/w);//molality of the solution in K

+Kf=1.86;//in Kkg/mol

+DelTf_0=(Kf*M0);// here DelTf_0 is negative

+DelTf=0.0558;//freezing point of the solution here DelTf is negative 

+i=(DelTf/DelTf_0);//van't hoff factor

+v=3;

+alpha=(i-1)/(v-1);//degree of dissociation

+printf('alpha=%1d',alpha)

+M2=271.5;//molar mass of HgCl2 in gm

+m2=10.84;//amount of HgCl2 dissolved in water in gm

+M=(m2/M2)*(1/w);//molality of HgCl2 solution in mol/kg

+DelTf1_0=Kf*M;//for HgCl2 solution

+printf('\nDelTf1_0=%.3f K',DelTf1_0)

+

+//page 76

diff --git a/2495/CH2/EX2.11.4/Ex2_11_4.sce b/2495/CH2/EX2.11.4/Ex2_11_4.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5da996822
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH2/EX2.11.4/Ex2_11_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+clear

+clc

+M=78*10^-3;//molar mass of C6H6 in Kg/mol

+R=8.314;//gas constant in J/Kmol

+Tf2=278.4;//melting point of pure C6H6 in K

+DelHm_v=10.042*10^3;//heat of fusion in J/mol

+Kf=((M*R*Tf2^2)/DelHm_v);//inKkg/mol

+Tf1=277.4;//melting point of C6H6 in Kg/mol

+M1=(Tf2-Tf1)/Kf;//molality in mol/kg

+X1=0.02;//molefraction of CH3COOH

+M2=X1/M;//molality in mol/kg

+Md=(M2-M1);//molality of dimer in mol/kg

+Mm=M1-Md;//molality of monomer in mol/kg

+Keq=(Md)/(Mm^2);//equilibrium constant fo dimerization of CH3COOH

+printf('Keq=%.2f',Keq)

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 76

diff --git a/2495/CH2/EX2.11.5/Ex2_11_5.sce b/2495/CH2/EX2.11.5/Ex2_11_5.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..05d33e73b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH2/EX2.11.5/Ex2_11_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+clear

+clc

+DelTf1=0.704;//freezing point of aqueous KCN in K

+Kf=1.86;//in kg/mol

+M1=(DelTf1)/Kf;//molality of the solution containing KCN

+DelTf2=0.530;//freezing point on addition of Hg(CN)2

+M2=(DelTf2)/Kf;//molality on addition og Hg(CN)2

+Kplus=0.1892;//amount of K+ in 1000gm of solvent

+HgCN2=0.095;//amount of Hg(CN)2 added to form complex

+M=(Kplus+Kplus+HgCN2-M2);//

+N=(M/HgCN2);//no. of CN- units combined

+printf('N=%.1f',N)

+

+//Formula is Hg(CN)2^-4

+//page 77

diff --git a/2495/CH2/EX2.11.6/Ex2_11_6.sce b/2495/CH2/EX2.11.6/Ex2_11_6.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..179ef2391
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH2/EX2.11.6/Ex2_11_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+clear

+clc

+M1=148.31;//molar mass of Mg(NO2)2 in gm

+m1=6.69;//amount of Mg(NO2)2 dissolved in water

+m2=100;//amount of water 

+P1=747;//pressure in torr

+T2=373;//temperature in K

+P=760;//pressure at normal temperature

+X=(m1/M1)/((m1/M1)+(m2/18));//mole fraction of solute in solution \

+DelP=X*P;//

+i=(P-P1)/DelP;//van't hoff factor

+v=3;//

+alpha=(i-1)/(v-1);//degree of dissociation of salt in solution

+printf('alpha=%.3f',alpha)

+

+//page 78

+

diff --git a/2495/CH2/EX2.11.7/Ex2_11_7.sce b/2495/CH2/EX2.11.7/Ex2_11_7.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d1741d8a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH2/EX2.11.7/Ex2_11_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+clear

+clc

+C_Mg=0.5;//concentration of Mg2+ ion

+C_SO4=0.7;//concentration of SO4_2- ion

+C_Al=0.1;//concentration of Al3+ ion

+C_Cl=0.3;//cocncentration of Cl- ion

+C_NH4=0.4;//concentration of NH4+ ion

+Z1=2;//valence of Mg2+ ion

+Z2=2;//valence of SO4_2- ion

+Z3=3;//valence of Al3+ ion

+Z4=1;//valence of Cl- ion

+Z5=1;//valence of NH4+ ion

+mu=1/2*(C_Mg*(Z1^2)+C_SO4*(Z2^2)+C_Al*(Z3^2)+C_Cl*(Z4^2)+C_NH4*(Z5^2));//ionic strength

+printf('mu=%.1f',mu)

+

+//page 78

diff --git a/2495/CH2/EX2.11.8/Ex2_11_8.sce b/2495/CH2/EX2.11.8/Ex2_11_8.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c418817cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH2/EX2.11.8/Ex2_11_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+clear

+clc

+Kf=1.86;//in Kkg/mol

+m=0.2;//amount of aqueous solution of KCL freezes in mol/kg

+DelTf_0=Kf*m;//in K

+DelTf_1=0.680;//in K

+i1=DelTf_1/DelTf_0;//van't hoff factor

+printf('i1=%.2f',i1)

+v=2;

+alpha=(i1-1)/(v-1);//degree of dissociation

+printf('\nalpha=%.2f',alpha)

+z=1;//valency

+mu=(1/2)*((m*z^1)+(m*z^1))

+printf('\nmu=%.1f',mu)

+i2=v*(1-((0.375+z-z)*(sqrt(mu))))

+printf('\ni2=%.4f',i2)

+Kb=0.52;//in Kkg/mol

+DelTb=i1*Kb*m

+printf('\nDelTb=%.3f K',DelTb)

+R=8.314;//in J/Kmol

+T=273;//in K

+P=i1*(m*10^3)*R*T*(1/101325);//osmotic pressure in atm

+printf('\nP=%.1f atm',P)

+

+//page 79

diff --git a/2495/CH2/EX2.12.1/Ex2_12_1.sce b/2495/CH2/EX2.12.1/Ex2_12_1.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5078dd24b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH2/EX2.12.1/Ex2_12_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clear

+clc

+DelH2m_f=10;//molar heat of fusion in kJ/mol

+T1=298.15;//temperature in K

+T2=353.35;//freezing temperature in K

+R=8.314;//in J/Kmol

+X=(10^-(((DelH2m_f*10^3)/R)*((1/T1)-(1/T2))));//solubility of napthalene

+printf('X=%.4f',X)

+

+//solution is wrong

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 81

+

diff --git a/2495/CH2/EX2.12.2/Ex2_12_2.sce b/2495/CH2/EX2.12.2/Ex2_12_2.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d653dae18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH2/EX2.12.2/Ex2_12_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clear

+clc

+n2=6.2;//in mol

+n1=1000;//in mol

+X=(n2)/((n1/18)+n2);//solubility of sucrose

+T1=298;//in K

+T2=473;//freezing point temperature in K

+R=8.314;//in J/Kmol

+DelH2m_f=-(R*2.303*log10(X)/((1/T1)-(1/T2)));//molar heat of fusion

+printf('DelH2m_f=%.1d J/mol',DelH2m_f)

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 82

diff --git a/2495/CH2/EX2.2.1/Ex2_2_1.sce b/2495/CH2/EX2.2.1/Ex2_2_1.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cc72f1177
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH2/EX2.2.1/Ex2_2_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+clear

+clc

+M1=20;//mass of acetic acid in gm

+M2=80;//mass of water in gm

+mM=60;//molar mass of acetic acid in gm

+Vm1=M1/60;//in mol

+Vm2=M2/18;//in mol

+rho=1.026;//in gm/cm^3

+X=Vm1/(Vm1+Vm2);//mole fraction of acetic acid

+printf('X=%.3f',X)

+B=Vm1/(M2/1000);//molality of acetic acid

+printf('\nB=%.3f mol/kg',B)

+V=(M1+M2)/rho

+C=(Vm1)/(V/1000);//molarity of acetic acid

+printf('\nC=%.3f moldm^-3',C)

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//In textbook the value of X is given in fraction

+//page 36

diff --git a/2495/CH2/EX2.2.2/Ex2_2_2.sce b/2495/CH2/EX2.2.2/Ex2_2_2.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e50bde655
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH2/EX2.2.2/Ex2_2_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+clear 

+clc

+C=5;//molarity in mol

+mM=100;//molar mass in gm

+rho=1.289;//in gm/cm^3

+M1=C*mM;//mass of solute

+M2=(rho*1000)-M1;//mass of solvent

+V=(M2)/18;//volume of water solvent in mol

+X=(C)/(V+C);//mole fraction of solute

+printf('X=%.4f',X)

+B=(C)/(M2/1000)

+printf('\nB=%.3f mol/kg',B)

+

+//page 23

+

diff --git a/2495/CH2/EX2.4.1/Ex2_4_1.sce b/2495/CH2/EX2.4.1/Ex2_4_1.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b6928bc91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH2/EX2.4.1/Ex2_4_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clear

+clc

+T=303;//in K

+m2=10;//mass of solute in gm

+m1=80;//mass of solute acetone in gm

+P1=271;//in torr

+P2=283;//in torr

+M1=58;//in gm/mol

+M2=((m2*M1)/(((P2-P1)/P2)*m1))-((M1*m2)/m1)

+printf('M2=%.1f gm/mol',M2)

+

+//page 39

+

diff --git a/2495/CH2/EX2.4.2/Ex2_4_2.sce b/2495/CH2/EX2.4.2/Ex2_4_2.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1abf256d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH2/EX2.4.2/Ex2_4_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+clear

+clc

+P1=74.01;//in torr

+P2=74.66;//in torr

+m2=2;//in gm

+m1=100;//in gm

+M1=78;//in gm

+M2=((m2*M1)/(((P2-P1)/P2)*m1))-((M1*m2)/m1)

+printf('M2=%.1f gm/mol',M2)

+nCH=94.4/5.6;//mass ratio of C and H

+N=nCH*(1/12);//atomic ratio

+printf('\nN=%.1f',N)

+

+//atomic ratio is 7:5 (here N is showed decimals)

+

+EM=(12*7)+(1*5);//empirical mass

+K=M2/EM;//No. of units C7H5 

+printf('\nK=%1f',K)

+

+//Approximately equal to 2, Molecular Formula C14H10

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 40 

diff --git a/2495/CH2/EX2.4.3/Ex2_4_3.sce b/2495/CH2/EX2.4.3/Ex2_4_3.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3fb042175
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH2/EX2.4.3/Ex2_4_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+clear

+clc

+m1=100;//amount of water in gm

+M1=18;//in gm

+m2=1;//amount of urea in gm

+M2=60;//in gm

+m3=2;//amount of sucrose in gm

+M3=342;//in gm

+X=(m1/M1)/((m1/M1)+(m2/M2)+(m3/M3));//mole fraction of solvent

+P2=23.756;//in torr

+T=298;//in K

+P1=P2*X;//vapour pressure of solution intorr

+printf('P1=%.2f torr',P1)

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 39

+

diff --git a/2495/CH2/EX2.7.3/Ex2_7_3.sce b/2495/CH2/EX2.7.3/Ex2_7_3.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c67cc4bbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH2/EX2.7.3/Ex2_7_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+clear

+clc

+m1=0.5126;//in dissolved mass in gm

+mM1=128.2;//molar mass of napthalene in gm

+m0=50;//mass of solvent in gm

+B=(m1/mM1)/(m0/1000);//Molality of solution in mol/kg

+printf('B=%.5f mol/kg',B)

+delTb=0.402;//change in tempereature of napthalene in K

+Kb=delTb/B;

+delTbs=0.647//chamge in temp for unknown solution in K

+m2=0.6216;//mass of unknown solute

+M=(Kb*m2*1000)/(delTbs*m0);//molar mass of unknown solute

+printf('\nM=%.2f gm/mol',M)

+

+//page 51

+

diff --git a/2495/CH2/EX2.7.4/Ex2_7_4.sce b/2495/CH2/EX2.7.4/Ex2_7_4.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f0eae0395
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH2/EX2.7.4/Ex2_7_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+clear

+clc

+P0=100;//vapour pressure in torr

+P2=760;//in torr

+T2=353.15;//in K

+T1=300.15;// in K

+DelSm_v=87.03;//entropy in J/Kmol

+R=8.314;//in J/Kmol

+P1=P2/(10^((DelSm_v*(T2-T1))/(2.303*R*T1)))

+printf('P1=%.1f torr',P1)

+X=(P1-P0)/P1;//Mole fraction of solute

+printf('\nX=%.4f',X)

+T0=(1/T2)+((R*log(1-X))/(DelSm_v*T2))

+Tb=1/T0;//Boiling point of solution

+printf('\nTb=%.1f K',Tb)

+

+//page 52

diff --git a/2495/CH2/EX2.7.5/Ex2_7_5.sce b/2495/CH2/EX2.7.5/Ex2_7_5.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d64b66f48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH2/EX2.7.5/Ex2_7_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+clear

+clc

+M1=76;//molar mass of CS2 in gm

+w2=3.795;//weight of S in 100gm of CS2 in gm

+w1=100;//weight of CS2

+R=8.314;//in J/Kmol

+Tb=319.81;//boiling point of CS2 in K

+Tbp=319.45;//boiling point of pure CS2 in K

+DelHm_v=351.87;//enthalpy of vaporization in J/gm

+M2=(w2*M1*R*(Tb^2))/(w1*(Tb-Tbp)*DelHm_v*76)

+printf('M2=%.1f gm/mol',M2)

+N=M2/32;//no. of s atoms

+printf('\nN=%.1f',N)

+

+//Molecular formula S8

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 53

diff --git a/2495/CH2/EX2.8.2/Ex2_8_2.sce b/2495/CH2/EX2.8.2/Ex2_8_2.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2bc1b299d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH2/EX2.8.2/Ex2_8_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+clear

+clc

+M1=152.2;//molar mass of carbon in gm

+T1=451.55;//melting point temp in K

+T2=433.85;//melting point temp in K(for unknown compound)

+w2=0.0386;//mass of unknown compound in gm

+w1=0.522;//mass of camphor in solution in gm

+R=8.314;//J/Kmol

+DelHm_f=6.844;//in KJ

+Kf=(((R*T1^2)/(DelHm_f*10^3))*(M1/1000))

+printf('Kf=%.1f',Kf)

+DelT_f=(T1-T2);

+B=(DelT_f/Kf);//molality of the solution in mol/kg

+printf('\nB=%.2f mol/kg',B)

+M2=(w2/B)*(1000/w1);

+printf('\nM2=%.1f gm/mol',M2)

+Z=92.3/7.7;//mass ratio of wC and wH

+N0=1/12;//atomic ratio of H and C

+K=(Z*N0);

+printf('\nK=%.1f',K)

+

+//Clearly we get K=1.0 implies empirical formula is CH

+Me=13;//empirical mass in gm

+N=(M2/Me);//no. of units of CH

+printf('\nN=%.1f',N)

+

+//Taking approximately equal to 12 Molecular formula is C12H12

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 58

diff --git a/2495/CH2/EX2.8.3/Ex2_8_3.sce b/2495/CH2/EX2.8.3/Ex2_8_3.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e1020b81a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH2/EX2.8.3/Ex2_8_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+clear

+clc

+n1=0.1;//amount of napthalene in mol

+n2=0.9;//amount of benzene in mol

+Tf=278.5;//freezing temperature of C6H6 in K

+Tb=353;//boiling temperature of C6H6 in K

+P1=670;//vapour pressure in torr

+P2=760;//in torr

+R=8.314;//in J/Kmol

+M1=78;//atomic mass of C6H6

+DelHm_f=10.67;//in KJ

+X1=(P2-P1)/P2;//

+nT=(n1/X1);//

+nb=(nT-n1);//

+Kfb=((R*Tf^2)/(DelHm_f*1000))*(M1/1000);//

+printf('Kfb=%.3f Kg/mol',Kfb)

+B=(n1/(nb*M1)*1000);//molality of the solution

+printf('\nB=%.3f mol/kg',B)

+DelTf=(Kfb*B);//in K

+T=(Tf-DelTf);//in K

+printf('\nT=%.2f K',T)

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 59

diff --git a/2495/CH2/EX2.9.1/Ex2_9_1.sce b/2495/CH2/EX2.9.1/Ex2_9_1.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a37a96845
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH2/EX2.9.1/Ex2_9_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+clear

+clc

+x1=[0.0200,0.0150,0.0100,0.0075,0.0050,0.00025]

+y2=[0.104,0.101,0.099,0.098]

+x2=[0.0200,0.0150,0.0100,0.0050]

+y1=[0.585,0.440,0.300,0.230,0.18,0.140]

+plot(x1,y1,'go-',x2,y2,'ro-')

+[m1,c1]=reglin(x1,y1)

+[m2,c2]=reglin(x2,y2)

+R=82.0;//in cm^2atm/Kmol

+T=298;//in K

+M=R*T/c2;//molar mass of polyisobutylene in gm/mol

+printf('M=%.1d gm/mol',M)

+

+//There is some error in the solution given in textbook

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 68

diff --git a/2495/CH2/EX2.9.2/Ex2_9_2.sce b/2495/CH2/EX2.9.2/Ex2_9_2.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..56b64ea2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH2/EX2.9.2/Ex2_9_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+clear

+clc

+h=3.9;//height in mm

+rho=1.0;//density of solution

+g=980.7;//acceleration due to gravity in cm/s^2

+P=((h/10)*rho*g);//osmotic pressure in gm/(cms^2)

+V=1000;//volume in cm^3

+T=25;//temperatur in C

+w2=1;//weight of serum albumin

+R=8.314;//in J/Kmol

+M2=(w2*(R*10^7)*(T+273))/(P*V);//molar mass of serum albumin

+printf('M2=%.3f *10^4 g/mol',M2/10^4)

+

+//The above result is in CGS units

+

+//The following results are in SI units

+p=(P/10);//osmotic pressure in N/m^2

+m2=(M2/10^3);//molar mass of serum albumin

+printf('\nm2=%.2f Kg/mol',m2)

+

+//page 67

+

diff --git a/2495/CH2/EX2.9.3/Ex2_9_3.sce b/2495/CH2/EX2.9.3/Ex2_9_3.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..84f2be469
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH2/EX2.9.3/Ex2_9_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+clear

+clc

+w1=1;//amount of glucose C6H12O6 in gm

+w2=1;//amount of sucrose C12H12022 in gm

+n=(w1/180)+(w2/342);//amount of solute

+R=8.314;//in J/Kmol

+T=25;//in C

+V=1000;//volume of water in gm

+P=(n*R*(T+273))/(V*10^-6);//osmotic pressure of solution

+printf('P=%.3f *10^4 N/m^2',P/10^4) 

+w=(w1+w2);//weight of solute

+M=(w*R*(T+273))/(P*(V*10^-3));//molar mass of solute

+printf('\nM=%.4f kg/mol',M)

+Mn=((w1*10^-3)+(w2*10^-3))/(n);//average molar mass in Kg/mol

+printf('\nMn=%.4f kg/mol',Mn)

+

+//page 67

diff --git a/2495/CH3/EX3.3.1/Ex3_3_1.sce b/2495/CH3/EX3.3.1/Ex3_3_1.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a554b87fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH3/EX3.3.1/Ex3_3_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+clear

+clc

+//In KCL NaCl H20 system

+r=3;//no.of reactions

+C=8;//no. of constituents

+Z=2;//no.of restricting equations

+C1=C-r-Z;//no. of components

+printf('C1=%.1d',C1)

+

+//If salts present in equal amounts

+C1=C-r-(Z+1);//no. of components

+printf('\nC1=%.1d',C1)

+

+//If KCL NaCl as strong electrolytes

+r=1;//no.of reactions

+C=6;//no. of constituents

+Z=2;//no.of restricting equations

+C3=C-r-Z;//no. of components

+printf('\nC3=%.1d',C3)

+

+//If salts present in equal amounts

+C4=C-r-(Z+1);//no. of components

+printf('\nC4=%.1d',C4)

+

+//In KCL NaCl H20 system

+r=5;//no.of reactions

+C=11;//no. of constituents

+Z=2;//no.of restricting equations

+C5=C-r-Z;//no. of components

+printf('\nC5=%.1d',C5)

+

+//If salts present in equal amounts

+C6=C-r-(Z+1);//no. of components

+printf('\nC6=%.1d',C6)

+

+//If KCL NaCl NaBr and KBr as strong electrolytes

+r=1;//no.of reactions

+C=7;//no. of constituents

+Z=2;//no.of restricting equations

+C7=C-r-Z;//no. of components

+printf('\nC7=%.1d',C7)

+

+//If salts present in equal amounts

+C8=C-r-(Z+1);//no. of components

+printf('\nC8=%.1d',C8)

+

+//page 103

+

+

diff --git a/2495/CH3/EX3.3.2/Ex3_3_2.sce b/2495/CH3/EX3.3.2/Ex3_3_2.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fa89517eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH3/EX3.3.2/Ex3_3_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+clear

+clc

+//For system when P_NH3=P_HCl

+r=1;//no.of equations

+C=3;//no. of constituents

+Z1=1;//no. of restricting equations

+C1=C-r-Z1;//no. of components

+printf('C1=%.1d',C1)

+

+//For system when P_NH3 not equal P_HCl

+Z2=0;//no. of restricting equations

+C1=C-r-Z2

+printf('\nC1=%.1d',C1)

+

+//page 103

diff --git a/2495/CH3/EX3.3.3/Ex3_3_3.sce b/2495/CH3/EX3.3.3/Ex3_3_3.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..58c5aa00b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH3/EX3.3.3/Ex3_3_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+clear

+clc

+C=9;//no. of constituents

+r=5;//no. of equilibium reactions

+Z=1;//no. of restricting conditions

+C1=C-r-Z;//no. of components

+printf('C1=%.1d',C1)

+

+//page 103

diff --git a/2495/CH3/EX3.3.4/Ex3_3_4.sce b/2495/CH3/EX3.3.4/Ex3_3_4.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0868dc990
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH3/EX3.3.4/Ex3_3_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+clear

+clc

+//Arbitrary amounts of A1 and A2 only

+C=4;//no. of constituents

+r=1;//no. of reactions

+Z1=1;//no. of restrictions

+C1=C-r-Z1;//no. of components

+printf('C1=%.1d',C1)

+

+//Arbitrary amounts of A1,A2,A3,A4

+Z2=0

+C1=C-r-Z2;//no. of components

+printf('\nC1=%.1d',C1)

+

+//Different moles of A1 and A2 only

+Z3=2

+C1=C-r-Z3;//no. of components

+printf('\nC1=%.1d',C1)

+

+//page 103

diff --git a/2495/CH4/EX4.10.1/Ex4_10_1.sce b/2495/CH4/EX4.10.1/Ex4_10_1.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6fd2ebca9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH4/EX4.10.1/Ex4_10_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+clear

+clc

+P=760;//total vapour pressure in torr

+MA=112.5;//molar mass of chlorobenzene in gm

+MB=18;//molar mass of water in gm

+P1=538.9;//vapour pressure of water at 90.6 C

+PA=(P-P1);//vapour pressure of pure chlorobenzene in torr

+W1=(PA*MA)/(P1*MB);//

+W2=1/W1;//

+W=W2+1;//

+M=100;//in gm

+WA=M/W;//

+printf('WA=%.1d gm',WA)

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 191

diff --git a/2495/CH4/EX4.10.2/Ex4_10_2.sce b/2495/CH4/EX4.10.2/Ex4_10_2.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..34d08d162
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH4/EX4.10.2/Ex4_10_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clear

+clc

+Pt=747.3;//toatal pressure in torr

+PB=638.6;//vapour pressure of water

+PA=Pt-PB;//vapour pressure of liquid

+WA=1.27;//in gm

+WB=1;//in gm

+MB=18;//molar mass of water in gm/mol

+MA=(WA/WB)*((PB*MB)/PA);//molar mass of liquid in gm/mol

+printf('MA=%.1f gm/mol',MA)

+

+//page 192

diff --git a/2495/CH4/EX4.11.1/Ex4_11_1.sce b/2495/CH4/EX4.11.1/Ex4_11_1.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..46c68aa07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH4/EX4.11.1/Ex4_11_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+clear

+clc

+Xw1=0.01;//in gm/dm^3

+Xw2=0.12;//in gm/dm^3

+Xw3=0.24;//in gm/dm^3

+Xb1=1.848*10^-5;//in gm/dm^3

+Xb2=2.661*10^-3;//in gm/dm^3

+Xb3=1.089*10^-2;//in gm/dm^3

+//Taking Xw1,Xw2,Xb1,Xb1 to calculate n

+n=((log10(Xb1))-(log10(Xb2)))/((log10(Xw1))-(log10(Xw2)));//degree of complexity

+printf('n=%.1f',n)

+

+//Similarly can be done using lines(4,5,7,8) and also for lines (3,5,6,8)

+//For all we get n=2

+//page 200

diff --git a/2495/CH4/EX4.11.2/Ex4_11_2.sce b/2495/CH4/EX4.11.2/Ex4_11_2.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c5f6fa5b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH4/EX4.11.2/Ex4_11_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+clear

+clc

+KD=9;//distribution coefficient

+M1=0.10825;//amount of p-nitroaniline in gm

+N=0.00693;//amount of p-nitroaniline chlorine dissolved in mol

+N0=0.04342;//molarity of dil HCl

+m1=138;//molar mass of p-nitroaniline in gm/mol

+N1=60;//amount of benzene added in cm^3

+N2=25;//amount of benzene withdrawn in cm^3

+M2=(M1/m1);//amount of free base in 25cm^3 of benzene

+X=(M2*(N1/N2));//amount in mol

+M=(X/(N1/1000));//in mol/dm^3

+M0=(M/KD);//molar concentration of free bas e in aqeous solution

+C=(N-(X+M0));//concentration of unhydrolyzed cation

+C1=(X+M0);//amount of free base in benzene and water

+Ct=(N0+C1);//total amount of acid

+Kh=(M0*Ct)/C;//hydrolysis constant

+printf('kh=%.4f mol/dm^3',Kh)

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 201

+

+

diff --git a/2495/CH4/EX4.11.3/Ex4_11_3.sce b/2495/CH4/EX4.11.3/Ex4_11_3.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..321ec836c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH4/EX4.11.3/Ex4_11_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clear

+clc

+KD=25.8;//

+M1=0.385;//concentration of NH3 in aqueous CuSO4 solution in mol/dm^-3

+M2=0.0112;//concentration of NH3 in chloroform in mol/dm^-3

+m=0.025;//concentration of CuSO4 in mol/dm^-3

+M0=(M2*KD);//concentration of NH3 in aqueous layer in mol/dm^-3

+M=M1-M0;//concentration of combined NH3 in mol/dm^-3

+X=(M/m);//

+printf('X=%.2f',X)

+

+// X is approximately equal to 4

+//page 202

diff --git a/2495/CH4/EX4.11.4/Ex4_11_4.sce b/2495/CH4/EX4.11.4/Ex4_11_4.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9b8ee8f1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH4/EX4.11.4/Ex4_11_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+clear

+clc

+Ac=10;//

+Ab=1;//

+Kd=Ab/Ac;//

+wn=0.01;//in gm

+w=1.00;//in gm

+Vb=100;//in cm^3

+Vc=10;//in cm^3

+n=log10(wn/w)/(log10((Kd*Vb)/((Kd*Vb)+Vc)));//

+printf('n=%.1f',n)

+V=n*10;//in am^3

+printf('\nV=%.1d',V)

+

+//approximately equal to 7,n=7 is taken in the text book

+////There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 202

diff --git a/2495/CH4/EX4.11.5/Ex4_11_5.sce b/2495/CH4/EX4.11.5/Ex4_11_5.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d2327eb3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH4/EX4.11.5/Ex4_11_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+clear

+clc

+KD=4.7;//distribution coefficient

+W1=20;//amount of ether added in cm^3

+W2=50;//amount of solution in cm^3

+M=0.20;//amount of aspirin in gm

+w2=(M/(1+(W1*KD)/W2));//mass of aspirin in ether phase in gm

+printf('w2=%.4f gm',w2)

+w1=M-w2;//mass of aspirin in aqueous phase in gm

+printf('\nw1=%.4f gm',w1)

+n=2

+W=10;//

+wn=(((1/KD)*W2)/(((1/KD)*W2)+W))^n*(M);//amount of aspirin unextracted in gm

+printf('\nwn=%.4f gm',wn)

+w=(M-wn);//amount of aspirin extracted in gm

+printf('\nw=%.4f gm',w)

+

+//page 203

diff --git a/2495/CH4/EX4.6.1/Ex4_6_1.sce b/2495/CH4/EX4.6.1/Ex4_6_1.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e786bedf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH4/EX4.6.1/Ex4_6_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clear

+clc

+T1=273;//in K

+T2=283;//in K

+R=8.314;//in J/Kmol

+alpha1=0.04889;//absorption coefficients in /atm

+alpha2=0.03802;//absorption coefficients in /atm

+DelH=(2.303*R*log10(alpha2/alpha1))/((1/T1)-(1/T2));//enthalpy of solution

+printf('DelH=%.1d J/mol',DelH)

+

+//Answer comes negative,error in the textbook

+//page 118

diff --git a/2495/CH4/EX4.6.2/Ex4_6_2.sce b/2495/CH4/EX4.6.2/Ex4_6_2.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..785a232a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH4/EX4.6.2/Ex4_6_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+clear

+clc

+V1=500;//volume of H2O in cm^3

+V2=15.03;//volume of CH4 in cm^3

+V=V2/V1;//volume dissolved in 1 cm^3 water

+P=1;//pressure in atm

+T=273;//Temperature in K

+R=82.06;//In cm^3atm/Kmol

+X=(P*V)/(R*T);//amount of gas dissolved in mol

+M=(X*16);//mass of gas dissolved in gm

+K=M/P;//

+m1=0.001;//amount of CH4 in mol

+m2=300;//amount of H20 in cm^3

+M1=(m1*16)/m2;//mass of gas dissolved in 1 cm^3

+P0=M1/K;//pressure if Henry's law holds in atm

+printf('P0=%.3f atm',P0)

+

+ //There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 58

diff --git a/2495/CH4/EX4.6.3/Ex4_6_3.sce b/2495/CH4/EX4.6.3/Ex4_6_3.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c3f12e422
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH4/EX4.6.3/Ex4_6_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clear

+clc

+Kh=150;//Henry's law constant in torr

+X1=0.12;//mole fraction of acetone

+P=(Kh*X1);//vapour pressure of acetone in torr

+printf('P=%.1d torr',P)

+Kh1=175;//Henry's law constant for chloroform in torr

+X2=(P/Kh1);

+printf('\nX2=%.3f',X2)

+

+//page 119

+

diff --git a/2495/CH4/EX4.6.4/Ex4_6_4.sce b/2495/CH4/EX4.6.4/Ex4_6_4.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..287e2606e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH4/EX4.6.4/Ex4_6_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+clear

+clc

+X1=4/100;// amount of NH3 solution

+X2=(1-X1);//amount of water]

+P=17;//vapour pressure of pure water

+PT=50;//total pressure in torr

+P2=(P*X2);//vapour pressure of water in torr

+P1=(PT-P2);//vapour pressure of NH3 in torr

+Kh=P1/X1;//Henry's constant for NH3 in torr

+X=5/100;//mol % of solution

+P10=Kh*X;//pressure of NH3 at 5% mol in torr

+printf('P10=%.1f torr',P10)

+P20=P*(1-X);//pressure of water at 5% mol in torr

+printf('\nP20=%.1f torr',P20)

+PT0=(P10+P20);//total pressure for 5% of mol solution in torr

+printf('\nPT0=%.1f torr',PT0)

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 119

diff --git a/2495/CH4/EX4.6.5/Ex4_6_5.sce b/2495/CH4/EX4.6.5/Ex4_6_5.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..436dbab4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH4/EX4.6.5/Ex4_6_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+clear

+clc

+P1=2/100*101325;//partial pressure of O2 in Pa

+P2=8/100*101325;//partial pressure of N2 in Pa

+Kh1=2.53*10^9;//Henry's law constant for O2 in Pa 

+Kh2=5.47*10^9;//Henry's law constant for N2 in Pa

+X1=(P1/Kh1);//mole fraction of O2 

+X2=(P2/Kh2);//mole fraction of N2 

+K=(X1/X2);

+P=1;//in atm

+M1=(K/(P+K))*100;//mol % of O2

+printf('M1=%.2f',M1)

+M2=100-M1;//mol % of N2

+printf('\nM2=%.2f',M2)

+X=X1+X2;//total mole fraction

+N=X*(1000/18);//in mol

+Kf=1.86;//Kkg/mol

+DelTf=(Kf*N);//freezing point of saturated water in K

+printf('\nDelTf=%.5f',DelTf)

+

+//Freezing point will be negative of DelTf

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 120

diff --git a/2495/CH4/EX4.7.10/Ex4_7_10.sce b/2495/CH4/EX4.7.10/Ex4_7_10.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..50032330c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH4/EX4.7.10/Ex4_7_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+clear

+clc

+PA=300;//in torr

+PB=800;//in torr

+XA=0.60;//

+XB=1-XA;//

+P=(PA*XA)+(PB*XB);//pressure at which first bubble of vapour is formed

+printf('P=%.1d torr',P)

+YA=(XA*PA)/P;//mole fraction of components in first bubble of vapour

+printf('\nYA=%.2f ',YA)

+YB=(1-YA);//ole fraction of components in first bubble of vapour

+printf('\nYB=%.2f ',YB)

+XA1=(XA*PB)/(PA+((PB-PA)*XA));//mole fraction of last drop of liquid

+printf('\nXA1=%.2f ',XA1)

+XB1=(1-XA1);//mole fraction of last drop of liquid

+printf('\nXB1=%.2f ',XB1)

+P=(PA*XA1)+(PB*XB1);//pressure when the last droplet of liquid remains

+printf('\nP=%.1d torr',P)

+

+//page 151

diff --git a/2495/CH4/EX4.7.11/Ex4_7_11.sce b/2495/CH4/EX4.7.11/Ex4_7_11.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e943e521b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH4/EX4.7.11/Ex4_7_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+clear

+clc

+Tb=353.25;//temperature of benzene in K

+Tt=383.75;//temperature of toluene in K

+T=368.15;//temperature in K

+DelS_vR=-10.6;//

+Xb=((exp(DelS_vR))-(exp((DelS_vR)*(Tt/T))))/((exp((DelS_vR)*(Tb/T)))-(exp((DelS_vR)*(Tt/T))));//mole fraction of benzene

+printf('Xb=%.4f',Xb)

+Xt=(1-Xb);//mole fraction of benzene

+printf('\nXt=%.4f',Xt)

+Yb=Xb*(exp((-DelS_vR)*(1-(Tb/T))));//

+printf('\nYb=%.4f',Yb)

+Yt=1-Yb;//

+printf('\nYt=%.4f',Yt)

+

+//There are minor errors in solution in textbook

+//page 151

diff --git a/2495/CH4/EX4.7.12/Ex4_7_12.sce b/2495/CH4/EX4.7.12/Ex4_7_12.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..94e5004dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH4/EX4.7.12/Ex4_7_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+clear

+clc

+T1=5100;//in K

+T2=4530;//in K

+A=16.24;//

+B=13.38;//

+PA=760;//in torr

+PB=PA

+TA=-(T1/(log10(PA)-A));//in K

+printf('TA=%.1f K',TA)

+TB=-(T2/(log10(PB)-B));//in K

+printf('\nTB=%.1f K',TB)

+l=round(TA)+3;

+u=round(TB)-6;

+T=l:5:u;

+for i=1:length(T)

+P_A=10^(-T1/T(i)+A);

+P_B=10^(-T2/T(i)+B);

+x_A(i)=(PA-P_B)/(P_A-P_B);

+y_A(i)=x_A(i)*P_A/PB

+end

+plot(x_A,T,y_A,T); xlabel('Mole fraction xA');ylabel('T/K');

+

+//There is no numerical solution to the given question only a graph is plotted

+//page 152

+

+

diff --git a/2495/CH4/EX4.7.13/Ex4_7_13.sce b/2495/CH4/EX4.7.13/Ex4_7_13.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f270b7476
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH4/EX4.7.13/Ex4_7_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+clear

+clc

+T=391;//temperature in K

+Yb=0.045;//

+Ya=0.955;//

+T=410;//in K

+X=50/100;//

+XA=0.09;//composition of liquid at l2

+XB=0.91;//composition of liquid at l2

+YA=0.74;//composition of liquid at v2

+YB=0.26;//composition of liquid at v2

+N=(YA-X)/(X-XA);//

+M1=(X-XA)/((YA-X)+(X-XA))*100;//mol % of vapour

+printf('M1=%.2f',M1)

+M2=100-M1;//mol % of vapour

+printf('\nM2=%.2f',M2)

+XA1=0.035;//composition of liquid at l3

+XB1=0.965;////composition of liquid at l3

+Yaf=0.743;//

+X1=(Ya+Yaf)/2;//

+printf('\nX1=%.2f',X1)

+

+//page 154

diff --git a/2495/CH4/EX4.7.14/Ex4_7_14.sce b/2495/CH4/EX4.7.14/Ex4_7_14.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..00989c31e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH4/EX4.7.14/Ex4_7_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+clear

+clc

+n1=270;//amount of sugar in gm

+N1=358;//molar mass of sugar in gm/mol

+n2=1;//amount of water in kg

+N2=18;//molar mass of water in gm/mol

+M1=n1/N1;//amount of sugar in mol

+M2=(n2*1000)/N2;//amount of water in mol

+Mt=M1+M2;//total amount in mol

+Xs=M1/Mt;//mole fraction of sugar

+Xw=M2/Mt;//mole fraction of water

+R=8.314;//in J/Kmol

+T=298;//in K

+DelG_m=(Xs*R*T*log(Xs))+(Xw*R*T*log(Xw))

+printf('DelG_m=%.3f J/mol',DelG_m)

+DelGm=Mt*DelG_m;//

+printf('\nDelGm=%.2f J',DelGm)

+DelS_m=-(DelG_m/T);//

+printf('\nDelS_m=%.3f J/Kmol',DelS_m)

+DelSm=-(DelGm/T);//

+printf('\nDelSm=%.3f J/Kmol',DelSm)

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 154

+

+//there are some minor errors in solutions in textbook

diff --git a/2495/CH4/EX4.7.15/Ex4_7_15.sce b/2495/CH4/EX4.7.15/Ex4_7_15.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..63d1d92bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH4/EX4.7.15/Ex4_7_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+clear

+clc

+R=8.314;//in J/Kmol

+T=300;//in K

+Nt=10;//in mol

+m1=1;//in mol

+m2=9;//in mol

+M=10;//in mol

+DelGm1=Nt*R*T*((m1/M*log(m1/M))+(m2/M*log(m2/M)))*(10^-3);//

+printf('DelGm1=%.3f kJ',DelGm1)

+DelSm1=-((DelGm1/T)*1000);//

+printf('\nDelSm1=%.2f J/K',DelSm1)

+Nt1=20;//in mol

+m3=19;//in mol

+M1=20;//in mol

+DelGm3=Nt1*R*T*((m1/M1*log(m1/M1))+(m3/M1*log(m3/M1)))*(10^-3);//

+printf('\nDelGm3=%.3f kJ',DelGm3)

+DelSm3=-((DelGm3/T)*1000);//

+printf('\nDelSm3=%.2f J/K',DelSm3)

+DelGm2=DelGm3-DelGm1

+printf('\nDelGm2=%.3f kJ',DelGm2)

+DelSm2=DelSm3-DelSm1

+printf('\nDelSm2=%.2f J/K',DelSm2)

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 155

diff --git a/2495/CH4/EX4.7.3/Ex4_7_3.sce b/2495/CH4/EX4.7.3/Ex4_7_3.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..97fd96a4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH4/EX4.7.3/Ex4_7_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+clear

+clc

+Xt=1/2;//mole fraction of toluene

+Xb=1/2;//mole fraction of benzene

+Pt=4.274;//Partial pressure of toluene in kNm^2

+Pb=13.734;//Partial pressure of benzene in kNm^2

+P=(Xt*Pt)+(Xb*Pb);//total pressure in kNm^2

+printf('P=%.4f kNm^2',P)

+Yt=(Xt*Pt)/P;//compostion of toluene

+printf('\nYt=%.4f ',Yt)

+Yb=(1-Yt);//compostion of benzene

+printf('\nYb=%.4f ',Yb)

+P0=(Pb*Pt)/(Pt+((Pb-Pt)*Xt));//pressure at which last trace liquid disappear

+printf('\nP0=%.3f kNm^2',P0)

+Xt1=(Xt*P0)/Pt;//composition of last trace of toluene

+printf('\nXt1=%.4f kNm^2',Xt1)

+Xb1=(1-Xt1);//composition of last trace of benzene

+printf('\nXb1=%.4f kNm^2',Xb1)

+P=sqrt(Pt*Pb);//pressure when 1 mol of mixture is vaporized in kN/m^2

+printf('\nP=%.3f kN/m^2',P)

+Yb1=1-((P-Pt)/(Pb-Pt));//composition of benzene when 1 mol of mixture is vaporized 

+printf('\nYb1=%.3f ',Yb1)

+Yt1=(1-Yb1);//composition of toluene when 1 mol of mixture is vaporized 

+printf('\nYt1=%.3f ',Yt1)

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 143

diff --git a/2495/CH4/EX4.7.4/Ex4_7_4.sce b/2495/CH4/EX4.7.4/Ex4_7_4.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..58ec167ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH4/EX4.7.4/Ex4_7_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clear 

+clc

+XA=0.70;

+YA=0.35;

+P=600;//in torr

+PA=(YA*P)/XA;//vapour pressure of pure A

+printf('PA=%.1d torr',PA)

+PB=((1-YA)*P)/(1-XA);//vapour pressure of pure B

+printf('\nPB=%.1f torr',PB)

+

+//page 145

diff --git a/2495/CH4/EX4.7.5/Ex4_7_5.sce b/2495/CH4/EX4.7.5/Ex4_7_5.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1a3757bf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH4/EX4.7.5/Ex4_7_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clear

+clc

+PA=54.4;//vapour pressure of n-hexane in kN/m^2

+PB=18.8;//vapour pressure of n-heptane in kN/m^2

+YA=0.85;//molar fraction of n-hexane 

+XA=(YA*PB)/(PA-((PA-PB)*YA));//mole fraction of n-hexane in equilibrium with vapour

+printf('XA=%.3f',XA)

+R=8.314;//J/Kmol

+DelS_mix=(-((XA*2.303*log10(XA))+((1-XA)*2.303*log10(1-XA))))*R

+printf('\nDelS_mix=%.3f J/K',DelS_mix)

+

+//page 146

diff --git a/2495/CH4/EX4.7.6/Ex4_7_6.sce b/2495/CH4/EX4.7.6/Ex4_7_6.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..84d56ab77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH4/EX4.7.6/Ex4_7_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+clear

+clc

+P1=36.7;//vapour pressure of pure toluene in torr

+P2=118.2;//vapour pressure of pure benzene in torr

+nt=50;//% amount of toluene in gm

+nb=50;//% amount of benzene in gm

+Nt=92;//molar mass of toluene in gm/mol

+Nb=78;//molar mass of benzene in gm/mol

+Xt=(nt/Nt)/((nt/Nt)+(nb/Nb));//mole fraction of toluene

+Pt=Xt*P1;//partial pressure of toluene on torr

+Pb=(1-Xt)*P2;//partial pressure of benzene on torr

+P=Pt+Pb;//total pressure of toluene on torr

+printf('P=%.2f torr',P)

+Yt=Pt/P;//mole fraction of toluene in vapour phase

+printf('\nYt=%.3f ',Yt)

+Yb=(1-Yt);//mole fraction of benzene in vapour phase

+printf('\nYb=%.3f ',Yb)

+P0=50;//in torr

+Xt1=(P0-P2)/(P1-P2);//mole fraction of toluene at P=50 torr

+printf('\nXt1=%.4f ',Xt1)

+Xb1=(1-Xt1);//mole fraction of benzene at P=50 torr

+printf('\nXb1=%.4f ',Xb1)

+

+//page 146

+

diff --git a/2495/CH4/EX4.7.7/Ex4_7_7.sce b/2495/CH4/EX4.7.7/Ex4_7_7.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6060219b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH4/EX4.7.7/Ex4_7_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+clear

+clc

+PA=22.93;//vapour pressure of pure ethyl bromide in kNm^-2

+PB=16.93;//vapour pressure of pure propylene bromide in kNm^-2

+nA=3;//in mol

+nB=2;//in mol

+P=20.4;//in kNm^-2

+XA=(P-PB)/(PA-PB);//mole fraction of ethyl bromide

+printf('XA=%.3f',XA)

+XB=(1-XA);//mole fraction of propylene bromide

+printf('\nXB=%.3f',XB)

+YA=(XA*PA)/P;

+printf('\nYA=%.4f',YA)

+NA=(nA-(XA*(nA+nB)))/(1-(XA/YA));//amount of vaporized ethyl bromide at P

+printf('\nNA=%.4f',NA)

+NB=(NA/YA)-NA;//amount of vaporized propylene bromide at P

+printf('\nNB=%.4f',NB)

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 147

diff --git a/2495/CH4/EX4.7.8/Ex4_7_8.sce b/2495/CH4/EX4.7.8/Ex4_7_8.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2705426f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH4/EX4.7.8/Ex4_7_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clear

+clc

+YA=0.6497;//

+XA=0.578;//

+nA=3;//

+nB=2;//

+N1=(YA-(nA/(nA+nB)))/((nA/(nA+nB))-XA);//amount of liquid phase

+N2=(1/(1+N1))*(nA+nB);//amount of vapour phase

+NA=YA*((nA+nB)/(1+N1));//mole fraction of ethyl bromide at P

+printf('\nNA=%.4f mol',NA)

+NB=(1-YA)*((nA+nB)/(1+N1));//

+printf('\nNB=%.4f mol',NB)

+

+//page 148

diff --git a/2495/CH4/EX4.7.9/Ex4_7_9.sce b/2495/CH4/EX4.7.9/Ex4_7_9.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..69b575f07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH4/EX4.7.9/Ex4_7_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+clear

+clc

+PA=300;//in torr

+PB=800;//in torr

+YA=0.25;

+XA=(YA*PB)/(PA-((PA-PB)*YA));//mole fraction of component A

+printf('XA=%.4f',XA)

+XB=(1-XA)

+P=(PA*XA)+(PB*XB);//total pressure P in torr

+printf('\nP=%.1f torr',P)

+P0=760;//in torr

+XA1=(P0-PB)/(PA-PB);//mole fraction at normal boiling point

+printf('\nXA1=%.2f ',XA1)

+XB1=(1-XA1);//

+printf('\nXB1=%.2f ',XB1)

+P1=(PA*YA)+(PB*(1-YA));//

+printf('\nP1=%.1d torr ',P1)

+YA1=(YA*PA)/P1;//

+printf('\nYA1=%.3f ',YA1)

+YB1=(1-YA1);//

+printf('\nYB1=%.3f ',YB1)

+

+//page 149

diff --git a/2495/CH5/EX5.2.1/Ex5_2_1.sce b/2495/CH5/EX5.2.1/Ex5_2_1.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a0164d044
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH5/EX5.2.1/Ex5_2_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+clear

+clc

+DelHm_f=6008.5;//in J/mol

+m=18;//molar mass of water in gm/mol

+rho_i=0.917;//density of ice in gm/cm^3

+rho_l=0.99987;//density of liquid in gm/m^3

+DelV=((m/rho_l)-(m/rho_i));

+printf('DelV=%.3f*10^-6 m^3/mol',DelV/10^-6)

+T=273.15;//in K

+P=760;//in mmHg

+Pt=4.6;//triple point pressure in mmHg

+DelPDelT=((DelHm_f)/(T*DelV*10^-6));

+printf('\nDelPdelT=%.3f 10^6 J/Km^3',DelPDelT/10^6)

+DelP=((P-Pt)/P)*101.325*10^3;//in N/m^3

+DelT=(DelP/DelPDelT);

+printf('\nDelT=%.4f K',DelT)

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 222

diff --git a/2495/CH5/EX5.2.2/Ex5_2_2.sce b/2495/CH5/EX5.2.2/Ex5_2_2.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e7850c8ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH5/EX5.2.2/Ex5_2_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clear

+clc

+R=8.314;//in J/Kmol

+T=273.15;//in K

+m=18;//molar mass of water in gm /mol

+rho_l=0.99987;//density of water ingm/cm^3

+P2=101.325*10^3;//atmospheric pressure in N/m^2

+Pt=4.6;//triple point pressure in mmHg

+P1=(Pt/760)*P2;//

+P=Pt*10^((((m*10^-3)/(rho_l*10^3))*(P2-P1))/(2.303*R*T));//vapour pressure of liquid water in mmHg

+printf('P=%.3f mmHg',P)

+

+//page 223

+

diff --git a/2495/CH6/EX6.6.1/Ex6_6_1.sce b/2495/CH6/EX6.6.1/Ex6_6_1.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..575ec986a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH6/EX6.6.1/Ex6_6_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+clear

+clc

+DelHmA_f=28.87;//enthalpy of fusion of NaCl in KJ/mol

+DelHmB_f=24.06;//enthalpy of fusion of Na2SO4 in KJ/mol

+R=8.314;//in J/Kmol

+TA=1074;//melting point temperature of NaCl

+XB=48.2/100;//composition of Na2SO4

+XA=(1-XB);//composition of NaCl

+TB=1/((1/TA)-(2.303*R*log10(XA)/(DelHmA_f*10^3))+(2.303*R*log10(XB)/(DelHmB_f*10^3)));//melting point of Na2SO4 in K

+printf('TB=%.1d K',TB)

+T=(1)/((-(2.303*R*log10(XA)/(DelHmA_f*10^3))+(1/TA)));//temperature of the sysytem in K

+printf('\nT=%.1f K',T)

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 313

diff --git a/2495/CH6/EX6.6.2/Ex6_6_2.sce b/2495/CH6/EX6.6.2/Ex6_6_2.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4d3a850e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH6/EX6.6.2/Ex6_6_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clear

+clc

+M=20;//in Kg

+BC=35;//in mm

+BA=31;//in mm

+M1=(BA/(BA+BC))*M;//mass of Sb in Kg

+printf('M1=%.2f Kg',M1)

+L=(BA+20);//in mm

+M2=(L/(L+BC))*20;//mass of Sb in Kg

+printf('\nM2=%.2f Kg',M2)

+

+//page 314

diff --git a/2495/CH6/EX6.6.3/Ex6_6_3.sce b/2495/CH6/EX6.6.3/Ex6_6_3.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d03bb1629
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH6/EX6.6.3/Ex6_6_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+clear 

+clc

+X1=80;//mol % of n-heptane

+X2=90;//mol % of n-heptane

+X3=95;//mol % of n-heptane

+X=24;//mol % of n-heptane at -114.4 C

+N1=(100-X1)/(X1-X);//at 80% of n-heptane

+N2=(X1-X)/(100-X);//at 80% of n-heptane

+N=((N2*100)/X1)*100;//%of n-heptane recovered w.r.t to original n-heptane

+printf('N=%.1f',N)

+N3=(100-X2)/(X2-X);//at 90% of n-heptane

+N4=(X2-X)/(100-X);//at 90% of n-heptane

+N=((N4*100)/X2)*100;//%of n-heptane recovered w.r.t to original n-heptane

+printf('\nN=%.1f',N)

+N5=(100-X3)/(X3-X);//at 95% of n-heptane

+N6=(X3-X)/(100-X);//at 95% of n-heptane

+N=((N6*100)/X3)*100;//%of n-heptane recovered w.r.t to original n-heptane

+printf('\nN=%.1f',N)

+

+//page 315

diff --git a/2495/CH6/EX6.6.5/Ex6_6_5.sce b/2495/CH6/EX6.6.5/Ex6_6_5.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a9f83e68f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH6/EX6.6.5/Ex6_6_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+clear

+clc

+X1=1.04;//solubility of  KBr in gm/gm

+w=1;//amount of H20 in gm

+X2=0.64;//solubility of KBr after cooling in gm/gm

+M1=(w/X1)*(X1-X2);//mass of water to be added in gm

+M2=(X2/w)*M1;//mass of KBr in the solution in gm

+M=(X1-X2)-M2;//mass of KBr separated in gm

+N1=M*(100/X1);//percent yield of pure KBr

+printf('N1=%.2f',N1)

+M3=(w/X1)*X2;//mass of water remained in above evaporation process in gm

+M4=(X2/w)*(M3);//mass of water remained after cooling in above evaporation process in gm

+M=(X2)*M4;//mass of KBr separated in second crop in gm

+Mt=(X1-X2)+M;//total mass of kBr separated in two crops in gm

+N2=Mt*(100/X1);//percent of KBr recovered

+printf('\nN2=%.2f',N2)

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 317

diff --git a/2495/CH6/EX6.6.6/Ex6_6_6.sce b/2495/CH6/EX6.6.6/Ex6_6_6.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2041cefdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH6/EX6.6.6/Ex6_6_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+clear

+clc

+M1=40;//total amount of mixture of calcium and aluminium in gm

+w1=54;//amount of aluminium in CaAl2 in gm

+w2=81;//amount of aluminium in CaAl3 in gm

+W1=70;//total amount of aluminium in gm

+X1=(W1-((w2/M1)*M1))/((w1/M1)-(w2/M1));//amount of calcium in gm

+printf('X1=%.1f gm',X1)

+N1=(w1/M1)*X1;//amount of calcium in mixture of CaAl2 in gm

+printf('\nN1=%.1f gm',N1)

+N2=(w2/M1)*(M1-X1);//amount of aluminium in mixture of CaAl3 in gm

+printf('\nN2=%.1f gm',N2)

+M2=20;//total amount of mixture of calcium and aluminium in gm

+W2=90;//total amount of aluminium in gm

+w3=86;//amount of aluminium after melting

+M3=14;//percent of clacium mass melted

+X2=(W2-((w3/M3)*M2))/((w2/M1)-(w3/M3));//amount of calcium in gm

+printf('\nX2=%.1f gm',X2)

+N3=(w2/M1)*X2;//amount of calcium in mixture of CaAL2 in gm

+printf('\nN3=%.1f gm',N3)

+N4=(w3/M3)*(M2-X2);//amount of aluminium in mixture of CaAL3 in gm

+printf('\nN4=%.1f gm',N4)

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 318

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.10.1/Ex8_10_1.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.10.1/Ex8_10_1.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..616f55943
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.10.1/Ex8_10_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clear

+clc

+RT_F=0.05915;//in V

+Ecell=0.0295;//in V

+A=0.1;//

+B=0.01;//

+n=(RT_F/Ecell)*(log10(A/B));//

+printf('n=%.1f',n)

+

+//page 459

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.11.1/Ex8_11_1.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.11.1/Ex8_11_1.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..875488055
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.11.1/Ex8_11_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clear

+clc

+k = [24.4,48.8,73.2,85.4]

+E = [0.101,0.116,0.129,0.139]

+l = log10(k./(100-k))

+plot(l,E,'mo-')

+[m,c]=reglin(l,E)

+V=0.0603;//in V

+n=V/m;//

+printf('n=%.1f',n)

+

+//page 460

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.12.1/Ex8_12_1.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.12.1/Ex8_12_1.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d1a17c270
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.12.1/Ex8_12_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clear

+clc

+E0=0.7991;//in V

+RT_F=0.05915;//in V

+K1=6.02*10^-8;//

+K2=1.995*10^-19;//

+E1=(E0-(RT_F*(-log10(K1))));//

+printf('E1=%.4f V',E1)

+E2=(E0-(RT_F*(-log10(K2))));//

+printf('\nE2=%.4f V',E2)

+

+//page 464

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.12.2/Ex8_12_2.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.12.2/Ex8_12_2.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8922ab3bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.12.2/Ex8_12_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clear

+clc

+T=298;//temperature in K

+R=8.314;//J/K

+F=96500;//in C

+Kw=(10^-14);//

+E=((2.303*R*T)/F)*log10(Kw);//reduction potential in V

+printf('E=%.3f V',E)

+

+//page 464

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.14.1/Ex8_14_1.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.14.1/Ex8_14_1.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8e30fb5c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.14.1/Ex8_14_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+clear

+clc

+E3=0.54;//in V

+E4=0.45;//in V

+n3=4;//

+n4=1;//

+n1=5;//

+E1=((-n3*(E3))-(n4*(E4)))/(-n1);// in V

+printf('E1=%.2f V',E1)

+n2=6;//

+n5=1;//

+E5=1.07;//in V

+E2=((-n3*(E3))-(n4*(E4))-(n5*E5))/(-n2);// in V

+printf('\nE2=%.2f V',E2)

+

+//page 468

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.16.1/Ex8_16_1.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.16.1/Ex8_16_1.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..48d7f4bd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.16.1/Ex8_16_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+clear

+clc

+E_RHE=(0.1385);//reduction reaction at RHE in V

+RT_F=0.05915;//

+E_LHE=((RT_F*2)*log10(0.2));//reduction reaction at LHE in V

+Ecell=E_RHE-E_LHE;//cell reaction in V

+printf('Ecell=%.4f V',Ecell)

+

+//page 473

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.16.2/Ex8_16_2.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.16.2/Ex8_16_2.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1aea97b61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.16.2/Ex8_16_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clear

+clc

+Ecell=0.2860;//in V

+E_RHE=(-0.1522-(-0.403));//in V

+RT_F=0.05915;//

+a=10^((-2/(3*RT_F))*(Ecell-E_RHE))

+printf('a=%.4f',a)

+a1=a^3;//

+printf('\na1=%.5f',a1)

+

+//page 474

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.16.3/Ex8_16_3.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.16.3/Ex8_16_3.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2be0316c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.16.3/Ex8_16_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clear

+clc

+m=0.01021;//in mol/kg

+m1=m*(2*m)^2

+Ecell=1.1566;//in V

+E_RHE=(0.222-(-0.762));//in V

+RT_F=0.05915;//

+K=10^((-2/(3*RT_F))*((Ecell-E_RHE)+((RT_F/2)*log10(m1))));//ion activity coefficient

+printf('K=%.4f',K)

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 474

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.18.1/Ex8_18_1.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.1/Ex8_18_1.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6de4c08da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.1/Ex8_18_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+clear

+clc

+n1=2;//

+F=96500;//in C

+E=0.0455//in V

+DelG=-(n1*F*E);//free energy change in J

+printf('DelG=%.1d J',DelG)

+T=298;//in K

+dEdT_p=(3.38*10^-4)

+DelH=-(n1*F*(E-(T*dEdT_p)));//enthalpy change in J

+printf('\nDelH=%.1d J',DelH)

+DelS=(n1*F*dEdT_p);//entropy change in J/K

+printf('\nDelS=%.2f J/K',DelS)

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 480

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.18.10/Ex8_18_10.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.10/Ex8_18_10.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5a22cacc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.10/Ex8_18_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clear

+clc

+E1=-0.224;//in V

+E2=0.337;//in v

+E=(E1-E2);//in V

+n=2;//

+F=96500;//in C/mol

+R=8.314;//in J/Kmol

+T=298;//in K

+Keq=10^((n*F*E)/(2.303*R*T));//equilibrium constant

+printf('Keq=%.1f*10^-19',Keq/10^-19)

+

+//page 486

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.18.11/Ex8_18_11.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.11/Ex8_18_11.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5ad28026c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.11/Ex8_18_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clear

+clc

+E1=-0.151;//in V

+E2=0.799;//in v

+E=(E1-E2);//in V

+RT_F=0.05913;//in V

+Ksp=10^(E/RT_F);//solubility product

+printf('Ksp=%.2f*10^-17',Ksp/10^-17)

+

+//page 487

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.18.12/Ex8_18_12.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.12/Ex8_18_12.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4aa9383ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.12/Ex8_18_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+clear

+clc

+E1=0.222;//in V

+E2=0.095;//in v

+E=(E1-E2);//in V

+n=1;//

+F=96500;//in C/mol

+R=8.314;//in J/Kmol

+T=298;//in K

+Keq=10^((n*F*E)/(2.303*R*T));//equilibrium constant

+printf('Keq=%.1f',Keq)

+X=(Keq*0.1)/(1+Keq);//in moldm^3

+printf('\nX=%.6f moldm^3',X)

+Y=0.1-X;//in moldm^3

+printf('\nY=%.6f moldm^3',Y)

+

+//error in the solution

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 487

+

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.18.13/Ex8_18_13.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.13/Ex8_18_13.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a282b64d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.13/Ex8_18_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clear

+clc

+E1=0.337;//in V

+E2=-0.763;//in v

+E=(E1-E2);//in V

+n=2;//

+F=96500;//in C/mol

+R=8.314;//in J/Kmol

+T=298;//in K

+Keq=10^((n*F*E)/(2.303*R*T));//equilibrium constant

+printf('Keq=%.1f*10^37',Keq/10^37)

+

+//page 488

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.18.14/Ex8_18_14.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.14/Ex8_18_14.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0cae51882
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.14/Ex8_18_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+clear

+clc

+m=[0.01,0.02,0.05,0.10,0.20];//

+n=0.01;//

+mu=m+n;//

+E=[1.0495,1.0315,1.0073,0.9885,0.9694]

+E2=0.2225;//in V

+R=0.05913;//in V

+O=log10(m/n);//

+K=(E-E2)/R +O;//

+plot(mu,K,'mo-');//

+[m,c]=reglin(mu,K)

+Ksp=10^-c;//

+printf('Ksp=%.2f*10^-14',Ksp/10^-14)

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 491

+

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.18.15/Ex8_18_15.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.15/Ex8_18_15.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5c34cddb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.15/Ex8_18_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+clear

+clc

+RT_F=0.05913;//in V

+pH=5;//

+E1=0.280;//in V

+E2=0.6996;//in V

+E=(E1-E2)+(RT_F*pH);//in V

+printf('E=%.4f V',E)

+E=0;//

+pH=(E-(E1-E2))/RT_F;//

+printf('\npH=%.1f',pH)

+pH=7.5

+E=(E1-E2)+(RT_F*pH);//in V

+printf('\nE=%.4f V',E)

+

+//page 489

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.18.16/Ex8_18_16.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.16/Ex8_18_16.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c05ae2b4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.16/Ex8_18_16.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+clear

+clc

+RT_F=0.05913;//in V

+pH=7;//

+E=0.062;//in V

+E1=(E-(RT_F*pH));//in V

+E2=0.145;//in V

+pH1=(E2-E1)/RT_F;//

+printf('pH1=%.1f',pH1)

+E=-0.062;//in V

+E1=(E-(RT_F*pH));//in V

+pH2=(E2-E1)/RT_F;//

+printf('\npH2=%.1f',pH2)

+

+//page 499

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.18.2/Ex8_18_2.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.2/Ex8_18_2.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..204003e99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.2/Ex8_18_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+clear

+clc

+n1=2;//

+F=96500;//in C

+E=0.1634//in V

+DelG=-(n1*F*E);//free energy change in J

+printf('DelG=%.1f J',DelG)

+T=298;//in K

+dEdT_p=(0.000837);//in V/K

+DelH=-(n1*F*(E-(T*dEdT_p)));//enthalpy change in J

+printf('\nDelH=%.1d J',DelH)

+DelS=(n1*F*dEdT_p);//entropy change in J/K

+printf('\nDelS=%.2f J/K',DelS)

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 481

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.18.3/Ex8_18_3.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.3/Ex8_18_3.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c8e47d83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.3/Ex8_18_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+clear

+clc

+x=[293,298,303]

+y=[0.0663,0.06839,0.07048]

+plot(x,y,'mo-')

+[m,c]=reglin(x,y)

+n=2;//

+F=96500;//in C

+T=298;//in K

+E=0.06839;//in V

+DelG=-n*F*E;//in J

+printf('DelG=%.1f J',DelG)

+DelH=-n*F*(E-(T*m));//in J

+printf('\nDelH=%.1f J',DelH)

+DelS=n*F*m;//in J/K

+printf('\nDelS=%.1f J/K',DelS)

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 482

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.18.4/Ex8_18_4.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.4/Ex8_18_4.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..71e471dd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.4/Ex8_18_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+clear

+clc

+n1=2;//

+F=96500;//in C

+E=0.490//in V

+DelG=-(n1*F*E);//free energy change in J

+printf('DelG=%.1f J',DelG)

+T=298;//in K

+dEdT_p=-(1.86*10^-4);//in V/K

+DelH=-(n1*F*(E-(T*dEdT_p)));//enthalpy change in J

+printf('\nDelH=%.1f J',DelH)

+DelS=(n1*F*dEdT_p);//entropy change in J/K

+printf('\nDelS=%.2f J/K',DelS)

+

+//page 483

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.18.5/Ex8_18_5.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.5/Ex8_18_5.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d59bc3bbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.5/Ex8_18_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clear

+clc

+n=2;//

+F=96500;//

+DelH=-217780;//in J

+T=273;//in K

+E=1.015;//in V

+dEdT_p=(1/T)*(E+(DelH/(n*F)));//

+printf('dEdT_p=%.3f*10^-4 V/K',dEdT_p/10^-4) 

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 483

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.18.6/Ex8_18_6.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.6/Ex8_18_6.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..91a5cf4e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.6/Ex8_18_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+clear

+clc

+DelG1=-237.23;//in kJ

+DelG2=79.71;//in kJ

+n=2;//

+DelG=(DelG1+(n*DelG2));//in kJ

+F=96500;//in C

+T=298;//in K

+E=-((DelG*10^3)/(n*F));//in V

+printf('E=%.3f V',E)

+DelH1=-285.85;//in kJ

+DelH2=56.9;//in kJ

+DelH=(DelH1+(n*DelH2));//in kJ

+dEdT_p=((DelH-DelG)*10^3)/(n*F*T);//in V/K

+printf('\ndEdT_p=%.5f V/K',dEdT_p)

+

+//error in solution

+////There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 484

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.18.7/Ex8_18_7.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.7/Ex8_18_7.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..18df2d633
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.7/Ex8_18_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clear

+clc

+E1=0.771;//in V

+E2=0.150;//in v

+E=(E1-E2);//in V

+n=2;//

+F=96500;//in C/mol

+R=8.314;//in J/Kmol

+T=298;//in K

+Keq=10^((n*F*E)/(2.303*R*T));//equilibrium constant

+printf('Keq=%.1f*10^21',Keq/10^21)

+

+//page 485

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.18.8/Ex8_18_8.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.8/Ex8_18_8.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..630f841f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.8/Ex8_18_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clear

+clc

+E1=1.51;//in V

+E2=-0.49;//in v

+E=(E1-E2);//in V

+n=2;//

+F=96500;//in C/mol

+R=8.314;//in J/Kmol

+T=298;//in K

+Keq=10^((n*F*E)/(2.303*R*T));//equilibrium constant

+printf('Keq=%.d10^331',Keq/10^331)

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 486

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.18.9/Ex8_18_9.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.9/Ex8_18_9.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ed71a3b3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.18.9/Ex8_18_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clear

+clc

+E1=-0.40;//in V

+E2=-0.61;//in v

+E=(E1-E2);//in V

+n=2;//

+F=96500;//in C/mol

+R=8.314;//in J/Kmol

+T=298;//in K

+Keq=10^((n*F*E)/(2.303*R*T));//equilibrium constant

+printf('Keq=%.2f*10^7',Keq/10^7)

+

+//page 486

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.20.1/Ex8_20_1.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.20.1/Ex8_20_1.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f0683a38c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.20.1/Ex8_20_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clear

+clc

+RT_F=0.05913;//in V

+m_LHC=0.01;//

+gamma_LHC=0.383;//

+m_RHC=1.0;//

+gamma_RHC=0.042;//

+Ecell=-(RT_F*log10((m_LHC*gamma_LHC)/(m_RHC*gamma_RHC)));//

+printf('Ecell=%.4f V',Ecell)

+

+//page 525

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.20.3/Ex8_20_3.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.20.3/Ex8_20_3.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cee0f479f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.20.3/Ex8_20_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clear

+clc

+RT_F=0.05913;//in V

+m_LHC=0.01;//

+gamma_LHC=0.708;//

+m_RHC=0.10;//

+gamma_RHC=0.502;//

+Ecell=((-3/2)*(RT_F*log10((m_LHC*gamma_LHC)/(m_RHC*gamma_RHC))));//

+printf('Ecell=%.4f V',Ecell)

+

+//page 527

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.21.2/Ex8_21_2.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.21.2/Ex8_21_2.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..00e205f64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.21.2/Ex8_21_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clear

+clc

+RT_F=0.05913;//in V

+m_LHC=0.02;//

+gamma_LHC=0.320;//

+m_RHC=0.2;//

+gamma_RHC=0.110;//

+E1=0.370;//in V

+Ecell_1=(-E1)*(RT_F*log10((m_LHC*gamma_LHC)/(m_RHC*gamma_RHC)));//in V

+printf('Ecell_1=%.4f V',Ecell_1)

+Ecell_2=(Ecell_1)/(2*E1);//in V

+printf('\nEcell_2=%.5f V',Ecell_2)

+

+//page 536

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.23.1/Ex8_23_1.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.23.1/Ex8_23_1.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1f28ef5e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.23.1/Ex8_23_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clear 

+clc

+E1=-0.277;//in V

+E2=-0.744;//in V

+Ecell_1=(E2-E1);//in V

+printf('Ecell_1=%.3f V',Ecell_1)

+Ecell_2=(E1-E2);//in V

+printf('\nEcell_2=%.3f V',Ecell_2)

+

+//page 539

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.23.2/Ex8_23_2.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.23.2/Ex8_23_2.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d4996e71f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.23.2/Ex8_23_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+clear

+clc

+E1=-0.74;//in V

+E2=-0.40;//in V

+E3=-0.91;//in V

+n1=3;//

+n2=1;//

+n3=6;//

+n=2;//

+E=((n1*E1)-(n2*E2))/n;//in V

+printf('E=%.2f V',E)

+E=E2-E1;//in V

+DelG1=n1*E;//

+printf('\nDelG1=%.2f V',DelG1)

+E=E1-E3;//in V

+DelG2=n3*E;//

+printf('\nDelG2=%.2f V',DelG2)

+E=E2-E3;//in V

+DelG3=n*E;//

+printf('\nDelG3=%.2f V',DelG3)

+RT_F=0.05913;//in V

+Keq=10^(DelG1/RT_F);//

+printf('\nKeq=%.2f*10^17',Keq/10^17)

+

+//page 540

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.23.3/Ex8_23_3.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.23.3/Ex8_23_3.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6d2c09d62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.23.3/Ex8_23_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+clear

+clc

+Ecell=0;//in V

+E1=0;//in V

+E2=-0.40;//in V

+E=(E1-E2);//in V

+T=298;//in K

+RT_F=0.05913;//in V

+Kw=10^-14;//in moldm^3

+Ksp=Kw^2*(10^((-2/RT_F)*(-E)));//in (moldm^3)^2

+printf('Ksp=%.2f*10^-15 (moldm^3)^2',Ksp/10^-15 )

+

+dEdT_p=0.002;//in V/K

+n=2

+F=96500;//inC

+DelG=n*F*E1;//change in gibbs energy

+printf('\nDelG=%.1d ',DelG)

+

+DelS=n*F*dEdT_p;//change in entropy in J/K

+printf('\nDelS=%.1d J/K',DelS)

+

+DelH=DelG+(T*DelS)*10^-3;//change in enthalpy in kJ

+printf('\nDelH=%.3f kJ',DelH)

+

+//page 543

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.23.4/Ex8_23_4.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.23.4/Ex8_23_4.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..47f17da5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.23.4/Ex8_23_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+clear

+clc

+K1=1;//

+K2=1.66*10^6;//in dm^3/mol

+Keq=(K1/K2);//equilibrium constant in mol/dm^3

+RT_F=0.05913;//in V

+n=1;//

+Ecell=RT_F/n*(log10(Keq))

+printf('Ecell=%.4f V',Ecell)

+E_h=0.337;//

+n2=2

+Ecell_2=n2*E_h

+printf('\nEcell_2=%.3f V',Ecell_2)

+

+//page 544

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.23.5/Ex8_23_5.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.23.5/Ex8_23_5.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..efbb820d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.23.5/Ex8_23_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+clear

+clc

+RT_F=0.05913;//in V

+Ecell=0.1185//in V

+K1=0.379*10^-3//

+K2=37.9*10^-3//

+m=-(RT_F/Ecell)*log10(K1/K2);//

+printf('m=%.1f',m)

+K3=0.1;//

+K4=1;//

+Ecell_1=0.1263;//in V

+n=(-(Ecell_1*m)/RT_F)/log10(K3/K4);//

+printf('\nn=%.1d',n)

+

+//page 545

+

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.23.6/Ex8_23_6.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.23.6/Ex8_23_6.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..620bec07e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.23.6/Ex8_23_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+clear

+clc

+E1=0.6994;//in V

+RT_F=0.05913;//in V

+E=0.7314;//in V

+kRHE_kLHE=10^((E-E1)/RT_F);//

+printf('kRHE_kLHE=%.3f',kRHE_kLHE)

+K=0.1;//in mol/dm^3

+K2=2.1*10^-4;//in mol/dm^3

+K1=(K2/(kRHE_kLHE^2));//in mol/dm^3

+printf('\nK1=%.2f*10^-5  mol/dm^3',K1/10^-5)

+pH1=-log10(sqrt(K2*K))

+printf('\npH1=%.3f',pH1)

+pH2=-log10(sqrt(K1*K))

+printf('\npH2=%.3f',pH2)

+

+//page 545

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.23.7/Ex8_23_7.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.23.7/Ex8_23_7.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d5fb188fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.23.7/Ex8_23_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clear

+clc

+Ecell=-0.188;//in V

+RT_F=0.05913;//in V

+H=10^(Ecell/RT_F);//in mol/dm^3

+M=1/32;//

+alpha=(H/M);//degree of freedom 

+printf('alpha=%.3f*10^-2',alpha/10^-2)

+Kh=(M*alpha^2)/(1-alpha);//

+printf('\nKh=%.2f*10^-5 mol/dm^3',Kh/10^-5)

+

+//page 547

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.9.2/Ex8_9_2.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.9.2/Ex8_9_2.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d1cb7b08b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.9.2/Ex8_9_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+clear

+clc

+EFe_Pt=0.771;//in V

+EFe=-0.440;//in V

+Ecell=(EFe_Pt-EFe);//in V

+printf('Ecell=%.3f V',Ecell)

+E1=1.510;//in V

+E2=1.223;//in V

+Ecell=(E1-E2);//in V

+printf('\nEcell=%.3f V',Ecell)

+E3=0.401;//in V

+E4=-0.601;//in V

+Ecell=(E3-E4);//in V

+printf('\nEcell=%.3f V',Ecell)

+E5=0.337;//in V

+E6=0.799;//in V

+Ecell=(E5-E6);//in V

+printf('\nEcell=%.3f V',Ecell)

+E7=1.44;//in V

+E8=0.5355;//in V

+Ecell=(E7-E8);//in V

+printf('\nEcell=%.4f V',Ecell)

+E9=0.7991;//in V

+E10=-0.126;//in V

+Ecell=(E9-E10);//in V

+printf('\nEcell=%.4f V',Ecell)

+E11=1.51;//in V

+E12=-0.49;//in V

+Ecell=(E11-E12);//in V

+printf('\nEcell=%.3f V',Ecell)

+E13=1.33;//in V

+E14=0.771;//in V

+Ecell=(E13-E14);//in V

+printf('\nEcell=%.3f V',Ecell)

+E15=0.771;//in V

+E16=0.150;//in V

+Ecell=(E15-E16);//in V

+printf('\nEcell=%.3f V',Ecell)

+E17=0.771;//in V

+E18=0.76;//in V

+Ecell=(E17-E18);//in V

+printf('\nEcell=%.3f V',Ecell)

+E19=0.771;//in V

+E20=1.080;//in V

+Ecell=(E19-E20);//in V

+printf('\nEcell=%.3f V',Ecell)

+

+//page 448

+

+

+

+

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.9.3/Ex8_9_3.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.9.3/Ex8_9_3.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..38c29a7eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.9.3/Ex8_9_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+clear

+clc

+E1=1.3595;//in V

+E2=0.337;//in V

+Ecell=(E1-E2);//in V

+printf('\nEcell=%.4f V',Ecell)

+E3=1.510;//in V

+E4=0.337;//in V

+Ecell=(E3-E4);//in V

+printf('\nEcell=%.3f V',Ecell)

+E5=0.7791;//in V

+E6=0.337;//in V

+Ecell=(E5-E6);//in V

+printf('\nEcell=%.4f V',Ecell)

+E7=0.771;//in V

+E8=0.150;//in V

+Ecell=(E7-E8);//in V

+printf('\nEcell=%.3f V',Ecell)

+E9=0.771;//in V

+E10=1.51;//in V

+Ecell=(E9-E10);//in V

+printf('\nEcell=%.3f V',Ecell)

+E11=0.771;//in V

+E12=-0.126;//in V

+Ecell=(E11-E12);//in V

+printf('\nEcell=%.3f V',Ecell)

+

+//All the positive values of Ecell gives forward reaction,negative values of Ecell gives backward reaction

+//page 451

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.9.4/Ex8_9_4.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.9.4/Ex8_9_4.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f8398ae8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.9.4/Ex8_9_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+clear

+clc

+E1=1.3595;//in V

+E2=0.337;//in V

+Ecell=(E1-E2);//in V

+printf('\nEcell=%.4f V',Ecell)

+E3=1.510;//in V

+E4=0.337;//in V

+Ecell=(E3-E4);//in V

+printf('\nEcell=%.3f V',Ecell)

+E5=0.7791;//in V

+E6=0.337;//in V

+Ecell=(E5-E6);//in V

+printf('\nEcell=%.4f V',Ecell)

+E7=0.771;//in V

+E8=0.150;//in V

+Ecell=(E7-E8);//in V

+printf('\nEcell=%.3f V',Ecell)

+E9=0.771;//in V

+E10=1.51;//in V

+Ecell=(E9-E10);//in V

+printf('\nEcell=%.3f V',Ecell)

+E11=0.771;//in V

+E12=-0.126;//in V

+Ecell=(E11-E12);//in V

+printf('\nEcell=%.3f V',Ecell)

+

+//page 451

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.9.6/Ex8_9_6.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.9.6/Ex8_9_6.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..81497964b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.9.6/Ex8_9_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+clear

+clc

+E1=1.07;//in V

+E2=0.45;//in V

+Ecell=(E1-E2);//in V

+printf('\nEcell=%.2f V',Ecell)

+E3=0.71;//in V

+E4=0.54;//in V

+Ecell=(E3-E4);//in V

+printf('\nEcell=%.2f V',Ecell)

+

+//page 454

diff --git a/2495/CH8/EX8.9.7/Ex8_9_7.sce b/2495/CH8/EX8.9.7/Ex8_9_7.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6f2788224
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2495/CH8/EX8.9.7/Ex8_9_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+clear

+clc

+E_RHE=(0.5335-(-2.363));//reduction reaction at RHE in V

+RT_F=0.05915;//

+E_LHE=((RT_F/2)*log10(0.1*0.2^2));//reduction reaction at LHE in V

+Ecell=E_RHE-E_LHE;//cell reaction in V

+printf('Ecell=%.4f V',Ecell)

+E_RHE=(0.0-0.0713);//reduction reaction at RHE in V

+RT_F=0.05915;//

+E_LHE=((RT_F)*log10((0.5^(1/2))/(0.02*0.02)));//reduction reaction at LHE in V

+Ecell=E_RHE-E_LHE;//cell reaction in V

+printf('\nEcell=%.4f V',Ecell)

+E_RHE=(0.337-(-0.441));//reduction reaction at RHE in V

+RT_F=0.05915;//

+E_LHE=((RT_F/2)*log10(0.05/0.01));//reduction reaction at LHE in V

+Ecell=E_RHE-E_LHE;//cell reaction in V

+printf('\nEcell=%.4f V',Ecell)

+E_RHE=(0.0-0.0);//reduction reaction at RHE in V

+RT_F=0.05915;//

+E_LHE=((RT_F/2)*log10(6.43/0.127));//reduction reaction at LHE in V

+Ecell=E_RHE-E_LHE;//cell reaction in V

+printf('\nEcell=%.4f V',Ecell)

+E_RHE=(-0.763-0.337);//reduction reaction at RHE in V

+RT_F=0.05915;//

+E_LHE=((RT_F/2)*log10((0.1^2)*0.732));//reduction reaction at LHE in V

+Ecell=E_RHE+E_LHE;//cell reaction in V

+printf('\nEcell=%.3f V',Ecell)

+

+//There are some errors in the solution given in textbook

+//page 455

+