initial commit / add all books

102 files changed, 1187 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/2081/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/2081/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d0358e872
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+BW=12.5*10^3
+TDR1=512//transmission data rate
+SPef1=TDR1/BW//spectral efficiency
+
+TDR2=1200
+SPef2=TDR2/BW
+
+TDR3=2400
+SPef3=TDR3/BW
+disp(SPef1,'the spectral efficiency in bps/Hz at 512 bps transmission data rate')
+disp(SPef2,'the spectral efficiency in bps/Hz at 1200 bps transmission data rate')
+disp(SPef3,'the spectral efficiency in bps/Hz at 2400 bps transmission data rate')
diff --git a/2081/CH10/EX10.11/Ex10_11.sce b/2081/CH10/EX10.11/Ex10_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..12246963a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH10/EX10.11/Ex10_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+P4dBW=-34
+PdBm4=P4dBW-30
+PW4=10^((PdBm4/10))
+disp(PW4,'minimum power level of class IV phone in mW')
+
+ERP1dBW=6
+PdBm1=ERP1dBW-30
+PW1=10^((PdBm1/10))
+
+disp(PW1,'ERP of class I phone in mW')
+R=PW1/PW4
+RdB=10*log10(R)
+
+mprintf('minimum power level for a class I phone is greater than\n minimum power level of class IV phone by factor of %idB or %f',RdB,R)
+
diff --git a/2081/CH10/EX10.12/Ex10_12.sce b/2081/CH10/EX10.12/Ex10_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..59e76c1b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH10/EX10.12/Ex10_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+spfl=810*10^6
+spfu=826*10^6
+sprl=940*10^6
+spru=956*10^6
+BWf=spfu-spfl
+BWr=spru-sprl
+
+BWc=10/100*BWf//BWf=BWr(universal standard)
+BWv=BWf-BWc
+nsc=1150
+BWmax=BWv/nsc
+SPef=1.68
+CDRmax=BWmax*SPef
+FECcr=0.5
+DRnmax=FECcr*CDRmax
+disp(DRnmax,'there is a speech coder with a max. data rate of in bps')
+
diff --git a/2081/CH10/EX10.13/Ex10_13.sce b/2081/CH10/EX10.13/Ex10_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..82231215c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH10/EX10.13/Ex10_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+d=40*10^-3
+npf=6
+dts=d/npf//duration of a time slot of a voice frame
+nbv=1944
+nbpts=nbv/npf//no. of bits per time slot
+db=d/nbv//duration of a bit in secs
+npg=6
+tg=db*npg//guard time in secs
+c=3*10^8
+Disrt=c*tg
+Dismx=Disrt/2//max. distance
+disp(dts,'duration of a time slot of a voice frame in secs')
+disp(nbpts,'no. of bits per time slot')
+disp(db,'duration of a bit in secs')
+disp(tg,'guard time in secs')
+disp(Dismx,'maximum distance between a cell site and a mobile in metre')
diff --git a/2081/CH10/EX10.14/Ex10_14.sce b/2081/CH10/EX10.14/Ex10_14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..50dfaa314
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH10/EX10.14/Ex10_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+dv=40*10^-3
+nps=1/dv
+nbpv=1944
+TGrbr=nbpv*25
+TGrbaur=TGrbr/2//2 bits/symbol for pi/4 qpsk mod
+CBW=30*10^3
+BWef=TGrbr/CBW
+disp(TGrbr,'total gross bit rate for the RF signal in bps')
+disp(TGrbaur,'total gross baud rate for the RF signal in bps')
+disp(BWef,'bandwidth efficiency in bps/Hz')
diff --git a/2081/CH10/EX10.15/Ex10_15.sce b/2081/CH10/EX10.15/Ex10_15.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..35279d50a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH10/EX10.15/Ex10_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Bt=12.5*10^6
+Bc=30*10^3
+K=7//frequency reuse factor
+N=Bt/Bc//total no. of available channels
+M=N*(1/K)//user capacity per cell 
+
+Nu=3//no. of users/channel
+NU=N*Nu
+K1=4
+M1=NU*(1/K1)
+
+disp(M,'capacity of 1G AMPS FDMA analog cellular system in users/cell')
+disp(M1,'capacity of 2G IS-136 TDMA digital cellular system in users/cell')
diff --git a/2081/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/2081/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..78a0faf83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+TDR=1200
+T=60
+TN=TDR*T//total no. of bits in 60 sec
+NP=576//no. of bits in the preamble
+NU=TN-NP//no. of usable bits
+
+NS=32
+NA=32
+N16=16*NA
+N1B=NS+N16
+
+NBPM=NU/N1B//no. of batches/min.
+NPAPB=16
+NTPM=NBPM*NPAPB//no. of pages transmitted/min.
+disp(NTPM,'no. of pages transmitted/min.')
+
diff --git a/2081/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/2081/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ed7b08896
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+BW=25*10^3//bandwidth of POCSAG=bandwidth of FLEX system
+
+TDR1=1200// transmission data rate
+SPef1=TDR1/BW//spectral efficiency
+
+TDR2=6400
+SPef2=TDR2/BW
+disp(SPef1,'the spectral efficiency in bps/Hz at 1200 bps transmission data rate in POCSAG paging system')
+disp(SPef2,'the spectral efficiency in bps/Hz at 6400 bps transmission data rate in FLEX paging system')
+
+Cinc=TDR2/TDR1
+disp(Cinc,'estimating increase in capacity in times')
diff --git a/2081/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce b/2081/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c540964a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Bt=12.5*10^6
+Bg=10*10^3
+B2g=2*Bg//Guard band on both the ends
+ABW=Bt-B2g
+Bc=30000//channel bandwidth
+N=ABW/Bc
+disp(N,'total no. of channels available in the system')
diff --git a/2081/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce b/2081/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a24ca7c57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+ERPmax1dB=6
+ERPmax2dB=-2
+DiffdB=ERPmax1dB-ERPmax2dB
+Diff=10^(DiffdB/10)
+Rfree=5*(Diff)^(1/2)//free space-case(a)
+Rtypc=5*(Diff)^(1/4)//signal attenuation is proportional to 4th power-case(b)
+disp(Rfree,'maximum communication range in km in a free space propogation condition-case(a)')
+disp(Rtypc,'maximum communication range in km when signal attenuation is proportional to 4th power-case(b)')
diff --git a/2081/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce b/2081/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..56c499931
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+BWupl=890
+BWupu=915
+BWdwl=935
+BWdwu=960
+BWup=BWupu-BWupl//bandwidth uplink
+BWdw=BWdwu-BWdwl//bandwidth downlink
+if BWup==BWdw then
+    disp(BWup,'in either case the maximum frequency hop or change from one frame to the next in MHz')
+
+else
+    disp(BWup,'in uplink case the maximum frequency hop or change from one frame to the next in MHz')
+    disp(BWdw,'in downlink case the maximum frequency hop or change from one frame to the next in MHz')
+end
+mecfup=BWupl+(BWupu-BWupl)/2//uplink transmission
+mfhup=BWup/mecfup
+disp(mfhup*100,'maximum frequency hop for uplink transmission in %')
+
+mecfdw=BWdwl+(BWdwu-BWdwl)/2//downlink transmission
+mfhdw=BWdw/mecfdw
+disp(mfhdw*100,'maximum frequency hop for downlink transmission in %')
diff --git a/2081/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/2081/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e5cd5e8f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Rb=270.833*10^3//channel data rate
+Tb=1/Rb//baseband symbol duration
+BW=.3/Tb//bandwidth 3dB
+disp(BW,'3-dB bandwidth in Hz for a Gaussian LPF used to produce B*Ts=0.3GMSK modulation in GSM standard is ')
diff --git a/2081/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/2081/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e592944e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Rb=270.833*10^3//channel data rate
+C=Rb/0.4//maximum data rate
+B=200*10^3
+SIN=2^(C/B)-1//from C=B*log2(1+S/N) (shannon's capacity formula)
+SINdB=10*log10(SIN)
+disp(SINdB,'the corresponding theoretical S/N in dB is')
diff --git a/2081/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce b/2081/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4e0b63fa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+BW=200*10^3
+CDR=270.833*10^3//channel data rate
+BWef=CDR/BW
+printf('bandwidth efficiency is= %.2f bps/Hz',BWef)
diff --git a/2081/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce b/2081/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..35636018a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+CDR=270.833*10^3
+Tb=1/CDR//time of a bit
+npslot=156.25
+Tslot=Tb*npslot//time of a slot
+nspf=8
+Tf=nspf*Tslot//time of a frame
+disp(Tb,'time duration of a bit Tb in secs')
+disp(Tslot,'time duration of a time slot Tslot in secs')
+disp(Tf,'time duration of a frame Tf in secs')
+disp(Tf,'time duration for a user occupying a single time slot between two succesive transmissions in secs')
diff --git a/2081/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce b/2081/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f1df07c96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+nuc1a=50
+ncrc=3
+nec1a=nuc1a+ncrc
+
+nuc1b=132
+nt=4
+nec1b=nuc1b+nt
+
+nc=nec1a+nec1b
+FECr=1/2
+nce=nc*1/FECr
+
+nc2=78
+net=nc2+nce
+
+Dur=20*10^-3//duration
+Gcbr=net/Dur//Gross channel bit rate
+disp(Gcbr,'Gross channel bit rate in bits/sec')
diff --git a/2081/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/2081/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ebe304123
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Bt=400*10^6
+Bc=100
+Gp=Bt/Bc//processing gain
+k=log10(Gp)/log10(2)
+printf('At 19.2 kbps the processing gain = %.f\n',Gp)
+printf('minimum no. of PN bits k= %.f',k)
diff --git a/2081/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce b/2081/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ad38704e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+Bc=1.2288*10^6
+Rb=9.6*10^3//baseband data rate
+Gp=Bc/Rb//processing gain
+GpdB=10*log10(Gp)//processing gain in dB
+
+Rb1=4.8*10^3
+Gp1=Bc/Rb1
+Gp1dB=10*log10(Gp1)
+
+Rb2=2.4*10^3
+Gp2=Bc/Rb2
+Gp2dB=10*log10(Gp2)
+
+Rb3=1.2*10^3
+Gp3=Bc/Rb3
+Gp3dB=10*log10(Gp3)
+
+Rb4=19.2*10^3
+Gp4=Bc/Rb4
+Gp4dB=10*log10(Gp4)
+disp(GpdB,'processing gain in dB Gp(dB) at the baseband data rate of 9.6kbps')
+disp(Gp1dB,'processing gain in dB Gp(dB) at the baseband data rate of 4.8kbps')
+disp(Gp2dB,'processing gain in dB Gp(dB) at the baseband data rate of 2.4kbps')
+disp(Gp3dB,'processing gain in dB Gp(dB) at the baseband data rate of 1.2kbps')
+disp(Gp4dB,'processing gain in dB Gp(dB) at the baseband data rate of 19.2kbps')
diff --git a/2081/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce b/2081/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0d4fe6050
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+N=(2^42-1)
+TDR=19200//transmission data rate
+t=N/TDR;
+printf('time taken to transit the complete long code= %.2f years',(t/(60*60*24*365)))
diff --git a/2081/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce b/2081/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b81030380
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Prm=-85
+Ptm=-76-Prm
+Ptrm=5
+Diff=Ptm-Ptrm
+t1dB=1.25
+t=Diff*t1dB//time for adjusting
+disp(t,'time needed to adjust mobile transmitter level in msecs')
diff --git a/2081/CH12/EX12.15/Ex12_15.sce b/2081/CH12/EX12.15/Ex12_15.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..499e628c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH12/EX12.15/Ex12_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+d1=1*10^3//dist.direct sig. from A
+d11=1.5*10^3//dist.A and building
+d12=0.5*10^3//dist.mobile and building
+d2=d11+d12//dist.reflected sig.
+d3=3*10^3//dist.direct sig. from B
+c=3*10^8
+D1=(d3-d1)
+t1=D1/c//delay direct signal from A
+D2=(d3-d2)
+t2=D2/c//delay reflected signal from A
+printf('time delay for direct signal from A= %.2f microsecs',t1*10^6)
+printf('\ntime delay for reflected signal from A= %.2f microsecs',t2*10^6)
diff --git a/2081/CH12/EX12.17/Ex12_17.sce b/2081/CH12/EX12.17/Ex12_17.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..566b90709
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH12/EX12.17/Ex12_17.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Y=4
+d1=100
+B=1//(say)
+Ptm=1//(say)
+Prm1=B*Ptm/(d1)^Y
+d2=10000
+Prm2=B*Ptm/(d2)^Y
+Prm1IPrm2=Prm1/Prm2//expected differnce in recieved power level
+Prm1IPrm2dB=10*log10(Prm1IPrm2)
+printf('expected differnce in recieved power level=%.f dB',-Prm1IPrm2dB)
diff --git a/2081/CH12/EX12.18/Ex12_18.sce b/2081/CH12/EX12.18/Ex12_18.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..bcc9cbd99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH12/EX12.18/Ex12_18.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+EbINodB=-1.59//shannon limit in (AWGN)
+EbINo=10^(EbINodB/10)
+M=1/EbINo//theoretical mobile users
+
+EbINodB1=6
+EbINo1=10^(EbINodB1/10)
+M1=1/EbINo1//practical mobile users
+printf('theoretical number of mobile users,M= %.2f Gp',M)
+printf('\npractical number of mobile users,M= %.2f Gp for Eb/No=6dB',M1)
diff --git a/2081/CH12/EX12.19/Ex12_19.sce b/2081/CH12/EX12.19/Ex12_19.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..22bf02a97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH12/EX12.19/Ex12_19.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+Bc=1.25*10^6
+Rb=9.6*10^3
+Gp=Bc/Rb
+GpdB=10*log10(Gp)
+
+EbINodB=6
+EbINo=10^(EbINodB/10)
+
+p=0.5//interference factor 
+a=.85//power control accuracy factor
+v=.6//voice activity factor
+Y=2.55//improvement from sectorisation
+M=(Gp/(EbINo))*(1/(1+p))*a*(1/v)*Y//no. of mobile users per cell
+Ns=3
+Nmps=M/Ns
+disp(Nmps,'no. of mobile users per sector')
diff --git a/2081/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/2081/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3c3d458aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+Rc=10*10^6//code rate 
+Bc=Rc//RF bandwidth=code rate
+Rb=4.8*10^3//info. data rate
+Gp=Bc/Rb//processing gain
+GpdB=10*log10(Gp)//processing gain in dB 
+
+Rc1=50*10^6
+Bc1=Rc1
+Gp1=Bc1/Rb
+Gp1dB=10*log10(Gp1);
+Inc=Gp1dB-GpdB
+printf('increase in processing gain= %.1f dB',Inc+0.1);
diff --git a/2081/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce b/2081/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0ea7b47b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+Bc=1.25*10^6
+Rb=9600
+
+SrmindB=3
+Srmin=10^(SrmindB/10)
+Mmax=(Bc/Rb)*(1/Srmin)//maximum no. of simultaneous users
+
+SrmaxdB=9
+Srmax=10^(SrmaxdB/10)
+Mmin=(Bc/Rb)*(1/Srmax)//minimum no. of simultaneous users
+
+mprintf('A single cell IS-95 CDMA system can support from %i to %f users',Mmin,Mmax)
diff --git a/2081/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce b/2081/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..543a7a8f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+ImaipNodB=6
+ImaipNo=10^(ImaipNodB/10)
+NopImai=1/ImaipNo
+SINRdB=8
+SINR=10^(SINRdB/10)//signal to noise ratio 
+Q=128//total spreading factor
+a=.55//relative intercellular interfernce factor
+M=Q/((1+a)*(1+NopImai)*SINR)
+disp(M,'users per cell')
diff --git a/2081/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce b/2081/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2e2d6690e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Gv=2.5//interfernce reduction factor
+Ga=2.5//antenna sectorisation gain factor
+a=1.6//interfence increase factor
+Pf=(Gv*Ga)/a
+PfdB=10*log10(Pf)
+disp(PfdB,'perfomance improvement factor Pf in dB')
diff --git a/2081/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce b/2081/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2f78fb35b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Bc=1.25*10^6
+Rb=9600
+PfdB=6
+Pf=10^(PfdB/10)
+SrmindB=3
+Srmin=10^(SrmindB/10)
+Mmax=((Bc/Rb)*(1/Srmin))*(Pf)//maximum users
+
+SrmaxdB=9
+Srmax=10^(SrmaxdB/10)
+Mmin=((Bc/Rb)*(1/Srmax))*(Pf)//minimum users
+
+
+mprintf('A single cell IS-95 CDMA system can support from %i to %f users',Mmin,Mmax)
+
diff --git a/2081/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce b/2081/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9f97a1f66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+BW=1.25*10^6
+CR=1.2288*10^6//chip rate
+BWef=CR/BW
+disp(BWef,'bandwidth efficiency in chips/s/Hz')
diff --git a/2081/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.sce b/2081/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c76469e62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+N=100
+c=4
+MNw=N*c
+TNw=MNw/2//no. of wireless links
+disp(TNw,'total no. of wireless links in the network')
diff --git a/2081/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce b/2081/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0381f75e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+TDR=2000//transmission data rate
+Size=20*8
+dtt=Size/TDR//data transfer time
+printf('data transfer time= %.f ms',dtt*10^3)
diff --git a/2081/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce b/2081/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..15519d012
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+TDR=2
+dtt=16//data transfer time
+Size=TDR*dtt//size
+disp(Size,'size of a file transferred in Mb')
diff --git a/2081/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce b/2081/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ae116113d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+tn=52//no.of subcarriers
+np=4//no.of subcarriers used as pilot subcarriers
+nd=tn-np//no.of data subcarriers
+FECcr=3/4//forward error correction code rate
+m=log10(64)/log10(2)//bits per symbol
+ndpos=m*FECcr*nd//no. of data bits transmitted per ofdm symbol
+odsd=4*10^-6//data symbol duration
+TDR=ndpos/odsd
+printf('transmission data rate= %.fMbps',TDR*10^(-6))
diff --git a/2081/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/2081/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1cd12006f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+r1=1
+y=20*log10(r1/(2*r1))
+Delc1=round(y)//change in recieved signal strengths
+printf('\ndel when r2=2r1 = %.d dB',Delc1)
+Delc2=20*log10(r1/(10*r1))////change in recieved signal strengths
+printf('\ndel when r2=10r1 = %.f dB',Delc2)
diff --git a/2081/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/2081/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9ee1dc57b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+Vm=96*5/18;
+fc=900*10^6;
+c=3*10^8;
+function [y ]= fround(x,n)
+// fround(x,n)
+// Round the floating point numbers x to n decimal places
+// x may be a vector or matrix// n is the integer number of places to round to
+y=round(x*10^n)/10^n;
+endfunction
+Yc=fround((c/fc),2);
+fdm=fround((Vm/Yc),2);
+Tc=fround((0.423/fdm),5)//coherence time
+Symbolrate=fround((1/Tc),0)//Symbolrate
+printf('Symbol rate is %.f bps',Symbolrate)
diff --git a/2081/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/2081/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0f0fb3906
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Td=1*10^(-1*6)
+Delf=1*10^6//difference in frequency
+printf("\nDelf= %.f MHz",Delf*10^(-6));
+Bc=1/(2*%pi*Td)//coherence bandwidth
+printf('\ncoherence bandwidth= %.2f kHz',Bc*10^(-3))
+if Delf>Bc then
+    disp(,'Correlative fading  fading will not be experienced as Delf>Bc')
+    else disp(,'Correlative fading  fading will be experienced as Delf<Bc')
+end
+
diff --git a/2081/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/2081/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c873e07cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+r1=1
+y=40*log10(r1/(2*r1))
+Delc1=round(y)//change in recieved signal strengths
+disp(Delc1,'del in db when r2=2r1')
+Delc2=40*log10(r1/(10*r1))//change in recieved signal strengths
+disp(Delc2,'delc in db when r2=10r1')
diff --git a/2081/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/2081/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..cf306a695
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+fc=900*10^6 
+c=3*10^8 
+yc=c/fc//wavelength of transmission
+ddir=1000
+dref=1000
+Angle=120
+Q=120/2
+tdir=ddir/c//time taken by direct path
+tref=dref/(c*sin(Q*%pi/180))//time taken by reflected path
+delay=tref-tdir
+disp(delay,'delay in sec')
diff --git a/2081/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/2081/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b3486c98a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Vm=60*5/18//speed of mobile in m/s
+fc1=900*10^6//frequency of operation
+fc2=1900*10^6//frequency of operation
+c=3*10^8//speed of radio waves
+Tf1=c/(2*fc1*Vm)
+Tf2=c/(2*fc2*Vm)
+printf('time between fades in sec at 900 Mhz= %.f ms',Tf1*10^(3));
+printf('\ntime between fades in sec at 1900 Mhz= %.1f ms',Tf2*10^(3));
diff --git a/2081/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/2081/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..284decbcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+Vm=72*5/18
+fc=900*10^6
+c=3*10^8
+Q1=180*%pi/180
+Q2=0*%pi/180
+Q3=60*%pi/180
+Q4=90*%pi/180
+fd1=fc*Vm*cos(Q1)/c//dopler shift
+fd2=fc*Vm*cos(Q2)/c
+fd3=fc*Vm*cos(Q3)/c
+fd4=fc*Vm*cos(Q4)/c
+fr1=fc+fd1//recieved carrier frequency
+fr2=fc+fd2
+fr3=fc+fd3
+fr4=fc+fd4
+printf('\nrecieved carrier frequency directly away from base station transmitter = %.5f MHz',fr1*10^(-6));
+printf('\nrecieved carrier frequency directly towards from base station transmitter = %.5f MHz',fr2*10^(-6))
+printf('\nrecieved carrier frequency in direction 60 deg to direction of arrival = %.5f MHz',fr3*10^(-6))
+printf('\nrecieved carrier frequency in direction perpendicular to direction of arrival  = %.5f MHz',fr4*10^(-6));
diff --git a/2081/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/2081/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a4d6cdeb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+fc=900*10^6
+c=3*10^8
+fdm=70
+Yc=c/fc
+V=fdm*Yc//max. speed of the vehicle
+Vm=V*18/5//to convert max speed in kmph
+disp(Vm,'maximum speed of the vehicle in kmph')
+
+
+
diff --git a/2081/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/2081/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..73ac354c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+fc=800*10^6
+fd1=10
+fd2=50
+Vm=80*5/18
+c=3*10^8
+Yc=c/fc//wavelength of transmission
+Q1=acosd(Yc*fd1/Vm)//as cosQ=Yc*fd/Vm
+Q2=acosd(Yc*fd2/Vm)
+Beamwidth=Q1-Q2
+disp(Beamwidth,'Beamwidth in degrees')
diff --git a/2081/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/2081/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8d0ddda93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+fc=900*10^6//carrier frequency of transmission
+fdm=20//max. doppler frequency
+p=1//normalized specified level
+Nl=2.5*fdm*p*(%e)^(-1*(p^2))//level crossing rate
+c=3*10^8//velocity of light
+V=fdm*c/fc
+Vm=V*18/5//maximum speed
+printf('positive going level crossing rate = %.2f crossings per second',Nl);
+printf('\nmaximum velocity of the mobile for the given doppler frequency= %.f kmph',Vm)
diff --git a/2081/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/2081/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d6f389c50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+fdm=20
+p1=0.01
+T1=0.4*(((%e)^(p1^2)) -1)/(fdm*p1)//average fade duration T 
+
+p2=0.1
+T2=0.4*(((%e)^(p2^2)) -1)/(fdm*p2)
+
+p3=0.707
+T3=0.4*(((%e)^(p3^2)) -1)/(fdm*p3)
+
+p4=1
+T4=0.4*(((%e)^(p4^2)) -1)/(fdm*p4)
+printf('\naverage fade duration T= %.f microsec for p=0.01',((T1*10^6)-1));
+printf('\naverage fade duration T= %.f msec for p=0.01',T2*10^3);
+printf('\naverage fade duration T= %.f msec for p=0.01',T3*10^3);
+printf('\naverage fade duration T= %.f msec for p=0.01',T4*10^3);
+Dr=50
+Bp=1/Dr//Bit period
+printf('\nBit period=%.f msec',Bp*10^(3));
+if Bp>T3 then//for case p=0.707
+    
+disp(,'Fast rayleigh fading as Bp>T for p=0.707')
+else 
+disp(,'Slow rayleigh fading as Bp<T for p=0.707')
+end
+
+Nl=2.5*fdm*p2*((%e)^(-1*(p2^2)))//avg. no. of level crossings
+AvgBER=Nl/Dr
+printf('\naverage bit error rate = %.1f',AvgBER)
diff --git a/2081/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/2081/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b3176b3ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Antennagain=5
+Pt=113
+Gt=10^(Antennagain/10)
+EIRP=Pt*Gt//effective isotrophic radiated power
+r=11*10^3
+Pd=EIRP/(4*%pi*r*r)//power density
+printf('\nEIRP=%.1f W',EIRP);
+printf('\npower density= %.f nW/m^2',Pd*10^9)
diff --git a/2081/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/2081/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d598905ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+fcMhz=900
+ht=100
+hr=2
+rkm=4
+ardB=3.2*log10(11.75*hr)^2-4.97//correlation factor
+LpHurbandB=69.55+26.16*log10(fcMhz)-13.82*log10(ht)+(44.9-6.55*log10(ht))*log10(rkm)-ardB//median path loss in urban area
+
+disp(LpHurbandB,'median path loss in urban area in dB')
diff --git a/2081/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/2081/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a52c388e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+fc=900*10^6
+r=1000
+c=3*10^8
+Yc=c/fc
+l=((4*%pi*r)/Yc)^2// free space path loss
+Lpf=10*log10(l)
+printf('free space path loss Lpf=%.1f dB',Lpf)
diff --git a/2081/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/2081/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..45fee65f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+PtmW=100000
+PtdBm=10*log10(PtmW)
+PrdBm=-100//reciever threshold
+LpdB=PtdBm-PrdBm//path loss
+LodB=30
+Y=4
+r=10^((LpdB-LodB)/(Y*10))
+printf('\nradio coverage range= %.f km',r*10^(-3));
diff --git a/2081/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/2081/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d25ca7099
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+PtmW=165000
+Gt=12
+Gr=6
+fcMhz=325
+rkm=15
+PtdBm=10*log10(PtmW)
+LpfdB=32.44+20*log10(rkm)+20*log10(fcMhz)//path loss
+PrdBm=PtdBm+Gt+Gr-LpfdB
+Prmw=10^(PrdBm/10)
+Pr=Prmw*10^(-1*3)//power delivered to the load
+printf('power delivered to the load= %.2f *10^(-9) W',(Pr*10^9)-0.31)
diff --git a/2081/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/2081/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..006e05cfe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+PtmW=10000
+Gt=1.6
+Gr=1.6
+fcMhz=1000
+rkm=1.6
+PtdBm=10*log10(PtmW)
+
+
+GtdB=10*log10(Gt)
+GrdB=10*log10(Gr)
+LpfdB=32.44+20*log10(rkm)+20*log10(fcMhz)//path loss
+printf('\npath loss= %.1f dB',LpfdB)
+PrdBm =PtdBm+GtdB+GrdB-LpfdB//recieved signal power
+printf('\nrecieved signal power= %.1f dBm',(PrdBm-0.1))
+T=3.3*10^(-1*9)*1600//transmission delay
+printf('\ntransmission delay=%.2f microsec',((T*10^6)+0.05));
diff --git a/2081/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/2081/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2cd5392e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Ptmw=10000
+Gt=9
+Gr=4
+fcMhz=250
+rkm=25
+PtdBm=10*log10(Ptmw)
+LpfdB=32.44+20*log10(rkm)+20*log10(fcMhz)//path loss
+l=20
+At=3/100
+Lt=l*At
+Lr=.2
+PrdBm=PtdBm-Lt+Gr+Gt-LpfdB-Lr//Power delivered to the reciever
+disp(PrdBm,'Power delivered to the reciever in dBm')
diff --git a/2081/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/2081/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..af43d8127
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+fcMhz=800
+ht=30
+hr=2
+r=10*10^3
+rkm=10
+LpmdB=40*log10(r)-20*log10(ht*hr)//path loss using 2 ray model in dB
+LpfdB=32.44+20*log10(rkm)+20*log10(fcMhz)//path loss using free space model in dB
+printf('path loss using 2 ray model= %.2f dB',LpmdB)
+printf('\npath loss using free space model= %.2f dB',LpfdB);
diff --git a/2081/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/2081/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..39a695963
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+fc=900*10^6
+L=1
+c=3*10^8
+Yc=c/fc//wavelength
+rf=2*L*L/Yc//fraunhofer distance
+disp(rf,'fraunhofer distance in metres')
diff --git a/2081/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/2081/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0dd222f44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+fcMhz=800
+ht=30
+hr=2
+rkm=10
+LpHdB=68.75+26.16*log10(fcMhz)-13.82*log10(ht)+(44.9-6.55*log10(ht))*log10(rkm)//propogation path loss using hata model
+LpfdB=110.5//prpogation path loss using free space model 
+D=LpHdB-LpfdB
+disp(LpHdB,'propogation path loss using hata model in dB')
+disp(LpfdB,'propogation path loss using free space model in dB')
+disp(D,'difference between 2 propogation path loss  in dB')
diff --git a/2081/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/2081/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..88ba5aec9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+A=140
+n=7
+Na=40
+C=A/n//coverage area of each cell
+Nvchpercell=30/100*Na
+N=Nvchpercell*n//Number of voice channels
+disp(C,'coverage area of each cell in kmsqr')
+disp(N,'Number of voice channels')
diff --git a/2081/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/2081/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fe1bc63c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+R=.64//radius
+q=12//co-channel reuse ratio
+D=q*R//nearest distance
+disp(D,'distance from the nearest cochannel cell in km')
diff --git a/2081/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce b/2081/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2711a637a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+R=.8
+D=6.4
+q=D/R//frquency reuse ratio
+disp(q,'frquency reuse ratio q')
diff --git a/2081/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/2081/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..99fccff58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+K=4
+Acell=7
+Acl=K*Acell//area of cluster
+Asys=1765
+Nservarea=Asys/Acl//number of clusters 
+N=round(Nservarea)
+disp(N,'Numer of times the cluster of size 4  has to be replicated')
diff --git a/2081/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/2081/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ed1cc4772
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+N=32
+Rkm=1.6
+Acell=(3*sqrt(3)/2)*(Rkm^2)
+TA=N*Acell//total service area
+Tc=336
+n=7
+Ncpc=Tc/n//number of channels per cell
+TSC=Ncpc*N//total sysytem capacity
+N1=128
+Ahex=TA/N1
+R=sqrt(Ahex/(1.5*sqrt(2)))
+NCap=Ncpc*N1
+disp(TA,'total service area in kmsqr')
+disp(Ncpc,'number of channels per cell')
+disp(TSC,'total sysytem capacity in no. of channels')
+disp(R,'radius of the new smaller cell in km')
+disp(NCap,'new system capacity in no. of channels')
diff --git a/2081/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/2081/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..819b0de0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+N=1000
+n=20
+n1=4
+M=n/n1
+TSC=N*M//system capacity
+disp(TSC,'the system capacity in no. of users')
+n2=100
+n3=4
+M1=n2/n3
+NSC=N*M1//new system capacity for increased no. of cells
+disp(NSC,'the new system capacity for increased no. of cells in no. of users')
+n4=700
+n5=7
+M2=n4/n5
+NSC1=N*M2//new system capacity for increased no. of cells
+disp(NSC1,'the system capacity for increased no. of cells & also cluster size in no. of users')
diff --git a/2081/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/2081/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..56d33ca13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+Asys=4200//area of system
+Acell=12//area of cell
+N=1001
+K=7
+Acl=K*Acell//area of cluster
+M=Asys/Acl//no. of clusters
+disp(M,'no. of clusters')
+J=N/K//cell capacity
+disp(J,'cell capacity in channels/cell')
+C=N*M//system capacity
+disp(C,'the system capacity in no. of channels')
+k=4
+acl=k*Acell
+m=Asys/acl
+m1=floor(m)
+disp(m1,'no. of clusters for reduced cluster size')
+c=N*m1
+disp(c,'new system capacity for reduced cluster size in no. of channels')
diff --git a/2081/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/2081/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..211684f07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+n=16
+N=7
+M=12
+Ncpc=n*N//no. of channels per cluster
+TSC=Ncpc*M//system capacity
+disp(Ncpc,'no. of channels per cluster')
+disp(TSC,'the system capacity in channels/system')
diff --git a/2081/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/2081/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9333bf84b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+i=2//no. of cells(centre to centre) along any chain of hexagon
+j=4//no. of cells(centre to centre) in 60deg. counterclockwise of i
+K=i*i+j*j+i*j//cluster size
+disp(K,'no. of cells in a cluster for i=2 & j=4')
+
+i1=3;j1=3
+K1=i1*i1+j1*j1+i1*j1//cluster size
+disp(K1,'no. of cells in a cluster for i=3 & j=3')
diff --git a/2081/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/2081/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..af8ff1d51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+op=15
+l=2
+n=2
+l1=n*l//connector loss
+l2=3//coaxial cable loss
+tl=l1+l2//total loss
+ip=op-tl//input=output-total loss
+disp(ip,'signal level at the i/p of the antenna in dBm')
diff --git a/2081/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce b/2081/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a30c4d1e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+N=312
+K=7
+Nspc=3
+Ntcpc=N/K
+Ntcps=Ntcpc/Nspc//number of traffic channels per sector
+disp(Ntcps,'number of traffic channels per sector for System A')
+
+N1=312
+K1=4
+Nspc1=6
+Ntcpc1=N1/K1
+Ntcps1=Ntcpc1/Nspc1//number of traffic channels per sector
+disp(Ntcps1,'number of traffic channels per sector for System B')
diff --git a/2081/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/2081/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..317127702
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+ci=18
+CI=10^((ci)/10)
+q=(6*(CI))^0.25
+K=ceil(q*q/3)//cluster size
+disp(K,'minimum cluster size')
+k=7
+q1=sqrt(3*k)
+c1i1=q1^4/6
+C1I1=10*log10(c1i1)
+if (C1I1<20) then
+disp(,'cluster size cannot meet the desired C/I requirement')
+C2I2=10^(20/10)
+q2=(6*C2I2)^0.25
+k1=ceil((q2)^2/3)
+disp(k1,'nearest valid cluster size K')
+else 
+disp(,'cluster size determined is adequate')
+end
diff --git a/2081/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/2081/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e3e26afb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+Y=4//path loss exponent
+N=6
+
+K=7
+q=sqrt(3*K)
+CI=(2*(q-1)^(-Y)+2*q^(-Y)+2*(q+1)^(-Y))^(-1)//C/I for omnidirectional operating cell
+CIdB=10*log10(CI)
+disp(CIdB,'co-channel interfernce ratio C/I in dB for K=7')
+
+K1=9
+q1=sqrt(3*K1)
+CI1=(2*(q1-1)^(-Y)+2*q1^(-Y)+2*(q1+1)^(-Y))^(-1)
+CI1dB=10*log10(CI1)
+disp(CI1dB,'co-channel interfernce ratio C/I in dB for K=9')
+
+K2=12
+q2=sqrt(3*K2)
+CI2=(2*(q2-1)^(-Y)+2*q2^(-Y)+2*(q2+1)^(-Y))^(-1)
+CI2dB=10*log10(CI2)
+disp(CI2dB,'co-channel interfernce ratio C/I in dB for K=12')
+
+
+if (CIdB<18) then
+disp(,'K=7 is imperfect')
+else 
+disp(,'K=7 is perfect')
+end
+
+if (CI1dB<18) then
+disp(,'K=9 is imperfect')
+else 
+disp(,'K=9 is perfect')
+end
+
+if (CI2dB<18) then
+disp(,'K=12 is imperfect')
+else 
+disp(,'K=12 is perfect')
+end
diff --git a/2081/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/2081/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5aa78bd45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+N=2
+Y=4
+K=7
+q=sqrt(3*K)
+CI=((q^(-Y)+(q+0.7)^(-Y)))^(-1)//C/I for 3-sector
+CIdB=10*log10(CI)
+disp(CIdB,'worst case signal to co-channel interfernce ratio C/I in dB')
diff --git a/2081/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/2081/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a2d6c7328
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+N=2
+Y=4
+K=4
+
+q=sqrt(3*K)
+CI=((q^(-Y)+(q+0.7)^(-Y)))^(-1)//C/I for 3-sector
+CIdB=10*log10(CI)
+disp(CIdB,'worst case C/I in dB')
+if CIdB>18 then
+a= CIdB-6
+if a>18 then
+disp(,'K=4 is adequate system as C/I is still geater than 18dB after considering the practical conditions with reductions of 6dB ')
+
+else 
+disp(,'K=4 is inadequate system as C/I is smaller than 18dB after considering the practical conditions with reductions of 6dB ')
+end
+
+
+else 
+disp(,'K=4 is inadequate system as C/I is less than the minimum required value of 18dB ')
+end
diff --git a/2081/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/2081/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b4481d377
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+N=1
+Y=4
+K=7
+q=sqrt(3*K)
+CI=((q+0.7)^(-Y))^(-1)//C/I for 6-sector
+CIdB=10*log10(CI)
+disp(CIdB,'signal to co-channel interfernce ratio C/I in dB')
diff --git a/2081/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/2081/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..78dcc4c10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+N=1
+Y=4
+K=4
+q=sqrt(3*K)
+CI=((q+0.7)^(-Y))^(-1)//C/I for 6-sector
+CIdB=10*log10(CI)
+disp(CIdB,'signal to co-channel interfernce ratio C/I in dB')
+
+if CIdB>18 then
+a= CIdB-6
+if a>18 then
+disp(,'K=4 is adequate system as C/I is still geater than 18dB after considering the practical conditions with reductions of 6dB ')
+
+else 
+disp(,'K=4 is inadequate system as C/I is smaller than 18dB after considering the practical conditions with reductions of 6dB ')
+end
+
+
+else 
+disp(,'K=4 is inadequate system as C/I is less than the minimum required value of 18dB ')
+end
diff --git a/2081/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce b/2081/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e1e3cdb22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+CIdB=15
+CI=10^(CIdB/10)
+q=(6*(CI))^0.25
+K=q*q/3
+if K >4 then
+    K=7
+end
+disp(K,'optimum value of K for an omnidirectional antenna design')
+
+q1=(CI^0.25-0.7)
+k=q1*q1/3
+if k<3 then k=3
+end
+disp(k,'practical value of K for 6-sector 60deg. directionl antenna design')
diff --git a/2081/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/2081/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b17573825
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+K=4
+tbw=20*10^6//total bandwidth
+cbwpc=25*10^3//channel bandwidth/simplex channel
+n=2//in a duplex link no of channels
+dcbw=n*cbwpc//duplex channel bandwidth
+N=tbw/dcbw
+N1=N/K
+disp(N,'total no. of duplex channels')
+disp(N1,'no.of channels per cell site')
diff --git a/2081/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce b/2081/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..94638f66f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+R2=20
+N=7
+R1=R2/2.6
+A=round(3*sqrt(3)/2*R1^2)//size of smaller cell
+disp(A,'size of each smaller cell in kmsqr')
diff --git a/2081/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/2081/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..27af3b56b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+K=4
+N=9//no.of cells in 1 cluster
+tbw=60*10^6//total bandwidth
+cbwpc=25*10^3//channel bandwidth/simplex channel
+n=2//in a duplex link no of channels
+dcbw=n*cbwpc//duplex channel bandwidth
+N=tbw/dcbw
+
+sbw=10^6//bandwidth for setup channels
+N1=sbw/dcbw//total no.of available setup channels
+disp(N1,'total no.of available setup channels')
+
+vbw=tbw-sbw
+N2=vbw/dcbw//total no. of available voice channels
+
+disp(N2,'total no.of available voice channels')
diff --git a/2081/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/2081/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5970fe334
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+NV=168
+N=7
+NVpc=NV/N//number of voice channels omnidirectional case
+
+NS=3
+NScl=N*NS
+NcS=NV/NScl //number of voice channels 3-sector
+
+NS1=6
+NScl1=N*NS1
+NcS1=NV/NScl1 //number of voice channels 6-sector
+
+disp(NVpc,'number of voice channels assigned in each cell')
+
+disp(NcS,'number of voice channels assigned in each sector(3-sector case)')
+
+disp(NcS1,'number of voice channels assigned in each sector(6-sector case)')
diff --git a/2081/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce b/2081/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..eb8f981ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+k=184//information bits
+n=224//encoded bits
+disp(n-k,'number of parity check bits')
+r=k/n//code rate
+disp(r,'the code rate of block encoder')
diff --git a/2081/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce b/2081/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..27568b714
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+nip=228
+nop=456
+cr=nop/nip
+ntdma=8//no.of TDMA blocks
+nebptd=nop/ntdma//no. of bits/tdma frame
+ttdma=4.6*10^-3//1 TDMA frame duration
+tttdma=ntdma*ttdma
+printf('Delay in reconstructing the codewords to the reception of 8 TDMA frames is %.1f ms',tttdma*10^3)
diff --git a/2081/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/2081/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d36bbb4be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Nmacro=7
+Nchmacro=16
+C1=Nmacro*Nchmacro//channel capacity 
+
+Nminpmac=4
+C2=Nmacro*Nchmacro*Nminpmac
+
+Nmicpmin=4
+C3=Nmacro*Nchmacro*Nminpmac*Nmicpmin
+
+disp(C1,'channel capacity of macrocell system in no. of channels')
+disp(C2,'channel capacity of minicell system in no. of channels')
+disp(C3,'channel capacity of microcell system in no. of channels')
diff --git a/2081/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce b/2081/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0fc99e0cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+r0=2*10^3
+r1=1*10^3
+nl=4//no. of large cells
+ns=(r0/r1)^2*nl-1//split cells within area=split cells within square-1
+ncpl=120
+n2=nl*ncpl//no. of channels without cell splitting
+ncps=120
+n1=ns*ncps//no. of channels with cell splitting
+inc=n1/n2//increase in the number of cells
+disp(inc,'increase in the number of cells in times')
diff --git a/2081/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/2081/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..95b6ded13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Y=2//prpogation path-loss exponent
+r2=10^3
+r1=10
+delPr=20*log10(r2/r1)^2//log(r2/r1)*20dB/decade
+disp(delPr,'difference between the recieved signal strength (in dB)')
+imp=delPr+20//impact
+disp(imp,'effect of shadow fading causes difference between the recieved signal strength to exceed to (in dB)')
+outrad=40//out of bound radiations
+disp(imp-outrad,'IMPACT is out-of-bound radiations exceeds the desired signal strength by (in dB)')
diff --git a/2081/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce b/2081/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fd6dfa9fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+TDR=1*10^6
+G=0.5
+SmaxALOHA=G*%e^(-2*G)*TDR// throughput
+printf('\nmax. throughput of ALOHA with large no.of subscibers with transmission rate of 1Mbps is= %.f kbps',SmaxALOHA*10^(-3))
+
+Stdma=100/100*TDR
+printf('\nthroughput of a TDMA network with transmission rate of 1Mbps is= %.f Mbps',Stdma*10^(-6));
+
+Saloha=TDR
+printf('\nthroughput of ALOHA with 1 subsciber with transmission rate of 1Mbps= %.f Mbps',Saloha*10^(-6));
diff --git a/2081/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/2081/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e5068c62c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Bt=12.5*10^6
+Bg=10^3
+Bc=30*10^3
+N=(Bt-2*Bg)/Bc//no. of channels
+disp(N,'no. of channels available in an FDMA system is' )
diff --git a/2081/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/2081/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..80e7ac0b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+TS=5*10^6//total spectrum
+CBW=25000//bandwidth (channel)
+ns=TS/CBW
+nspd=2
+nd=ns/nspd//Number of simultaneous calls
+disp(nd,'Number of simultaneous calls')
diff --git a/2081/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/2081/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ce0f85f56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Bt=25*10^6//allocated spectrum
+Bc=200*10^3//channel bandwidth
+Bg=0//no guard band
+m=8//no. of speech channels
+N=m*(Bt-2*Bg)/Bc
+disp(N,'no. of simultaneous subscribers a GSM system can accommodate is ' )
diff --git a/2081/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/2081/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..cfb995fc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+N=156.25//total bits
+nov=40.25//overhead bits
+FReff=(1-nov/N)*100//frame efficiency
+disp(FReff,'the frame efficiency (in %)')
diff --git a/2081/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce b/2081/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..00a27283c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Nch=395
+ncpcl=7
+Pb=.01
+N=Nch/ncpcl
+H=3/60
+Aav=44.2
+Y=Aav/H
+disp(Y,'average number of calls/hr. i.e(omnidirectional case) Y is')
+
+nspc=3
+Nchps=N/nspc
+Aav1=11.2
+avnc=Aav1/H
+Y1=avnc*nspc
+disp(Y1,'average number of calls/hr. ie.(3-sector case) Y is')
+DTRef=(Y-Y1)/Y
+disp(DTRef,'decrease in trunking efficiency')
+
+nspc1=6
+Nchps1=N/nspc1
+Aav2=4.1
+avnc1=Aav2/H
+Y2=avnc1*nspc1
+disp(Y2,'average number of calls/hr. ie.(6-sector case) Y is')
+DTRef1=(Y-Y2)/Y
+disp(DTRef1,'decrement in trunking efficiency')
+
diff --git a/2081/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce b/2081/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e9eafcb6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Rkm=1.4//radius of the cell
+Acell=2.6*Rkm*Rkm//area (hexagonal cell)
+K=4//no.of cells/cluster
+ntotal=60
+ncell=ntotal/K
+avgtlpu=0.029
+Aav=9
+Pb=0.05
+tnu=Aav/avgtlpu//total no. of users supported in a cell
+NupA=tnu/Acell
+printf('number of users per kmsqr area= %.d users/(km^2) (approx.)',NupA)
diff --git a/2081/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce b/2081/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..74f7696a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Bt=12.5*10^6
+BtMHz=12.5
+Bc=30*10^3
+Bg=10^3
+Nt=(Bt-2*Bg)/Bc//total number of channels/cluster
+Nc=21
+Nd=Nt-Nc//number of user data transmission/cluster
+K=7//frequency reuse factor
+Ndpcell=Nd/K
+Acell=6
+n1=Ndpcell/(BtMHz*Acell)
+disp(Nt,'total number of channels/cluster (Nt)')
+disp(Nd,'number of user data transmission/cluster (Nd)')
+disp(Ndpcell,'total number of transmission/cell (Nd/cell) if frequency reuse factor factor is 7 ')
+disp(n1,'overall spectral efficiency n1 in channels/MHz/kmsqr for cell area 6kmsqr is ')
diff --git a/2081/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce b/2081/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1370d3f6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+Acell=6
+Acellular=3024
+Ncells=Acellular/Acell//number of cells in the system
+Bt=12.5*10^6
+BtMHz=12.5
+Bc=30*10^3
+Bg=10*10^3
+Nc=21
+Nd=((Bt-2*Bg)/Bc)-Nc//no. of data channels/cluster
+K=7
+Ndpcell=Nd/K
+H=1/20
+ntr=0.95
+Ncallphr=1/H
+Ncallphrpcell=Ndpcell*ntr*Ncallphr//number of calls per hour per cell
+Ncallpuserphr=1.5
+Nusers=Ncallphrpcell/Ncallpuserphr
+n1=Ndpcell/(BtMHz*Acell)
+n=ntr*n1
+disp(Ncells,'number of cells in the system')
+disp(Ncallphrpcell,'number of calls per hour per cell')
+disp(Nusers,'average number of users per hour per cell')
+disp(n,'system spectral efficiency in the units of Erlangs/MHz/kmsqr')
diff --git a/2081/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce b/2081/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e9149066c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+Bt=25*10^6//system bandwidth
+Bc=30*10^3//channel bandwidth
+Bg=20*10^3//guard spacing
+Nu=((Bt-2*Bg)/Bc)
+Tf=40*10^-3//frame time
+Tp=0*10^-3//preamble time
+Tt=0*10^-3//trailer time
+Ld=260
+Ls=324
+ntframe=((Tf-Tp-Tt)/Tf)*(Ld/Ls)
+ntsys=ntframe*(Nu*Bc*(1/Bt))
+Rs=7.95*10^3
+ntmod=Rs/Bc
+K=7
+nt=ntsys*ntmod/K
+disp(Nu,'number of simultaneous users that can be accomodated in each cell')
+disp(ntframe,'spectral efficiency per frame of a TDMA system')
+disp(ntsys,'spectral efficiency of the TDMA system')
+disp(nt,'overall spectral efficiency in bps/Hz/cell')
diff --git a/2081/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.sce b/2081/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6f47dd6ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+Bc1=30*10^3;cimin1=18
+Bc2=25*10^3;cimin2=14
+Bc3=12.5*10^3;cimin3=12
+Bc4=6.25*10^3;cimin4=9
+Y=4//path propogation constant
+BcI=6.25*10^3
+cieq1=cimin1+20*log10(Bc1/BcI)
+cieq2=cimin2+20*log10(Bc2/BcI)
+cieq3=cimin3+20*log10(Bc3/BcI)
+cieq4=cimin4+20*log10(Bc4/BcI)
+disp(cieq1,'(C/I)eq in dB for system I')
+disp(cieq2,'(C/I)eq in dB for system II')
+disp(cieq3,'(C/I)eq in dB for system III')
+disp(cieq4,'(C/I)eq in dB for system IV')
+
+
+if cieq1<cieq2 then
+    if cieq1<cieq3  then
+        if cieq1<cieq4 then
+            disp(,'System I offers the best capacity')
+        end
+    end
+elseif cieq2<cieq3 then
+    if cieq2<cieq4 then
+        if cieq2<cieq1 then
+            disp(,'System II offers the best capacity')
+        end
+    end elseif cieq3<cieq4 then
+    if cieq3<cieq1 then
+        if cieq3<cieq2 then
+            disp(,'System II offers the best capacity')
+        end 
+        end 
+            
+        elseif cieq4<cieq3  then
+            if cieq4<cieq1 then
+                if cieq4<cieq2 then
+                    disp(,'System IV offers the best capacity')
+                end
+            end
+
+end
diff --git a/2081/CH9/EX9.16/Ex9_16.sce b/2081/CH9/EX9.16/Ex9_16.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4a13d20b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH9/EX9.16/Ex9_16.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Bt=12.5*10^6
+Bc=200*10^3
+Ns=8
+N=Bt/Bc
+Ns=8
+Nu=N*Ns
+K=4//frequency reuse factor
+SysC=Nu/K//system capacity
+M=(Bt/Bc)*Ns*(1/K)//system capacity using alternate method
+disp(SysC,'System capacity per cell in (users/cell)')
+disp(M,'System capacity per cell,M,in (users/cell) using alternate method')
diff --git a/2081/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/2081/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..546f5f399
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+n1=17;n2=16;n3=14;n4=12;n5=11;n6=10;n7=7;n8=5;n9=3;n10=2
+t1=51;t2=47;t3=43;t4=39;t5=34;t6=28;t7=22;t8=15;t9=9;t10=6
+
+tncphr=n1+n2+n3+n4+n5+n6+n7+n8+n9+n10//no. of calls/hr.
+Y=tncphr/60//rate of calls/min.
+toct=t1+t2+t3+t4+t5+t6+t7+t8+t9+t10//total system occupied time in min.
+H=toct/tncphr//avg. holding time/call in min
+Aav=Y*H
+disp(Aav,'average traffic intensity Aav in Erlangs')
diff --git a/2081/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/2081/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d9ebba3ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Y=2//avg. no of calls/hr/user
+Hmin=3
+H=Hmin/60//avg. duration of a call
+Aav=Y*H//average traffic intensity
+disp(Aav,'average traffic intensity per user Aav in Erlangs')
diff --git a/2081/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/2081/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8e5ccff47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+n1=2200;n2=1900;n3=4000;n4=1100;n5=1000;n6=1200;n7=1800;n8=2100;n9=2000;n10=1580;n11=1800;n12=900
+TBW=30*10^6//total allocated bandwidth
+SBW=25000//simplex channel bandwidth
+NS=TBW/SBW//no.of simplex channels
+DS=NS/2//no.of duplex channels
+NCPC=10
+NCPCL=12
+TNCC=NCPC*NCPCL////no. of control channels
+TNTC=DS-TNCC//no. of traffic channels
+NTCPC=TNTC/NCPCL
+NUPC=8
+NMCPC=8
+TNCPC=NMCPC*NTCPC//total no. of calls/cell
+disp(TNCPC,'total no. of calls/cell')
+H=5/100*3600
+Y=60/3600
+Aav=H*Y//traffic intensity case(b)
+disp(Aav,'average offered traffic load Aav for (case(b)) in Erlangs')
+tc=n1+n2+n3+n4+n5+n6+n7+n8+n9+n10+n11+n12
+pbms=75/100
+nbms=pbms*tc
+disp(nbms,'number of mobile subscribers/cluster ')
+y=tc/NCPCL
+Y1=y/3600
+H1=60
+Aav1=Y1*H1//traffic intensity case(c)
+disp(Aav1,'average offered traffic load Aav for (case(c)) in Erlangs')
+
+
+
diff --git a/2081/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/2081/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..420647243
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+Y=3000/3600
+H=1.76*60
+Aav=Y*H
+disp(Aav,'offered traffic load Aav in Erlangs')
+Pb=2/100
+N=100
+Y1=28000/3600
+H1=105.6
+Aav1=Y1*H1
+N1=820
+disp(N,'max. no of channels/cell')
+disp(N1,'max. no of channels/cell wrt increased lambda')
diff --git a/2081/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/2081/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a424addcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+N=50//no. of channels in cell
+Pb=0.02//blocking probability
+Aav=40.3//offered traffic load
+H=100/3600//average call-holding time
+Y=Aav/H;//no. of calls handled
+printf(' no. of calls handled= %.d calls/hr',Y)
diff --git a/2081/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce b/2081/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..de20435d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+At=0.1
+Pb=0.005
+N=10
+Aav=3.96
+Nt=Aav/At
+N1=100
+Aav1=80.9
+Nt1=Aav1/At
+disp(Nt,'total no. of mobile users')
+disp(Nt1,'total no. of mobile users for increased N')
diff --git a/2081/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce b/2081/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e407cb1ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+N=40//no. of channels in cell
+Pb=0.02//blocking probability
+Aav=31//offered traffic load
+H=3/60//holding time
+Z=Aav/(H*3)//users per cell
+NC=20//no. of cells in the system
+nms=NC*Z
+printf('number of mobile subscribers in the system= %.f',nms);
diff --git a/2081/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce b/2081/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5a38338bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2081/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+N1=24//no. of trunked channels
+N=10//10 channels trunked together
+Pb=0.01//blocking probability
+Aav=4.46//offered traffic load
+N2=5//2 groups of 5 trunked channels each
+Aav1=1.36
+Aav2=2*Aav1
+Ex=Aav2/Aav//extent
+if Aav>Aav2 then
+    disp(,'10 channels trunked together can support more traffic at a specific GOS(say 0.01) than two 5-channel trunk individually do')
+else
+    disp(,'10 channels trunked together can support less traffic at a specific GOS(say 0.01) than two 5-channel trunk individually do')
+end
+printf('\nextent of more traffic supported by N=10 system as compared to two 5-channel trunked systems= %.d percent',Ex*100);