initial commit / add all books

171 files changed, 2505 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.1.a/ex_1_1_a.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.1.a/ex_1_1_a.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b6ec688a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.1.a/ex_1_1_a.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+

+// Example 1.a : static error

+clc, clear

+// given :

+vm=112.68; // voltmeter in volts

+vt=112.6; // voltage in volts

+Es=vm-vt;

+disp(Es,"static error,Es = (V)")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.1.b/ex_1_1_b.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.1.b/ex_1_1_b.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b37190342
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.1.b/ex_1_1_b.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+

+// Example 1.b : static correction

+clc, clear

+// given :

+vm=112.68; // voltmeter in volts

+vt=112.6; // voltage in volts

+Es=vm-vt;

+Cs=-Es;

+disp(Cs,"static corection,Cs = (V)")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.10/ex_1_10.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.10/ex_1_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4e6b49f55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.10/ex_1_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//Example 1.10// deflection
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+S1=6.8;//sensivity of the piezoelectric transducer in pC/bar
+S2=0.0032;//sensivity of the piezoelectric transducer in V/bar
+S3=16;//sensivity of the piezoelectric transducer in mm/V
+OS= S1*S2*S3;// overall sensivity in mm/bar
+CI=20;//changeb in input pressure
+CO=OS*CI;//change in out put signal
+DC= CO;//deflection on the chart mm
+disp(DC,"deflection on the chart in mm")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.11/ex_1_11.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.11/ex_1_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..976cc4904
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.11/ex_1_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+// Example 1.11. smallest change which can be measured by this transducer

+clc, clear

+// given :

+F=200; // range of force in N

+R=.15/100; // resolution of full scale

+Sc=R*F;

+disp(Sc,"smallest change,Sc = (N)")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.12/ex_1_12.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.12/ex_1_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2e70a9940
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.12/ex_1_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//Example 1.12// resolution

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+a=50; // uniform scale

+b=50; // full scale reading in volts

+c=1/10;

+O=a/b;

+R=O*c;

+disp(O,"one scale division,O = (v)")

+disp(R,"resolution,R = (v)")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.13/ex_1_13.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.13/ex_1_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..519c3e69f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.13/ex_1_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//Example 1.13// resolution

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+D=1/9999;

+F=9.999;

+R=D*F;

+disp(R*10^3,"resolution,R(mv) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.14/ex_1_14.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.14/ex_1_14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f52bd3d5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.14/ex_1_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+

+//Example 1.14// temperature range

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+a=800; // calibration range in celcius

+b=300; // calibration range in celcius

+c=.11; // percentage of span

+S=a-b;

+D=(.11/100)*500;

+disp(S,"span of pyrometer,S(degree celcius) = ")

+disp(D,"dead zone,D(degree celcius) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.15.b.i/ex_1_15_b_i.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.15.b.i/ex_1_15_b_i.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7cf35dc92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.15.b.i/ex_1_15_b_i.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//Example 1.15.b.i// loading error

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+Rv=125; // internal resistance in kilo-ohm

+V=180; // in volts

+I=6; // im mili-ampere

+Rt=V/I;

+Ra=Rt;

+Rat=(Rt*Rv)/(Rv-Rt);

+Le=((Rat-Ra)/Rat)*100;

+disp(Le,"percentage loading error,Le(%) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.15.b.ii/ex_1_15_b_ii.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.15.b.ii/ex_1_15_b_ii.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..13d1247c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.15.b.ii/ex_1_15_b_ii.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//Example 1.15.b.ii// loading error

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+Rv=125; // internal resistance in kilo-ohm

+V=60; // in volts

+I=1.2; // ampere

+Rt=V/I;

+Ra=Rt;

+Rat=((Rt/1000)*Rv)/(Rv-(Rt/1000));

+Le=((Rat-(Ra/1000))/Rat)*100;

+disp(Le,"percentage loading error,Le(%) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.18.a/ex_1_18_a.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.18.a/ex_1_18_a.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..64305c640
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.18.a/ex_1_18_a.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+

+//Example 1.18.a// what will be the reading of the thermometer after 1.2 seconds.

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+Iin=160; // in celcius

+t1=1.2; // in seconds

+t2=2.2;// in seconds

+I=20; // in celcius

+Io=Iin*(1-(exp(-t1/t2)));

+disp(Io,"thermometer reading,Io(degree celcius) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.18.b/ex_1_18_b.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.18.b/ex_1_18_b.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ea3080fac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.18.b/ex_1_18_b.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+

+//Example 1.18.b// determine its reading  

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+Iin=160; // in celcius

+t1=1.2; // in seconds

+t2=2.2;// in seconds

+I=20; // in celcius

+Io=Iin+(I-Iin)*exp(-t1/t2);

+disp(Io,"thermometer reading,Io(degree celcius) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.19/ex_1_19.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.19/ex_1_19.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..66d19053a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.19/ex_1_19.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//Example 1.19.// calculate the temperature indicated 

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+Iin=160; // in celcius

+t1=10; // in seconds

+t2=5;// in seconds

+I=30; // in celcius

+Io=Iin+(I-Iin)*exp(-t1/t2);

+disp(Io,"thermometer reading,Io(celcius) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.2/ex_1_2.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.2/ex_1_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..613e12eb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.2/ex_1_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+

+// Example 2. : true value of temperature

+clc, clear

+// given :

+vm=92.35; // in celcius

+cs=-0.07; // in celcius

+Vt=vm+cs;

+disp(Vt,"true value of temperature Vt = (degree celcius)")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.20/ex_1_20.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.20/ex_1_20.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6c672c242
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.20/ex_1_20.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//Example 1.20.// calculate the time taken by the transducer to read half of the temperature difference

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+t1=3; // in seconds

+I=0.5; // in celcius

+T=(-t1)*(log (I));

+disp(T,"the time taken,T (second) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.21/ex_1_21.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.21/ex_1_21.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..483ba35f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.21/ex_1_21.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//Example 1.21.// resistance

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+R1=90; // stable resistance

+t1=12; // in seconds

+t2=4.8; // in seconds

+G=.296; // steady stage gain

+T=80; // change of temperature

+R=G*T;

+Rt=R*(1-exp(-t1/t2))+R1;

+disp(Rt,"resistance,Rt(ohm) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.22.a/ex_1_22_a.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.22.a/ex_1_22_a.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7eb301d31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.22.a/ex_1_22_a.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//Example 1.22.a // the time contant for the thermometer

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+Iin=140; // in celcius

+t1=4; // in seconds

+I=15; // in celcius

+Io=75; // in celcius

+a=(Io-Iin)/(I-Iin);

+t2=-t1/(log(a));

+disp(t2,"time constant in seconds")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.22.b/ex_1_22_b.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.22.b/ex_1_22_b.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..13b317dc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.22.b/ex_1_22_b.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+

+//Example 1.22.b// indicated temperature

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+Iin=140; // in celcius

+t1=5; // in seconds

+t2=1; // in celcius

+I=15; // in celcius

+Io=75; // in celcius

+Io=Iin+(I-Iin)*exp(-t1/t2);

+disp(Io,"thermometer reading,Io(degree celcius) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.23/ex_1_23.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.23/ex_1_23.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f27417998
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.23/ex_1_23.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//Example 1.23.// calculate the time constant

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+Ed=3.9; // dynamic error

+Si=0.2; // slope in celcius/seconds

+T=Ed/Si;

+disp(T,"time constant,T(seconds) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.24/ex_1_24.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.24/ex_1_24.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fb3bf02bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.24/ex_1_24.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//Example 1.24.// calculate the time altitude

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+h=2500; // height in meter

+t1=8; // in seconds

+a=5; // rate of rise balloon in m/s

+b=30; // temprerature indicated at an altiude of 2500 m in celcius

+c=.011; // rate of temperature variation with altitude in celcius/meter

+y=c*a;

+Ed=y*t1;

+E=Ed/c;

+A=h-E;

+disp(A,"actual altitude,A(meter) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.25.a/ex_1_25_a.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.25.a/ex_1_25_a.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ccac6242b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.25.a/ex_1_25_a.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//Example 1.25.a // the ratio of output to input

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+t1=50; // in seconds

+t2=500; // in seconds

+w=2*%pi/t2;

+I=1/sqrt(1+(w*t1)^2);

+disp(I,"ratio of output to input,I = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.25.b/ex_1_25_b.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.25.b/ex_1_25_b.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fd85c2040
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.25.b/ex_1_25_b.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//Example 1.25.b // the time lag

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+t1=50; // in seconds

+t2=500; // in seconds

+w=2*%pi/t2;

+P=atan(w*t1)

+T=(1/w)*P

+disp(T,"the time lag,T(seconds) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.26.a/ex_1_26_a.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.26.a/ex_1_26_a.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5a54d9f90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.26.a/ex_1_26_a.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//Example 1.26.a // the variation in the indicated temerature

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+Iin=25; // may be +ve or -ve

+t1=20; // in seconds

+t2=4; // in minutes

+f=1/(t2*60); // cycles/sec

+w=2*%pi*f; // rad/sec

+pi=atand(w*t1);

+A=sin(w*t2-pi);

+Io=(Iin/sqrt(1+(w*t1)^2));

+disp(Io,"the variation in the indiacated temperature,Io(degree celcius) = ±")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.26.b/ex_1_26_b.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.26.b/ex_1_26_b.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..81595e4f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.26.b/ex_1_26_b.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//Example 1.26.b // the lag

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+Iin=25; // may be +ve or -ve

+t1=20; // in seconds

+t2=4; // in minutes

+f=1/(t2*60); // cycles/sec

+w=2*%pi*f; // rad/sec

+pi=atan(w*t1); // in rad

+L=(1/w)*pi

+disp(L,"the lag,L(seconds)= ")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.27/ex_1_27.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.27/ex_1_27.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..611965388
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.27/ex_1_27.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//Example 1.27 // maximum time constant

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+f1=90;//cycles per seconds

+f=120; // frequency response in cylcle per second

+w=2*%pi*f; // rad/sec

+I=0.96

+a=(1/I)^2;

+b=sqrt(a)

+t=(b-1)/w;

+tl=atan(2*(%pi)*f1*t);//

+tla=(1/(2*%pi*f1))*tl;// time lag in seconds

+disp(t,"maximum time constant,t(sec) = ")

+disp(tla,"time lag at 90 cycles per seconds in seconds")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.28.a/ex_1_28_a.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.28.a/ex_1_28_a.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ec6342ed5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.28.a/ex_1_28_a.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//Example 1.28.a // maximum and minimum value

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+Iin=30; // in celcius

+t1=50; // in seconds

+t2=10; // in seconds

+T1=520; // starting range variation of temerature

+T2=580; // range variation of temperature

+T=(T1+T2)/2; // mean value in celcius

+w=2*%pi*(1/t1); // angular frequency of oscillation rad/sec

+a=1/sqrt(1+(w*t2)^2);

+Io=Iin*a;

+Tmax=T+Io;

+Tmin=T-Io;

+disp(Tmax,"maximum temperature,Tmax(celcius) = ")

+disp(Tmin,"minimum temperature,Tmin(celcius) = ")

+

+

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.28.b/ex_1_28_b.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.28.b/ex_1_28_b.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..81015e42d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.28.b/ex_1_28_b.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//Example 1.28.b // phase shift and time

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+Iin=30; // in celcius

+t1=50; // in seconds

+t2=10; // in seconds

+T1=520; // starting range variation of temerature

+T2=580; // range variation of temperature

+T=(T1+T2)/2; // mean value in celcius

+w=2*%pi*(1/t1); // angular frequency of oscillation rad/sec

+pi=atan(w*t2);

+L=(1/w)*pi;

+disp(L,"the time lag,L(seconds) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.29/ex_1_29.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.29/ex_1_29.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f67aaa427
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.29/ex_1_29.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//Example 1.29 // output

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+Iin=0.35; // sinusoidl input relation

+t=0.3; // sec

+w=25; // rad/sec

+a=1/sqrt(1+(w*t)^2);

+Io=Iin*a;

+pi=atand(w*t);

+disp(pi,"the phase shift,pi(celcius)")

+disp("the output expression,Io = 0.0462sin(25t-82.4)")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.3.a/ex_1_3_a.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.3.a/ex_1_3_a.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c075b11e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.3.a/ex_1_3_a.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+

+// Example 1.3.a : absolute error and correction

+clc, clear

+// given :

+vm=2.65; // in volts

+vt=2.70; // in volts

+Es=vm-vt;

+Cs=-Es;

+disp(Es,"absolute error,Es = (V)")

+disp(Cs,"correction,Cs = (V)")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.3.b/ex_1_3_b.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.3.b/ex_1_3_b.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f10e2ca23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.3.b/ex_1_3_b.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+

+// Example 1.3.b : relative error

+clc, clear

+// given :

+vm=2.65; // in volts

+vt=2.70; // in volts

+v=5;// full scale range of voltage

+Es=vm-vt;

+Er1=Es/vt;

+Er2=Es/v;

+disp("relative error as a function of true value is "+string(Er1)+" or "+string(100*Er1)+" %")

+disp("relative error as a function of full scale deflection is "+string(Er2)+" or "+string(100*Er2)+" %")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.30.a/ex_1_30_a.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.30.a/ex_1_30_a.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..65c580525
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.30.a/ex_1_30_a.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//Example 1.30.a // determine the maximum value of temperature

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+T=20; // rate change of temperature may be +ve or -ve in celcius

+t=120; // in seconds

+t1=18; // time constant for the bulb in seconds

+t2=36; // time constant for the well in seconds

+w=2*%pi*(1/t);

+a=1/sqrt(1+(w*t1)^2);

+b=1/sqrt(1+(w*t2)^2);

+I=a*b;

+Tmax=T*I;

+disp(Tmax,"the maximum indicated temperature,Tmax(celcius) = ±")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.30.b/ex_1_30_b.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.30.b/ex_1_30_b.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..522d9de48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.30.b/ex_1_30_b.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//Example 1.30.b // determine the maximum value of temperature

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+T=20; // rate change of temperature may be +ve or -ve in celcius

+t=120; // in seconds

+t1=18; // time constant for the bulb in seconds

+t2=36; // time constant for the well in seconds

+w=2*%pi*(1/t);

+A=atan(w*t1)+atan(w*t2); // angle of lag

+L=(1/w)*A;

+disp(L,"the time lag,L(seconds) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.31/ex_1_31.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.31/ex_1_31.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7b4598232
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.31/ex_1_31.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//Example 1.31// output
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+t=1;//assume
+I1= 2*sin(2*t)+0.5*sin(10*t);// input current equation
+t1=0.3;//time constant in seconds
+Io= ((sin(2*t)- atan(2*t1))/(sqrt(1+(2*t1)^2)))+ ((sin(10*t)- atan(10*t1))/(sqrt(1+(10*t1)^2)));//output current equation
+disp(" output current equation is  0.857sin(2t-30.96)+0.316sin(10t-71.56)")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.32/ex_1_32.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.32/ex_1_32.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..62571dd3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.32/ex_1_32.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//Example 1.32// expression of output
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+//I1=2*sin(2*t)+0.2*cos(8*t);//
+//I1=2*sin(2*t)-0.2*sin(8*t+%pi);//
+w=2;//
+t=0.15;//secomds
+r=1/(sqrt(1+(w*t)^2));//
+mo=w*r;//magnitude
+pf=atand(w*t);//degree
+//Io=mo*sin(2*t-16.7);//output
+x=0.2
+w1=8;//
+t=0.15;//secomds
+r1=1/(sqrt(1+(w1*t)^2));//
+mo1=x*r;//magnitude
+pf1=atand(w1*t);//degree
+//Io=mo1*sin(8*t+%pi-50.19);//output
+disp("Overall output is 1.956sin(2t-16.7)-0.128sin(8t+%pi-50.19)")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.34.b/ex_1_34_b.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.34.b/ex_1_34_b.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f9c1ccc84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.34.b/ex_1_34_b.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//Example 1.34.b// percentage reduction in mass
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+m=4.5;//mass in grams
+PM=1.15;//percentage increase in mass
+m2= m/(PM^2);//new mass
+PCM=  (m-m2)/(m);//PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN MASS
+disp(PCM*100,"percentage change in mass is")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.35.a/ex_1_35.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.35.a/ex_1_35.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..44118a263
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.35.a/ex_1_35.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//Example 1.35// damping ration,damped natural frequency ,static sensivity and time constant
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+k=1;//static sensivity
+wn=sqrt(30);//natural frequency in rad/s
+y=(0.1*wn)/2;//damping ratio
+wd=wn*sqrt(1-y^2);//damped natural frequency in rad/s
+t=(1/wn);//time constant in seconds
+disp(y,"damping ratio is")
+disp(wd,"damped natural frequency in rad/s is")
+disp(k,"static sensivity is")
+disp(t,"time constant in seconds is")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.36/ex_1_36.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.36/ex_1_36.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5d6f09011
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.36/ex_1_36.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//Example 1.36// damping ration,damped natural frequency ,natural frequency and time constant
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+q=1.22;//in Nm/rad
+j=0.14;//in kg meter square
+w=1.95;//frequency in rad/s
+wn=sqrt(q/j);//natural frequency in rad/s
+y=(w/wn);//damping ratio
+y1=0.555;//damping ratio corresponding to maximum possible error of 8%
+wd=wn*sqrt(1-y1^2);//damped natural frequency in rad/s
+t=(1/wn);//time constant in seconds
+disp(wn,"natural frequency in rad/s")
+disp(y1,"damping ratio is")
+disp(wd,"damped natural frequency in rad/s is")
+disp(t,"time constant in seconds is")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.37/ex_1_37.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.37/ex_1_37.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5d6f54544
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.37/ex_1_37.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+
+//Example 1.37:// damping ratio and undamped natural frequency
+clc;
+clear;
+PO=12;//percentage overshhot
+Rt=0.22;//rise time in seconds
+y=0.56;//damping ration
+wd=(%pi/Rt);//damped natural frequency
+wn=(wd/(sqrt(1-y^2)));//
+fn=(wn/(2*%pi));//undamped natural frequency in Hz
+disp(y,"damping ratio is")
+disp(fn,"undamped natural frequency in Hz is")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.38/ex_1_38.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.38/ex_1_38.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b1d2cc131
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.38/ex_1_38.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//Example 1.38:// percentage error
+clc;
+clear;
+fn=5;// natural frequency in kHz 
+f=7;//excitation frequency in kHz
+r=f/fn;//ratio 
+y=0.62;//damping ratio
+M= (1/(sqrt((1-r^2)^2+(2*y*r)^2)));//amplitude ratio
+E=(1-M)*100;//error due to proximity of excitation frequency with the natural frequency of the system 
+disp(E,"percentage error due to proximity of excitation frequency with the natural frequency of the system ")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.39/ex_1_39.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.39/ex_1_39.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b0cc05ef2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.39/ex_1_39.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//Example 1.39://frequency range
+clc;
+clear;
+fn=800;// natural frequency in cps 
+MD=12;//maximum amount of deviation in amplitude ratio
+M1=1.12;//
+M2=0.88
+r=0.904;//ratio 
+y=0.62;//damping ratio
+f=fn*r;//excitation frequency in cps
+//When M=1.12 THE SOLUTION WILL HAVE IMAGINARY ROOTS AND THIS IMLIES THE OUTPUT WOULD NEVER BE 1.12 TIMES THE OUTPUT FOR ANY FREQUENCY
+disp(f,"excitation frequency in cps")
+//the deviation remains with in 12 percent of output for the frequency range 0-723cps
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.4.a/ex_1_4_a.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.4.a/ex_1_4_a.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9974cc40d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.4.a/ex_1_4_a.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+// Example 1.4.a :static error

+clc, clear

+// given :

+vm=42; // pressure in bar

+vt=41.4; // pressure in bar

+Es=vm-vt;

+disp(Es,"static error,Es = (bar)")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.4.b/ex_1_4_b.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.4.b/ex_1_4_b.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c976f9543
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.4.b/ex_1_4_b.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+    

+// Example 1.4.b :correction

+clc, clear

+// given :

+vm=42; // pressure in bar

+vt=41.4; // pressure in bar

+Es=vm-vt;

+Cs=-Es;

+disp(Cs,"static corrction,Cs = (bar)")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.4.c/ex_1_4_c.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.4.c/ex_1_4_c.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f4946d87c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.4.c/ex_1_4_c.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+

+// Example 1.4.c :relative error

+clc, clear

+// given :

+vm=42; // pressure in bar

+vt=41.4; // pressure in bar

+Es=vm-vt;

+Er=Es/vt;

+disp("relative error  is "+string(Er)+" or "+string(100*Er)+" %")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.40/ex_1_40.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.40/ex_1_40.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e16de9ecd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.40/ex_1_40.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//Example 1.40://output amlitude,output frequency and phase lag
+clc;
+clear;
+f=0.6;//frequency in hertz
+w=2*%pi*f;//frequency in rad/s
+t=1;//
+I1=sin(w*t);//current
+r= ((8/((%i*w)^2+(4*%i*w)+20)));//ratio of out put current to input current
+rm=sqrt(0.724^2+1.885^2);//magnitude
+rp=atand(1.885/0.724);//pahse lag
+Mo= 1/rm;//magnitude of output
+disp(w,"output frequency in rad/s")
+disp(Mo,"magnitude of amplitude is")
+disp(rp,"pahse lag in degree is")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.41/ex_1_41.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.41/ex_1_41.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..182f70a3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.41/ex_1_41.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//Example 1.41 // range
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+//given data :
+w=500; // in watt
+E=1.5; // may be +ve or -ve in %
+Qs=50; // in watt
+Le=(E/100)*w; // may be +ve or -ve
+Er=(Le/Qs)*100;
+Me=(E/100)*Qs; // may be +ve or -ve
+w1=Qs-Me;
+w2=Qs+Me;
+disp(w1,"strating range,w1(watt) = ")
+disp(w2,"last range,w2(watt) = ")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.42/ex_1_42.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.42/ex_1_42.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a64466e53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.42/ex_1_42.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//Example 1.42://limitting error
+clc;
+clear;
+Er= 3;//full scale reading
+Qs=2.5*10^-6;//full scale reading
+Fm=1.25*10^-3;//flow measured by the meter in meter cuber per seconds
+dQs= Er*Qs;//magnitude limiting errr
+Er1= dQs/Qs;//relative error at flow
+PEr= dQs/(Fm*10^-3);//percentage limiting error
+disp(PEr," peercentage limiting error in percentage in ±")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.43/ex_1_43.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.43/ex_1_43.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..86caf735b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.43/ex_1_43.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+
+//Example 1.43://limitting values and limiting error
+clc;
+clear;
+R1=25;//in ohms
+ER1=4;//percentage error
+R2=65;//in ohms
+ER2=4;//percentage error
+R3=45;//in ohms
+ER3=4;//percentage error
+er= (ER1/100)*(R1+R2+R3);//magnitude of resultant resistance limiting error
+r= (R1+R2+R3);//magnitude of resultant resistance
+lr= (er/r)*100;//limiting error
+disp(r,"magnitude of resultant resistance in ohms")
+disp(er,"resultane error in percentage is ±")
+disp(lr," percentage limiting error in percentage is ±")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.44/ex_1_44.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.44/ex_1_44.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..914e19884
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.44/ex_1_44.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//Example 1.44://limiting error

+clc;

+clear;

+lp=1.2;//limiting error in the measurement of power

+ll=0.8;//limiting error in the measurement of current

+lr=lp+2*ll;//limting error in meaurement of resistance 

+disp(lr," peercentage limiting error in percentage is ±")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.45/ex_1_45.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.45/ex_1_45.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a2dbf3301
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.45/ex_1_45.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//Example 1.45://resistance and limiting error
+clc;
+clear;
+R1=50;//in ohms
+ER1=0.5;//percentage error
+R2=500;//in ohms
+ER2=0.5;//percentage error
+R3=440;//in ohms
+ER3=0.5;//percentage error
+R4= (R2*R3)/R1;//unknown resistance in ohms
+dR4=(ER1+ER2+ER3);//relative limiting error in unknown resistance
+lr= (dR4*R4)/100;//limiting error in ohms
+R41= R4+lr;//
+R42=R4-lr;//
+disp(R41,"VALUE OF RESISTANCE IN OHMS")
+disp(R42,"VALUE OF RESISTANCE IN OHMS")
+disp(lr,"  limiting error in OHMS is ±")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.46/ex_1_46.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.46/ex_1_46.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..238146191
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.46/ex_1_46.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//Example 1.46://limiting error
+clc;
+clear;
+dE=0.2;//erroe in modulus of elesticity
+d1=0.01;//change in width
+b=4.5;//width
+dB=d1/b;//error in width
+d2=0.01;//change in width
+D=0.9;//width
+dD=d2/D;//error in width
+d3=0.01;//change in beam
+L=45;//BEAM
+dL=d3/L;//error in beam
+d4=0.1;//change in deflection
+y=1.8;//deflectrion
+dy=d2/D;//error in deflection
+lr= (dE+dB+3*dD+3*dL+dy);//percentage limiting error
+disp(lr," peercentage limiting error in percentage is ±")
+// answer is wrong in the textbook
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.47/ex_1_47.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.47/ex_1_47.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..abea2f47a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.47/ex_1_47.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//Example 1.47://magnitude and limiting error
+clc;
+clear;
+F=4.26;//in KG
+EF1=0.02;//percentage error
+L=382;//in MM
+EL2=1.2;//percentage error
+R=1192;//in ohms
+ER=1;//percentage error
+T=60;//in seconds
+Et=0.50;//percentage error
+P= ((2*%pi*9.81*F*L*R)/(T*10^6));//power in kW
+lr=((EF1/F)+(EL2/L)+(ER/R)+(Et/T))*P//limiting error in WATTS
+disp(P,"magnitude of power in watts")
+disp(lr,"  limiting error in watts is ±")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.48.b/ex_1_48_b.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.48.b/ex_1_48_b.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..126eddcf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.48.b/ex_1_48_b.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//Example 1.48.b://true power is a percentage of the power

+clc;

+clear;

+dI=(-0.011);//ERROR IN CURRENT MEASUREMENT

+dR=0.0025;//ERROR IN RESISTANCE

+dP= 2*dI+dR;//total relative error

+RP= (1/(1+dP));//true power as a percentage of orignal power

+disp(RP*100,"true power as a percentage of orignal power")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.49/ex_1_49.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.49/ex_1_49.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2632e3658
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.49/ex_1_49.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//Example 1.49://ARITHEMATIC MEAN,AVERAGE DEVIATION ,STANDARD DEVIATION AND VARAIANCE
+clc;
+clear;
+q=[1.34,1.38,1.56,1.47,1.42,1.44,1.53,1.48,1.40,1.59];//length in mm
+AM= mean(q);//arithematic mean in mm
+for i= 1:10
+    qb(i)= q(i)-AM;
+end
+Q= [qb(1),qb(2),qb(3),qb(4),qb(5),qb(6),qb(7),qb(8),qb(9),qb(10)];//
+AV=(-qb(1)-qb(2)+qb(3)+qb(4)-qb(5)-qb(6)+qb(7)+qb(8)-qb(9)+qb(10))/10;//
+SD=st_deviation(Q);//standard deviation
+V=SD^2;//variance
+disp(AM,"arithematic mean in mm")
+disp(AV,"average deviation")
+disp(SD,"standard deviation in mm")
+disp(V,"variance in mm square")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.5.a/ex_1_5_a.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.5.a/ex_1_5_a.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..34ce801a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.5.a/ex_1_5_a.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//Example 1.5.a // the percentage error on the basis of maximum scale value

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+P=50; // pressure range in bar

+E=0.15; // may be +ve or -ve in bar

+Pe=(E/P)*100;

+disp(Pe,"the percentage error,Pe(%)= ±");

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.5.b/ex_1_5_b.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.5.b/ex_1_5_b.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1727d675a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.5.b/ex_1_5_b.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//Example 1.5.b // the percentage error on the basis of indicated value of 10 bar pressure

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+P=10; // pressure range in bar

+E=0.15; // may be +ve or -ve in bar

+Pe=(E/P)*100;

+disp(Pe,"the percentage error,Pe(%)= ±");

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.50.a/ex_1_50_a.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.50.a/ex_1_50_a.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..44ec6eb3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.50.a/ex_1_50_a.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//Example 1.50.a // arithmetic deviation

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+n=8;

+a=412;

+b=428;

+c=423;

+d=415;

+e=426;

+f=411;

+g=423;

+h=416;

+q=(a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h)/n;

+disp(q,"the arithmetic mean,q(kHz) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.50.b/ex_1_50_b.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.50.b/ex_1_50_b.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..07a9832e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.50.b/ex_1_50_b.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//Example 1.50.b // average deviation

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+n=8;

+a=412;

+b=428;

+c=423;

+d=415;

+e=426;

+f=411;

+g=423;

+h=416;

+q=(a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h)/n;

+d1=a-q;

+d2=b-q;

+d3=c-q;

+d4=d-q;

+d5=e-q;

+d6=f-q;

+d7=g-q;

+d8=h-q;

+d=(abs(d1)+abs(d2)+abs(d3)+abs(d4)+abs(d5)+abs(d6)+abs(d7)+abs(d8))/n;

+disp(d,"the average deviation,d(kHz) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.50.c/ex_1_50_c.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.50.c/ex_1_50_c.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..010decbb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.50.c/ex_1_50_c.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+//Example 1.50.c // standard deviation

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+n=8;

+a=412;

+b=428;

+c=423;

+d=415;

+e=426;

+f=411;

+g=423;

+h=416;

+q=(a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h)/n;

+d1=a-q;

+d2=b-q;

+d3=c-q;

+d4=d-q;

+d5=e-q;

+d6=f-q;

+d7=g-q;

+d8=h-q;

+d=(abs(d1)+abs(d2)+abs(d3)+abs(d4)+abs(d5)+abs(d6)+abs(d7)+abs(d8))/n;

+s=sqrt(((d1^2)+(d2^2)+(d3^2)+(d4^2)+(d5^2)+(d6^2)+(d7^2)+(d8^2))/(n-1));

+disp(s,"the standard deviation(kHz) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.50.d/ex_1_50_d.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.50.d/ex_1_50_d.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..57aaad731
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.50.d/ex_1_50_d.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+//Example 1.50.d // variance

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+n=8;

+a=412;

+b=428;

+c=423;

+d=415;

+e=426;

+f=411;

+g=423;

+h=416;

+q=(a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h)/n;

+d1=a-q;

+d2=b-q;

+d3=c-q;

+d4=d-q;

+d5=e-q;

+d6=f-q;

+d7=g-q;

+d8=h-q;

+d=(abs(d1)+abs(d2)+abs(d3)+abs(d4)+abs(d5)+abs(d6)+abs(d7)+abs(d8))/n;

+s=sqrt(((d1^2)+(d2^2)+(d3^2)+(d4^2)+(d5^2)+(d6^2)+(d7^2)+(d8^2))/(n-1));

+V=s^2;

+disp(V,"the variance,V  (kHz)^2 = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.51/ex_1_51.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.51/ex_1_51.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e48271853
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.51/ex_1_51.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+

+//Example 1.50.d // variance

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+n=10;

+a=39.6;

+b=39.9;

+c=39.7;

+d=39.9;

+e=40;

+f=39.8;

+g=39.9;

+h=39.8;

+i=40.4;

+j=39.7;

+q=(a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i+j)/n;

+d1=a-q;

+d2=b-q;

+d3=c-q;

+d4=d-q;

+d5=e-q;

+d6=f-q;

+d7=g-q;

+d8=h-q;

+d9=i-q;

+d10=j-q;

+d=(abs(d1)+abs(d2)+abs(d3)+abs(d4)+abs(d5)+abs(d6)+abs(d7)+abs(d8)+abs(d9)+abs(d10))/n;

+s=sqrt(((d1^2)+(d2^2)+(d3^2)+(d4^2)+(d5^2)+(d6^2)+(d7^2)+(d8^2)+(d9^2)+(d10^2))/(n-1));

+r1=0.6745*s;

+rm=r1/sqrt(n-1);

+R=i-a;

+disp(q,"the arithmetic mean,q(degree celcius) = ")

+disp(s,"the standard deviation(degree celcius) = ")

+disp(r1,"probable error of one reading,r1(degree celcius) = ")

+disp(rm,"probable error of mean,rm(degree celcius) = ")

+disp(R,"range,R(degree celcius) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.52/ex_1_52.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.52/ex_1_52.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..eb4bc398b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.52/ex_1_52.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+

+//Example 1.52://ARITHEMATIC MEAN,AVERAGE DEVIATION ,STANDARD DEVIATION AND VARAIANCE

+clc;

+clear;

+T=[197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205];//temperature in degree celsius

+f=[2,4,10,24,36,14,5,3,2];//frequency of occurence

+q=[T(1)*f(1),T(2)*f(2),T(3)*f(3),T(4)*f(4),T(5)*f(5),T(6)*f(6),T(7)*f(7),T(8)*f(8),T(9)*f(9)];//

+AM=(q(1)+q(2)+q(3)+q(4)+q(5)+q(6)+q(7)+q(8)+q(9))/100;//arithematic mean in mm

+for i= 1:9

+    qb(i)= T(i)-AM;

+end

+Q= [qb(1),qb(2),qb(3),qb(4),qb(5),qb(6),qb(7),qb(8),qb(9)];//

+AV=(-qb(1)*f(1)-qb(2)*f(2)-qb(3)*f(3)-qb(4)*f(4)+qb(5)*f(5)+qb(6)*f(6)+qb(7)*f(7)+qb(8)*f(8)+qb(9)*f(9))/100;//

+SD=sqrt(219.72/100);//standard deviation

+V=SD^2;//variance

+r1= 0.6745*SD;//PROBABLE ERROR OF ONE READING

+rm= r1/(sqrt(100));//probable error of the mean

+SGm= SD/10;//standard deviation of the mean

+SDg= SGm/(sqrt(2));//standard deviation of the standard deviation

+disp(AM,"arithematic mean in degreebcelsius")

+disp(AV,"average deviation in degree celsius")

+disp(SD,"standard deviation in degree celsius")

+disp(V,"variance in degree celsius square")

+disp(r1,"probable error of the one reading degree celsius")

+disp(rm,"probable error of the mean in degree celsius")

+disp(SDg,"standard deviation of the standard deviation")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.53/ex_1_53.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.53/ex_1_53.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..df7f2c9de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.53/ex_1_53.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//Example 1.53://STANDARD DEVIATION OF THE METER AND PROBABLITY OF ERROR
+clc;
+clear;
+x=0.8;//in ampere
+y=0.5248;//
+SD=x/y;//standard deviation
+x1=1.2;//in ampere
+y1=x1/SD;//probability of error
+disp(SD,"standard deviation is")
+disp(2*0.2842*100,"probablity of an error for 1.2A in percentage is")
+//thus 57% of the readings are with in 1.2A OF THE TRUE VALUE
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.54/ex_1_54.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.54/ex_1_54.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e21379b65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.54/ex_1_54.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//Example 1.54://readings
+clc;
+clear;
+x=25-21.9;//in mm
+r=2.1;//probable error
+SD=r/0.6745;//standard deviation
+y=x/SD;//ratio
+NR=2*0.3413*100;//no. of readings having deviation with in 3.1mm
+NR1=100-NR;//no. of readings EXCEEDING deviation OF 3.1mm
+nor= round(NR1/2);// noumber of readings having deviation of 3.1mm
+disp(nor,"number of readings having deviation of 3.1mm")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.55/ex_1_55.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.55/ex_1_55.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c9f92978b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.55/ex_1_55.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//Example 1.55://NUMBER OF RODS
+clc;
+clear;
+a=5000-1000;//NO. OF RODS WHERE LENGTH LIES BETWEEN 20MM AND 20.25MM
+PY=0.4;//PROBABLITY THAT ROBABILITY THAT 4000 RODS HAVE A VLUE GREATER THAN 20MM AND LESS THAN 20.25MM
+SD=(20.25-20)/1.3;//standard deviation
+y=(20-19.25)/SD;//
+PY1=0.4953;//ROBABILITY THAT 4000 RODS HAVE A VLUE GREATER THAN 20MM AND LESS THAN 20.25MM
+NR=10000*PY1//NO. OF RODS WHERE LENGTH LIES BETWEEN 19.25MM AND 20MM
+tr=NR+a;//total number of rods whose length lie betweem specified limits of 19.5mm and 20.25mm
+disp(tr,"total number of rods whose length lie betweem specified limits of 19.5mm and 20.25mm")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.56/ex_1_56.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.56/ex_1_56.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5ef622ef4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.56/ex_1_56.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//Example 1.56://probability error and readings
+clc;
+clear;
+d=15;//deviation in r.p.m
+h=0.04;//precision index
+SD=(1/(sqrt(h)));//standard deviation
+y=d/SD;//
+py=0.3015;//probablity
+pr= 2*py;//probablity of an error
+r=0.6*20;//no. of readings lie between 1485 to 1515 r.p.m
+disp(pr,"probability of an error ±15 rpm is,=")
+disp(r,"no. of readings lie between 1485 to 1515 r.p.m")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.57/ex_1_57.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.57/ex_1_57.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5eade71f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.57/ex_1_57.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//Example 1.57://prescribed range
+clc;
+clear;
+p1=(40-10)/40;//probablity of falling in particular range
+py=p1/2;//probablity
+h=9;//precision index
+SD=(1/(sqrt(h)));//standard deviation
+y=1.15;//
+d= y*SD;//deviation
+disp(d,"standard deviation is")
+disp("75% of the depth measurement lie wtih the range of (15±0.0904)cm")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.58/ex_1_58.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.58/ex_1_58.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..dbf958faf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.58/ex_1_58.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//Example 1.58://precision index and false alarms
+clc;
+clear;
+y=0.675;//
+x=4.8;//
+SD= x/y;//STANDARD DEVIATION
+h=(1/(sqrt(2)*SD));//precision index
+x1=100-88;//
+y=x1/SD;//
+py=0.45;//probablity
+nm=30*4;//no. of measurements in the month of november
+fa=nm*0.05;//expected no. of false alarms
+rfa=fa/2;//reduced no. of false alarms
+pfa=(rfa/nm)*100;//probablity of false alarms
+py1=0.5-0.025;//probablity of data lie in the tolerant band
+SD1=(100-88)/1.96;//
+h1=((1/(sqrt(2)*SD1)));//PRCESION INDEX
+disp(h,"precision index in part a")
+disp(fa,"expected no. of false alarms")
+disp(h1,"precision index in part b is")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.59/ex_1_59.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.59/ex_1_59.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e96cab9a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.59/ex_1_59.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//Example 1.59://READING
+clc;
+clear;
+q=[5.30,5.73,6.77,5.26,4.33,5.45,6.09,5.64,5.81,5.75];//length in mm
+AM= mean(q);//arithematic mean in mm
+for i= 1:10
+    qb(i)= q(i)-AM;
+end
+Q= [qb(1),qb(2),qb(3),qb(4),qb(5),qb(6),qb(7),qb(8),qb(9),qb(10)];//
+AV=(-qb(1)-qb(2)+qb(3)+qb(4)-qb(5)-qb(6)+qb(7)+qb(8)-qb(9)+qb(10))/10;//
+SD=st_deviation(Q);//standard deviation
+for i=1:10
+    B(i)= (qb(i))/SD;//
+    disp(B(i))
+end
+V=SD^2;//variance
+disp(AM,"arithematic mean in mm")
+disp(SD,"standard deviation in mm")
+disp("it is given that for 10 readings the ratio of deviation to standard deviation is not to exceed 1.96 and therefore reading no. 5 i.e. 4.33m should be rejected")
+
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.6/ex_1_6.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.6/ex_1_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..cf245d8bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.6/ex_1_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//Example 1.6// maximum possible error and root square accuracy

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+a=.3; // accuracy limits for transmitter

+b=1.4; // accuracy limits for relay

+c=0.9; // accuracy limits for receiver

+Me=a+b+c;

+Rs=sqrt((a^2)+(b^2)+(c^2));

+disp(Me,"maximum possible error,Me(%) = ±")

+disp(Rs,"root sqare accuracy,Rs(%) = ±")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.60/ex_1_60.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.60/ex_1_60.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..176eb3f31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.60/ex_1_60.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//Example 1.60://standard deviation
+clc;
+clear;
+u1=[1.8,4.6,6.6,9.0,11.4,13.4];//
+v1=[2.2,3.2,5.2,6.4,8.0,10.0];//
+for i= 1:6
+    m(i)= u1(i)*v1(i)
+    d(i)= u1(i)^2;//
+end
+su= u1(1)+u1(2)+u1(3)+u1(4)+u1(5)+u1(6);
+sv= v1(1)+v1(2)+v1(3)+v1(4)+v1(5)+v1(6);
+sm=m(1)+m(2)+m(3)+m(4)+m(5)+m(6);//
+sd=d(1)+d(2)+d(3)+d(4)+d(5)+d(6);//
+a= ((6*sm)-(su*sv))/((6*sd)-(su)^2);//
+b=((sv*sd)-(sm*su))/((6*sd)-(su)^2);//
+disp(a,"variable a is")
+disp(b,"variable b is")
+disp("best linear equation is 0.672u+0.591")
+for i=1:6
+    x(i)=a*u1(i)+b-v1(i)
+    dx(i)=x(i)^2
+end
+sdx=dx(1)+dx(2)+dx(3)+dx(4)+dx(5)+dx(6);//
+SD= sqrt(sdx/6);//
+SDu=SD/a;//deviation of u
+SDa= sqrt((6)/((6*sd)-(su^2)))*SD;//standard deviation in a
+SDb= sqrt((sd)/((6*sd)-(su^2)))*SD;//standard deviation in b
+disp(SD,"standard deviation is ±")
+disp(SDu,"standard deviation in u is ±")
+disp(SDa,"standard deviation in a is ±")
+disp(SDb,"standard deviation in b is ±")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.61/ex_1_61.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.61/ex_1_61.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..29e4b2f3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.61/ex_1_61.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//Example 1.61://standard deviation
+clc;
+clear;
+u1=[550,700,850,1000];//
+v1=[0.04182,0.04429,0.05529,0.0610];//
+for i= 1:4
+    m(i)= u1(i)*v1(i)
+    d(i)= u1(i)^2;//
+end
+su= u1(1)+u1(2)+u1(3)+u1(4);
+sv= v1(1)+v1(2)+v1(3)+v1(4);
+sm=m(1)+m(2)+m(3)+m(4);//
+sd=d(1)+d(2)+d(3)+d(4);//
+a= ((4*sm)-(su*sv))/((4*sd)-(su)^2);//
+b=((sv*sd)-(sm*su))/((4*sd)-(su)^2);//
+disp(a,"variable a is")
+disp(b,"variable b is")
+disp("best linear equation is 45.7*10^-6*f^2+15.18*10^-3*f in mW")
+//value of a and b is wrong in the book
+
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.62/ex_1_62.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.62/ex_1_62.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5e76f9048
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.62/ex_1_62.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// Example 1.62. limiting error and standard deviation
+clc, clear
+// given :
+q1=50;
+q2=100;
+dq1=0.02; // may be +ve or -ve
+dq2=0.01; // may be +ve or-ve
+Le=(((q1/(q1+q2))*dq1)+((q2/(q1+q2))*dq2))*100;
+Re=sqrt(1+1); // when individul error are standard deviation,then errors in individual measurement are 2% of 50 and 1% of 100 ie., 1 and 1
+Sd=(Re/(q1+q2))*100;
+disp(Le,"limiting error,Le(%) = ")
+disp(Sd,"standard deviation,Sd(%) = ")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.63/ex_1_63.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.63/ex_1_63.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..36aa411dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.63/ex_1_63.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+// Example 1.63. resistance
+clc, clear
+// given :
+Im=0.1; // maximum current in A
+V=10; // voltage in volts
+Rm=2.5; // resistance in ohm
+Rs=(V/Im)-Rm;
+I=10; // in A
+Rsh=(Im*Rm)/(I-Im);
+disp(Rs,"resistance in series,Rs(ohm) = ")
+disp(Rsh,"resistance in parallel,Rsh(ohm) = ")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.64/ex_1_64.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.64/ex_1_64.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1c99ede4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.64/ex_1_64.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+// Example 1.64. resistance
+clc, clear
+// given :
+Rm=10; // in ohm
+Im=.005; // in A
+I=1; // in A
+V=5;
+Rsh=(Im*Rm)/(I-Im);
+Rs=(V-(Im*Rm))/Im;
+disp(Rsh,"shunt resistance,Rsh(ohm) = ")
+disp(Rs,"series resistance,Rs(ohm) = ")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.65/ex_1_65.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.65/ex_1_65.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2323c3dd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.65/ex_1_65.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// Example 1.65. turning moment
+clc, clear
+// given :
+l=0.03; // in m
+B=0.09; // in Wb/m^2
+I=0.01; // in A
+N=100; // number of turn
+T=(N*B*I*l^2);
+disp(T,"turning moment,T(N-m) = ")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.66/ex_1_66.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.66/ex_1_66.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..25c1ce8bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.66/ex_1_66.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+
+//Example 1.66// percentage error
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+//given data :
+alfa_c=.4/100; // in per degree celcius
+alfa_m=0.015/100; //  in per degree celcius
+Rm=5; // in ohm
+Im=0.015; // in A
+I=100; // in A
+Ish=I-Im;
+Vsh=Im*Rm;
+Rsh=Vsh/Ish;
+a=20; // in degree celcius
+Rsh1=Rsh*(1+(a*alfa_m)); // the shunt resistance after a rise of 20 degree celcius
+R1=5; // internal resistance in ohm
+R2=1; // copper resistor in ohm
+R3=4; // manganin swamping resistor in ohm
+Ri=R1*(1+20*alfa_c);
+// current through the instrument corresponding to 100 A
+I1=(Rsh1/(Ri+Rsh1))*100; 
+Ii=(I1*I)/Im;
+Pe1=I-Ii;
+Ri1=(R2*(1+20*alfa_c))+(R3*(1+20*alfa_m));
+ // instrument current with a line current of 100 A
+Il=(Rsh1/(Ri1+Rsh1))*100;
+Ir=Il*(100/Im);
+Pe2=100-Ir; 
+disp(Pe1,"the percentage error,Pe1(low) = ")
+disp(Pe2,"the percentage error,Pe2(low) = ")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.67/ex_1_67.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.67/ex_1_67.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ff5ea9cf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.67/ex_1_67.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//Example 1.67// percentage error
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+//given data :
+f=100; // in Hz
+V1=250; // in volts
+I1=0.05; // in A
+L=1; // in H
+R=V1/I1;
+V=250; // in volts
+XL=2*%pi*f*L;
+Z=sqrt(R^2+XL^2);
+Vr=(V1*R)/Z;
+Ve=Vr-V;
+Pe=abs(Ve/V)*100;
+disp(Pe,"percentage error,Pe = ")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.68/ex_1_68.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.68/ex_1_68.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..970c0705d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.68/ex_1_68.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//Example 1.68// voltmeter reading
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+//given data :
+f1=25; // in Hz
+f2=100; // in Hz
+R=300; // in ohm
+L=0.12; // in H
+XL1=2*%pi*f1*L;
+V_ac=15; // in volts
+Z1=sqrt(R^2+XL1^2);
+Vr1=V_ac*(R/Z1);
+XL2=2*%pi*f2*L;
+Z2=sqrt(R^2+XL2^2);
+Vr2=V_ac*(R/Z2)
+disp(Vr1,"the voltmeter reading at f1,Vr1(V) = ")
+disp(Vr2,"the volt meter reading at f2, Vr1(V) = ")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.69/ex_1_69.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.69/ex_1_69.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9b545f5d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.69/ex_1_69.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//Example 1.69// power factor
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+//given data :
+W1=920; // in watt
+W2=300; // in watt
+fi=atand(sqrt(3)*(W1-W2)/(W1+W2));
+cos_fi=cosd(fi)
+disp(cos_fi,"the power factor,cos_fi(lag) = ")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.7/ex_1_7.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.7/ex_1_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..538629987
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.7/ex_1_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+

+//Example 1.7// maximum static error

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+s=.20; // in %

+a=60; // pressure gauge in bar

+b=5; // pressure gauge in bar

+Pg=a-b;

+Se=(s*Pg)/100;

+disp(Se,"maximum static error,Se(bar)= ±")

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.70/ex_1_70.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.70/ex_1_70.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d983c65ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.70/ex_1_70.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//Example 1.70// power factor and line current
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+//given data :
+W1=14.2; // in k-watt
+W2=-6.1; // in k-watt
+El=440; // in volts
+P=W1+W2;
+fi=atand(sqrt(3)*(W1-W2)/(W1+W2));
+cos_fi=cosd(fi);
+IL=P*1000/(sqrt(3)*El*cos_fi);
+disp(P,"true power,P(k-watt) = ")
+disp(cos_fi,"the power factor,cos_fi(lag) = ")
+disp(IL,"the line current,IL(A) = ")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.71/ex_1_71.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.71/ex_1_71.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..442f1abe2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.71/ex_1_71.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//Example 1.71// READING
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+Pi=25;//in kW
+El=440;//line voltage in volts
+pf=0.6;//power factor 
+ph=acosd(pf);//
+tp=tan(ph);//
+dw=(tp*Pi)/((3)^(1/3));//change in weights
+W1=22.12;//IN kW
+W2=25-W1;//
+disp(W1,"reading in kW")
+disp(W2,"reading in kW")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.72/ex_1_72.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.72/ex_1_72.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a94376994
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.72/ex_1_72.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+
+//Example 1.72// percentage error
+clc;
+clear;
+I=5;//current in ampere
+V=230;//volts
+pf=1;//power factor
+n=60;//no. of revolutions
+t=360;//total time in seconds
+nr=520;//normal disc no. of revolutions per kWh
+E=((V*I*pf*360)/(3600*1000));//energy consumed in 360 seconds in kWh
+Er= n/nr;//energy recorded by the meter
+Per=((Er-E)/E)*100;//percentage error
+disp(Per,"percentage error is (fast)")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.73/ex_1_73.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.73/ex_1_73.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4626cacd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.73/ex_1_73.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//Example 1.73// percentage error
+clc;
+clear;
+I=4.5;//current in ampere
+V=230;//volts
+pf=1;//power factor
+n=10;//no. of revolutions
+t=360;//total time in seconds
+nr=185;//normal disc no. of revolutions per kWh
+E=((V*I*pf*190)/(3600*1000));//energy consumed in 190 seconds in kWh
+Er= n/nr;//energy recorded by the meter
+Per=((Er-E)/E)*100;//percentage error
+disp(-Per,"percentage error is (slow),(%)=")
+//answer is calculated wrong in the textbook because in calculation of percentage error it is not divided by the actual value
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.74/ex_1_74.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.74/ex_1_74.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e948c71e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.74/ex_1_74.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//Example 1.74// power
+clc;
+clear;
+kwh1=15000;//in one kWh
+n=150;//no. of revolutions in 45 seconds
+Pm= (1*n)/kwh1;//power metered on 150 revolutions
+P=(Pm*3600)/45;//POWER
+disp(P*1000,"power in watts is")
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.75/ex_1_75.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.75/ex_1_75.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5a260ab58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.75/ex_1_75.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//Example 1.74// kWh & percentage error
+clc;
+clear;
+I= (40*225)/600;//current in amperes
+I1=14;//current in ampere
+V=230;//volts
+pf=1;//power factor
+n=225;//no. of revolutions
+t=360;//total time in seconds
+E=((V*I*pf*10)/(60*1000));//energy recorded in  1 hour in kWh
+Er=((V*I1*pf*10)/(60*1000));//energy consumed in  1 hour in kWh;//energy recorded by the meter
+Per=((Er-E)/E)*100;//percentage error
+disp(-Per,"percentage error is")
+
diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.8/ex_1_8.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.8/ex_1_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e1089905f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.8/ex_1_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+// Example 1.8.sensitivity of gauge

+clc, clear

+// given :

+C=60; // calibration pressure

+F=(300*%pi)/180; //full scale deflection

+L=F*90; // length of scale

+S=L/C;

+disp(S,"sensitivity,S = (mm/pa)")

+//answer is calculated in the form of pi in the textbook

+

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.9.a/ex_1_9_a.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.9.a/ex_1_9_a.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5971ddc52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.9.a/ex_1_9_a.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+// Example 1.9.a.sensitivity

+clc, clear

+// given :

+Mo=2.4; // magnitude of output response in mm

+Mi=6; // magnitude of input in ohm

+S=Mo/Mi;

+disp(S,"sensitivity,S = (mm/ohm)")

+

diff --git a/2096/CH1/EX1.9.b/ex_1_9_b.sce b/2096/CH1/EX1.9.b/ex_1_9_b.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..334c42792
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH1/EX1.9.b/ex_1_9_b.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+// Example 1.9.b. deflection factor

+clc, clear

+// given :

+Mo=2.4; // magnitude of output response in mm

+Mi=6; // magnitude of input in ohm

+D=Mi/Mo;

+disp(D,"deflection factor = (ohm/mm)")

diff --git a/2096/CH12/EX12.1.b/ex_12_1_b.sce b/2096/CH12/EX12.1.b/ex_12_1_b.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3f2b6c09f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH12/EX12.1.b/ex_12_1_b.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//Example 12.1.b // percentage
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+//given data :
+Gf=2; // gauge factor
+a=100; // stress in MN/m^2
+E=200; // modulus of elasticity in GN/m^2
+S=(a*10^6)/(E*10^9);
+R=Gf*S;
+P=R*100;
+disp(P,"percentange change in resistance,P(%) = ")
diff --git a/2096/CH12/EX12.4/ex_12_4.sce b/2096/CH12/EX12.4/ex_12_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..97a4a8d23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH12/EX12.4/ex_12_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//Example 12.4 // the water flow rate
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+//given data :
+D1=0.2; // in m
+D2=0.1; // in m
+h=220; // in mm
+Cd=0.98; 
+ph=13.6;
+pw=1; // in Kg/m^3
+g=9.81; 
+P=g*h*10^-3*(ph-pw)*1000;
+M=1/sqrt(1-(D2/D1)^4)
+A2=(%pi/4)*D2^2;
+Q=(Cd*M*A2*sqrt((2*g/g*1000)*P))*10^-3;
+disp(Q,"water flow rate,Q(m^3/s) = ")
diff --git a/2096/CH12/EX12.5/ex_12_5.sce b/2096/CH12/EX12.5/ex_12_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..cc1ec9caa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH12/EX12.5/ex_12_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//Example 12.5 //rate of flow oin pipe line
+clc;
+clear;
+D1=0.4;//diameter of pipe at inlet
+A1= (%pi/4)*D1^2;//area of inlet in meter square
+D2=0.2;//throat diameter in meter
+A2=(%pi/4)*D2^2;//area of throat in meter square
+y=0.05;//reading of the differntial manometer in meter
+Shl=13.6;//SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF HEAVY LIQUID
+Sp=0.7;//SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF OIL FLOWING THE PIPELINE
+h=y*((Shl/Sp)-1);//differntial pressure head in meter
+g=9.81;//assume
+V2=sqrt(h/((1/(2*g))-(1/(32*g))));//
+V1=(A2*V2)/A1;//
+Q=A2*V2;//
+disp(Q,"rate of flow of oil in m^3/s is")
+
diff --git a/2096/CH12/EX12.6/ex_12_6.sce b/2096/CH12/EX12.6/ex_12_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7f9dbcd39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH12/EX12.6/ex_12_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+
+//Example 12.6 // difference 
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+//given data :
+Q=0.015; // in m^3/s
+D0=0.1; // in m
+D1=0.2; // in m
+Cc=0.6;
+Cd=0.6;
+g=9.81; 
+AO=((%pi/4)*D0^2);//in m^2
+A1=((%pi/4)*D1^2);//in m^2
+K=Cd/sqrt(1-(Cc*(AO/A1))^2);
+S=sqrt((2*g)/(g*1000));
+DP=((Q/(K*AO*S)))^2;//
+disp("difference in thr pressure head is "+string(DP)+" N/m^2 or "+string(DP/9739.45)+" m of water")
diff --git a/2096/CH12/EX12.7/ex_12_7.sce b/2096/CH12/EX12.7/ex_12_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6be583006
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH12/EX12.7/ex_12_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//Example 12.7 // flow rate
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+//given data :
+Qv=1.2; // m^3/s
+C0=0.6; // discharge coeficient of orifice
+Cv=0.97; // discharge coeficient
+Q0=(C0/Cv)*Qv;
+disp(Q0,"the flow rate,Q0(m^3/s) = ")
diff --git a/2096/CH12/EX12.8/ex_12_8.sce b/2096/CH12/EX12.8/ex_12_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ba456d417
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH12/EX12.8/ex_12_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+
+//Example 12.8 // speed
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+//given data :
+g=9.81; // gravity og earth
+Sh=13.6; // gravity of mercury
+Sl=1.025; // gravity of sea water
+y=0.2; // reading of the manometer in m
+h=y*((Sh/Sl)-1);
+V=sqrt(2*g*h);
+disp("velocity of sub-marine,V(m/s) "+string(V)+" or "+string(V*(3.6))+" km/h")
diff --git a/2096/CH13/EX13.1/ex_13_1.sce b/2096/CH13/EX13.1/ex_13_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7835c6894
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH13/EX13.1/ex_13_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//Example 13.1 // resistance and inductance
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+//given data :
+Q=1000; // in ohm
+S=Q;
+P=500; // in ohm
+r=100; // in ohm
+C=0.5; // in micro-farad
+R=(P*Q)/S;
+L=((C*10^-6*P)/S)*(r*(Q+S)+(Q*S));
+disp(R,"resistance,R(ohm) = ")
+disp(L,"inductance,L(H) = ")
diff --git a/2096/CH13/EX13.2/ex_13_2.sce b/2096/CH13/EX13.2/ex_13_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..49a0433d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH13/EX13.2/ex_13_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//Example 13.2 // resistance and inductance
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+//given data :
+R2=1000; // in ohm
+R3=500; // in ohm
+R4=1000; // in ohm
+r=100; // in ohm
+C=3; // in micro-farad
+R=(R2*R3)/R4;
+L=((C*10^-6*R2)/R4)*(r*(R3+R4)+(R3*R4));
+disp(R,"resistance,R(ohm) = ")
+disp(L,"inductance,L(H) = ")
diff --git a/2096/CH13/EX13.3/ex_13_3.sce b/2096/CH13/EX13.3/ex_13_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7d336c841
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH13/EX13.3/ex_13_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+
+//Example 13.3 // impedance
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+//given data :
+C3=0.124; // in micro-farad
+R3=834; // in ohm
+C4=0.1; // in micro-farad
+f=2000; // in Hz
+R2=100; // in ohm
+L1=R2*R3*C4*10^-6;
+R1=R2*(C4/C3);
+X1=2*%pi*f*L1;
+Z1=sqrt(R1^2+X1^2);
+disp(R1,"resistance in ohms is")
+disp(Z1,"impedance of the specimen,Z1(ohm) = ")
diff --git a/2096/CH13/EX13.4/ex_13_4.sce b/2096/CH13/EX13.4/ex_13_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..53c7eadcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH13/EX13.4/ex_13_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//Example 13.4 // capacitance and series resistance
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+//given data :
+M=18.35; // in m-H
+R1=200; // in ohm
+L1=40.6; // in m-H
+R2_1=119.5; // in ohm
+R4=100; // in ohm
+C2=((M*10^-3)/(R1*R4))*10^6;
+R2=(R4*(L1-M))/M;
+Rs=R2-R2_1;
+disp(C2,"capacitance,C(micro-farad) = ")
+disp(Rs,"the series resistance,Rs(ohm) = ")
diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.1/ex_2_1.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.1/ex_2_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d03a21d41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.1/ex_2_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+

+//Example 2.1. // ameter current

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+Rq1=100; // in kilo-ohm

+Rq2=Rq1;

+Rq=Rq2;

+gm=0.005; // in siemens

+Rm=50; // in ohm

+Rd=10; // in kilo-ohm

+V1=1; // in volts

+i=((gm*Rq*10^2*Rd*10^2)/(Rq*10^2+Rd*10^2)*V1)/(((2*Rd*10^2*Rq*10^2)/(Rd*10^2+Rq*10^2))+Rm);

+disp(i*10^3,"the ammeter current,i(mA) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.10/ex_2_10.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.10/ex_2_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f0bf6d087
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.10/ex_2_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//Example 2.10 // peak to peak, amplitude and rms value

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+Va=3; // vertical attenuation in mV/div

+S=0.2; // 1 subdivision 

+//From the figure given in question : Div=1 unit & subdiv=0.2 unit

+Div=1;//unit

+subdiv=0.2;//unit

+Vpeak=2*Div+3*subdiv;//only for one peak

+Vpp=Vpeak*2;//For peak to peak

+Vpp1=(Va/Div)*Vpp;

+Vmax=Vpp1/2;

+Vrms=Vmax/sqrt(2);

+disp(Vpp1,"peak to peak value,Vpp1(mV) = ")

+disp(Vmax,"amplitude,Vmax(mV) = ")

+disp(Vrms,"R.M.S value,Vrms(mV) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.11/ex_2_11.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.11/ex_2_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..59298fb7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.11/ex_2_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+

+//Example 2.11 // determine the possible phase angles

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+y1=1.25; // division

+y2=2.5; // division

+pi=asind(y1/y2);

+disp("the possible angles,pi(degree) "+string(pi)+" or "+string(360-pi)+" = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.12/ex_2_12.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.12/ex_2_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3a2d564c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.12/ex_2_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+

+//Example 2.12 // calculate the unknown resistance

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+R1=20; // in kilo-ohm

+R2=30; // in kilo-ohm

+R3=80; // in kilo-ohm

+Rx=(R2*R3)/R1;

+disp(Rx,"the unknown resistance,Rx(killo-ohm) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.13/ex_2_13.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.13/ex_2_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1516aa6e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.13/ex_2_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//Example 2.13 // calculate the unknown resistance

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+R1=100.24; // in ohm

+R2=200; // in ohm

+R3=100.03; // in micro-ohm

+l=100.31; // in ohm

+m=200; // in ohm

+Ry=680; // in micro-ohm

+A=(R1*R3*10^-6)/R2;

+B=(m*Ry*10^-6)/(l+m+Ry*10^-6);

+C=((R1/R2)-(l/m));

+Rx=(A+B*C)*10^6;

+disp(Rx,"the unknown resistance,Rx(micro-ohm) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.14/EX_2_14.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.14/EX_2_14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..eab2e1c27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.14/EX_2_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//Example 2.14//unknown resistance
+clc;
+clear;
+Z1=50//impedance of first arm(in ohm)
+Za=80//phase angle of first arm(in degree)
+Z2=125//impedance of second arm(in ohm)
+Z3=200//impedane of third arm(in ohm)
+Zc=30//phase angle of third arm(in degree)
+Z4=(Z2*Z3)/Z1
+disp(Z4,'magnitude of Z4 arm(in ohm)=')
+Zd=Zc-Za
+disp(Zd,'phase angle of Z4 arm(in degree)=')
diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.15/EX_2_15.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.15/EX_2_15.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..542390b6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.15/EX_2_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+
+//Example 2.15//calculate the constants of arm CD
+clc;
+clear;
+f=1;//frequency in kHz
+R1=225;//in ohms
+R2=150;//in ohms
+C2=0.53;//capacitance in micro farad
+R3=100;//in ohms
+L=7.95;//in mH
+oC2=(2*%pi*f*10^3*C2*10^-6);//IN OHMS
+wL= (2*%pi*f*10^3*L*10^-3);//in ohms
+Z1=225;//in ohms
+Z2= R2-(%i*(1/oC2));
+Z3=R3+(%i*wL);//
+Z4= (Z2*Z3)/(Z1);//unknow resistance in ohms
+R4=real(Z4);//
+C4=1/(2*%pi*f*10^3*imag(-Z4));//capacitance in farad
+disp(R4,"resistance in arm CD in ohms")
+disp(C4*10^6,"capacitance in micro farads")
diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.16/EX_2_16.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.16/EX_2_16.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..13def08aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.16/EX_2_16.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+
+//Example 2.16//resistance and capacitance
+clc;
+clear;
+w=7500;//in rad/s
+R2=140;//in ohms
+R3=1000;//in ohms
+R4=R3;//in ohms
+C2=0.0115;//capacitance in micro farad
+oC2=(w*C2*10^-6);//IN OHMS
+Z2= R2+(%i*(1/oC2));
+Z3=R3;//
+Z4=R4;//
+Z1=(Z2*Z3)/(Z4);//
+R1=real(Z1);//
+C1=1/(w*imag(Z1));//capacitance in farad
+disp(R1,"resistance in arm CD in ohms")
+disp(C1*10^6,"capacitance in arm CD in micro farads")
diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.17/EX_2_17.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.17/EX_2_17.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9dae266a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.17/EX_2_17.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//Example 2.17//series equivalent of unknown impedence
+clc;
+clear;
+R1=235;//in killo ohms
+C1=0.012;//capacitance in micro farads
+R2=2.5;//in killo ohms
+R3=50;// in kilo ohms
+Rx=(R2*R3)/(R1);//in killo ohms
+Lx=C1*10^-6*R2*R3*10^6;//in henry
+disp(Rx,"unknown resistance in killo ohms")
+disp(Lx,"inductance in henry")
diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.18/EX_2_18.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.18/EX_2_18.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..471f37314
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.18/EX_2_18.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+
+//Example 2.18//series equivalent of unknown impedence
+clc;
+clear;
+w=3000;//in rad/s
+R1=1.8;//in killo ohms
+C1=0.9;//capacitance in micro farads
+R2=9;//in killo ohms
+R3=0.9;// in kilo ohms
+Rx= ((w^2*(C1*10^-6)^2*R1*10^3*R2*10^3*R3*10^3)/(1+w^2*(R1*10^3)^2*(C1*10^-6)^2));//
+Lx=((R2*10^3*R3*10^3*C1*10^-6)/(1+w^2*(R1*10^3)^2*(C1*10^-6)^2));//in henry
+disp(Rx*10^-3,"unknown resistance in killo ohms")
+disp(Lx,"inductance in henry")
+//answer is wrong in the textbook
diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.19/EX_2_19.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.19/EX_2_19.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ef6fd01bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.19/EX_2_19.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//Example 2.19//unknown resistance ,capacitance and dissipation factor
+clc;
+clear;
+f=1;//frequency in kHz
+R1=1.5;//in killo ohms
+C1=0.4;//in micro farads
+R2=3;//in killo ohms
+C3=0.4;//in micro farads
+Rx=(R2*C1)/(C3);//unknown resistance in killo ohms
+Cx=(R1*C3)/(R2);//UNKNOWN CAPACITANCE IN MICRO FARADS
+D= 2*%pi*f*Cx*10^-6*Rx*10^3*10^3;//DISSIPATION FACTPR
+disp(Rx,"unknown resistance in killo ohms")
+disp(Cx,"unknown capacitance in micro farads")
+disp(D,"dissipation factor is")
diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.2/ex_2_2.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.2/ex_2_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b45eadd92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.2/ex_2_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//Example 2.2. // error

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+m=150;

+T=3;

+Kf_sin=1.11;//Form factor of sine wave

+//e=50*t

+Erms=sqrt(1/T*integrate('(50*t)^2','t',0,T));

+Eav=(1/T*integrate('(50*t)','t',0,T));

+kf=Erms/Eav;

+R=Kf_sin/kf; // ratio of the two form factors

+Pe=(R-1/1)*100;

+disp(Pe,"the percentage error,Pe(%) = ")

+

diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.20/EX_2_20.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.20/EX_2_20.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..548a8845d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.20/EX_2_20.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//Example 2.20//unknown resistance ,capacitance 
+clc;
+clear;
+f=2;//frequency in kHz
+R1=2.8;//in killo ohms
+C1=4.8;//in micro farads
+R2=20;//in killo ohms
+R4=80;//in killo ohms
+R3=((R4/R2)*(R1*10^3+(1/((2*%pi*f*10^3)^2*(C1*10^-6)^2*R1*10^3))));//
+C3=(1/((2*%pi*f*10^3)^2*C1*10^-6*R1*10^3*R3));//capaciatnce
+disp(R3*10^-3,"unknown resistance in killo ohms")
+disp(C3*10^12,"CAPACITANCE IN PICO FARAD IS")
+
diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.21/EX_2_21.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.21/EX_2_21.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..df96128cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.21/EX_2_21.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//Example 2.21//RESISTANCE AND INDUCTANCE
+clc;
+clear;
+L1=52.6;//in mH
+R2=1.68;//in ohms
+r1=28.5;//internal resistance in ohms
+r2=r1-R2;//resistance in ohms
+L2=L1;//inductance in mH
+disp(r2,"resistance in ohms")
+disp(L2,"inductance in mH")
diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.22/EX_2_22.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.22/EX_2_22.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5c531f19e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.22/EX_2_22.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+
+//Example 2.22//calculate the constants of arm CD
+clc;
+clear;
+f=1;//frequency in kHz
+C1=0.2;//in micro farad
+R2=500;//in ohms
+R3=300;//in ohms
+C3=0.1;//in micro frads
+Z1=0-%i*(1/(2*%pi*f*10^3*C1*10^-6));//
+Z2=R2;//
+Y3= ((1/R3)+(%i*2*%pi*f*10^3*C3*10^-6));//
+Z4=(Z2)/(Z1*Y3);//
+Rx= real(Z4);//
+Lx=(imag(Z4))/(2*%pi*f);//
+disp(Rx,"unknown resistance in ohms")
+disp(round(Lx),"unknow capacitance in mH")
diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.23/EX_2_23.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.23/EX_2_23.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..aaf583bc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.23/EX_2_23.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+
+//Example 2.23//calculate the constants zX
+clc;
+clear;
+R1=200;//IN OHMS
+f=1;//frequency in kHz
+C2=5;//in micro farad
+R2=200;//in ohms
+R3=500;//in ohms
+C3=0.2;//in micro frads
+Z1=R1;//
+Z2=R2-(%i*(1/(2*%pi*f*10^3*C2*10^-6)));//
+Z3=R3-(%i*(1/(2*%pi*f*10^3*C3*10^-6)));//
+Zx=(Z2*Z3)/Z1;
+Rx=real(Zx);
+Cx=((1/(2*%pi*f*10^3*imag(-Zx))));//
+disp(Rx,"unknown resistance in ohms")
+disp(Cx*10^6,"unknown capacitance in micro farads")
diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.24/EX_2_24.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.24/EX_2_24.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4247a5ff7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.24/EX_2_24.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+
+//Example 2.24//find unknow resistance and inductance
+clc;
+clear;
+R1=600;//in ohms
+f=1;//frequency in kHz
+C1=1;//in micro farad
+R2=100;//in ohms
+R3=1000;//in ohms
+Y1=((1/R1)+(%i*2*%pi*f*10^3*C1*10^-6));//
+Z2=R2;//
+Z3=R3;//
+Z4=Z2*Z3*Y1;//
+Rx= real(Z4);//
+Lx=(imag(Z4))/(2*%pi*f);//
+disp(round(Rx),"unknown resistance in ohms")
+disp(Lx*10^-3,"unknow capacitance in Henry")
diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.25/EX_2_25.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.25/EX_2_25.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4e8d6fcf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.25/EX_2_25.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//Example 2.25//capacitance ,power factor and relative permittivity
+clc;
+clear;
+f=50;//in hertz
+C2=106;//capacitance in pico farad
+R4=(1000/%pi);//IN OHMS
+C4=0.055;//in micro farads
+R3=270;//in ohms
+R1= (R3*C4*10^-6)/(C2*10^-12);// IN OHMS
+C1=(R4*C2*10^-12)/(R3);//in farads
+pf=2*%pi*f*R1*C1*10^-12;//
+Eo=8.854*10^-12;//
+a= (%pi*12^2)/(4*100^2);//in meter square 
+t=0.005;//THICKNESS IN METER
+Er= ((C1*t)/(Eo*a));//relative permittivity
+disp(C1*10^12,"capacitance in pico farad ")
+disp(pf*10^13,"power factor is")
+disp(Er,"realtive permittivity is")
diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.26/ex_2_26.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.26/ex_2_26.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..80185be0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.26/ex_2_26.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//Example 2.26 // self capacitance

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+C1=420; // in pico-farad

+C2=90; // inpico-farad

+Cd=(C1-4*C2)/3;

+disp(Cd,"the self capacitance,Cd(pico-farad) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.27/ex_2_27.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.27/ex_2_27.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e24e5da01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.27/ex_2_27.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//Example 2.27 // distributed capacitance

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+C1=410; // in pico-farad

+C2=50; // inpico-farad

+f1=2; // in MHz

+f2=5; // in MHz

+F=f2/f1;

+Cd=(C1-F^2*C2)/5.25;

+disp(Cd,"the self capacitance,Cd(pico-farad) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.28/ex_2_28.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.28/ex_2_28.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a6685fe2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.28/ex_2_28.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//Example 2.28 //resistive and reactive component

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+C1=190*10^-12; // in farad

+C2=170*10^-12; // in farad

+Q1=75; 

+Q2=45;

+f=200; // in kilo-Hz

+w=2*%pi*f*1000;

+Rx=((C1*Q1)-(C2*Q2))/(w*C1*C2*Q1*Q2);

+Xx=(C1-C2)/(w*C1*C2);

+disp(Rx,"the resistive,Rx(ohm) = ")

+disp(Xx,"the reactive component,Xx(ohm) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.29/ex_2_29.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.29/ex_2_29.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..15c63abbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.29/ex_2_29.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//Example 2.29 //percentage error

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+R=4; // in ohm

+f=500; // in kilo-Hz

+C=120; // in pico-farad

+O=0.02; // in ohm

+w=2*%pi*f*10^3;

+Qt=1/(w*C*10^-12*R);

+Qi=1/(w*C*10^-12*(R+O));

+Pe=((Qt-Qi)/Qt)*100;

+disp(Pe,"the percentage error,Pe(%) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.3/ex_2_3.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.3/ex_2_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..64d4b01fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.3/ex_2_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//Example 2.3. // error``

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+Kf_sin=1.11;//Form factor of sine wave

+kf=1; // from interation Erms=Eav

+R=Kf_sin/kf; // ratio of the two form factors

+Pe=(R-1/1)*100;

+disp(Pe,"the percentage error,Pe(%) = ")

+

diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.30/ex_2_30.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.30/ex_2_30.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..43da9a03d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.30/ex_2_30.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//Example 2.30 //self capacitance

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+C1=100; // in pico-farad

+f1=600;// in kilo-Hz

+f2=2; // in M-Hz

+Cd=(f1*1000)^2*C1/((f2*10^6)^2-(f1*1000)^2)

+disp(Cd,"the self capacitance,Cd(pico-farad) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.31/ex_2_31.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.31/ex_2_31.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c9df937f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.31/ex_2_31.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+

+//Example 2.31 //inductance and resistance

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+C=220; // in pico-farad

+f1=400;// in kilo-Hz

+Rsh=0.8; // in ohm

+Q=110;

+w=2*%pi*f1*1000;

+L=(1/(w^2*C*10^-12));

+R=((w*L)/Q);

+disp(L*10^6,"inductance,L(micro-H) = ")

+disp(R,"resistance,R(ohm) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.32/ex_2_32.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.32/ex_2_32.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..dba8942e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.32/ex_2_32.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//Example 2.32 //inductance and capacitance

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+f=2*10^6; // resonant freqencies in Hz

+Cs=210*10^-12; // resonant capacitor in farad

+Cv=6*10^-12; // capacitance of voltmeter in farad

+L=1/((Cs+Cv)*4^2*(%pi)^2*f^2);

+C=((1/(4*L*(%pi)^2*f^2*10^-12))-6);//

+disp(L*10^6,"inductance,L(micro henry) = ")

+disp(C,"capacitance in pF is")

diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.33/ex_2_33.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.33/ex_2_33.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d073c8520
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.33/ex_2_33.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//Example 2.33 //inductance and resistance

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+C1=40; // in pico-farad

+C2=48; // in pico-farad

+f=4; // in MHz

+R1=60; // additional series resistance in ohm

+C0=(C1+C2)/2;

+w=2*%pi*f*10^6;

+L=(1/(4*%pi^2*(f*10^6)^2*(C0*10^-6)));//

+X= ((w*L*10^6)-(1/(w*C2*10^-12)))^2;//

+R= (X-R1^2)/120;// unknown resistance in ohms

+disp(L*10^12,"inductance in MH")

+disp(R,"unknown resistance in ohms")

+//resistance is calculated wrong in the textbbok

+

diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.34/ex_2_34.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.34/ex_2_34.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d771924bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.34/ex_2_34.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//Example 2.31 //inductance and resistance

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+fo=1.2*10^6; // in Hz

+C=160*10^-12; // in farad

+f=6*10^3; // resonant frequency in Hz

+f1=fo+f;

+f2=fo-f;

+F=f1-f2;

+Q=fo/F;

+R=F/((2*%pi*(fo)^2*C));

+disp(Q,"Q factor,Q = ")

+disp(R,"resistance,R(ohm) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.35/EX_2_35.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.35/EX_2_35.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2cf6b3014
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.35/EX_2_35.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//Example 2.35 //self capacitance and inductance
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+C1=200;//in pico farads
+f1=(2/%pi)*10^6;//in hertz
+C2=40;// in pico fards
+f2=2*f1;//
+CD= ((f1^2*C1*10^-12)-(f2^2*C2*10^-12))/(f2^2-f1^2);//
+L=1/(4^2*(C1+CD*10^12));//
+disp(CD*10^12,"capacitance in pico farad")
+disp(L*10^6,"inductance in micro henry")
diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.4/ex_2_4.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.4/ex_2_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4d4666209
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.4/ex_2_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+

+//Example 2.4. // input voltage``

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+Va=2000; // in volts

+ld=0.02; // in m

+d=.005; // in m

+L=.3; // in m

+D=.03; // in m

+Og=100; // overall gain

+Vd=(2*d*Va*D)/(L*ld);

+I=Vd/Og;

+disp(I,"inout voltage,I(V) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.5/ex_2_5.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.5/ex_2_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6e42d70c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.5/ex_2_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+

+//Example 2.5. // deflection voltage and deflection sensitivity`

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+Va=2500; // in volts

+ld=0.025; // in m

+d=.005; // in m

+L=.2; // in m

+D=.03; // in m

+Vd=(2*d*Va*D)/(L*ld);

+S=(D/Vd)*1000;

+disp(Vd,"deflection voltage,Vd(V) = ")

+disp(S,"deflection sensitivity,S(mm/V) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.6/ex_2_6.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.6/ex_2_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..bea70b438
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.6/ex_2_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+

+//Example 2.6 // deflection sensitivity

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+Va=2500; // in volts

+ld=0.02; // in m

+d=.005; // in m

+L=.2; // in m

+D=.03; // in m

+Vd=(2*d*Va*D)/(L*ld);

+S=(D/Vd)*1000;

+disp(S,"deflection sensitivity,S(mm/V) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.7/ex_2_7.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.7/ex_2_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3fc5168cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.7/ex_2_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+

+//Example 2.7 // the beem speed and the deflection sensitivity

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+Va=2500; // in volts

+ld=.015; // in m

+d=.005; // in m

+L=.5; // in m

+m=9.109*10^-31; // in kg

+e=1.602*10^-19;

+v=sqrt((2*e*Va)/m);

+S=((L*ld)/(2*d*Va))*10^3;

+disp(v,"the beem speed,v(m/s)")

+disp(S,"deflection sensitivity,S(mm/V) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.8/ex_2_8.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.8/ex_2_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8cc2e1518
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.8/ex_2_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//Example 2.8 // the density of magnetic field

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+Va=6000; // in volts

+l=.033; // in m

+L=.22; // in m

+D=0.044; // in m

+m=9.109*10^-31; // in kg

+e=1.602*10^-19;

+A=sqrt(e/(2*m*Va));

+C=(L*l*A);

+B=(D/C)*10^3;

+disp(B,"the density magnetic field,B(mWb/m^2) = ")

+

diff --git a/2096/CH2/EX2.9/ex_2_9.sce b/2096/CH2/EX2.9/ex_2_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..13c3a80d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH2/EX2.9/ex_2_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+

+//Example 2.9 // voltage

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+Va=800; // in volts

+B=1.8*10^-4; // in Wb/m^2

+d=.01; // in m

+m=9.109*10^-31; // in kg

+e=1.602*10^-19;

+A=sqrt(e/(2*m*Va));

+C=A*B;

+F=1/(2*d*Va);

+Vd=C/F;

+disp(Vd,"voltage,Vd(V)")

diff --git a/2096/CH5/EX5.1/ex_5_1.sce b/2096/CH5/EX5.1/ex_5_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e23363db5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH5/EX5.1/ex_5_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//Example 5.1 // frequency
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+//given data :
+N=45; // count
+t=10; // gate period in ms
+f=(N/(t*10^-3))*10^-3;
+disp(f,"frequency,f(k-Hz) = ")
diff --git a/2096/CH5/EX5.2/ex_5_2.sce b/2096/CH5/EX5.2/ex_5_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b1167055f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH5/EX5.2/ex_5_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//Example 5.2 // possible error
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+//given data :
+n=3;
+R=1/10^n;
+v=2; // in v
+r=0.5/100;
+R1=1*R; // full scale range of 1 V
+R2=10*R; // full scale range of 10 V
+Lsd=5*R;
+Pe=(r*v)+Lsd;
+disp(Pe,"the possible error,Pe(V) = ")
diff --git a/2096/CH5/EX5.3/ex_5_3.sce b/2096/CH5/EX5.3/ex_5_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..df4c9678f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH5/EX5.3/ex_5_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//Example 5.3 // resolution
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+//given data :
+n=4;
+R=1/10^n;
+disp(R,"resolution,R = ")
diff --git a/2096/CH6/EX6.1/EX_6_1.sce b/2096/CH6/EX6.1/EX_6_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..80e580011
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH6/EX6.1/EX_6_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//Example 6.1// actual transformer ratio ,phase angle and maximum flux density
+clc;
+clear;
+Np=1;//no. of primary turns
+Ns=240;//no. of secondary turns
+Is=5;//SECONDARY WINDING CURRENT IN AMPERE
+Re=1.2;//external burden in ohms
+mmf=96;//magneromotive force in AT
+Ac=1200;//CROSS SECTIONAL AREA IN MM sqaure
+f=50;//suplly frequency in hertz
+Kt=Ns/Np;//turn ratio
+Es=Is*Re;//voltage induced in secondary winding
+Im= mmf/Np;//magnetising component of current in ampere
+Rs=Kt*Is;//reflected secondary winding current in ampere
+Ip=sqrt(Rs^2+Im^2);//primary current in ampere
+Kact= Ip/Is ;//actual turn ratio
+Theta= atand(Im/(Kt*Is));//
+Phm= ((Es/(4.44*f*Ns)));//flux in Wb
+Bm= Phm/(Ac*10^-6);//maximum flux density in Wb/Meter squre
+temp=Theta-floor(Theta)
+disp(Kact,"actual transformation ratio is")
+disp("the phase angle is "+string(floor(Theta))+" degree and "+string(round(temp*60))+"min");
+disp(Bm,"maximum flux density in Wb/meter square")
diff --git a/2096/CH6/EX6.10/EX_6_10.sce b/2096/CH6/EX6.10/EX_6_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..cc30f9374
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH6/EX6.10/EX_6_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+
+//Example 6.10// phase errors and burden
+clc;
+clear;
+Vs=100;//IN VOLTS
+Kt=10;//TRANSFORMATION RATIO
+Rp=86.4;//primry resistance IN OHMS
+Xp=62.5;//primary reactance in ohms
+Rs=0/78;//secondary resistance in ohms
+Xe=102;//reactance in ohms
+Io=0.03;//in amperes
+pf=0.42
+csd1=0.42;//
+sd=sqrt(1-csd1^2);//
+Iw=Io*csd1;//in amperes
+Im=Io*sd;//in amperes
+pa= ((Iw*Xp)-(Im*Rp))/(Kt*Vs);//phase angle in radians AT NO LOAD
+csd2=1;//AT BURDEN
+sd2=0;//
+Is= 1.5632/10.2;//in amperes
+B=Vs*Is;//BURDEM IN VA
+disp(pa,"phase angle in radians at no load")
+//phase angle is calulated wrong in the textbook
+disp(B,"burden in VA is")
diff --git a/2096/CH6/EX6.11/EX_6_11.sce b/2096/CH6/EX6.11/EX_6_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..dbe5b7712
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH6/EX6.11/EX_6_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//Example 6.11//ratio and phase errors
+clc;
+clear;
+Kt=60.476;//TRANSFORMATION RATIO
+Knom=Kt;//
+Vs=63;//in volts
+Rs=2;//in ohms
+Xs=1;//IN OHMS
+va=100+%i*200;//burden in VA
+y=atand((imag(va)/(real(va))));//in degree
+Zs= sqrt((imag(va)^2+real(va)^2));//magnitude
+Kact=Kt+((Kt*(Rs*cosd(y)+Xs*sind(y))))/Zs;//actual turn ratio
+Pr=(Knom-Kact)/Kact;//percentage ration error
+pa=((Xs*cosd(y)-Rs*sind(y))/Zs)*(180/%pi);//change in phase angle error in degree
+disp(Pr*100,"percetage ratio error is")
+disp(pa,"phase error in degree is")
diff --git a/2096/CH6/EX6.2/EX_6_2.sce b/2096/CH6/EX6.2/EX_6_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2bf01ecb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH6/EX6.2/EX_6_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//Example 6.2// ratio error and phase angle
+clc;
+clear;
+dv=0;//as secondary winding power factor is unity
+Io=1;//in ampere
+Knom=200;//nominal ratio
+Re=1.1;//external burden in ohms
+Pf=0.45;//power factor
+d= acosd(Pf);//
+alpha=90-d;//in degrees
+Is=5;//in ampere
+Rs=Knom*Is;//
+Kact= Knom+((Io/Is)*sind(dv+alpha));//actual transformation ratio
+Re= ((Knom-Kact)/Kact)*100;//ratio error in percentage
+pa=((180/%pi)*(Io*cosd(dv+alpha))/Rs);//phase angle in degree
+pa1=pa-round(pa);
+pa2=pa*3600;//
+pa3= round(pa2);
+pa4= pa3-180;//
+pa5=pa2-pa4;//
+disp(Re,"ratio error in percentage is")
+disp("the phase angle is "+string(round(pa5/60))+" min and "+string(pa4)+" seconds" );
+
diff --git a/2096/CH6/EX6.3/EX_6_3.sce b/2096/CH6/EX6.3/EX_6_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..42cb67366
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH6/EX6.3/EX_6_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//Example 6.3// aflux ,ratio error
+clc;
+clear;
+f=50;//frequency in hertz
+Np=1;//no. of primary turns
+Il=1.4;//iron loss in watts
+Is=5;//SECONDARY WINDING CURRENT IN AMPERE
+Re=1.4;//external burden in ohms
+mmf=80;//magneromotive force in AT
+Kt=200;//turn ratio
+Ns=Kt*Np;//no. of secondary turns
+Es=Is*Il;//voltage induced in secondary winding
+Ep=Es/Kt;//primary voltage
+Iw= Il/Ep;//loss component in ampere
+Im= mmf/Np;//magnetising component of current in ampere
+Kact= Kt+((Iw/Is));//actual ratio
+Re= ((Kt-Kact)/Kact)*100;//ratio error in percentage
+Phm= ((Es/(4.44*f*Ns)));//flux in Wb
+disp(Phm,"maximum flux density in Wb")
+disp(Re,"ratio error in percentage is")
diff --git a/2096/CH6/EX6.4/EX_6_4.sce b/2096/CH6/EX6.4/EX_6_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..28fd17bf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH6/EX6.4/EX_6_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//Example 6.4// ratio error and phase angle error
+clc;
+clear;
+Ns=250;//no. of secondary turns
+Rp=1.4;//in ohms
+f=50;//frequency in hertz
+Np=1;//no. of primary turns
+Is=5;//SECONDARY WINDING CURRENT IN AMPERE
+Re=1.1;//external burden in ohms
+mmf=80;//magneromotive force in AT
+Il=1.1;//IRON LOSS IN WATTS
+Kt=Ns/Np;//turn ratio
+Se=sqrt(Rp^2+Re^2);//secomdary circuit impedance in ohms
+csd=Rp/Se;//cos angle
+sd=Il/Se;//SIN ANGLE
+
+Es=Is*Se;//voltage induced in secondary winding
+Ep=Es/Kt;//primary voltage
+Iw= Il/Ep;//loss component in ampere
+Im= mmf/Np;//magnetising component of current in ampere
+Kact= Kt+((Im*sd)+(Iw*csd))/Is;//actual ratio
+Re= ((Kt-Kact)/Kact)*100;//ratio error in percentage
+Pa=((180/%pi)*(Im*csd-Iw*sd)/(Kt*Is));//phase angle in degree
+disp(Re,"ratio error in percentage is")
+disp(Pa,"phase angle in degree is")
diff --git a/2096/CH6/EX6.5/EX_6_5.sce b/2096/CH6/EX6.5/EX_6_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..28e5ab49f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH6/EX6.5/EX_6_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+//Example 6.5// primary winding current ,actual transformation ratio and no. of turns
+clc;
+clear;
+Ns=300;//no. of secondary turns
+Xe=0.55;//in ohms
+Xs=0.25;//in ohms
+f=50;//frequency in hertz
+Np=1;//no. of primary turns
+Is=5;//SECONDARY WINDING CURRENT IN AMPERE
+Re=1.0;//external burden in ohms
+Rs=0.3;//in ohms
+mmf=90;//magneromotive force in AT
+mmfc=45;//mmf for core loss in AT
+ts=Rs+Re;//total secondary circuit resistance
+tr=Xe+Xs;//total secondary circuit reactance
+d= atand(tr/ts);//secondady phase angle in degree
+csd= cosd(d);
+sd=sind(d);
+Kt=300;//
+Iw= mmfc/Np;//loss component in ampere
+Im= mmf/Np;//magnetising component of current in ampere
+Kact= Kt+((Im*sd)+(Iw*csd))/Is;//actual ratio
+Ip=Kact*Is;//primary current in amperes
+Knom=300;//NOMINAL TRANSFORMATION RATIO
+Ktd= Knom-((Im*sd)+(Iw*csd))/Is;//for zero ratio error
+Nsd=Ktd*Np
+Rtr=round(Knom-Nsd);//reduction in secondary winding turns
+disp(Ip,"primary current in ampere")
+disp(Kact,"actual transformation ratio")
+disp(Rtr,"reduction in secondary winding turns")
diff --git a/2096/CH6/EX6.6/EX_6_6.sce b/2096/CH6/EX6.6/EX_6_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..329f8474c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH6/EX6.6/EX_6_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//Example 6.6// actual ratio and phase angle
+clc;
+clear;
+Ns=100;//no. of secondary turns
+f=50;//frequency in hertz
+Np=1;//no. of primary turns
+Knom=100
+Io=1.8;//amperes
+Is=1;//SECONDARY WINDING CURRENT IN AMPERE
+Re=1.45;//external burden in ohms
+Rs=0.25;//in ohms
+La=38.4;//lagging angle in degree
+Kt=Ns/Np;//actual ratio
+ts=Rs+Re;//total secondary circuit resistance
+alpha=90-La;// PHASE ANGLE
+Kact= Kt+((Io/Is)*sind(alpha));//actual transformation ratio
+Pa=((180/%pi)*(Io*cosd(alpha))/(Kt*Is));//phase angle in degree
+disp(Pa,"phase angle in degree is")
+disp(Kact,"actual transformation ratio")
diff --git a/2096/CH6/EX6.7/EX_6_7.sce b/2096/CH6/EX6.7/EX_6_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..61fafa157
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH6/EX6.7/EX_6_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+
+//Example 6.7// ratio
+clc;
+clear;
+Is=5;//in amperes
+Ns=200;//no. of secondary turns
+f=50;//frequency in hertz
+Np=1;//no. of primary turns
+Iw=5;//in amperes
+Im=8;//amperss
+Kt=Ns/Np;//turn ratio
+csd1=0.8;//
+sd1= sqrt(1-csd1^2);//
+Kact1= Kt+((Im*sd1)+(Iw*csd1))/Is;//actual ratio when 0.8 p.f. lagging
+Re1= ((Kt-Kact1)/Kact1)*100;//ratio error in percentage when 0.8 p.f. lagging
+Pa1=((180/%pi)*(Im*csd1-Iw*sd1))/(Kt*Is);//phase angle in degree when 0.8 pf lagging
+csd2=0.8;//
+sd2=-0.6;//
+Kact2= Kt+((Im*sd2)+(Iw*csd2))/Is;//actual ratio when 0.8 p.f. leading
+Re2= ((Kt-Kact2)/Kact2)*100;//ratio error in percentage when 0.8 p.f. leading
+Pa2=((180/%pi)*(Im*csd2-Iw*sd2))/(Kt*Is);//phase angle in degree when 0.8 pf leading
+disp(Kact1,"actual ratio when 0.8 p.f. lagging")
+disp(Re1,"percentage ratio error when 0.8 p.f. lagging")
+disp(Pa1,"phase angle when 0.8 p.f. lagging in degree ")
+disp(Kact2,"actual ratio when 0.8 p.f. leading")
+disp(Re2,"percentage ratio error when 0.8 p.f. leading")
+disp(Pa2,"phase angle when 0.8 p.f. leading in degree")
diff --git a/2096/CH6/EX6.8/EX_6_8.sce b/2096/CH6/EX6.8/EX_6_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fd0fb2711
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH6/EX6.8/EX_6_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+//Example 6.8// current and phase angle errors
+clc;
+clear;
+Ns=99;//no. of secondary turns
+Xe=0.55;//in ohms
+Xs=0.35;//in ohms
+f=50;//frequency in hertz
+Np=1;//no. of primary turns
+Is=5;//SECONDARY WINDING CURRENT IN AMPERE
+Rs=0.4;//in ohms
+Re= (20)/(Is^2);//innohms
+Xe=0;//
+mmf=6;//magneromotive force in AT
+mmfc=8;//mmf for core loss in AT
+ts=Rs+Re;//total secondary circuit resistance
+tr=Xe+Xs;//total secondary circuit reactance
+d= atand(tr/ts);//secondady phase angle in degree
+csd= cosd(d);
+sd=sind(d);
+Kt=99;//
+Knom=100
+Iw= mmfc/Np;//loss component in ampere
+Im= mmf/Np;//magnetising component of current in ampere
+Kact= Kt+((Im*sd)+(Iw*csd))/Is;//actual ratio
+Re=((Knom-Kact)/Kact)*100;//current error in percentage
+Pa=((180/%pi)*(Im*csd-Iw*sd))/(Kt*Is);//phase error
+disp(Re,"current error in percentage is")
+disp(Pa,"phase error in degree is")
diff --git a/2096/CH6/EX6.9/EX_6_9.sce b/2096/CH6/EX6.9/EX_6_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f596c93cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH6/EX6.9/EX_6_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+//Example 6.9// current and phase angle errors

+clc;

+clear;

+Is=5;//IN AMPERES

+Ip=100;//primary current in amperes

+VA=20;//BURDEN

+xr=4;//

+mmfc=0.18;//mmf for core loss in AT

+Ep=VA/Ip;//voltage across primary winding

+d= atand(1/xr);//secondady phase angle in degree

+csd= cosd(d);

+sd=sind(d);

+Kt=20;//

+Knom=20

+Iw= mmfc/Ep;//loss component in ampere

+Im= 1.4;//magnetising component of current in ampere

+Kact= Kt+((Im*sd)+(Iw*csd))/Is;//actual ratio

+Re=((Knom-Kact)/Kact)*100;//current error in percentage

+Pa=((180/%pi)*(Im*csd-Iw*sd))/(Kt*Is);//phase error

+disp(Re,"current error in percentage is")

+disp(Pa,"phase error in degree is")

+//answer is wrong in the book

diff --git a/2096/CH7/EX7.10/ex_7_10.sce b/2096/CH7/EX7.10/ex_7_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..03c65824e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH7/EX7.10/ex_7_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+

+//Example 7.10 // strain charge and capacitance

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+A=6*6*10^-6; // in m^2

+t=1.5*10^-3; // in m

+e=12.5*10^-9; // in F/m

+F=6; // in N

+d=150*10^-12; // in F

+E=12*10^6; // in N/m^2

+p=F/A;

+S=p/E;

+g=d/e;

+E1=g*t*p;

+Q=d*F*10^12;

+C=Q/E1;

+disp(S,"strain,S = ")

+disp(Q,"charge,Q(pC) = ")

+disp(C,"capacitance,C(pF) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH7/EX7.11/ex_7_11.sce b/2096/CH7/EX7.11/ex_7_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c0bc46cb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH7/EX7.11/ex_7_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//Example 7.11 // the hall angle
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+//given data :
+p=0.00912; // resistivity of semiconductor material in ohm-m
+B=0.48; // in Wb/m^2
+Rh=3.55*10^-4; //  in m^3/C
+Jx=1;
+Ex=p*Jx;
+Ey=Rh*B*Jx;
+t=Ey/Ex;
+Theta=atand(t)
+temp=Theta-round(Theta)
+disp("the hall angle is "+string(round(Theta))+" degree and "+string(round(temp*60))+"min");
diff --git a/2096/CH7/EX7.12/ex_7_12.sce b/2096/CH7/EX7.12/ex_7_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..84e4f326b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH7/EX7.12/ex_7_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+
+//Example 7.12 // voltage
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+//given data :
+Rh=3.55*10^-4; // hall coefficient in m^3/C
+I=0.015; // current in A
+A=15*10^-6; // area in m^2
+B=0.48; // flux density in Wb/m^2
+Jx=I/A;
+Ey=Rh*B*Jx;
+V=Ey*A*10^3;
+disp(V,"voltage between contact,V(V) = ")
diff --git a/2096/CH7/EX7.13/ex_7_13.sce b/2096/CH7/EX7.13/ex_7_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0c627234a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH7/EX7.13/ex_7_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//Example 7.13 // poisson's ratio
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+//given data :
+Gf=4.2; 
+mu=(Gf-1)/2;
+disp(mu,"poissons ratio,mu =  ")
diff --git a/2096/CH7/EX7.14/ex_7_14.sce b/2096/CH7/EX7.14/ex_7_14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..230379d5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH7/EX7.14/ex_7_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//Example 7.14 // resistance
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+//given data :
+alfa=20*10^-6; //resistance temperature coefficient in per degree celcius
+R=120; // in ohm
+E=400; // in MN/m^2
+Gf=2;
+Me=200*10^9; // modulus of elasticity in N/m^2
+Cs=(1/10)*E*10^6; // in N/m^2
+e=Cs/Me;
+dR=R*Gf*e*10^3; // 
+t=20; // temerature in degree celcius
+dR1=R*alfa*t*10^3;
+disp(dR,"resistance due to change in stress,dR(m-ohm) = ")
+disp(dR1,"resistance due to change of temperature,dR1(m-ohm) = ")
+//ANSWER IS WRONG IN THE TEXTBOOK
diff --git a/2096/CH7/EX7.15/ex_7_15.sce b/2096/CH7/EX7.15/ex_7_15.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a3d57aaea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH7/EX7.15/ex_7_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//Example 7.15 // change in length and force
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+//given data :
+E=207*10^9; // strain gauge in N/m^2
+L=0.12; // im m
+A=3.8*10^-4; // in m^2
+R=220; // in ohm
+Gf=2.2;
+dR=0.015;  // in ohm
+dL=(((dR/R)*L)/Gf);
+a=E*(dL/L);
+F=a*A/1000;
+disp(dL,"change in length,L(m) = ")
+disp(F,"the force,F(kN) = ")
diff --git a/2096/CH7/EX7.16/ex_7_16.sce b/2096/CH7/EX7.16/ex_7_16.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4a2ddc1a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH7/EX7.16/ex_7_16.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//Example 7.16 // strain
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+//given data :
+Rg=100; // in ohm
+Rsh=80000; // in ohm
+Gf=2.1; // 
+e=(1/Gf)*(Rg/(Rg+Rsh))*10^6;
+disp(e,"the strain,e(microstrain) = ")
diff --git a/2096/CH7/EX7.17/ex_7_17.sce b/2096/CH7/EX7.17/ex_7_17.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1812a3960
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH7/EX7.17/ex_7_17.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//Example 7.17 // strain
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+//given data :
+n=4;
+Rg=200; // in ohm
+Rsh=100*10^3; // in ohm
+Gf=2; // gauge factor
+e=Rg/(n*Gf*(Rg+Rsh));
+// case 1 -when the calibration switch is closed, the read out gives a reading of 140 division
+D=e/140;
+//case 2 - when the strain gauge is loaded, the strain
+S=D*220*10^6;
+disp(S,"the strain,S(microstrain) = ")
diff --git a/2096/CH7/EX7.18/ex_7_18.sce b/2096/CH7/EX7.18/ex_7_18.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fd182983a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH7/EX7.18/ex_7_18.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//Example 7.18 // the longitudinal and hoop stress
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+//given data :
+ex=0.00016;
+ey=0.00064;
+E=200*10^9; // in N/m^2]
+mu=0.26;
+a=(E*(ex+(mu*ey))/(1-(mu)^2))*10^-6;
+b=(E*(ey+(mu*ex))/(1-(mu)^2))*10^-6;
+disp(a,"longitudinal,a(MN/m^2) = ")
+disp(b,"hoop stress,b(MN/m^2) = ")
diff --git a/2096/CH7/EX7.19/ex_7_19.sce b/2096/CH7/EX7.19/ex_7_19.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6e67105ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH7/EX7.19/ex_7_19.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//Example 7.18 // the longitudinal and hoop stress
+clc;
+clear;
+close;
+//given data :
+ex=1540;
+ey=-420;
+A=110*10^-6; // in m^2
+P=25*10^3; // load in N
+ax=P/A;
+by=0;
+E=(ax/ex);
+mu=(ey*E)/ax;
+disp(E*10^-3,"modulus of elasticity,E(GN/m^2) = ")
+disp(-mu,"poisson ratio,ey = " )
diff --git a/2096/CH7/EX7.2/ex_7_2.sce b/2096/CH7/EX7.2/ex_7_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4eba8ef7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH7/EX7.2/ex_7_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//Example 7.2 // resolution

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+l=50; // a linear resistance potentiometer lenth in mm

+r=10000; // resistance in ohm

+rmin=10; // minimum measurable resistance in ohm

+r1=3850; //  `case 1 in ohm

+r2=7560; // case 2 in ohm

+R1=r/2; // in ohm

+R2=r/l; // in ohm/mm

+Rc=R1-r1;

+D1=Rc/R2;

+Rd=r2-R1; // opposite direction in ohm

+D2=Rd/R2;

+R=rmin/R2;

+disp(D1,"displacement in case 1 ,D1(mm) = ")

+disp(D2,"displacement in case 2,D2(mm) = ")

+disp(R,"resolution,R(mm) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH7/EX7.21/ex_7_21.sce b/2096/CH7/EX7.21/ex_7_21.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..40ef30e5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH7/EX7.21/ex_7_21.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+
+// Example 7.21 : principle strains , principal stess ,maximum shreat stress and location of principle planes
+clc, clear
+// given :
+e1=60; // in microstrain
+e2=48; // in microstrain
+e3=-12; // in microstrain
+E=200*10^9; // in N/m^2
+mu=0.3;
+e_max=((e1+e3)/2)+(1/sqrt(2))*sqrt((e1-e2)^2+(e2-e3)^2);
+e_min=((e1+e3)/2)-(1/sqrt(2))*sqrt((e1-e2)^2+(e2-e3)^2);
+a_max=E*(e1+e3)/(2*(1-mu))+((E/(sqrt(2)*(1+mu)))*sqrt((e1-e2)^2+(e2-e3)^2));
+a_min=E*(e1+e3)/(2*(1-mu))-((E/(sqrt(2)*(1+mu)))*sqrt((e1-e2)^2+(e2-e3)^2));
+tau_max=(E/(sqrt(2)*(1+mu)))*sqrt((e1-e2)^2+(e2-e3)^2);
+A=atand((2*e2-e1-e3)/(e1-e3));
+B=A/2;
+disp(e_max*10^-6,"principle strain (e_max)")
+disp(e_min*10^-6,"principle strain (e_min)")
+disp(a_max*10^-12,"principle stresses (a_max) in MN/m^2")
+disp(a_min*10^-12,"principle stresses (a_min)in MN/m^2")
+disp(tau_max*10^-12,"maximm shear stress (tau_max) in MN/m^2")
+disp(B,"location of the princinple planes (B)  in degree")
diff --git a/2096/CH7/EX7.22/ex_7_22.sce b/2096/CH7/EX7.22/ex_7_22.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3af517a92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH7/EX7.22/ex_7_22.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//Example 7.22 // sensitivity 

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data : 

+d=0.06; // in mm

+Rg=120; // in ohm

+Gf=2; // gauge factor

+v=6; // im volts

+E=200; // GN/m^2

+mu=0.3; // poisson's ratio

+l=1000; // consider a load applied in N

+Si=l/((%pi/4)*(d)^2)

+e=Si/(E*10^9);

+R=Gf*e;

+dVo=2*(1+mu)*R*(v/4)*10^-6;

+S=dVo/(l*1000);

+disp(S*10^18,"the sesitivity,S(microvolt/kN) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH7/EX7.3/ex_7_3.sce b/2096/CH7/EX7.3/ex_7_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f561b7ab2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH7/EX7.3/ex_7_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+

+//Example 7.3 // resistance

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+R25=100; // in ohm

+alfa=-5/100;

+T1=35; // in degree celcius

+T2=25; // in degree celcius

+R35=R25*(1+alfa*(T1-T2));

+disp(R35,"resistance R35(ohm) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH7/EX7.4/ex_7_4.sce b/2096/CH7/EX7.4/ex_7_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ed35015e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH7/EX7.4/ex_7_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+

+//Example 7.4 // inductance

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data : 

+l=1; // air gap lenth in mm

+L1=2; // in mH

+D1=0.02; // when a displacement is applied

+l1=l-D1;

+dL=(L1*(l/l1))-L1;

+L=dL/L1;

+D=D1/l;

+disp(L*10^2," inductance ,L(mH) = ")

+disp(dL,"inductance,dL(mH) = ")

+disp(D,"the ratio of displacement to original gap length,D = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH7/EX7.5/ex_7_5.sce b/2096/CH7/EX7.5/ex_7_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..252220aa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH7/EX7.5/ex_7_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//Example 7.5 // LINEARITY

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data : 

+V=1.8; // the output voltage

+D=.0045; // the deviation from a straight line through the origin may be +ve or-ve

+A=(D/V)*100;

+disp(A,"age linearity,A(%) = ± ")

diff --git a/2096/CH7/EX7.6/ex_7_6.sce b/2096/CH7/EX7.6/ex_7_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1091fb4dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH7/EX7.6/ex_7_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//Example 7.6 // the sensitivity and resolution

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data : 

+Vo=1.8; // output voltage

+D=0.6; // displacement

+S=Vo/D;

+Af=500; // amplification factor

+Sm=Af*S; // in mV/mm

+V=4000; // in mili-volts

+Sd=V/100; // one scale division

+Vmin=(1/4)*Sd; // scale can be read to 1/4 of a division

+R=Vmin*(1/Sm);

+disp(S,"sensitivity of LVDT,S(mV/mm) = ")

+disp(R,"resolution,R(mm) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH7/EX7.7.a/ex_7_7_a.sce b/2096/CH7/EX7.7.a/ex_7_7_a.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a14d559af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH7/EX7.7.a/ex_7_7_a.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//Example 7.7.a // determine the value of capacitance 

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+A=300; // plates of area in mm^2

+eo=8.85*10^-12; // in F/m

+er1=1;

+er2=8; //  dielectric contant of mica

+d=0.2; // 

+C=((eo*er1*10^-6*A)/(d*10^-3))*10^12;

+disp(C,"capacitance,C(pF) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH7/EX7.7.b/ex_7_7_b.sce b/2096/CH7/EX7.7.b/ex_7_7_b.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..38c3dd884
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH7/EX7.7.b/ex_7_7_b.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//Example 7.7. // change in capacitance

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+A=300; // plates of area in mm^2

+eo=8.85*10^-12; // in F/m

+er1=1;

+er2=8; //  dielectric contant of mica

+d1=0.18; // 

+d=0.2; // 

+D=d-d1;

+C=((eo*er1*10^-6*A)/(d*10^-3))*10^12;

+C1=((eo*er1*10^-6*A)/(d1*10^-3))*10^12;

+dC=C1-C;

+a=dC/C;

+b=D/d;

+R=a/b;

+disp(dC,"capacitance,dC(pF) = ")

+disp(R,"ratio of per unit cahnge of capacitance to per unit change of displacement,R = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH7/EX7.7.c/ex_7_7_c.sce b/2096/CH7/EX7.7.c/ex_7_7_c.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4bf42d3fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH7/EX7.7.c/ex_7_7_c.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//Example 7.7.c // ratio

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+A=300; // plates of area in mm^2

+eo=8.85*10^-12; // in F/m

+er1=1;

+er2=8; //  dielectric contant of mica

+d1=0.01; // thickness of mica

+d2=0.02; // when a displacement is applied

+d=0.2; // 

+D=d-d1;

+D1=D-d2;

+C=((eo*A*10^-6)/(((D/er1)+(d1/er2))*10^-3))*10^12;

+C1=((eo*A*10^-6)/(((D1/er1)+(d1/er2))*10^-3))*10^12;

+dC=C1-C;

+a=dC/C;

+b=d2/d;

+R=a/b;

+disp(C,"Capacitance ,C(pF)=")

+disp(dC,"capacitance,dC(pF) = ")

+disp(R,"ratio of per unit cahnge of capacitance to per unit change of displacement,R = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH7/EX7.8/ex_7_8.sce b/2096/CH7/EX7.8/ex_7_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..625bd0e71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH7/EX7.8/ex_7_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+

+//Example 7.8 // voltage output and charge sensitivity

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+t=2.5*10^-3; // thick quartz in mm

+g=0.055; // in Vm/N

+p=1.4; // MN/m^2

+e=40.6*10^-12; // in F

+E=g*t*p*10^6;

+C=e*g*10^12;

+disp(E,"voltage output,E(V) = ")

+disp(C,"charge sensitivity,C(pC/N) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH7/EX7.9/ex_7_9.sce b/2096/CH7/EX7.9/ex_7_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..234f7f89b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH7/EX7.9/ex_7_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//Example 7.9 // force

+clc;

+clear;

+close;

+//given data :

+A=6*6*10^-6; // in m^2

+t=1.8*10^-3; // in m

+g=0.055; // in Vm/N

+E=120; // in volts

+p=E/(g*t);

+F=p*A;

+disp(F,"force,F(N) = ")

diff --git a/2096/CH8/EX8.1/EX_8_1.sce b/2096/CH8/EX8.1/EX_8_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8f8b3b0d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH8/EX8.1/EX_8_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//Example 8.1 //total voltage gain
+clc;
+clear;
+g1=100;//FIRST STAGE GAIN
+g1db=20*(log10(g1));//first stage gain in db
+g2=200;//second stage gain
+g2db=20*(log10(g2));//second stage gain in db
+g3=400;//third stage gain
+g3db=20*(log10(g3));//third stage gain in db
+Tdb=g1db+g2db+g3db;//
+disp(Tdb,"total gain in dB")
diff --git a/2096/CH8/EX8.2/EX_8_2.sce b/2096/CH8/EX8.2/EX_8_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e2d118c5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2096/CH8/EX8.2/EX_8_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//Example 8.2 //POWER GAIN AND RESULTANTT POWER GAIN
+clc;
+clear;
+g1=30;//ABSOLUTE GAIN FOR EACH STAGE
+N=5;// no. of stages
+Pdb=10*(log10(g1));//power gain in db
+Ndb= Pdb*N;//power gai of 5 stages in db
+Nfb=10;//NEGATIVE FEEDBACK IN DB
+Rpg=Ndb-Nfb;//RESULTANT POWER GAIN IN db
+disp(Ndb,"power gain in db")
+disp(Rpg,"resultant power gain in db")