initial commit / add all books

76 files changed, 1603 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/2409/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/2409/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ca7a80f60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+
+funcprot(0)
+
+//Variable Declaration
+PR=0.01  //The Average power received(watts)
+Tb=0.0001  //Bit period(seconds)
+N0=10**-7  //Noise power(joule)
+
+//Calculations
+Eb=PR*Tb  //Energy per bit received (joule)
+x=sqrt(Eb/N0)
+
+
+erf=integrate("exp(-t^2)","t",0,x)
+erf1=erf*(2/%pi**0.5)
+BER=(1-erf1)*(10**6)/2
+
+printf("The Bit error rate is %.1f * 10^-6", BER)
+
diff --git a/2409/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/2409/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b4602fe3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+Rb=61   //Transmission rate (Mb/s)
+ENR=9.5 //Required Energy to noise ratio(dB)
+
+//Calculation
+
+Rb=10*log10(61*10**6)  //Converting Transmission rate to dB
+CNR=Rb+ENR  //Carrier to noise ratio
+
+//Results
+printf("Required Carrier to noise ratio is %.2f dB", CNR)
diff --git a/2409/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/2409/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..57418a073
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+funcprot(0)
+//Variable Declaration
+BER=10**-5  //Maximum allowable bit error rate
+
+//Calculation
+
+x=linspace(8,10,11)  //Eb/N0 ratio represented by x
+x1=x**0.5
+for i = 1:11
+   x(i)=10*log10(x(i))  //Converting x into decibels
+end
+
+erf=linspace(0,0,11)  //Initialization for erf function
+Pe=linspace(0,0,11)   //Initialization for Probablity of error
+
+
+for i = 1:10
+   k=integrate("exp(-t**2)",'t',0,x1(i))
+   erf(i)=k(1)*(2/%pi**0.5)    
+   Pe(i)=(1-erf(i))/2       //Probability of error
+end
+y=linspace(9,9.59,5)
+z=linspace(BER,BER,5)
+a=linspace(9.59,9.59,5)
+b=linspace(0,BER,5)
+plot(x,Pe)
+plot(y,z)
+plot(a,b)
+xlabel('','xdB','Pe(x)')
+
+x=9.6   //The Eb/N0 ratio for Maximum BER(dB) from the graph
+EbN0=x+2 //Eb/N0 ratio with implementation margin
+//Results
+
+printf("The Eb/N0 ratio with allowable BER of 10^-5 and implementation margin of 2dB is %.1f dB",EbN0)
+
+
+
diff --git a/2409/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/2409/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5d062c76a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+P=6  //Transmit power(Watts)
+G=48.2 //Antenna Gain(dB)
+
+//Calculation
+EIRP=10*log10(P)+G  //Equivalent isotropic radiated power(dB)
+
+//Result
+printf("Hence the Equivalent isotropic radiated power is %.0f dBW",EIRP)
diff --git a/2409/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce b/2409/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fe7aaffde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+f=14        //Frequency(GHz)
+Ps=-120     //Flux density required to saturate the transponder(dBW/m2)
+LOSSES=2    //Propogation Losses(dB)
+FSL=207     //Free-space loss(dB)
+
+//Calculation
+
+A0=-21.45-20*log10(f)   //Effective antenna aperture(dB)
+EIRP=Ps+A0+LOSSES+FSL //Equivalent isotropically radiated power(dB)
+
+//Result
+printf("The earth station EIRP required for saturation is %.2f dBW",EIRP)
diff --git a/2409/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce b/2409/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8d0b158bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+Ps=-91.4      //saturation flux density(dBW/m2)
+f=14          //uplink frequency(GHz)
+GTR=-6.7      //G/T (dB/k)
+BO=11        //Input Back off(dB)
+k=-228.6       //Value of k(dB)
+RFL=0.6      //receiver feeder loss
+
+//Calculation
+
+A0=-21.5-20*log10(f)   //Effective antenna aperture(dB)
+CNR=Ps+A0-BO+GTR-k-RFL    //carrier to noise ratio(dB)
+
+//Result
+disp(A0)
+printf("The carrier to noise ratio is %.1f dB",CNR)
diff --git a/2409/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce b/2409/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..957e0e604
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+B=36     //Transponder Bandwidth(MHz)
+CNR=22   //Carrier to noise ratio(dB)
+LOSSES=200  //Total transmission losses(dB)
+GTR=31     //Earth station G/T (dB/K)
+k=-228.6   //Value of k(dB)
+
+//Calculation
+B=10*log10(B*10**6)   //Converting Bandwidth to dB
+EIRP=CNR-GTR+LOSSES+k+B    //Equivalent isotropically radiated power(dB)
+
+//Result
+printf("Satellite EIRP required is %.0f dB",EIRP)
diff --git a/2409/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce b/2409/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d51dd7747
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+B=36*10**6      //Transponder Bandwidth(Hz)
+R=0.2     //Roll off factor 
+GTR=31    //Earth station G/T(dB/K)
+LOSSES=200  //Total transmission losses(dB)
+k=-228.6    //Value of k(dB)
+BER=10**-5  //Value of Bit error rate
+EbN0R=9.6   //Value of Eb/N0 from fig.10.17
+//Calculation
+
+Rb=2*B/(1+R)      //Bit rate(sec^-1)
+Rb=10*log10(Rb)  //Converting Rb into decibels
+CNR=EbN0R+Rb      //Carrier to noise ratio(dB)
+EIRP=CNR-GTR+LOSSES+k  //Equivalent Isotropically radiated power(dBW)
+
+
+//Results
+printf("Bit rate that can be accommodated is %.1f dB",Rb)
+printf("The EIRP required is %.1f dBW",EIRP)
+
+
diff --git a/2409/CH12/EX12.14/Ex12_14.sce b/2409/CH12/EX12.14/Ex12_14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a6eb51a74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH12/EX12.14/Ex12_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+EIRP=25    //Satellite saturation value(dBW)
+BO=6       //Output Backoff loss(dB)
+FSL=196    //Free space loss(dB)
+DL=1.5     //Downlink losses(dB)
+GTR=41     //Earth station G/T(dB/K)
+k=-228.6   //Value of k(dB)
+
+//Calculation
+CNR=EIRP-BO+GTR-FSL-DL-k  //Carrier to noise ratio(dB)
+
+//Result
+printf("The Carrier to noise density ratio at the earth station is %.1f dB",CNR)
diff --git a/2409/CH12/EX12.15/Ex12_15.sce b/2409/CH12/EX12.15/Ex12_15.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..bf4188e44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH12/EX12.15/Ex12_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+EIRP=56   //Equivalent Isotropically radiated power(dBW)
+BO=6      //Output Backoff(dB)
+TFL=2     //Transmitter feeder loss(dB)
+GT=50     //Antenna gain(dB)
+
+//Calculation
+PTWTA=EIRP-GT+TFL   //Power output of TWTA(dBW)
+PTWTAS=PTWTA+BO     //Saturated power output of TWTA(dBW)
+
+//Result
+printf("Power output of the TWTA required for full saturated EIRP is %.f dBW",PTWTAS)
diff --git a/2409/CH12/EX12.16/Ex12_16.sce b/2409/CH12/EX12.16/Ex12_16.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8056acc92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH12/EX12.16/Ex12_16.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+alpha=1.9    //Rain attenuation(dB)
+CNR=20       //Downlink carrier to noise ratio(dB)
+Tn=400       //Effective Noise temperature(Kelvin)
+Ta=280       //Reference temperature(Kelvin)
+
+//Calculation
+alpha1=10**(alpha/10)  //Converting alpha to ratio
+Trn=Ta*(1-1/alpha1)    //Equivalent noise temperature of rain(kelvin)
+Ts=Tn+Trn        //New system noise temperature
+delp=10*log10(Ts/Tn)  //Decibel increase in noise power
+CNRN=CNR-delp-alpha   //Value below which CNR falls(dB)
+
+
+//Result
+printf("The value below which C/N falls for 0.1 percent of time is %.2f dB",CNRN)
diff --git a/2409/CH12/EX12.17/Ex12_17.sce b/2409/CH12/EX12.17/Ex12_17.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..93df132f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH12/EX12.17/Ex12_17.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+CNR=17.4   //Clear sky input C/N (dB)
+T=10       //Threshold level for FM etector(dB)
+Ta=272     //Value of Ta(Kelvin)
+Tscs=544   //Value of Tscs(Kelvin)
+
+//Calculation
+
+TM=CNR-T    //Threshold margin at FM detector(dB)
+CNR=10**(CNR/10)  //Converting CNR to ratio
+NCR=1/CNR
+
+function [y]=f(A)
+    y=0.1-NCR*(A+(A-1)*Ta/Tscs)
+endfunction    
+A=fsolve(2,f)
+
+A=10*log10(A)  //Converting A into decibels
+A=round(A)
+
+// Getting the value of probablity of exceeding A from the curve
+
+if (A==6) then
+   P=2.5*10**-4 
+else
+   printf("error")
+end
+Av=100*(1-P)  //Availability(percentage)
+
+//Result
+
+printf("The time system stays above threshold is %.3f percentage",Av)
+
+
diff --git a/2409/CH12/EX12.18/Ex12_18.sce b/2409/CH12/EX12.18/Ex12_18.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..156db5e5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH12/EX12.18/Ex12_18.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+Nu=100   //Noise spectral density for uplink(dBHz)
+Nd=87    //Noise spectral density for downlink(dBHz)
+
+//Calculation
+
+N0CR=10**(-Nu/10)+10**(-Nd/10)  //Noise to carrier ratio
+CNR=-10*log10(N0CR)   //Combined c/N0 ratio(dBHz)
+
+//Result
+printf("The combined carrier to noise ratio is %.2f dBHz",CNR)
+
diff --git a/2409/CH12/EX12.19/Ex12_19.sce b/2409/CH12/EX12.19/Ex12_19.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9915adb01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH12/EX12.19/Ex12_19.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+
+//Variable declaration
+//For uplink
+Ps=-67.5   //Saturation flux density(dB)
+A0=-37     //Antenna aperture at 6GHz(dB)
+IBO=-11    //Input Backoff(dB)
+GTRs=-11.6 //Satellite saturation G/T (dB)
+k=-228.6   //Value of k(dB)
+
+//For Downlink
+EIRP=26.6  //Satellite EIRP(dB)
+OBO=-6     //output Backoff(dB)
+FSL=-196.7 //Free Space loss(dB)
+GTRe=40.7  //Earth station G/T(dB)
+
+//Calculation
+CNRu=Ps+A0+IBO+GTRs-k     //Carrier to noise ratio for uplink(dB)
+CNRd=EIRP+OBO+FSL+GTRe-k//Carrier to noise ratio for downlink(dB)
+N0CR=10**(-CNRu/10)+10**(-CNRd/10)  //Noise to carrier ratio
+CNR=-10*log10(N0CR)   //Combined c/N0 ratio(dBHz)
+
+//results
+printf("The Carrier to noise ratio for uplink is %.2f dB",CNRu)
+printf("The Carrier to noise ratio for downlink is %.2f dB",CNRd)
+printf("The combined carrier to noise ratio is %.2f dBHz",CNR)
diff --git a/2409/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/2409/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b74445b0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+D=3  //Antenna size(m)
+f=12 //Operating Frequency(GHz)
+n=0.55 //Aperture efficiency
+
+//Calculation
+
+G=n*(10.472*f*D)**2  //Antenna Gain
+G=10*log10(G)  //Converting Antenna gain to dB
+
+//Result
+printf("The Antenna gain with given parameters is %.1f dB", G)
diff --git a/2409/CH12/EX12.20/Ex12_20.sce b/2409/CH12/EX12.20/Ex12_20.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..696184459
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH12/EX12.20/Ex12_20.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+CNRu=23   //carrier to noise ratio for uplink(dB)
+CNRd=20   //carrier to noise ratio for downlink(dB)
+CNRm=24   //carrier to noise ratio for intermodulation(dB)
+
+//Calculation
+
+NCR=10**(-CNRu/10)+10**(-CNRd/10)+10**(-CNRm/10)  //Combined Noise to carrier ratio
+CNR=-10*log10(NCR)  //Combined carrier to noise ratio(dB)
+
+//Result
+printf("The combined carrier to noise ratio is %.2f dB",CNR)
+
diff --git a/2409/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/2409/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..99772454e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+r=42000      //Range between ground station and satellite
+f=6000          //Frequency(MHz)
+
+//Calculation
+
+FSL=32.4+20*log10(r)+20*log10(f)  //Free space loss(dB)
+
+//Result
+printf("The free space loss at given frequency is %.1f dB", FSL)
+
diff --git a/2409/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce b/2409/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f969d10ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+FSL=207   //Free space loss(dB)
+RFL=1.5   //receiver feeder loss(dB)
+AA=0.5    //Atmospheric Absorption loss(dB)
+AML=0.5   //Antenna Alignment loss(dB)
+
+//Calculation
+
+LOSSES=FSL+RFL+AA+AML   //Total link loss (dB)
+
+//Results
+
+printf("The total link loss is %.1f dB", LOSSES)
+
+
diff --git a/2409/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce b/2409/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..754b4a522
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+TAn=35  // Antenna Noise Temperature(Kelvin)
+TRn=100 // Receiver Noise Temperature(Kelvin)
+k=1.38*10**-23  //Boltzman constant(joules)
+B=36*10**6  //Bandwidth
+
+//Calculation
+N0=(TAn+TRn)*k   //noise power density(10**-21 joules)
+PN=N0*B/10**-12         //Noise power for given bandwidth(picoWatts)
+
+
+//Results
+printf("The noise Power density is %.2e Joules",N0)
+printf("The noise power for given bandwidth is %.3f pW",PN)
diff --git a/2409/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce b/2409/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..58f2e6815
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//Variable Declaration
+
+TRn=12   //Receiver Noise figure(dB)
+G=40     //Gain of LNA(dB)
+T0=120  //Noise temperature(Kelvin)
+
+//Calculation
+
+F=10**(TRn/(10))   //Converting noise power to ratio
+Te=(F-1)*290     //Noise Temperature of the amplifier
+G=10**(G/10)     //Converting Gain of LNA to ratio
+Tn=T0+Te/G       //Overall Noise Temperature(Kelvin)
+
+
+//Result
+printf("The overall noise temperature is %.2f Kelvin", Tn)
diff --git a/2409/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce b/2409/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8537f2f4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+Tant=35     //Antenna noise temperature(kelvin)
+Te1=150     //Receiver noise temperature(kelvin)
+L=5         //Cable Loss (dB)
+T0=290    
+G1=10**5    //LNA Gain
+F=12        //Receiver Noise figure(dB)
+
+//Calculation
+
+L=10**(L/10)  //Converting L into ratio
+F=10**(F/10)  //Converting F into ratio
+Ts=Tant+Te1+(L-1)*T0/G1+L*(F-1)*T0/G1  //Noise Temperature referred to the input(Kelvin)
+
+//Result
+printf("The noise temperature referred to the input is %.0f Kelvini",Ts)
+
diff --git a/2409/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce b/2409/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fc43077db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+Tant=35     //Antenna noise temperature(kelvin)
+Te1=150     //Receiver noise temperature(kelvin)
+L=5         //Cable Loss (dB)
+T0=290    
+G1=10**5    //LNA Gain
+F=12        //Receiver Noise figure(dB)
+
+//Calculation
+
+L=10**(L/10)  //Converting L into ratio
+F=10**(F/10)  //Converting F into ratio
+Ts=Tant+(L-1)*T0+L*Te1+L*(F-1)*T0/G1  //Noise Temperature referred to the input(Kelvin)
+
+
+//Result
+printf("The noise temperature referred to the input is %.0f Kelvin",Ts)
+
diff --git a/2409/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce b/2409/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1bf734121
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//Variable Declaration
+
+FSL=206    //Free space loss(dB)
+APL=1      //Antenna Pointing loss(dB)
+AAL=2      //Atmospheric Absorption loss(dB)
+RFL=1      //Receiver feeder loss(dB)
+EIRP=48    //Equivalent isotropically radiated power(dBW)
+f=12       //Frequency(GHz)
+GTR=19.5   //G/T ratio(dB/K)
+k=-228.60  //Value of k(dB)
+
+//Calculation
+LOSSES=FSL+APL+AAL+RFL //Total loss(dB)
+CNR=EIRP+GTR-LOSSES-k  //Carrier to noise ratio(dBHz)
+
+//Result
+printf("The carrier to noise ratio is %.2f dB",CNR)
diff --git a/2409/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/2409/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..434a0021f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//Variable Declaration
+EIRP1=34     //desired carrier EIRP from satellite(dB)
+G1=44    // ground station receiving antenna gain(dB)
+G2=24.47 //Gain in desired direction(dB)
+EIRP2=34  //EIRP by interfering satellite(dB)
+PD=4      //Polarization discrimination(dB)
+
+//Calculation
+CIR=EIRP1-EIRP2+G1-G2+PD  //Carrier to Interference ratio(dB)
+
+//Result
+printf("The Carrier to interfernce ratio at the ground receiving antenna is %.2f dB",CIR)
diff --git a/2409/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce b/2409/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d347d13b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+
+//Variable Decalration
+
+PA=24   //Transmit power by station A(dBW)
+G1=54   //Antenna Gain(dB)
+PC=30   //Transmit power by station C(dBW)
+G2=24.47//off-axis gain in the S1 direction(dB)
+PD=4      //Polarization discrimination(dB)
+
+//Calculation
+
+CIR=PA-PC+G1-G2+PD   //Carrier to Interference ratio(dB)
+
+//Result
+printf("The Carrier to interfernce ratio on uplink is %.2f dB",CIR)
diff --git a/2409/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce b/2409/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f4a931791
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+CIR1=27.53   //Carrier to interference ratio from Example 13.1(dB)
+CIR2=23.53   //Carrier to interference ratio from Example 13.2(dB)
+
+//Calculation
+ICRu=10**(-CIR1/10)  //Interferece to carrier ratio for uplink
+ICRd=10**(-CIR2/10)  //Interferece to carrier ratio for downlink
+
+ICRant=ICRu+ICRd   //Overall Interferece to carrier ratio
+CIRant=-10*log10(ICRant)//Overall Carrier to interference ratio (dB)
+
+//Result
+printf("The overall carrier to interference ratio is %.2f dB",CIRant)
diff --git a/2409/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce b/2409/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..709e9c5e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+SSi=4 //Initial satellite spacing(degrees)
+SSl=2 //Later Satellite spacing(degrees)
+
+//Calculation
+
+IIR=(29-25*log10(SSl))-(29-25*log10(SSi))  //Increase in Interference(dB)
+
+//Result
+printf("The degradation in downlink C/I is %.1f dB",IIR)
diff --git a/2409/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce b/2409/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..bddc8f90f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+f=4.2       //modualating frequency(MHz)
+m=2.571     //Modulation index
+QIF1=4.2    //Quality Impairment factor(a)
+QIF2=4.5    //Quality Impairment factor(b)
+
+//Calculation
+Dv=2*m*f  //Peak to peak deviation(MHz)
+PR1=12.5-20*log10(Dv/12)-QIF1+1.1*QIF1**2 //Protection ratio for case(a)
+PR2=12.5-20*log10(Dv/12)-QIF2+1.1*QIF2**2 //Protection ratio for case(b)
+
+//Results
+printf("The protection ratio for quality impairment factor of 4.2 is %.1f dB",PR1)
+printf("The protection ratio for quality impairment factor of 4.5 is %.1f dB",PR2)
diff --git a/2409/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce b/2409/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0a67d26e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+
+//Variable Decalration
+LU=200   //Uplink propogation loss(dB)
+LD=196   //Downlink propogation loss(dB)
+GE=25    //Receiving gain of earth station(dB)
+GE1=25   //Transmit gain of E1 in the direction of S(dB)
+GS=9     //receive gain of S in the direction of E1(dB)
+GS1=9   //Transmit gain of satellite S1 in the direction of E(dB)
+GTE=48  //Transmit gain of E(dB)
+GRE=48  //Receive gain of E(dB)
+GRS=19  //Receive gain of S(dB)
+GTS=19  //Transmit gain of S(dB)
+US=-60    //Maximum power spectral density(dBJ)
+US1=1   //Maximum power spectral density(uJ)
+UE1=10  //Maximum power spectral density transmitted by earth station(uJ)
+UE=-50  //Maximum power spectral density transmitted by earth station(dBJ)
+k=-228.6
+
+//Calculation
+URS=UE+GTE+GRS-LU//Received power spectral density at satellite S(dB)
+URE=US+GTS+GRE-LD//Received power spectral density at satellite E(dB)
+y=URE-URS    //Transmission gain for network R(dB)
+
+I1=US+GS1+GE-LD  //Interference received by earth station(dB)
+I2=UE+GE1+GS-LU  //Uplink Interference(dB)
+
+delTE=I1-k   //Earth station receiver input(dBK)
+delTE=10**(delTE/10)   //Earth station receiver input(K)
+delTS=I2-k   //Noise temperature at satellite receiver input(dBK)
+
+delTSE=y+delTS  //Noise Temperature rise(dBKelvin)
+delTSE=10**(delTSE/10)  //Noise Temperature rise(Kelvin)
+delT=delTSE+delTE  //Equivalent noise temperature rise
+
+
+disp(URE)
+disp(URS)
+
+//Results
+printf("The transmission gain is %.f dB",y)
+printf("The interference levels I1 an I2 are %.f %.f dBJ respectively",I1,I2)
+printf("The equivalent temperature rise overall is %.2f Kelvin",delT)
diff --git a/2409/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce b/2409/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..56016300a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+Btr=36  //Transponder Bandwidth(MHz)
+B=3    //Carrier Bandwidth(MHz)
+EIRP=27  //saturated EIRP(dBW)
+BO=6   //Back off loss(dB)
+LOSSES=196  //Combined losses(dB)
+GTR=30   //Earth station G/T ratio(dB)
+k=228.6  //Value of k(dB)
+//Calculation
+
+Btr1=10*log10(Btr*10**6)  //Converting transponder Bandwidth into decibels
+B1=10*log10(B*10**6)  //Converting carrier Bandwidth into decibels
+
+CNR=EIRP+GTR-LOSSES+k-Btr1 //Carrier to noise ratio for single carrier operation(dB)
+CNR=round(CNR)
+alpha=-BO
+K=alpha+Btr1-B1  //Fraction of Bandwidth actually occupied(dB)
+K=10**(K/10)  //Converting decibels to ratio
+K=round(K)
+
+//Results
+
+printf("The downlink carrier to noise ratio is %.0f dB",CNR)
+printf("Fraction of Bandwidth actually occupied is %.0f",K)
+printf("No. of carriers that would be accommodated without backoff is %.f",Btr/B)
diff --git a/2409/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce b/2409/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8c7cc0054
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+
+//Variable decalration
+
+N=40     //No.of bits
+E=5      //Maximum number of errors allowed
+p=10**-3 //Average probability of error in transmission
+
+//Calculation
+
+Pmiss=0
+for i = E+1:N
+  Pmiss=Pmiss+(factorial(N)/((factorial(i)*factorial(N-i))))*(p**i)*((1-p)**(N-i))
+end
+
+Pmiss=Pmiss*10**12
+
+//Result
+printf("The probability of miss is %.1f * 10^-12",Pmiss)
diff --git a/2409/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce b/2409/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f4fd8bc5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+
+//Variable decalration
+N=40     //No.of bits
+E=5      //Maximum number of errors allowed
+
+//Calculation
+Pfalse=0
+for i = 0:E
+  Pfalse=Pfalse+(factorial(N)*2**-N)/((factorial(i)*factorial(N-i)))
+end
+
+Pfalse=Pfalse*10**7
+
+//Result
+printf("The probability of miss is %.1f * 10^-7",Pfalse)
diff --git a/2409/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce b/2409/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..669ede295
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+
+//Variable ecalration
+Lf=120832     //Total frame length
+Tb=14         //Traffic burts per frame
+Rb=2          //Reference bursts per frame
+T=103         //Guard interval(symbols)
+P=280         //Preamble Symbols
+R=P+8         //Reference channel symbols with addition of CDC
+//Calculation
+
+OH=2*(T+R)+Tb*(T+P)   //Overhead Symbols
+nF=1-(OH/(Lf))   //Frame Efficiency
+
+//Result
+printf("Hence the frame efficiency of INTELSAT frame is %.3f",nF)
diff --git a/2409/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce b/2409/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..20c74c600
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+Lf=120832   //Number of symbols per frame
+Tf=2        //Frame period(ms)
+nF=0.949    //INTELSAT fram efficiency from Example 14.4
+//Calculation
+
+Rs=(Lf/(Tf))*10**-3  //Symbol rate(megasymbol/s)
+Rt=Rs*2     //Transmission Rate
+n=nF*Rt*10**3/64   //Voice channel capacity
+n=round(n)
+//Result
+
+printf(" The voice channel capacity for the INTELSAT frame is %.0f Channels",n)
diff --git a/2409/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce b/2409/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3bb0a9187
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+CNR=87.3   //Downlink Carrier to noise ratio(dBHz)
+BER=10**-5  //Bit Error Rate Required
+R=0.2   //Roll off factor
+EbN0R=9.5   //Eb/N0 ratio(dB)
+
+//Calculation
+Rb=CNR-EbN0R  //Maximum Transmission Rate(dBb/s)
+Rb1=10**(Rb/10) //Maximum Transmission Rate(b/s)
+BIF=Rb1*1.2*10**-6/2  //IF Bandwith required
+
+//Result
+printf("The Maximum Transmission rate is %.2f dBb/s",Rb)
+printf("The IF bandwidth required is %.2f MHz",BIF)
diff --git a/2409/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce b/2409/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ce8a912ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+T1=1.544  //Bit rate from sec.10.4(Mb/s)
+R=62     //Bit rate from sec.10.4(dBMb/s)
+EbN0R=12 //Required Eb/N0 ratio for uplink(dB)
+LOSSES=212 //Transmission losses of uplink(dB)
+GTR=10   //G/T ratio for earth station(dB/K)
+G1=46   //Uplink antenna gain(dB)
+Rd=74   //Downlink Transmission Rate(dBb/s)
+//Calculation
+CNR=EbN0R+R  //Carrier to noise ratio for uplink(dB)
+EIRP=CNR-GTR+LOSSES-228.6 //EIRP of earth station antenna
+P=EIRP-G1   //Transmitted Power Required(dBW)
+P=10**(P/(10))   //Transmitted Power Required(Watts)
+
+Ri=Rd-R   //Rate increase with TDMA operation(dB)
+P1=1.4+Ri  //Uplink power increase required for TDMA operation(Watts)
+P2=10**(P1/(10))
+
+//Results
+printf("Earth station transmission power required for transmission of T1 baseband signal is %.2f Watts",P)
+printf("Uplink power increase required for TDMA operation is %f dBWatts or %.1f Watts",P1,P2)
+
diff --git a/2409/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce b/2409/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..44a7f31a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+BIF=36   //Bandwidth of channel over which carriers are spread(MHz)
+R=0.4  //Rolloff factor for filtering
+Rb=64   //Information bit rate(kb/s)
+BER=10**-5  //Bit error rate required
+EbN0R=9.6 //Eb/N0 ratio for BER given from Fig.10.18
+
+//Calculation
+
+Rch=BIF*10**6/(1+R) //Rate of unspreaded signal(chips/s)
+Gp=Rch/(Rb*10**3)     //Processing gain
+Gp1=round(10*log10(Gp))  //Processing gain(dB)
+EbN0R1=10**(EbN0R/(10))  //Converting Eb/N0 into ratio
+K=1+(1.4*Gp/EbN0R1)  //Number of channels
+K=floor(K)
+
+//Result
+printf("The Processing Gain is %.f dB",Gp1)
+printf("An estimate of maximum number of channels that can access the system is %.f",K)
diff --git a/2409/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce b/2409/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b3dc9b1ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+
+//Varaible Declaration
+
+EIRP=55  //EIRP for satellite(dBW)
+fD=12.5  //Downlink frequency(GHz)
+Pss=-101 //Receiving at ground station direction(degrees west)
+Rb=40*10**6  //Transmission Rate(Hz)
+D=18   //Diameter of antenna(inches)
+n=0.55 //Efficiency of antenna
+Tant=70 //Antenna noise(Kelvin)
+Teq=100 //Equivalent noise temperature at LNA(Kelvin)
+R=6371  //Radius of earth(Km)
+L=2   //Transmission losses(dB)
+aGSO=42164  //Circumference of earth(km)
+k=-228.6   //Boltzmann's constant (dB)
+PE=-90  //Longitude of Earth station(degrees west)
+LE=45   //Latitude of Earth station(degrees north)
+f=14    //Frequency(GHz)
+//Calculation
+B=PE-Pss
+b=acos(cos(B*3.142/180)*cos(LE*3.142/180))
+b=b*180/3.142
+A=asin(sin(abs(B)*3.142/180)/sin(b*3.142/180))
+A=A*180/3.142
+Az=180+A  //Azimuth angle of antenna(degrees)
+d=(R**2+aGSO**2-2*R*aGSO*cos(b*3.142/180))**0.5 //Range of antenna(km)
+El=acos(aGSO*sin(b*3.142/180)/d)  //Elevation angle of antenna(radians)
+El=El*180/3.142  //Elevation angle of antenna(degrees)
+El=round(El)
+d=round(d)
+FSL=32.4+20*log10(d)+20*log10(f*10**3)  //Free space loss(dB)
+LOSSES=FSL+L  //Total Transmission Losses
+Ts=Teq+Tant   //Total system noise temperature(Kelvin)
+T=10*log10(Ts)  //Total system noise temperature(dBK)
+G=n*(3.192*f*(D/(12)))**2
+G=10*log10(G)  //Antenna Gain(dB)
+GTR=G-T   //G/T ratio(dB)
+CNR=EIRP+GTR-LOSSES-k  //Carrier to noise ratio(dB)
+Rb=10*log10(Rb) //Transmission Rate(dBHz)
+EbN0R=CNR-Rb   //Eb/N0 ratio at IRD(dB)
+
+//Results
+printf("The Azimuth angle of antenna is %.1f degrees" ,Az)
+printf("The Elevaation Angle of Antenna is %.f degrees",El)
+printf("The Range of Antenna is %.f km",d)
+printf("The Eb/N0 ratio at IRD is %.1f dB",EbN0R)
diff --git a/2409/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce b/2409/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..600107c53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+
+//Varaible Declaration
+
+R01=42  //Rainfall at earth station(mm/hr)
+p=0.01  //Percentage of time for which rain exceeds
+LE=45   //Latitue of earth station(degrees)
+hR=3.5   //Rain Height(km)
+h0=0    //Mean Sea level(km)
+Ta=272  //
+El=37   //Elevation angle of the antenna(degrees)
+Ts=170   //Total system noise temperature(Kelvin)
+NCR=2.3*10**-9 //Carrier to noise ratio
+fD=12.5 //Frequency of operation(GHz)
+f12=12   //Frequency 12GHz(GHz)
+f15=15   //Frequency 15GHz(GHz)
+//Coefficients for horizontal and vertical polarizations at 12GHz and 15GHz as given in Table 4.2
+
+ah12=0.0188
+av12=0.0168
+bh12=1.217
+bv12=1.2
+      
+ah15=0.0367
+av15=0.0335
+bh15=1.154
+bv15=1.128
+
+//Calculation
+
+//Using Interpolation to find coefficients at 12.5 GHz
+ah= ah12+(ah15-ah12)*(fD-f12)/(f15-f12)
+bh= bh12+(bh15-bh12)*(fD-f12)/(f15-f12)
+av=av12+(av15-av12)*(fD-f12)/(f15-f12)
+bv= bv12+(bv15-bv12)*(fD-f12)/(f15-f12)
+
+//Coefficients for circular polarization
+ac=(ah+av)/2
+bc=(ah*bh+av*bv)/(2*ac)
+Ls1=(hR-h0)/sin(El*3.142/180)     //Slant Path Length(km)
+Ls= Ls1                         //Slant Path Length(km)
+LG= Ls*cos(El*3.142/180)       //Horizontal projection of slant path length(km)
+r011=90/(90+4*LG)                      //Reduction Factor
+r01= r011                        //Reduction Factor
+L= Ls1*r01                     //Effective path length(km)
+alpha= ac*R01**bc              //Specific attenuation(dB/km)
+A= 10**(alpha*L/(10))    //Total Attenuation(dB)
+Trn=Ta*(1-1/A) //noise temperature with effect of rain
+Tscs=Ts
+NCrain=NCR*(A+(A-1)*Ta/Tscs) //Noise to carrier ratio due to rain
+CNrain=-10*log10(NCrain)//Noise to carrier ratio due to rain(dB)
+Rb=10*log10(40*10**6) //Transmission rate(dB)
+EbN0rain= CNrain-Rb   //Upper limit of Eb/N0 ratio in prescence of rain(dB)
+
+//Result
+printf("Hence the upper limit for Eb/N0 for given conditions is %.1f dB",EbN0rain)
diff --git a/2409/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/2409/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d4df59454
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+u=3.986*(10**14)         //Earth's Gravitational constant(m^3/sec^2)
+
+//Calculation
+n=(2*3.14)/(24*60*60)    //Mean Motion(rad/sec)
+a=((u/n**2)**(0.33333))/1000      //Radius of the orbit by kepler's 3rd law(km)
+
+//Result
+printf("The Radius of the circular orbit with 1 day period is : %d km",a)
+
+
diff --git a/2409/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/2409/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a2c9861dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+y=2000      //year
+mon=12      //month
+dy=18       //day
+hours=13    //hours of the day
+minutes=0   //Minutes of the day
+seconds=0   //Seconds of the day
+
+
+//Calculation
+d=dy+(hours/24)+(minutes/(24*60))+seconds  //Days in December 
+if mon<=2 then
+   y=y-1
+   mon=mon+12
+else
+   y=y
+   mon=mon
+end
+
+A=floor(y/100)      //Converting years to days
+B=2-A+floor(A/4)    //Converting years to days
+C=floor(365.25*y)     //rounding the days 
+D=floor(30.6001*(mon+1)) //Converting months to days
+JD=B+C+D+d+1720994.5     //Adding reeference to number of days
+
+
+//Result
+
+printf("The Julian day of given day is : %.4f Days",JD)
diff --git a/2409/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/2409/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..37a8c5a0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+JDref=2415020   //Reference Julian days
+JC=36525
+JD=2451897.0417 //Julian days with reference from Example 2.10
+
+//Calculation
+
+T=(JD-JDref)/JC  //Time in julian Centuries
+
+//Result
+
+printf("The time for given date is : %.8f Julian Centuries",T)
diff --git a/2409/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/2409/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8bac38044
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+

+//Variable Declaration

+

+n=14.23304826  //Mean Motion (rev/day)

+M0=246.6853    //Mean Anomaly (degrees)

+t0=223.79688452 //Time of anomaly

+

+//Calculation

+

+T = (t0-(M0/(n*360)))  //Time of perigee passage

+

+//Result

+printf("The time of perigee passage for NASA elements is : %.4f days",T)

diff --git a/2409/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce b/2409/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e99472444
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+

+//Variable Declaration

+M=205  //Mean anomaly(degrees)

+e=0.0025  //Eccentricity

+E=%pi //Initial guess value for eccentric anomaly

+

+//Calculation

+

+function [y] = f(E)

+    y=M-E+e*sin(E)

+endfunction

+E=fsolve(3.142,f)

+

+printf("The Eccentric anomaly is: %.4f degrees",E)

diff --git a/2409/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce b/2409/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..cff340896
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+pi = %pi
+n=14.2171401*2*%pi/86400  //Mean motion (rad/sec)
+M=204.9779+0.001*180*5/pi //Mean anomaly(rad)
+e=9.5981*10**-3   //Eccentricity
+a=7194.9   //Semimajor axis(km)
+
+//Calculation
+
+v=(M*pi/180)+2*e*sin(M*pi/180)+(5*e**2*sin(2*M*pi)/(4*180)) //True Anomaly (radians)
+v=v*180/%pi  //True anomaly(degrees)
+r=a*(1-e**2)/(1+e*cos(v))  //Magnitude of radius vector after 5s(km)
+
+//Results
+printf("The true anomaly is: %.3f degrees",v)
+printf("\nThe magnitude of radius vector 5s after epoch is: %d km",r)
diff --git a/2409/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce b/2409/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fb68a7e94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+v=204.81   //True anomaly(degrees) from Example 2.14
+r=7257     //Magnitude of radius vector(km) from Example 2.14
+
+//Calculation
+
+rP=r*cos(v*%pi/180)  //P coordinate of radius vector(km)
+rQ=r*sin(v*%pi/180)  //Q coordinate of radius vector(km)
+
+//Result
+printf("r in the perifocal coordinate system is %.2f Pkm %.2f Qkm",rP,rQ)
diff --git a/2409/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce b/2409/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..078756ca0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+pi = %pi
+T=1.009638376  //Time in Julian centuries from Example 2.11
+UT=13  //Universal time(hours)
+
+//Calculation
+
+GST=(99.6910+36000.7689*T+0.004*T**2)*3.142/180  //GST(radians)
+UT=2*pi*UT/24  //Universal time converted to fraction of earth rotation (radians)
+
+GST=GST+UT 
+
+
+GST=(modulo(GST,2*pi))*180/pi
+
+//Result
+printf("The GST for given date and time is %.2f degrees",GST)
diff --git a/2409/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce b/2409/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b4a0690f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+
+//Variable Declararion
+pi = %pi
+WL=-89.26  //Expressing the longitude in degrees west
+GST=282.449  //GST from Example 2.17 (degrees)
+
+//Calculation
+
+EL=2*pi+WL  //Longitude in degrees East 
+LST=(GST+EL)*pi/180       //LST(radians)
+LST=(modulo(LST,2*pi))*180/pi   //fmod removes multiple revolutions(Degrees)
+
+//Results
+printf("LST for Thunder Bay on given day is: %.2f Degrees",LST)
+
diff --git a/2409/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce b/2409/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4ad09938a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+LST=167.475 //LST(degrees)
+LE=48.42    //Latitude at thunder bay(degrees)
+H=200       //Height above sea level(metres)
+aE=6378.1414 //Semimajor axis(km)
+eE=0.08182   //Eccentricity
+
+//Calculation
+
+l=(aE/sqrt(1-eE**2*sin(LE*3.142/180)**2)+H/1000)*cos(LE*3.142/180)  
+z=((aE*(1-eE**2))/sqrt(1-eE**2*sin(LE*3.142/180)**2)+H/1000)*sin(LE*3.142/180)  
+RI=l*cos(LST*3.142/180) //I component of radius vector at thunder bay(km)
+RJ=l*sin(LST*3.142/180) //J component of radius vector at thunder bay(km)
+RK= z                 //Z component of radius vector at thunder bay(km)
+
+R=sqrt(RI**2+RJ**2+RK**2)
+
+
+//Results
+printf("The Radius vector components are %.2f ikm+ %.2f jkm+ %.2f kkm",RI,RJ,RK)
+printf("\nThe Magnitude of radius component is %.2f km",R)
diff --git a/2409/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/2409/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b151ba3d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+NN=14.22296917        //Mean Motion (1/day)
+u=3.986005*(10**14)   //Earth's Gravitational COnstant(m^3/sec^2)
+
+//Calculation
+n0=(NN*2*3.142)/(24*60*60)                  //Mean Motion(rad/sec)
+a=((u/n0**2)**(0.33333))/1000   //Radius of the orbit by kepler's 3rd law(km)
+
+
+//Result
+printf("The Semimajor axis for given satellite parameters is : %.2f km",a)
+
+
diff --git a/2409/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce b/2409/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7c4788bb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+PI=-1280  //I component of range vector for a satellite(km)
+PJ=-1278  //J component of range vector for a satellite(km)
+PK=66     //K component of range vector for a satellite(km)
+GST=240   //GST(degrees)
+LE=48.42  //Latitude(Degrees)
+PE=-89.26 //Longitude(Degrees)
+H=200     //Height above mean sea level(metres)
+aE=6378.1414 //Semimajor axis(km)
+eE=0.08182   //Eccentricity
+
+
+//Calculation
+
+l=(aE/sqrt(1-eE**2*sin(LE*3.142/180)**2)+H/1000)*cos(LE*3.142/180)  
+z=((aE*(1-eE**2))/sqrt(1-eE**2*sin(LE*3.142/180)**2)+H/1000)*sin(LE*3.142/180)  
+SE=(atan(z/l))*180/3.142 //Geocentric latitude angle (degrees)
+LST=240+PE
+
+
+a=sin(SE*3.142/180)*cos(LST*3.142/180)
+b=sin(SE*3.142/180)*sin(LST*3.142/180)
+c=-cos(SE*3.142/180)
+d=-sin(LST*3.142/180)
+e=cos(LST*3.142/180)
+f=0
+g=cos(SE*3.142/180)*cos(LST*3.142/180)
+h=cos(SE*3.142/180)*sin(LST*3.142/180)
+i=sin(SE*3.142/180)
+
+D = [a,b,c;d,e,f;g,h,i]
+
+P=  [PI;PJ;PK]
+
+R=D*P  //Components of range of earth station
+Ro=sqrt(R(1,1)**2+R(2,1)**2+R(3,1)**2) //Magnitude of range of earth station(km)
+El=asin(R(3,1)/Ro) //Antenna elevation angle for the earth station(radians) 
+El= El*180/3.142   //Converting El to degrees
+alpha=(atan(R(2,1)/R(3,1)))*180/3.142
+
+if ( R(1,1)<0 & R(2,1)>0 ) then
+   Aza=alpha
+else
+   Aza=0
+end   
+if ( R(1,1)>0 & R(2,1)>0 ) then
+   Azb=180-alpha
+else:
+   Azb=0
+end
+   
+if ( R(1,1)>0 & R(2,1)<0 ) then
+   Azc=180+alpha
+else
+   Azc=0
+end   
+if ( R(1,1)<0 & R(2,1)<0 ) then
+   Azd=360-alpha
+else
+   Azd=0
+end   
+Az= Aza+Azb+Azc+Azd   //Azimuth angle (degrees)
+
+printf("The magnitude of range of earth station is %.0f km",Ro)
+printf("\nThe antenna elevation angle for the earth station are %.f degrees",El)
+printf("\nThe Azimuth angle for the earth station is %.2f degrees",Az)
diff --git a/2409/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce b/2409/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5e2fcafa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+rI=-4685.3  //I component of radius vector from Example 2.16(km)
+rJ=5047.7   //J component of radius vector from Example 2.16(km)
+rK=-3289.1  //K component of radius vector from Example 2.16(km)
+aE=6378.1414 //Semimajor axis (km)
+eE=0.08182   //Eccentricity
+
+//Calculation
+
+r=sqrt(rI**2+rJ**2+rK**2)
+a=%pi  //Guess value for LST(radians)
+b=atan(rK/rI)   //Guess Value for latitude(radians)
+c=r-aE   //Guess value for height(km)
+
+function [ans] = equations(p)
+    L = p(1)
+    h = p(2)
+    LST = p(3)
+    a = rI-((aE/sqrt(1-eE**2*sin(L)**2))+h)*cos(L)*cos(LST)
+    b = rJ-((aE/sqrt(1-eE**2*sin(L)**2))+h)*cos(L)*sin(LST)
+    c = rK-((aE*(1-eE**2)/sqrt(1-eE**2*sin(L)**2))+h)*sin(L)
+    ans = [a;b;c]
+endfunction
+
+ans =  fsolve([b;c;a],equations)
+L = ans(1)
+h = ans(2)
+LST = ans(3)
+L= L*180/3.142  //Converting L into degrees
+h=round(h)
+LST=LST*180/3.142 //Converting LST into degrees
+
+printf("The latitude of subsatellite is %.2f degrees",L)
+printf("\nThe height of subsatellite is %.2f km",h)
+printf("\nThe LST of subsatellite is %.1f degrees",LST)
diff --git a/2409/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/2409/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1a91bf332
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+R=6371   //Mean Earth's radius(km)
+e=0.0011501  //Eccentricity
+a=7192.3     //Semimajor axis(km)
+
+//Calculation
+
+ra=a*(1+e)   //Radius Vector at apogee(km)
+rp=a*(1-e)   //Radius Vector at perigee(km)
+ha=ra-R      //Apogee height(km)
+hp=rp-R      //Perigee height(km)
+
+
+//Result
+printf("The Apogee height for given orbital parameters is: %.2f km",ha)
+printf("The Apogee height for given orbital parameters is: %.2f km",hp)
+
diff --git a/2409/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/2409/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7e987acc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+aE=6378.141     //Earth's equitorial radius(km)
+e=0.002         //Eccentricity
+p=12            //period from perigee to perigee (hours)
+K1=66063.1704  //Constant (km^2)
+u=3.986005*(10**14)         //Earth's Gravitational constant(m^3/sec^2)
+
+
+//Calculation
+n=(2*%pi)/(12*60*60)            //Mean Motion(rad/sec)
+anp=((u/n**2)**(0.3333))/1000      //Radius of the orbit by kepler's 3rd law(km)
+k2=(1-e**2)**1.5
+
+function [y]=f(a)
+    y=(n-((u/a**3)**0.5)*(1+K1/a**2*k2))
+endfunction
+a=fsolve(2,f)
+a=a/1000  //Converting a into km
+
+//Result
+
+printf("The nonperturbed value of semimajor axis is %.2f km",anp)
+printf("\nThe perturbed value of semimajor axis is %.2f km",a)
+
diff --git a/2409/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/2409/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..13b83ab07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+i=98.6328      //Angle(degrees)
+e=0.0011501    //eccentricity
+n=14.23304826  //Mean Motion(1/day)
+a=7192.3       //Semimajor axis(km)
+K1=66063.1704  //Known constant(km^2)
+
+//Calculation
+
+n0=(2*180*n)  //Mean Motion (deg/sec)
+K=(n0*K1)/((a**2)*((1-e**2)**2))  //Constant (deg/day)
+w=-K*cos(i*3.142/180)    //Rate of regression of nodes(deg/day)
+W=K*(2-2.5*(sin(i*3.142/180))**2)   //Rate of rotation of line of apsides(deg/day)
+
+//Results
+printf("The rate of regression of nodes is: %.3f deg/day",w)
+printf("\nThe rate of rotation of line of apsides is : %.3f deg/day",W)
diff --git a/2409/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/2409/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..53f1dd6e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+w=0.982  //rate of regression of nodes from Example 2.5(deg/day)
+W=-2.903 //rate of rotation of line of apsides from Example 2.5)deg/day)
+n=14.23304826  //Mean Motion(1/day)
+W0=113.5534   //Argument of perigee(deg)
+w0=251.5324   //Right ascension of the ascending node(deg)
+
+//Calculation
+PA=1/n   //Period 
+w=w0+w*PA  //New value of rate of regression of nodes(deg)
+W=W0+W*PA  //New Value of rate of rotation of line of apsides(deg)
+
+//Result
+printf("New value of rate of regression of nodes is: %.3f deg",w)
+printf("\nNew value of rate of rotation of line of apsides is : %.3f deg",W)
diff --git a/2409/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/2409/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2a1ed8d66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+
+//Calculation
+ndays=400*365    //Nominal number of days in 400years
+nleapyrs=400/4   //Nominal number of leap years
+gregoriandays=ndays+nleapyrs-3  //number of days in 400 years of Gregorian calendar
+gregavg=gregoriandays/400    //number of days in 400 years of Gregorian calendar
+
+//Result
+disp (gregoriandays)
+printf("The average length of the civil year in gregorian calender is : %.4f days",gregavg)
diff --git a/2409/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/2409/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..be120c984
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+
+//Calculation and Results
+
+
+if ( modulo(1987,4) == 0. ) then
+   disp("1987 is a leap year");
+else
+   disp("1987 is not a leap year");
+end
+
+
+if ( modulo(1988,4) == 0. ) then
+   disp("1988 is a leap year");
+else
+   disp("1988 is not a leap year");
+end
+
+if ( modulo(2000,400) == 0. ) then
+   disp("2000 is a leap year");
+else
+   disp("2000 is not a leap year");
+end
+
+if ( modulo(2100,400) == 0. ) then
+   disp("2100 is a leap year");
+else
+   disp("2100 is not a leap year");
+end
diff --git a/2409/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/2409/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..427adbd7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+
+
+//Calculation
+days=324   //Number of days
+hours=floor(24*0.95616765)  // Number of hours
+decimalfraction1=24*0.95616765-hours
+minutes=floor(60*decimalfraction1)  // Number of minutes
+decimalfraction2=60*decimalfraction1-minutes
+seconds=60*decimalfraction2  // Number of seconds
+
+//Result
+
+disp(decimalfraction1)
+disp(decimalfraction2)
+printf("An Epoch day has %.2f days %.2f hours %.2f minutes %.2f seconds",days,hours,minutes,seconds)
diff --git a/2409/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/2409/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9537c3228
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+Pss=-90   //Location of geostationary satellite(degrees)
+PE=-100   //Longitude of the earth station antenna(degrees)
+LE=35     //Latitude of the earth station antenna(degrees)
+
+//Calculation
+
+B=PE-Pss   //Angle between planes containing a and c(degrees)
+b=acos(cos(B)*cos(LE)) //Angle of plane containing b(radians)
+A=asin(sin(abs(B*3.142/180))/sin(b)) //Angle between planes containing b and c (radians)
+
+A=A*180/3.142  //Converting A into degrees
+//LE>0 and B<0 by observation
+Az= 180-A     //Azimuth angle(degrees)
+
+//Result
+
+printf("The azimuth angle for the given earth station antenna is %.2f degrees",Az)
diff --git a/2409/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/2409/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..015ad9917
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+R=6371  //Radius of earth (km)
+aGSO= 42164  //Circumference of earth(km)
+b=0.632 //values of b from Example 3.1 (radians)
+//Calculation
+
+d=sqrt(R**2+aGSO**2-2*R*aGSO*cos(b)) //Range of earth station antenna (km)
+El=acos(aGSO*sin(b)/d)*180/%pi  //Elevation angle(degrees)
+
+//Results
+
+printf("The range of earth station antenna is %.0f km",d)
+printf("Elevation angle is %.0f degrees",El)
diff --git a/2409/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/2409/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..14eec51fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+LE=49  //Latitude of earth station(degrees)
+aGSO=42164  //Circumference of earth(km)
+R=6371  //Radius of earth(km)
+
+//Calculation
+d=(R**2+aGSO**2-2*R*aGSO*cos(LE*3.142/180))**0.5  //Range of earth station antenna
+El0=acos(aGSO*sin(LE*3.142/180)/d)  //Elevation angle(radians)
+El0=El0*180/3.142  //Converting El0 to degrees
+delta=round(90-El0-LE)  //Angle of tilt required for polar mount
+
+//Results
+printf("The Angle of tilt required for polar mount is %d degrees",delta)
diff --git a/2409/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/2409/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2807450a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+LE=48.42  //Latitude of earth station(degrees)
+PE=-89.26 //Longitute of earth station(degrees)
+Elmin=5  //Minimum angle of elevation(degrees)
+aGSO=42164  //Circumference of earth(km)
+R=6371  //Radius of earth(km)
+
+//Calculation
+
+Smin=90+Elmin
+S=asin(R*sin(Smin*3.142/180)/aGSO)*180/%pi  //Angle subtended at the satellite(degrees)
+
+b=180-Smin-S   //Angle of plane containing b(degrees)
+B=acos(cos(b*3.142/180)/cos(LE*3.142/180))*180/%pi//Angle between the planes containing a and c(degrees)
+
+//Results
+
+printf("The satellite limit east of the earth station is at %d Degrees approximately",round(PE+B))
+
+printf("The satellite limit west of the earth station is at %d Degrees approximately",round(PE-B))
diff --git a/2409/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/2409/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5561d2d1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+y=2000       //year
+d=223.153    //day
+n=1.002716   //mean motion(1/day)
+w=272.5299   //rate of regression of nodes(degrees)
+e=0.000352   //Eccentricity
+W=247.9161   //Rate of regression of line of apsides(degrees)
+M=158.0516   //Mean Anomaly at given time
+JD00=2451543.5  //Julian days for Jan 0.0 2000
+
+//Calculation
+
+JD=JD00+d  //Julian days for given day
+JDref=2415020   //Reference Julian days
+JC=36525
+T=(JD-JDref)/JC  //Time in julian Centuries
+UT=d-223  //Universal Time, fraction of the day
+GST=(99.6910+36000.7689*T+0.004*T**2)*3.142/180  //GST(radians)
+UT=2*%pi*UT //Universal time converted to fraction of earth rotation (radians)
+
+GST=(GST+UT)*180/3.1421
+GST=(modulo(GST,360))//using fmod multiplr revolutions are removed (degrees)
+
+v=M+2*e*M  //True Anomaly(degrees)
+
+Pssmean=W+w+M-GST //longitude for INTELSAT(degrees)
+Pssmean=modulo(Pssmean,360) //fmod removes multiple revolutions
+Pss=w+W+v-GST//longitude for INTELSAT(degrees)
+Pss=modulo(Pss,360)//fmod removes multiple revolutions
+
+//Results
+printf("The longitude of INTELSAT 805 is %.3f Degrees",Pss)
+
+printf("The average longitude of INTELSAT 805 is %.3f Degrees",Pssmean)
+
+// Note : Answers may be different because of rounding error. Please check by calculating all variables.
diff --git a/2409/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/2409/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..672f93438
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+El=50  //Elevation Angle(degrees)
+h0=0.6 //Earth station altitude(km)
+hr=3   //Rain height(km)
+R01=10 //Point Rain Rate(mm/hr)
+f=12   //frequency(GHz)
+ah=0.0188
+bh=1.217
+av=0.0168
+bv=1.2
+
+//Calculation
+Ls=(hr-h0)/sin(El*3.142/180) //Slant path length(km)
+LG=Ls*cos(El*3.142/180)      //Horizontal projection(km)
+r01=90/(90+4*LG)      //Reduction factor
+L=Ls*r01              //Effective path length(km)
+alphah=ah*R01**bh     //Specific Attenuation
+AdBh=alphah*L         //Rain Attenuation for horizontal polarization
+alphav=av*R01**bv       //Specific Attenuation
+AdBv= alphav*L          //Rain Attenuation for vertical polarization
+
+//Results
+printf("Rain Attenuation for given conditions and horizontal polarization is %.2f dB",AdBh)
+
+printf("Rain Attenuation for given conditions and vertical polarization is %.2f dB",AdBv)
+
diff --git a/2409/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/2409/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fc07fe5f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+ah=0.0188
+bh=1.217
+av=0.0168
+bv=1.2
+R01=10        //Point Rain Rate(mm/hr)
+L=2.8753812  //Effective path length calculated in Example 4.1(km)
+
+//Calculation
+//Factors depending on frequency and polarization
+ac=(ah+av)/2 //a for circular polarization
+bc=(ah*bh+av*bv)/(2*ac) //b for circular polarization
+alpha=ac*R01**bc  //Specific Attenuation(dB)
+AdB= alpha*L     //Rain Attenuation(dB)
+
+
+//Results
+printf("The Rain Attenuation for circular polarization is %.2f dB",AdB);
diff --git a/2409/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/2409/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9498e8949
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+
+//Variable Declararion
+
+L=18    //Latitude of earth station(degrees)
+PE=-73  //Longitude of earth station(degrees)
+Pss=-105 //Satellite location(degrees)
+aGSO=42164 //Circumference of earth (km)
+R=6371 //Radius of earth(km)
+
+
+//Calculation
+
+function [ans] = mycross(A,B)
+    i = A(2)*B(3) - B(2)*A(3)
+    j = A(1)*B(3) - B(1)*A(3)
+    k = A(1)*B(2) - B(1)*A(2)
+    ans = [i,j,k]
+endfunction
+
+B=PE-Pss  //Angle between the planes containing a and c (degrees)
+Rx=R*cos(L*3.142/180)*cos(B*3.142/180) //Geocentric-equitorial coordinate(km)
+Ry=R*cos(L*3.142/180)*sin(B*3.142/180) //Geocentric-equitorial coordinate(km)
+Rz=R*sin(L*3.142/180) //Geocentric-equitorial coordinate(km)
+
+r= [Rx,Ry,Rz]        //Coordinates for local gravity direction
+k=[Rx-aGSO,Ry,Rz]   //geocentric-equitorial coordinates for propagation direction
+e=[0,0,1]            //geocentric-equitorial coordinates for polarization vector
+
+f=mycross(k,r) //Direction of normal to reference plane
+modf = (f(1)**2+f(2)**2+f(3)**2)**0.5
+g = mycross(k,e)// Direction of normal to plane contaning e and k
+h=mycross(g,k) //Direction of polarization of the plane 
+modh=(h(1)**2+h(2)**2+h(3)**2)**0.5
+p=(h/modh)
+
+E = asin((p.*f)/modf)*180/3.142
+
+printf("The Angle of polarization at given location is %.2f degrees",E(3))
+
+
+
+// Note : cross() function did not work, so i have wrote mycross() function. Answers would be differ because of rounding error.
diff --git a/2409/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/2409/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..11baa900f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+//Variable Decalration
+a=3
+b=2
+dB=1
+
+//Calculation
+//Initializations
+tita= -90:2:91
+tita(46) = 1
+tita1= -90:2:91
+Y=linspace(0,0,91)
+E=linspace(0,0,91)
+gE=linspace(0,0,91)
+GE=linspace(0,0,91)
+X=linspace(0,0,91)
+E1=linspace(0,0,91)
+gH=linspace(0,0,91)
+GH=linspace(0,0,91)
+
+for i = 1:length(Y)-1
+   Y(i)=%pi*b*sin(tita(i)*3.142/180)
+   X(i)=%pi*a*sin(tita(i)*3.142/180)
+   E(i)=(sin(Y(i)))/Y(i)   
+   E1(i)=cos(tita1(i)*3.142/180)*(sin(X(i)))/X(i)
+   gE(i)=(E(i))**2   //Raiation pattern in E-Plane
+   gH(i)=E1(i)**2    //Raiation pattern in H-Plane
+   GE(i)=10*log10(gE(i))  //Raiation pattern in E-Plane(dB)
+   GH(i)=10*log10(gH(i))  //Raiation pattern in H-Plane(dB)
+end;
+
+//Results
+
+subplot(211)
+plot(tita,GE)   //Plotting E-Plane radiation pattern
+xtitle('','tita degrees',"GE(tita)" )
+subplot(212)
+plot(tita1,GH)  //Plotting H-Plane radiation pattern
+xtitle('','tita degrees','GH(tita)')
+
+    
diff --git a/2409/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/2409/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7220c9c56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+
+//Varable Declaration
+
+N=5   //Number of elements of dipole
+s=0.25 //Space between dipole elements(wavelengths)
+phi0=0//Angle between array factor and array(degrees)
+
+//Calculation
+
+alpha=-2*3.142*s*cos(phi0)  //Current phase(radians)
+phi= -180:2:182
+for k = 1:180
+    Si(k)=alpha+2*3.142*s*cos(phi(k)*3.142/180)
+end;    
+AFR=linspace(0,0,181)
+AFI=linspace(0,0,181)
+for i = 1:180
+  for j = 1:N-1
+     AFR(i)=AFR(i)+cos(j*Si(i))  //Real part of Array factor
+     AFI(i)=AFI(i)+sin(j*Si(i))//Imaginary part of Array factor
+end
+end
+
+teta= linspace(-3.142,3.142,181)
+for k = 1:length(teta)
+   AF(k)=(AFR(k)**2+AFI(k)**2)**0.5
+end
+//Result
+polarplot(teta,AF)
+
diff --git a/2409/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/2409/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..23d8fce50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//Varable Declaration
+
+N=5   //Number of elements of dipole
+s=0.25 //Space between dipole elements(wavelengths)
+phi0=90*3.142/180 //Angle between array factor and array(radians)
+
+//Calculation
+
+alpha=-2*3.142*s*cos(phi0)  //Current phase(radians)
+phi= -180:2:182
+for k = 1:180
+    Si(k)=alpha+2*3.142*s*cos(phi(k)*3.142/180)
+end    
+AFR = linspace(0,0,180)
+AFI = linspace(0,0,180)
+for i = 1:180
+  for j = 1:N-1
+     AFR(i)=AFR(i)+cos(j*Si(i))  //Real part of Array factor
+     AFI(i)=AFI(i)+sin(j*Si(i))//Imaginary part of Array factor
+end
+end;
+
+teta=linspace(-3.142,3.142,180)
+AF = linspace(0,0,180)
+for k  = 1:180
+   AF(k)=AF(k)+(AFR(k)**2+AFI(k)**2)**0.5
+end
+//Result
+
+polarplot(teta,AF)
+
diff --git a/2409/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/2409/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..cd04faaaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+Bs=4.2  //Signal Bandwidth(MHz)
+delf=2.56  //Deviation Ratio
+
+//Calculation
+delF=Bs*delf  //Peak Deviation(MHz)
+BIF=2*(delF+Bs)  //Signal Bandwidth(MHz)
+BIF=BIF
+//Results
+
+printf("The peak deviation is: %.3f MHz", delF)
+printf("Signal Bandwidth is : %.1f MHz",BIF)
diff --git a/2409/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/2409/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c77a0840b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//Variable Declaration
+
+delF=200 //Peak Deviation(kHz)
+f=0.8    //Test tone frequency (kHz)
+
+//Calculation
+m=delF/f  //Modualtion index
+B=2*(delF+f)  //Bandwidth of the signal(kHz)
+
+//Results
+printf("The modulation index is %.f" , m)
+printf("Bandwidth of the signal is %.1f kHz",B)
+
diff --git a/2409/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/2409/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4e4bf0bf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+Bs1=4.2  //Signal Bandwidth(MHz) of Example 9.1
+delf=2.56  //Deviation Ratio of Example 9.1
+
+delF2=200 //Peak Deviation(kHz) of Example 9.2
+Bs2=0.8    //Test tone frequency (kHz) of Example 9.2
+
+//Calculation
+delF1=Bs1*delf  //Peak Deviation(MHz) of Example 9.1
+BIF1=2*(delF1+2*Bs1)  //Signal Bandwidth(MHz) of Example 9.1 according to Carson's rule
+BIF2=2*(delF2+2*Bs2)  //Signal Bandwidth(kHz) of Example 9.2 according to Carson's rule.
+
+//Results
+
+printf("Signal Bandwidth of Example 9.1 by Carsons rule is %.1f MHz",BIF1)
+printf("\nSignal Bandwidth of Example 9.2 by Carsons rule is %.1f kHz",BIF2)
diff --git a/2409/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/2409/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..58019fe97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+delf=5 //Deviation frequency (kHz)
+Bs=1   //Test Tone Frequency (kHz)
+CNR=30  //Carrier to noise ration(dB)
+
+//Calculation
+m=delf/Bs  //Modulation Index
+Gp=3*(m**2)*(m+1)  //Processing gain for sinusoidal modulation
+Gp=10*log10(Gp) //Converting Gp into dB
+SNR=CNR+Gp
+
+//Results
+printf("The receiver processing gain is %.1f dB",Gp)
+printf("\nThe Signal to noise ratio is %.1f dB",SNR)
diff --git a/2409/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/2409/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d056d5cf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+n=24  //Number of channels
+g=13.57  //Peak/rms factor(dB)
+b=3.1  //Channel Bandwidth(kHz)
+P=4     //Emphasis improvement (dB)
+W=2.5   //Noise weighting improvement(dB)
+CNR=25  //Carrier to noise ratio (dB)
+delFrms=35  //rms value of Peak Deviation(kHz)
+fm=108    //Baseband frequency (kHz)
+//Calculation
+ 
+L=10**((-1+4*log10(n))/20)
+g=10**(g/20)  //Converting process gain to ratio
+delF=g*delFrms*L  //Peak Deviation(Hz)
+BIF=2*(delF+fm)   //Signal Bandwidth(kHz) by Carson's rule
+Gp=(BIF/b)*((delFrms/fm)**2)  //Processing Gain
+Gp=10*log10(Gp)  //Converting Gp to dB
+SNR=CNR+Gp+P+W  //Signal to noise ratio for top channel in 24-channel FDM basseband signal
+
+//Results
+printf("Signal to noise ratio for top channel in 24-channel FDM Baseband signal is %.1f db", SNR)
diff --git a/2409/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/2409/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0e289811f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2409/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+
+//Variable Declaration
+
+delF=9  //Peak Deviation (MHz) 
+fm=4.2  //Baseband frequency(MHz)
+SNR=62  //Signal to noise ration(dB)
+M=11.8  //Noise weighing(P)+emphasis improvement(W)-implementation margin(IMP)
+
+//Calculation
+
+D=delF/fm  //Modulation Index
+GPV=12*(D**2)*(D+1)  //Processing Gain for TV
+GPV=10*log10(GPV)  //Converting GPV into dB
+CNR=SNR-GPV-M   //carrier to noise ratio(dB)
+
+//Results
+printf("The Carrier to noise ratio required at the input of FM detector is %.1f dB",CNR)