initial commit / add all books

author: priyanka 2015-06-24 15:03:17 +0530
committer: priyanka 2015-06-24 15:03:17 +0530
commit: b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b (patch)
tree: ab291cffc65280e58ac82470ba63fbcca7805165 /2045
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diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.pdf b/2045/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.pdf
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diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/2045/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce
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+//pagenumber 24 example 1
+clear
+incaco=1.5*10^16;//cubic metre
+resist=2*10^3;//ohm metre
+dopcon=10^20;//metre
+q=26*10^-3;//electron volt
+//(1)
+w=2.25*10^32/dopcon;
+//(3)
+shifer=q*log(dopcon/incaco);//shift in fermi level
+ni=9*10^32;
+//(3)
+w1=ni/dopcon;
+disp("minority concentration   =   "+string((w))+"per metre square");
+disp("shift in fermi   =   "+string((shifer))+"volt");
+disp("minority concentration when n doubled   =   "+string((w1))+"per cubic metre");
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.pdf b/2045/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.pdf
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diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce b/2045/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce
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+//pagenumber 32 example 10
+clear
+resist=0.12;//ohm metre
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+concn1=((1/resist)/(0.048*q));//concentration of hole
+concne=((1.5*10^16)^(2))/concn1;//concentration of electron
+disp("concentration of hole   =   "+string((concn1))+"per cubic centimetre");
+disp("concentration of electron   =   "+string((concne))+"per cubic centimetre");
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.pdf b/2045/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.pdf
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diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce b/2045/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce
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+//pagenumber 32 example 11
+clear
+resist=1*10^3;//ohm
+w=20*10^-6;//wide metre
+w1=400*10^-6;//long metre
+mo1=500;//square centimetre/velocity second
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+conduc=(resist*w*4*10^-6)/w1;
+concentration=((1)/(conduc*mo1*q));
+disp("concentration of acceptor atoms   =   "+string((concentration))+"per cubic metre");//correction in the book
+
diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.pdf b/2045/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.pdf
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diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce b/2045/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce
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+//pagenumber 32 example 12
+clear
+w=0.026;
+moe=3800;//square centimetre/velocitysecond
+mo1=1300;//square centimetre/velocitysecond
+u=(moe*w);
+u1=(mo1*w);
+disp("dn constants   =   "+string((u))+"square metre per second");//correction in the book
+disp("dp constants   =   "+string((u1))+"square metre per second");//correction in the book
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.pdf b/2045/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.pdf
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diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce b/2045/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce
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+//pagenumber 33 example 13
+clear
+w=0.026*(3/2)*log(3)/2;
+disp("distance of fermi level from center   =   "+string((w))+"   electron volt");
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.pdf b/2045/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.pdf
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diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce b/2045/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce
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+//pagenumber 33 example 14
+clear
+up=1800;//centimetre square per velocity second
+un=3800;//centimetre square per velocity second
+
+//(1) resistivity is 45 ohm
+q=1.6*10^-19;//coulomb
+ni=2.5*10^13;
+sigma1=(un+up)*q*ni;
+resist=1/sigma1;
+disp("resistivity   =   "+string((resist))+"   ohm centimetre");
+disp("resistivity equal to 45");
+//(2) impurity added to extent of 1 atom per 10^9
+n=4.4*10^22/10^9;
+
+p1=ni^2/n;
+sigma1=(n*un+p1*up)*q;
+resist=1/sigma1;
+
+disp("resistivity   =   "+string((resist))+"   ohm centimetre");
+disp("resistivity equal to 32.4");
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.pdf b/2045/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.pdf
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diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.sce b/2045/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.sce
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+//pagenumber 34 example 15
+clear
+nd=4*10^14;//atoms per cubic centimetre
+na=5*10^14;//atoms per cubic centimetre
+//(1) concentration
+ni=2.5*10^13;
+np=ni^2;
+//p1=n+10^14
+z=1;
+z1=10^14;
+u=-ni^2;
+n=poly([z z1 u],'q');
+roots(n);//n taken as 
+n=1.05*10^4;
+disp("concentration of the a free electrons   =   "+string((n)));
+p1=n+10^14;
+disp("concentration of the a free holes   =   "+string((p1)));
+//(2)
+disp("sample p");
+a=ni^2/(300^3*exp(-(0.785/0.026)));
+w=400;//kelvin
+ni=sqrt(a*w^3*exp(-0.786/(8.62*10^-5*w)));
+ni=((n)*(n+10^14))/10^3;
+n=ni-0.05*10^15;
+disp("n   =   "+string((n))+"electrons per cubic centimetre");
+p1=n+10^14;
+disp("p   =   "+string((p1))+"holes per cubic centimetre");
+
+
+disp("essentially intrinsic");
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.pdf b/2045/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.pdf
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diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce b/2045/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce
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+//pagenumber 35 example 16
+clear
+w=300;//kelvin
+conduc=300;//ohm centimetre inverse
+u=1800;
+p=conduc/(u*1.6*10^-19);//concentration holes
+n=(2.5*10^13)^2/(p);
+disp("concentration of n   =   "+string((n))+"electrons per cubic centimetre");
+
+disp("concentration of holes   =   "+string((p))+"holes per cubic centimetre");
+
diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.pdf b/2045/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.pdf
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diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce b/2045/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce
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+//pagenumber 35 example 17
+clear
+nd=10^14;//atoms per cubic centimetre
+na=5*10^13;//atoms per cubic centimetre
+un=3800;
+up=1800;
+q=1.6*10^-19;//coulomb
+resist=80;//ohm metre
+e1=5;//volt per metre
+w=nd-na;
+ni=(un+up)*q*resist;
+p1=poly([1 w -ni^2],'q');
+roots(p1);//p1=taken as 3.65*19^12
+p1=3.65*10^12;
+n=p1+w;
+j=(n*un+p1*up)*q*e1;
+disp("current density   =   "+string((j))+"ampere per square centimetre");
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.pdf b/2045/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.pdf
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diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce b/2045/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce
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+//pagenumber 36 example 18
+clear
+na=1*10^16;//per cubic centimetre            correction in the book
+ni=1.48*10^10;//per cubic centimetre
+un=0.13*10^4;//centimetre square per velocity second
+u=0.05*10^4;//centimetre square per velocity second
+n=ni^2/na;
+q=1/(1.6*10^-19*(un*n+(u*na)));
+disp("resistivity   =   "+string((q))+"ohm centimetre");
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.pdf b/2045/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.pdf
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diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce b/2045/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce
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+//pagenumber 37 example 19
+clear
+e1=750;//volt per metre
+b=0.05;//metre square per velocity second
+un=0.05;//metre square per velocity second
+up=0.14;//metre square per velocity second
+//(1) voltage
+w=1.25*10^-2;//metre
+v1=e1*w;
+disp("voltage across sample   =   "+string((v1))+"volt");
+//(2) drift velocity
+vd=un*e1;
+disp("drift velocity   =   "+string((vd))+"metre per second");
+//transverse force per  coulomb
+f1=vd*b;
+disp("transverse force per  coulomb   =   "+string((f1))+"newton per coulomb");
+//(4) transverse electric field
+e1=vd*b;
+disp("transverse electric field   =   "+string((e1))+"volt per metre");
+//(5) hall voltage
+q=0.9*10^-2;
+vh=e1*q;
+
+disp("hall voltage   =   "+string((vh))+"volt");
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.pdf b/2045/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.pdf
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diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/2045/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce
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+//pagenumber 25 example 2
+clear
+format(12)
+numfre=7.87*10^28;//per cubic metre
+molity=34.8;//square centimetre/velocity second
+e=30;//volt per centimetre
+//(1)
+molity=molity*10^-4;q=1.6*10^-19;
+conduc=numfre*q*molity;
+//(2)
+e=e*10^2;
+veloci=(molity*e);
+curden=conduc*e;
+disp("conductivity   =   "+string((conduc))+"second per metre");
+disp("drift velocity   =   "+string((veloci))+"metre per second");
+disp("density   =   "+string((curden))+"ampere per cubic metre");
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.pdf b/2045/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.pdf
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diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce b/2045/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce
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+//pagenumber 37 example 20
+clear
+un=1300;//centimetre square per velocity second
+//at 300kelvin
+ni=1.5*10^10;
+u=500;//centimetre square per velocity second
+conduc=1.6*10^-19*1.5*10^10*(un+u);
+q=1/conduc;
+//impurity of 1 atom included per 10^5 atoms
+disp("resistivity at 300kelvin   =   "+string((q))+"ohm centimetre");
+n=5*10^22/10^5;
+p=ni^2/n;
+q=1/(1.6*10^-19*(un*n+(u*p)));
+
+
+disp("resistivity at impurity of 1 atom included per 10^5 atoms   =   "+string((q))+"ohm centimetre");
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.pdf b/2045/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.pdf
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diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce b/2045/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce
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+//pagenumber 38 example 21
+clear
+n=4.4*10^22;
+nd=n/10^7;
+w=300;//kelvin
+nc=4.82*10^15*w^(3/2)/1/sqrt(8);
+ec_ef1=-0.026*log((nc/(nd)));
+disp("ec-ef   =   "+string((ec_ef1)));
+//(2) impurities included inratio 1 to 10^3
+n=4.4*10^22;
+nd=n/(10^3);
+ec_ef1=-0.026*log(nc/nd);
+disp("ec-ef   =   "+string((ec_ef1))+"electron volt   ef above ec");
+q=log10(nd/nc)/log10(10);
+disp("impurities included per germanium atoms   =   0.0002");
diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.pdf b/2045/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.pdf
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diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.sce b/2045/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.sce
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+//pagenumber 39 example 22
+clear
+n=5*10^22;//atoms per cubic centimetre
+//(1) 1 atom per 10^6
+m=0.8;//metre
+na=n/10^6;
+w=300;//kelvin
+nv=4.82*10^15*(m)^(3/2)*w^(3/2);
+ef_ec=0.026*log(nv/na);
+disp("ef-ec   =   "+string((ef_ec))+"electron volt");
+//(2) impurity included 10*10^3 per atom
+na=n/(10*10^3);
+ef_ec=0.026*log(nv/na);
+disp("ef-ec   =   "+string((ef_ec))+"electron volt");
+//(3) condition to concide ec=ef
+na=4.81*10^15;
+w=(nv/na)^(2/3);
+disp("temperature   =   "+string((w))+"kelvin");//correction in the book
+
diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.23/Ex1_23.pdf b/2045/CH1/EX1.23/Ex1_23.pdf
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diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.23/Ex1_23.sce b/2045/CH1/EX1.23/Ex1_23.sce
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+//pagenumber 40 example 23 //figure is not given in the book
+clear
+nd=10^7;//per cubic centimetre
+na=10^17;//per cubic centimetre
+voltag=0.1*3800*10^-4*1500*3*10^-3;
+disp("hall voltage   =   "+string((voltag))+"volt");
+disp("remains the same but there change in polarity");
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.24/Ex1_24.pdf b/2045/CH1/EX1.24/Ex1_24.pdf
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diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.24/Ex1_24.sce b/2045/CH1/EX1.24/Ex1_24.sce
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+//pagenumber example 24
+clear
+vh=60*10^-3;//volt
+w=6*10^-3;//metre
+bz=0.1;//weber per metre square
+i1=10*10^-6;//ampere
+resist=300000*10^-2;//ohm metre
+//(1)
+//mobility
+rh=vh*w/(bz*i1);
+u1=rh/resist;
+disp("mobilty   =   "+string((u1))+"metre square per velocity second");
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.pdf b/2045/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.pdf
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diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/2045/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce
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+//pagenumber 26 example 3
+clear
+ni=2.5*10^13;//per square centimetre
+moe=3800//square centimetre/velocity second
+mo1=1800;//square centimetre/velocity second
+num=4.51*10^22;//number of atoms
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+conduc=ni*q*(moe+mo1);
+num=num/10^7;
+impura=(ni^2)/num;
+ni=5*10^14;
+condu1=ni*q*moe;
+disp("conductivity   =   "+string((conduc))+"second per centimetre");
+disp("conductivity at extent of 1 impurity   =   "+string((condu1))+"second per centimetre");//there is mistake in book as 3.04s/cm
+conduc=num*q*mo1;
+disp("conductivity  acceptor to extent of 1 impurity   =   "+string((conduc))+"second per centimetre");
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.pdf b/2045/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.pdf
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diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/2045/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce
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+//pagenumber 27 example 4
+clear
+ni=1.5*10^10;//per cubic centimetre
+moe=1300;//square centimetre/velocity second
+mo1=500;//square centimetre/velocity second
+w=5*10^22;//atoms per cubic centimetre
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+//(a) conductivity intrinisc at 300kelvin
+conduc=ni*q*(moe+mo1);//conductivity
+u=((ni)/(5*10^14));
+ni=5*10^14;
+//(b)conductivity when donor atom added to extent of 1 impurity
+condu1=ni*q*moe;
+disp("conductivity intrinisc at 300kelvin   =   "+string((conduc))+"second per centimetre");
+disp("conductivity when donor atom added to extent of 1 impurity   =   "+string((condu1))+"second per centimetre");
+//conductivity when acceptor added to extent of 1 impurity
+conduc=ni*q*mo1;
+disp("conductivity when acceptor added to extent of 1 impurity   =   "+string((conduc))+"second per centimetre");
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.pdf b/2045/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ff6891942
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/2045/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c066c599f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//pagenumber 28 example 5
+clear
+ni=2.5*10^13;//per cubic centimetre
+moe=3800;//square centimetre/velocity second
+mo1=1800;//square centimetre/velocity second
+w=4.5*10^22;//atoms per cubic centimetre
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+//(1) conductivity intrinisc at 300kelvin
+conduc=ni*q*(moe+mo1);
+u=10^6;
+u=((w)/(u));
+//(2) conductivity with donor impurity 1
+condu1=u*q*moe;
+disp("conductivity intrinisc at 300kelvin   =   "+string((conduc))+"second per centimetre");
+disp("conductivity with donor impurity 1   =   "+string((condu1))+"second per centimetre");
+u=10^7;u=w/u;
+//(3) conductivity with acceptor impurity 1
+conduc=u*q*mo1;
+disp("conductivity with acceptor impurity 1   =   "+string((conduc))+"second per centimetre");
+u=0.9*(w/10^6);
+//(4) conductivity on both
+conduc=u*q*moe;
+disp("conductivity on both   =   "+string((conduc))+"second per centimetre");
diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.pdf b/2045/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..54a19d43c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/2045/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..bb4bcd520
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 29 example 6
+clear
+ferlev=0.3;//electron volt
+u=300;//kelvin
+u1=330;//kelvin
+ferlev=ferlev*u1/u;
+disp("fermi   =   "+string((ferlev))+"electron volt");
+disp("fermi below the conduction band");
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.pdf b/2045/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0efbfbd65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/2045/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c2774785a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 29 example 7
+clear
+ferlev=0.02;//electron volt
+q=4;//donor impurity added
+w=0.025;//electron volt
+ferlev=-((log(q)-8))/40;
+disp("fermi   =   "+string((ferlev))+"electron volt");
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.pdf b/2045/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9de483c8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/2045/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fc329080b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+//pagenumber 30 example 8
+clear
+area=1.5*10^-2;//centimetre square
+w=1.6;//centimetre
+resist=20;//ohm centimetre
+durati=60*10^-6;//second in book given as mili
+quanti=8*10^15;//photons per second
+
+
+//(1) resistance at each photon gives a electron hole pair
+up=1800;//centimetre square per velocity second
+un=3800;//centimetre square per velocity second
+q=1.6*10^-19;//coulomb
+ni=2.5*10^13;//per cubic centimetre
+sigma1=1/resist;
+z1=3800;
+z=-sigma1/q;
+u=ni^2/up;
+n=poly([(z1) z u],'n');
+roots(n);
+n=7.847*10^13;//n>ni taken so it is admissible
+p1=ni^2/n;
+volume=w*area;
+nchang=quanti*durati/volume;
+pchang=nchang;
+sigm11=q*((n+nchang)*un+(pchang+p1)*up);
+resis1=1/sigm11;
+r1=resis1*w/area;
+disp("resistance   =   "+string((r1))+"ohm");//book only one resistance has been given
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.pdf b/2045/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8c106bf10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/2045/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..bb48496ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 31 example 9
+clear
+moe=1350;//square centimetre/velocity second
+mo1=450;//square centimetre/velocity second
+ni=1.5*10^10;//per cubic centimetre
+concn1=ni*((sqrt(mo1/moe)));//concentration
+concne=((ni^2)/(concn1));
+
+
+disp("concentration of electron   =   "+string((concn1))+"per cubic centimetre");
+disp("concentration of holes   =   "+string((concne))+"per cubic centimetre");
diff --git a/2045/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.pdf b/2045/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..df2793abd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/2045/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1e8b81565
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 467 example 1
+clear
+av=1000;
+chvoga=0.001;//change in voltage gain
+beta1=1/((chvoga)/(100/av))-1;
+beta1=beta1/av;
+fegain=(av)/(1+(av*(beta1)));
+disp("reverse transmission   =   "+string((beta1)));
+
+disp("gain with feedback   =   "+string((fegain)));
+
diff --git a/2045/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.pdf b/2045/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7067d69df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/2045/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..998f73d48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//pagenumber 467 example 2
+clear
+voltag=36;//volt
+w=0.07;//harmonic distortion
+inpvol=0.028;//volt
+beta1=0.012;
+a=voltag/inpvol;
+fegain=a/(1+beta1*a);//correction in book
+volta1=fegain*inpvol;
+disp("output voltage   =   "+string((volta1)));
+//decrease of gain 9
+inpvol=9*inpvol;
+
+
+
+disp("input voltage   =   "+string((inpvol))+"volt");
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.pdf b/2045/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c42f92374
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/2045/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5a584f5ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//pagenumber 468 example 3
+clear
+volgain=2000;//voltage gain
+outpower=20;//watts
+inpsig=10*10^-3;//volts
+fedbac=40;//decibel
+fedgai=volgain/100;
+outvol=volgain*inpsig;//output voltage
+inpvol=outvol/fedgai;//required input
+//10 second harmonic distortion
+distor=(10/100);
+disp("required input   =   "+string((inpvol))+"volt");
+
+
+
+disp("harmonic distortion   =   "+string((distor)));
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.pdf b/2045/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ea385de7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce b/2045/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..24cc7a801
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 469 example 5
+clear
+fedgai=60;//decibel
+outimp=10*10^3;//ohm
+outim1=500;//ohm modified impedance
+fedgai=1000;
+fedbac=((outimp/outim1)-(1))/fedgai;
+//10 change in gain
+overga=1/((1+(fedgai*fedbac))/0.1);//over gain
+disp("feedback factor   =   "+string((fedbac)));
+disp("over gain   =   "+string((overga)));
diff --git a/2045/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.pdf b/2045/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3e6530350
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce b/2045/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5d9794078
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//pagenumber 470 example 6
+clear
+colres=4*10^3;//ohm
+r=4*10^3;//ohm
+basres=20*10^3;//ohm
+r1=1*10^3;//ohm
+hie=1.1*10^3;
+hfe=50;
+hoe=(40*10^3);
+ri=basres*hie/(basres+hie);
+curgai=((r1/(r1+ri)))*((basres/(basres+hie)))*((-hfe*colres)/(colres+r));
+volgai=curgai*r/r1;
+tranco=volgai/r;
+tranre=r1*volgai;
+outres=hoe*colres/(hoe+colres);
+disp("current gain   =   "+string((curgai)));
+disp("voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai)));
+disp("transconductance   =   "+string((tranco))+"ampere per volt");
+disp("transresistance   =   "+string((tranre))+"ohm");
+disp("input resistance   =   "+string((ri))+"ohm");
+disp("output resistance   =   "+string((outres))+"ohm");
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.pdf b/2045/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e28e67f9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/2045/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..54ed983f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//pagenumber 514 example 2
+clear
+macapa=900*10^-12;//farad
+micapa=90*10^-12;//farad
+r=100*10^3;//ohm
+//(a) frequency range
+fremin=1/(2*3.14*r*macapa);
+disp("min frequency   =   "+string((fremin))+"hertz");
+fremax=1/(2*3.14*r*micapa);
+disp("max frequency   =   "+string((fremax))+"hertz");
+//(b) r3
+r=10*10^3;//ohm
+r3=2*r;
+disp("resistance r3   =   "+string((r3))+"ohm");
+
diff --git a/2045/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.pdf b/2045/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8e2f39130
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/2045/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2f5174180
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 516 example 3
+clear
+c1=0.004*10^-6;//farad
+c2=0.03*10^-6;//farad
+induct=4*10^-3;//henry
+//min voltage
+mivolt=c2/c1;
+disp("min voltage   >=   "+string((mivolt))+"volt");
+//frequency
+freque=(((1/(2*3.14)))*sqrt((c1+c2)/(induct*c1*c2)));
+disp("frequency   =   "+string((freque))+"hertz");
diff --git a/2045/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.pdf b/2045/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fb5608c08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce b/2045/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..aaebc314e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//pagenumber 517 example 5
+clear
+induct=500*10^-6;//henry
+induc1=5000*10^-6;//henry
+mutuin=300*10^-6;//henry
+c1=150*10^-12;//farad
+//(a) frequency
+indcto=induct+induc1+2*mutuin;
+freque=1/((2)*3.14*sqrt(indcto*c1));
+//(b) condition
+r=10*10^3;//ohm
+conduc=8*10^-3;//ampere per volt
+r1=50*10^3;//ohm
+r`=r*r1/(r+r1);
+volgai=conduc*r';
+disp("frequency   =   "+string((freque))+"hertz");
+ratio1=(induc1+mutuin)/(induct+mutuin);
+ratio1=ratio1*volgai;
+disp("ratio1 greater than 1 so oscillations possible");
+
diff --git a/2045/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.pdf b/2045/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3862a2160
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce b/2045/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..be56f6413
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+//pagenumber 518 example 6
+clear
+cgs=5*10^-12;//farad
+cds=1*10^-12;//farad
+conduct=10*10^-3;//ampere per volt
+rd=50*10^3;//ohm
+r=10*10^6;//ohm
+induct=0.5;//henry
+c1=0.05*10^-12;//farad
+rse=1*10^3;//ohm
+c=1*10^-12;//farad
+//(1) c11
+c11=((((cds*cgs)/(cds+cgs))+1)*c1)/(((cds*cgs)/(cds+cgs))+1+c1);
+disp("resonanting capacitance   =   "+string((c11))+"farad");
+//(2) frequency
+freque=((sqrt(2))/(2*3.14*sqrt(induct*c11)));
+disp("resonant frequency   =   "+string((freque))+"hertz");
+//(3) frequency parallel
+
+freque=1/(2*3.14*sqrt(((induct*c*c1))/(c+c1)));
+disp("parallel resonant frequency   =   "+string((freque))+"hertz");
+//frequency series
+freque=1/((2*3.14*sqrt(induct*c1)));
+disp("series resonant frequency   =   "+string((freque))+"hertz");
+qualit=((induct/c1)^(0.5))/rse;
+disp("quality factor   =   "+string((qualit)));//correction in book
+//(4) loop gain
+abeta1=conduct*rd*cds/cgs;
+disp("loop gain   =   "+string((abeta1)));
+//(5)
+w=r*(cds+cgs);
+disp("bias   =   "+string((w))+"second");
diff --git a/2045/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.pdf b/2045/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8e7a5098e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce b/2045/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2d56a78b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 519 example 7
+clear
+c=200*10^-12;//farad
+c1=1000*10^-12;//farad
+induct=100*10^-6;//henry
+//(1) frequency
+ceq=(c*c1)/(c+c1);
+freque=1/(2*3.14*(sqrt(induct*ceq)));
+disp("frequency   =   "+string((freque))+"hertz");//correction in the book
+gaimin=c1/c;
+disp("gain   =   "+string((gaimin)));
diff --git a/2045/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.pdf b/2045/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..483b90746
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce b/2045/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..80c101642
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 520 example 8
+clear
+induc1=0.4*10^-3;//henry
+c=0.004*10^-6;//farad
+freque=120*10^3;//hertz
+induct=((1/(4*3.14^2*freque^2*c)))-induc1;
+disp("inductance   =   "+string((induct))+"henry");
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.pdf b/2045/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2dcc3ae7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce b/2045/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..af2e4c5cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//pagenumber 520 example 9
+clear
+induct=0.33;//henry
+c=0.065*10^-12;//farad
+c1=1*10^-12;//farad
+r=5.5*10^3;//ohm
+//(1) series resonant frequency
+freque=(1/(2*(3.14)))*sqrt(1/((induct)*c));
+disp("frequency   =   "+string((freque))+"hertz");
+//(2)exceed of frequency
+ratio1=sqrt((1+(c/c1)))
+disp("ratio parallel series   =   "+string((ratio1)));//correction in the book
+//(3) quality factor
+qualit=(1/r)*sqrt(induct/c);
+
+disp("quality factor   =   "+string((qualit)));
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.pdf b/2045/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..28bf4ea01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/2045/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b9886e20f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 553 example 1
+clear
+slope1=130;
+trivol=15;//volt
+d=0.5;//watts
+ig=sqrt(d/slope1);
+vg=slope1*ig;
+r=(trivol-vg)/ig;
+
+disp("source resistance   =   "+string((r))+"ohm");
+
diff --git a/2045/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.pdf b/2045/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f7298d131
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce b/2045/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6e99f6638
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 557 example 10
+clear
+re=1*10^3;//ohm
+i1=5*10^-3;//ampere
+
+voltag=re*i1+2;
+disp("voltage   =   "+string((voltag))+"volt");
+
+
+disp("this voltage makes to off");
+
diff --git a/2045/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.pdf b/2045/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e388a747a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/2045/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6a84545a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 553 example 2
+clear
+latcur=50*10^-3;//ampere
+durpul=50*10^-6;//second
+induct=0.5;//henry
+r=20;//ohm
+voltag=100;//volt
+w=induct/r;
+inpcur=-(voltag/r)*((1)-exp(-durpul/w));
+disp("current   =   "+string(abs(inpcur))+"ampere");
+disp("input current less than required current");
diff --git a/2045/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.pdf b/2045/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d43b3f4b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/2045/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..48dd75e09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 554 example 3
+clear
+latcur=4*10^-3;//ampere
+induct=0.1;//henry
+voltag=100;//volt
+durmin=induct*latcur/voltag;
+disp("min duration   =   "+string((durmin))+"second");
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.pdf b/2045/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f241f3f40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce b/2045/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..833688dff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 554 example 4
+clear
+slope1=3*10^3;
+egs=10;//volt
+d=0.012;//watts
+ig=sqrt(d/slope1);
+vg=slope1*ig;
+r=(egs-vg)/ig;
+
+disp("source resistance   =   "+string((r))+"ohm");//it is not given in the book
+
diff --git a/2045/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.pdf b/2045/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e3a54c2da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce b/2045/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..902073a17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//pagenumber 554 example 5
+clear
+slope1=16;
+durmax=4*10^-6;//second
+curmin=500*10^-3;//ampere
+voltag=15;//volt
+//(1) resistance
+vg=slope1*curmin
+r=(voltag-vg)/curmin;
+//(2)
+d=vg*curmin;
+freque=0.3/(d*durmax);
+disp("resistance   =   "+string((r))+"ohm");
+
+
+disp("frequency   =   "+string((freque))+"hertz");
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.pdf b/2045/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2fc1e467a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce b/2045/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3cd8e8561
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//pagenumber 555 example 6
+clear
+c1=20*10^-12;//farad
+limcur=16*10^-3;//ampere
+w=(limcur/c1)*10^-6;//convert second to microsecond
+disp("change of voltage   =   "+string((w))+"volt per microsecond");
diff --git a/2045/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.pdf b/2045/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e94c9e284
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce b/2045/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..527da95a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 555 example 7
+clear
+ratcur=3000;//ampere
+freque=50;//hertz
+i=sqrt(ratcur^2/2);
+disp("current   =   "+string((i))+"ampere");
+i=((ratcur)/sqrt(2))^2/(2*freque);
+disp("current   =   "+string((i))+"ampere square second");
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.pdf b/2045/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e13596dc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce b/2045/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..288718cb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//pagenumber 556 example 9
+clear
+voltag=30;//volt
+w=0.51;
+i1=10*10^-6;//ampere
+v1=3.5;//volt
+curen1=10*10^-3;//ampere
+freque=60;//hertz
+tridun=50*10^-6;//second
+pinvol=w*voltag+0.6;
+r=(voltag-pinvol)/i1;
+disp("max limit resistance   =   "+string((r))+"ohm");
+r=(voltag-v1)/(curen1);
+disp("min limit resistance   =   "+string((r))+"ohm");
+capac1=0.5*10^-6;//farad
+r=(1/freque)*(1/(capac1*log(1/(1-w))));
+disp("resistance   =   "+string((r))+"ohm");
+rb2=10^4/(w*voltag);
+rb1=tridun/capac1;
+disp("rb1   =   "+string((rb1))+"ohm");
+disp("rb2   =   "+string((rb2))+"ohm");
+disp("peak voltage   =   "+string((pinvol))+"volt");
+
diff --git a/2045/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.pdf b/2045/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0954d9de4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/2045/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..09628761a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 578 example 1
+clear
+quanti=3*10^17;
+voltag=10*10^3;//volt
+distan=40*10^-3;//metre per minute
+w=quanti*1.6*10^-19*voltag
+w=w/60;//per second
+
+
+disp("power to electrons   =   "+string((w))+"watts");
+
diff --git a/2045/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.pdf b/2045/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..385e253f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce b/2045/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..352fc90d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 582 example 10
+clear
+y=2.5;//divisions
+y1=1.25;//divisions
+y=y1/y;
+w=asind(y);
+disp("phase angle   =   "+string((w))+"degre");
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.pdf b/2045/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..76b64683c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce b/2045/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..504d47efb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//pagenumber 578 example 2
+clear
+sensit=5;// per centimetre
+q=50*10^-6;//second per centimetre
+petope=5.4;//centimetre
+horiax=8.4;//centimetre
+voltag=petope*sensit;
+voltag=voltag/((2)*sqrt(2));
+//one cycle
+horiax=(horiax/2)*q;
+freque=1/horiax;
+disp("input voltage   =   "+string((voltag))+"volt");
+disp("frequency   =   "+string((freque))+"hertz");
+
+
+disp("vm1coswt vm2sinwt squaring and adding gives ellipse");
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.pdf b/2045/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5899e4336
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce b/2045/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c96b46032
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 579 example 3
+clear
+voltag=1000;//volt
+//(1) velocity
+vx=sqrt(2*1.6*10^-19*(voltag)/(9.11*10^-31));
+disp("velocity x   =   "+string((vx))+"metre per second");
+vox=1*10^5;//metre per second intial velocity
+vx=sqrt((vox)+((2*1.6*10^-19*voltag)/(2.01*1.66*10^-27)));
+
+disp("velocity x   =   "+string((vx))+"metre per second");
+
diff --git a/2045/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.pdf b/2045/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f995d9648
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce b/2045/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..786bd3b67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 580 example 4
+clear
+voltag=2000;//volt
+d=15;//centimetre
+d1=3;//centimetre
+r1=((d^2+d1^2)/(6))*10^-2;//centimetre to metre
+vox=sqrt(2*1.6*10^-19*(voltag)/(9.11*10^-31));
+b=vox/((1.6*10^-19*r1)/(9.11*10^-31));
+
+disp("transverse magnetic field   =   "+string((b))+"weber per metre square");
+
diff --git a/2045/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.pdf b/2045/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..03f81b109
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce b/2045/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8a64ca68d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//pagenumber 581 example 5
+clear
+voltag=2000;//volt
+d=2*10^-2;//metre
+//(1) frequency
+vx=sqrt(2*1.6*10^-19*(voltag)/(9.11*10^-31));
+durati=d/vx;
+freque=1/(2*durati);
+disp("max frequency   "+string((freque))+"hertz");
+//(2)
+durati=60*durati;
+disp("duration electron between the plates   =   "+string((durati))+"second");//correction in book
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.pdf b/2045/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..536c22c63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce b/2045/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..bfa77c564
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 582 example 7
+clear
+voltag=800;//volt
+
+
+q=1.6*10^-19;//coulomb
+m=9.11*10^-31;//kilogram
+vox=sqrt(2*q*voltag/m);
+
+disp("max velocity   "+string((vox))+"metre per second");
+
diff --git a/2045/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.pdf b/2045/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..874d88490
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce b/2045/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..94da5adeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//pagenumber 582 example 8
+clear
+voltag=2000;//volt
+d=1.5*10^-2;//centimetre
+d1=5*10^-3;//metre
+distan=50*10^-2;//metre
+//(1) velocity
+vox=sqrt(2*1.6*10^-19*(voltag)/(9.11*10^-31));
+//(2) sensitivity
+defsen=distan*d/(2*d1*voltag);
+//deflection factor
+g=1/defsen;
+disp("velocity   =   "+string((vox))+"metre per second");
+disp("sensitivity   =   "+string((defsen))+"metre per volt");
+
+disp("deflection factor   =   "+string((g))+"volt per metre");//correction in the book
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.pdf b/2045/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ba2b080b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce b/2045/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2cc37c2bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 582 example 9
+clear
+voltag=2000;//volt
+d=50*10^-3;//metre
+//(1) velocity
+vox=sqrt(2*1.6*10^-19*(voltag)/(9.11*10^-31));
+disp("velocity   =   "+string((vox))+"metre per second");
+//(2) fc
+fc=vox/(4*d);
+
+disp("fc   =   "+string((fc))+"hertz");
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.pdf b/2045/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4f7e10856
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/2045/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..421264788
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+//pagenumber 99 example 1
+clear
+q=0.01;//centimetre
+sigma1=1;//ohm centimetre inverse
+q1=0.01;//centimetre
+sigm11=0.01;//ohm centimetre inverse
+iratio=(0.0224^2*2.11*20)*3.6^2/((3.11*(4.3^2*10^-6)^2*2.6*20*10^3));
+for q=1:2
+    if q==1 then
+        un=3800;
+        up=1500;
+        q=1.6*10^-19;
+        ni=2.5*10;
+    else
+        q=1.6*10^-19;
+        up=500
+        un=1300;
+        ni=1.5*10
+end
+    
+    b=un/up;
+    sigmai=(un+up)*q*ni;
+end
+disp("ratio of reverse saturation current   =   "+string((iratio)));//correction in the book
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.pdf b/2045/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..39cbfdca0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/2045/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c26b7d4ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//pagenumber 108 example 11
+clear
+r=250;//ohm
+c=40*10^-6;//farad
+alpha1=180-atand(377*r*c);
+disp("alpha   =   "+string(alpha1)+"degre");
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.pdf b/2045/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a96230150
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/2045/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..eed6e5d65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 109 example 12
+clear
+i1=0.1;//current in ampere
+vms=40;//rms voltage in volts
+c=40*10^-6;//capacitance in farad
+r1=50;//resistance in ohms
+ripple=0.0001;
+induct=((1.76/c)*sqrt(0.472/ripple));//inductance
+outv=(2*sqrt(2)*vms)/3.14-i1*r1;//output voltage
+disp("inductance   =   "+string(induct)+"henry");//correction in the book
+disp("output voltage   =   "+string(outv)+"volt");
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.pdf b/2045/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..49ef021e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce b/2045/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c79009d0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//pagenumber 109 example 14
+clear
+voltag=40;//volt
+i1=0.2;//ampere
+c1=40*10^-6;//farad
+c2=c1;
+induct=2;//henry
+//(1) ripple
+vdc=2*sqrt(2)*voltag/3.14;
+r1=vdc/i1;
+induc1=r1/1130;
+v1=voltag/(3*3.14^3*120^2*4*induct*c1);
+disp("ripple voltage   =   "+string((v1))+"volt");
+//(2) with two filter
+v1=4*voltag/((3*3.14^5)*(16*120^2*induct^2*c1^2));
+disp("ripple voltage including filters   =   "+string((v1))+"volt");//correction in the book
+//(3)ripple voltage
+v1=4*voltag/(5*3.14*1.414*2*3.14*240*240*3.14*induct*c1);
+v1=v1/20;
+disp("ripple voltage   =   "+string((v1))+"volt");
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.pdf b/2045/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c7d7a0efe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce b/2045/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..cb21cd046
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+//pagenumber 111 example 15
+clear
+voltag=375;//volt
+r1=2000;//ohm
+induct=20;//henry
+c1=16*10^-6;//farad
+r11=100;//ohm
+r=200;//ohm
+//(1) voltage and ripple with load
+disp("voltage and ripple with load");
+r=r+r11+400;
+vdc=((2*sqrt(2)*voltag/3.14))/1.35;
+ripple=r1/(3*sqrt(2)*(377)*induct*2);
+disp("vdc   =   "+string((vdc))+"volt");
+disp("ripple   =   "+string((ripple)));
+//(2) capacitance connected across load
+disp("capacitance connected across load");
+vdc=sqrt(2)*voltag/(1+1/(4*(60)*r1*2*c1));
+ripple=1/(4*sqrt(3)*(60)*r1*2*c1);
+disp("vdc   =   "+string((vdc))+"volt");
+disp("ripple   =   "+string((ripple)));
+//(3) filter containing two inductors and capacitors in parallel
+disp("filter containing two inductors and capacitors in parallel");
+vdc=250;//volt
+ripple=0.83*10^-6/(2*induct*2*c1);//correction in the book
+disp("vdc   =   "+string((vdc))+"volt");
+disp("ripple   =   "+string((ripple)));
+//(4) two filter
+disp("two filter");
+vdc=250;
+ripple=sqrt(2)/(3*16*3.14^2*60^2*induct*c1)^2;//correction in the book
+disp("vdc   =   "+string((vdc))+"volt");
+disp("ripple   =   "+string((ripple)));
+vdc=sqrt(2)*voltag/(1+(4170/(r1*16))+(r/r1));
+ripple=3300/(16^2*2*20*r1);
+disp("vdc   =   "+string((vdc))+"volt");
+disp("ripple   =   "+string((ripple)));
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.pdf b/2045/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f1f2a740a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce b/2045/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..65baf052a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 112 example 16
+clear
+capaci=4;//farad
+induct=20;//henry
+i1=50*10^-3;//ampere
+resist=200;//ohm
+maxvol=300*sqrt(2);
+vdc=maxvol-((4170/capaci)*(i1))-(i1*resist);
+ripple=(3300*i1)/((capaci^2)*(induct)*353);
+disp("output voltage   =   "+string((vdc))+"volt");
+disp("ripple voltage   =   "+string((ripple)));
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.pdf b/2045/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..bf009b291
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce b/2045/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..cf4d0d86e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//pagenumber 113 example 17
+clear
+voltag=25;//volt
+c1=10*10^-6;//farad
+i1=100*10^-3;//ampere
+ripple=0.001;
+w=754;//radians
+//(1) inductance and resistance
+
+
+r1=voltag/i1;
+induct=40/(sqrt(2)*w^2*(c1));
+disp("inductance of filter   =   "+string((induct))+"henry");//correction in the book
+disp("resistance of filter   =   "+string((r1))+"ohm");
+
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.pdf b/2045/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b3e80e7fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce b/2045/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a6fa4a49e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//pagenumber 113 example 18
+clear
+resacu=0.1*10^-12;//ampere
+u=20+273;//kelvin
+voltaf=0.55;//volt
+w=1.38*10^-23;
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+for z=1:2
+    if z==2 then
+        u=100+273;
+        disp("current at 100celsius rise");
+    end
+    voltag=w*u/q;
+    i1=(10^-13)*(exp((voltaf/voltag))-1);
+    if z==2 then
+        i1=(256*10^-13)*((exp(voltaf/voltag)-1));
+    end
+    disp("current   =   "+string((i1))+"ampere");
+end
+
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.pdf b/2045/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3f192b9f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce b/2045/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fd6beaea5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 114 example 19
+clear
+na=10*22;//atoms per cubic metre
+nd=1.2*10^21;//donor per cubic metre
+voltag=1.38*10^-23*(273+298)/(1.6*10^-19);//correction in the book
+voltag=0.026;
+ni=1.5*10^16;
+ni=ni^2;
+v1=voltag*log((na*nd)/(ni));
+disp("thermal voltage   =   "+string((voltag))+"volt");
+disp("barrier voltage   =   "+string(abs(v1))+"volt");//correction in the book
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.pdf b/2045/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8ca445590
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/2045/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3c0165ecd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 100 example 2
+clear
+sigma1=0.01;//ohm centimetre inverse
+area11=4*10^-3;//metre square
+q=0.01*10^-2;//metre
+un=1300;
+up=500;
+ni=1.5*10^15;//per cubic centimetre
+sigma1=(un+up)*1.6*10^-19*ni;
+iratio=(4*10^-10*0.026*sigma1^2*2.6*2/10^-4)/3.6^2;
+disp("reverse current ratio   =   "+string((iratio)));//correction in the book
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.pdf b/2045/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..18e91ab51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce b/2045/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..052ebf47a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//pagenumber 114 example 20
+clear
+i1=2*10^-7;//ampere
+voltag=0.026;//volt
+i=i1*((exp(0.1/voltag)-1));
+disp("current   =   "+string((i))+"ampere");
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.pdf b/2045/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c6f7faaf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce b/2045/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6082624d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 115 example 21
+clear
+resacu=1*10^-6;//ampere
+voltaf=150*10^-3;//volt
+w=8.62*10^-5;
+voltag=0.026;//volt
+u=300;//kelvin
+uw=u*w;
+resist=(uw)/((resacu)*exp(voltaf/voltag));
+disp("resistance at 150mvolt   =   "+string((resist))+"ohm");//correction in the book
+
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.pdf b/2045/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9d4b140df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.sce b/2045/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..59f0ef4ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//pagenumber 115 example 22
+clear
+dopfac=1000;
+w=300;//kelvin
+q=0.026*log(dopfac);
+disp("change in barrier   =   "+string((q))+"volt");
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.pdf b/2045/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..cf06f15b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.sce b/2045/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0009f420b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//pagenumber 116 example 23
+clear
+area12=1*10^-8;//metre square
+volre1=-1;//reverse voltage
+capac1=5*10^-12;//farad
+volbu1=0.9;//volt
+voltag=0.5;//volt
+i1=10*10^-3;//ampere
+durmin=1*10^-6;//ssecond
+//(1) capacitance
+capac1=capac1*sqrt((volre1-volbu1)/(voltag-volbu1));
+disp("depletion capacitance   =   "+string((capac1))+"farad");
+//(2) capacitance
+capac1=i1*durmin/(0.026);
+
+disp("capacitance   =   "+string((capac1))+"farad");
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.pdf b/2045/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..023499d9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce b/2045/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..bde3e908b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//pagenumber 116 example 24
+quantg=4*10^22;//atoms per cubic centimetre
+quants=5*10^22;//atoms per cubic centimetre
+w=2.5*10^13;//per cubic centimetre
+w1=1.5*10^10;//per cubic centimetre
+for q=[quantg quants]
+    na=2*q/(10^8);
+    nd=500*na;
+    if q==quantg then
+        w=w;
+        voltag=0.026*log(na*nd/w^2);
+        disp("potential germanium   =   "+string((voltag))+"volt");
+    end
+    if q==quants then
+        w=w1;
+        voltag=0.026*log(na*nd/w^2);
+        disp("potential silicon   =   "+string((voltag))+"volt");
+    end
+
+end
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.pdf b/2045/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..36370185b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce b/2045/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..79d54054d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 117 example 25
+clear
+u=0.05;//metre square per velocity second correction in the book
+un=0.13;//metre square per velocity second
+condun=20;//second per metre conductivity of n region
+condup=1000;//second per metre conductivity of p region
+p=condup/(1.6*10^-19*u);
+no=condun/(1.6*10^-19*un);
+disp("electrons density   =   "+string((no))+"per cubic metre");
+disp("holes density   =   "+string((p))+"per cubic metre");//others to find is not in the book
+
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.pdf b/2045/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..13066cfcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/2045/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..56c09ea9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 100 example 3
+clear
+a=4*10^-4;//metre square
+sigmap=1;
+sigman=0.1;
+de=0.15;
+vtem=26*10^-3;
+i=(a*vtem*((2.11)*(0.224))/((3.22)^(2)))*((1/de*sigman)+(1/de*sigmap));
+disp("reverse saturation current   =   "+string(i)+"ampere");//correction in the book
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.pdf b/2045/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..19bfafef5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/2045/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..06767601a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//pagenumber 101 example 4
+clear
+w=0.9;
+voltaf=0.05;//volt
+revcur=10*10^-6;//ampere
+//(1) voltage
+volrev=0.026*(log((-w+1)));//voltage at which the reverse saturation current at saturate
+resacu=((exp(voltaf/0.026)-1)/((exp(-voltaf/0.026)-1)));//reverse saturation current
+disp("voltage at which the reverse saturation current at saturate   =   "+string((volrev))+"volt");
+disp("reverse saturation current   =   "+string((resacu))+"ampere");
+u=0.1;
+for q=1:3
+        reverc=revcur*(exp((u/0.026))-1)
+        disp("reverse saturation current "+string((u))+"   =   "+string((reverc))+"ampere");
+        u=u+0.1;
+end
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.pdf b/2045/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..dfe6c5be7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/2045/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0f1a26172
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 103 example 6
+clear
+a=1*10^-6;//metre square
+w=2*10^-6;//thick centimetre
+re=16;
+eo=8.854*10^-12;
+c=(eo*re*a)/w;
+disp("capacitance   =   "+string(c)+"farad");
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.pdf b/2045/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ad6c0193d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/2045/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..59cbb402e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//pagenumber 105 example 7
+volbar=0.2;//barrier voltage for germanium volt
+na=3*10^20;//atoms per metre
+//(1) width of depletion layer at 10 and 0.1 volt
+
+for q=[-10 -0.1 0.1]
+    w=2.42*10^-6*sqrt((0.2-(q)));
+    disp("width of depletion layer at "+string((q))+"   =   "+string((w))+"metre");//for -0.1volt correction in the book
+end
+//(d) capacitance
+for q=[-10 -0.1]
+    capaci=0.05*10^-9/sqrt(0.2-q);
+    disp("capacitance at "+string((q))+"   =   "+string((capaci))+"farad");
+end
+
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.pdf b/2045/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6f8ae8327
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/2045/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..93e116e84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 104 example 8
+clear
+p=2;//watts
+voltaf=900*10^-3;//volt
+i1=p/voltaf;
+r1=voltaf/i1;
+disp("maximum forward current   =   "+string(i1)+"ampere");
+
+
+disp("forward diode resistance   =   "+string(r1)+"ohm");
+
diff --git a/2045/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.pdf b/2045/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6660da7fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/2045/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..768ee001b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//pagenumber 138 example 1
+clear
+//zener diode
+voltag=5.2;//volts
+w=260*10^-3;//watts
+appv=15;//voltsw1=50;//watts
+imax=w/voltag*0.1;
+//to maitain a constant voltage
+imax1=(w/voltag)-imax;
+resmin=(appv-voltag)/(w/voltag);
+resmax=(appv-voltag)/imax1;
+//load 50
+resmax1=((9.8)/(45*10^-3))-50;
+resmin1=((9.8)/(50*10^-3))-50;
+res50=resmax1-resmin1;
+disp("resistance range from "+string(resmin)+" to "+string(resmax)+"ohms");
+disp("resistance range at 50 from "+string(resmin1)+" to "+string(resmax1)+"ohms");
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.pdf b/2045/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..23708deca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/2045/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..057ce0912
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 139 example 2
+clear
+i1=20*10^-3;//ampere
+i=30*10^-3;//ampere
+v1=5.6;//volts
+v=5.65;//volts
+//condition
+u=35*10^-3;//ampere
+voltag=5*u+5.5;
+disp("voltage drop   =   "+string(voltag)+"volts");
+
diff --git a/2045/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.pdf b/2045/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..52c1f0f95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/2045/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3925732a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//example 3 pagenumber 139
+clear
+v=4.3;//volt
+q=4;//volt
+dop=10^17;//per cubic centimetre
+fi0=0.254*log(dop/(5.1*10^10));
+fi01=0.407+q+0.55;
+disp('fi0   =   '+string(fi01));
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.pdf b/2045/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c8e52b4a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/2045/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e79529253
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//example 4 pagenumber 140
+clear
+v1=20;//volt
+i1=((v1)/(200+1))*10^-3;
+disp('current   =   '+string(i1)+'ampere');
+//greater than 20
+vone=16;
+r=vone/i1;
+r1=r-1*10^3;
+r11=200*10^3-r1;
+disp('resistance   =   '+string(r)+'ohm');
+disp("r1   =   "+string((r1))+"ohm");
+disp("r2   =   "+string((r11))+"ohm");
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.pdf b/2045/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..67e75b336
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/2045/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b27a913eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+//example 6 pagenumber 142
+clear
+v1=150;//volt
+vone=300//volt
+idmax=40*10^-3;//ampere
+idmin=5*10^-3;//ampere
+r=(vone-v1)/idmax;
+imax=idmax-idmin;
+disp('maximum current   =   '+string(imax)+'ampere');
+//minimum
+zq=1;
+while (zq<=2)
+    if zq==1 then
+        ione=25*10^-3;
+        i1=ione+idmin;
+        vmin=(i1*r)+v1;
+        disp('v1 minimum   =   '+string(vmin)+'volt');
+        else
+        ione=25*10^-3;
+        i1=ione+idmax;
+        vmin=(i1*r)+v1;
+        disp('v1 maximum   =   '+string(vmin)+'volt');
+        
+    end
+    zq=zq+1;
+    
+    
+    
+    
+end
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.pdf b/2045/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0314762a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/2045/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..81e6acc46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//example 7 pagenumber 142
+clear
+q=4.5*10^22;//atoms per cubic metre
+na=q/(10^4);
+eo=0.026*24.16;
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+W=sqrt((4*16*0.628)/(36*3.14*10^9*na*10^6*e));
+disp('width   =   '+string(W)+'metre');
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..876c3c589
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7452d4aee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//page number 201 example 1
+clear
+alpha=0.98;
+vbe=0.7;//base emitter voltage volt
+ie=-4*10^-3;//emitter current
+vc=12;//colector voltage volt
+colr=3.3*10^3;//ohms
+colCurrent=ie*(-alpha);
+baseCurrent=0.02*ie;
+vbn=vbe+(-4*10^-3*100);
+i2=-vbn/(10*10^3);
+i1=-(baseCurrent+i2);
+vcn=(vc-((colCurrent+i1)*colr));
+v1=vcn-0.9;
+r1=v1/i1;
+disp("r1   =   "+string(abs(r1))+"ohm");
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6a51f14bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..bc523415d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//example 10
+clear
+
+
+
+disp("rb/re<<1");
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3f56b151b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7c9c0ab07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//example 11
+clear
+vbe=0.65;//volt
+colres=2*10^3;//ohm
+voltag=10;//volt
+i1=voltag/10;
+q=(1.65-vbe)/(1*10^3);
+
+
+disp("current   =   "+string((q))+"ampere");
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..96d5c0f57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..af4162a57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//example 12
+clear
+vcc=12;//volt
+r1=10*10^3;//ohm
+colres=1*10^3;//ohm
+re=5*10^3;//ohm
+rb=5*10^3;//ohm
+beta1=100;
+vbe=0.7;//volt
+basvol=vcc*10/20;
+ib=((basvol-vbe)/(rb+beta1*rb));
+ic=beta1*ib;
+vce=vcc-ic*(colres+re);
+disp("vce   =   "+string((vce))+"volt");
+disp("collector current   =   "+string((ic))+"ampere");
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d65fccd4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3a8e6d290
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+//example 13
+clear
+colres=330;//ohm
+re=0.1*10^3;//ohm
+vcc=12;//volt
+vce=0.2;//volt
+revcur=18*10^-3//ampere
+ib=0.3*10^-3;//ampere
+stability=10;
+beta1=100;
+colres=0.330;//ohm
+re=0.1*10^3;//ohm
+vbe=0.2;
+rb=(((1+beta1)*re)/10-((1+beta1)*re))/(1-10.1);
+vb=2+ib*rb;
+w=vcc/vb;
+q=w-1;
+r1=1.2*10^3;
+r=q*1.2*10^3;
+disp("r1   =   "+string((q))+"times r2");
+disp("if r2 is 1200ohm");
+disp("r1   =   "+string((r))+"ohm");
+
+disp("r2   =   "+string((r1))+"ohm");
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..904acf718
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9e66fe717
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//example 14
+clear
+alpha1=0.99;
+ib=25*10^-6;//ampere
+icb=200*10^-9;//ampere
+beta1=alpha1/(1-alpha1);
+ic=beta1*ib+(beta1+1)*icb;
+disp("collector current   =   "+string((ic))+"ampere");
+ie1=(ic-icb)/alpha1;
+disp("emitter current   =   "+string((ie1))+"ampere");
+ic=beta1*ib;
+disp("collector current with ib   =   "+string((ic))+"ampere");
+ie=ic/alpha1;
+disp("emitter current   =   "+string((ie))+"ampere");
+w=(ie1-ie)/ie1;
+disp("error   =   "+string((w)));
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9313eee88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9760f5c1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//example 15
+clear
+vcc=26;//volt
+colres=20*10^3;//ohm
+re=470;//ohm
+beta1=45;
+vce=8;//volt
+ib=(vcc-vce)/((1+beta1)*(colres+re));
+ic=beta1*ib;
+r1=((vcc-colres*(ib+ic)-re*(ib+ic)-(0.7)))/ib;
+disp("resistance   =   "+string((r1))+"ohm");
+stability=(1+beta1)/(1+(beta1*re)/(re+colres));
+disp("stability   =   "+string((stability)));//correction in the book
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..aa881ba82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..eeccf6d87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//example 16
+clear
+vcc=1.5//volt in book should be changed as 1.5
+colres=1.5*10^3;//ohm
+emresi=0.27*10^3;//ohm
+r1=2.7*10^3;//ohm
+r=2.7*10^3;//ohm
+beta1=45;
+basre1=690;//ohm
+voltag=r*vcc/(r*r1);
+basres=(r*r1)/(r+r1);
+vbe=0.2;
+for q= 1:2
+    if q==2 then
+        disp("resistance   =   "+string((basre1))+"ohm");
+        basres=basres+basre1;
+    end
+    bascur=(((voltag+vbe)))/(basres+(45*(emresi)));
+    colcur=beta1*bascur;
+    vce=(vcc+colcur*colres+(bascur+colcur)*emresi);
+    disp("current   =   "+string((colcur))+"ampere");
+    disp("vce   =   "+string((vce))+"volt");
+end
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e8b273497
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0b654cf17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//example 17
+clear
+beta1=25;
+colres=2.5*10^3;//ohm
+vcc=10;//volt
+vce=-5;//volt
+ic=-(vcc+vce)/colres;
+ib=ic/beta1;
+rb=vce/ib;
+stability=(1+beta1)/((1+beta1)*((colres)/(colres+rb)));
+disp("base resistance   =   "+string((rb))+"ohm");//correction in book
+disp("stability   =   "+string((stability)));
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..cf280a6c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..77a88f581
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//example 18
+clear
+therre=8;//celsius per watts
+tepera=27;//celsius ambient temperature
+potran=3;//watt
+tejunc=tepera+(therre*potran);
+disp("junction temperature   =   "+string((tejunc))+"celsius");
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..01067963a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..60b23e102
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//example.19
+clear
+ambtep=40;//celsius
+juntep=160;//celsius
+hs_a=8;
+j_c=5;
+c_a=85;
+j_a=(j_c)+(c_a*hs_a)/(c_a+hs_a);
+podiss=(juntep-ambtep)/j_a;
+disp("dissipation   =   "+string((podiss))+"watt");
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..08d8dfe32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..81384eb9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//pagenumber 202 example 2
+clear
+colvoltag=12;//volts
+vbe=5;//volts
+colcur=10*10^-3;//ampere
+vce=5;//volts
+beta1=50;
+ib=colcur/beta1;
+rb=(vbe-0.7)/ib;
+rc=(12-vbe)/colcur;
+//when 100ohm included
+disp("rb   =   "+string(rb)+"ohm");
+disp("rc   =   "+string(rc)+"ohm");
+rb=(vce-0.7-(colcur+ib)*beta1)/ib;
+
+disp("rb at emitter resistance 100ohm   =   "+string(rb)+"ohm");//correction in the book
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ec1bfe2c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6df0c4225
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//example 21
+clear
+emicur=1*10^-3;//ampere
+colcur=0.995*10^-3;//ampere
+alpha1=colcur/emicur;
+beta1=alpha1/(1-alpha1);
+disp("alpha   =   "+string((alpha1)));
+disp("beta   =   "+string((beta1)));
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.22/Ex4_22.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.22/Ex4_22.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7bbfa0e37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.22/Ex4_22.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.22/Ex4_22.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.22/Ex4_22.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..06806a355
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.22/Ex4_22.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//example 22
+clear
+beta1=100;
+alpha1=beta1/(beta1+1);
+
+disp("alpha   =   "+string((alpha1)));
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.23/Ex4_23.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.23/Ex4_23.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f330824f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.23/Ex4_23.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.23/Ex4_23.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.23/Ex4_23.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2cfcfb5ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.23/Ex4_23.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//example.23
+rb=200*10^3;//ohm
+rc=2*10^3;//ohm
+vcc=20;//volt
+ib=(vcc)/(rb+200*rc);
+ic=200*ib;
+disp("ic   =   "+string((ic))+"ampere");//correction in book
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.24/Ex4_24.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.24/Ex4_24.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2be8d5042
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.24/Ex4_24.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.24/Ex4_24.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.24/Ex4_24.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a9812273b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.24/Ex4_24.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//example 24
+clear
+alpha1=0.98;
+revcur=1*10^-6;//ampere
+emicur=1*10^-3;//ampere
+colcur=alpha1*emicur+revcur;
+bascur=emicur-colcur;
+disp("collector current   =   "+string((colcur))+"ampere");
+disp("base current   =   "+string((bascur))+"ampere");
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.25/Ex4_25.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.25/Ex4_25.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..cb9b13c21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.25/Ex4_25.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.25/Ex4_25.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.25/Ex4_25.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..64f9cfd1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.25/Ex4_25.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//example 25
+clear
+colcur=100*10^-3;//ampere
+ouresi=20;//ohm
+r=200;//ohm
+r1=100;//ohm
+vcc=15;//volt
+basvol=((r1)/(r+r1))*vcc;
+em1res=basvol/colcur;
+vce=vcc-(ouresi+em1res)*colcur;
+disp("vce   =   "+string((vce))+"volt");
+disp("emitter resistance   =   "+string((em1res))+"ohm");
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.26/Ex4_26.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.26/Ex4_26.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..63b6250b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.26/Ex4_26.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.26/Ex4_26.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.26/Ex4_26.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0c0f1646c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.26/Ex4_26.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+//example 26
+colres=1*10^3;//ohm
+beta1=50;
+vbe=0.3;//volt
+vcc=6;//volt
+rb=10*10^3;//ohm
+re=100;//ohm
+em1cur=((vcc-vbe)*(beta1+1))/((rb+((beta1+1)*re)));
+for q=1:2
+    if q==2 then
+        colres=1*10^3;
+        vce=vcc-(colres+re)*em1cur;
+        ic=vcc/(colres+re);
+        disp("collector to emitter   =   "+string((vce))+"volt");
+        disp("collector current   =   "+string((ic))+"ampere");
+    end
+    if q==1 then
+        colres=50;
+        rb=100;
+        vce=vcc-(colres+rb)*em1cur;
+        disp("emitter current   =   "+string((em1cur))+"ampere");
+        disp("collector to emitter   =   "+string((vce))+"volt");
+    end
+end
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.27/Ex4_27.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.27/Ex4_27.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1fce5ef4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.27/Ex4_27.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.27/Ex4_27.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.27/Ex4_27.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a5c0d8059
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.27/Ex4_27.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//example 27
+clear
+beta1=99;
+stability=5;
+vbe=0.2;//volt
+colres=2.5*10^3;//ohm
+vce=6;//volt
+ven=5.5;//volt
+vcc=15;//volt
+vcn=vce+ven;
+colvol=vcc-vcn;//voltage across collector resistance
+ic=colvol/colres;
+ib=ic/beta1;
+colre1=ven/ic;
+rb=stability*colre1/(1-(stability/(1+beta1)));//correction in the book taken collector resistance as 3.13*10^3ohm but it is 3.93*10^3ohm
+v1=(ib*rb)+(vbe)+((ib+ic)*colre1);
+r=rb*vcc/v1;
+r1=r*v1/(vcc-v1);
+disp("resistance   =   "+string((colre1))+"ohm");
+disp("resistance r1    =   "+string((r))+"ohm");
+disp("resistance r2   =   "+string((r1))+"ohm");
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.28/Ex4_28.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.28/Ex4_28.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a56649f9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.28/Ex4_28.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.28/Ex4_28.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.28/Ex4_28.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ce9937af5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.28/Ex4_28.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//example 28
+clear
+beta1=50;
+vbb=5;//volt
+rb=10*10^3;//ohm
+colres=800;//ohm
+re=1.8*10^3;//ohm
+vcc=5;//volt
+ib=(0.7-vbb)/((rb)+(beta1+1)*re);//correction in book
+re=beta1*ib;
+ie=(ib+re);
+vce=vcc-colres*re-re*ie;
+vcb=(vce-0.7);
+disp("base current   =   "+string((ib))+"ampere");
+disp("collector current   =   "+string((re))+"ampere");
+disp("emitter current   =   "+string((ie))+"ampere");
+disp("vcb   =   "+string((vcb))+"volt");//correction in book
+disp("the collector base junction is reverse biased the transistor in active region");
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.29/Ex4_29.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.29/Ex4_29.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d0829c8e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.29/Ex4_29.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.29/Ex4_29.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.29/Ex4_29.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6cfe113e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.29/Ex4_29.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//example 29
+clear
+r=40*10^3;//ohm
+r1=5*10^3;//ohm
+colres=r1;
+beta1=50;
+em1res=1*10^3;//ohm
+vcc=12;//volt
+rth=r*r1/(r+r1);
+v1=r1*vcc/(r1+r);
+bascur=(v1-0.3)/(rth+(beta1*em1res));
+colcur=beta1*bascur;
+vce=vcc-(colres+em1res)*colcur;
+disp("collector current   =   "+string((colcur))+"ampere");
+disp("collector emitter voltage   =   "+string((vce))+"volt");
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.30/Ex4_30.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.30/Ex4_30.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ff81bbbb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.30/Ex4_30.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.30/Ex4_30.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.30/Ex4_30.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c63b6bbed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.30/Ex4_30.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//example 30
+colcur=8*10^-3;//ampere
+re=500;//ohm
+vce=3;//volt
+beta1=80;
+vcc=9;//volt
+ib=colcur/beta1;
+rb=(vcc-(1+beta1)*(ib*re))/ib;
+disp(" base resistance   =   "+string((rb))+"ohm");
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.31/Ex4_31.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.31/Ex4_31.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8f24f2aa1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.31/Ex4_31.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.31/Ex4_31.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.31/Ex4_31.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..40d60e939
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.31/Ex4_31.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//example 31
+clear
+vcc=10;//volt
+basres=1*10^6;//ohm
+colres=2*10^3;//ohm
+em1res=1*10^3;//ohm
+beta1=100;
+bascur=vcc/(basres+(beta1+1)*(em1res));
+colcur=beta1*bascur;
+em1cur=colcur+bascur;
+disp("base current   =   "+string((bascur))+"ampere");
+disp("collector current   =   "+string((colcur))+"ampere");//correction in book
+disp("emitter current   =   "+string((em1cur))+"ampere");//correction in book
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.32/Ex4_32.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.32/Ex4_32.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8af598208
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.32/Ex4_32.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.32/Ex4_32.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.32/Ex4_32.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..dd0ad463e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.32/Ex4_32.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//example 32
+alpha1=0.99;
+rebacu=1*10^-11;//ampere
+colres=2*10^3;//ohm
+vcc=10;//volt
+bascur=20*10^-6;//ampere
+beta1=alpha1/(1-alpha1);
+i1=(1+beta1)*rebacu;
+colcur=beta1*bascur+i1;
+em1cur=-(bascur+colcur);
+vcb=vcc-colcur*colres;
+vce=vcb-0.7;
+disp("collector current   =   "+string((colcur))+"ampere");
+disp("emitter current   =   "+string((em1cur))+"ampere");
+disp("collector emitter voltage   =   "+string((vce))+"volt");
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.33/Ex4_33.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.33/Ex4_33.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2f7a3a432
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.33/Ex4_33.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.33/Ex4_33.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.33/Ex4_33.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a9634bdfe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.33/Ex4_33.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//pagenumber 220 example 33
+clear
+beta1=100;
+revcur=20*10^-9;//ampere
+colres=3*10^3;//ohm
+rb=200*10^3;//ohm
+vbb=5;//volt
+vcc=11;//volt
+em1res=2*10^3;//ohm
+ib=(vbb-0.7)/rb;
+ic=beta1*ib;
+ie=ib+ic;
+disp("base current   =   "+string((ib))+"ampere");
+disp("collector current   =   "+string((ic))+"ampere");
+disp("emitter current   =   "+string((ie))+"ampere");//question asked only currents
+//2*10^3 ohm added to emitter
+ib=-(0.7-vcc)/(rb+((1+beta1)*em1res));
+ic=beta1*ib;
+ie=ib+ic;
+disp("base current   =   "+string((ib))+"ampere");//correction in book
+disp("collector current   =   "+string((ic))+"ampere");
+disp("emitter current   =   "+string((ie))+"ampere");//question asked only currents
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.34/Ex4_34.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.34/Ex4_34.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f18fd6952
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.34/Ex4_34.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.34/Ex4_34.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.34/Ex4_34.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8e8eaf12f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.34/Ex4_34.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//pagenumber 221 example 34
+clear
+em1cur=2*10^-3;//ampere
+v1=12;//volt
+vcc=12;//volt
+format(12);
+colres=5*10^3;//ohm
+em1res=v1/em1cur;
+colcur=em1cur;
+voltag=colcur*colres;//ic*r
+v1=vcc-(colres*colcur);
+disp("emitter current   =   "+string((em1cur))+"ampere");
+disp("collector current   =   "+string((colcur))+"ampere");
+disp("voltage   =   "+string((voltag))+"volt");
+disp("vcb   =   "+string(abs(v1))+"volt");
+disp("emitter resistance   =   "+string((em1res))+"ohm");
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.35/Ex4_35.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.35/Ex4_35.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a13ffd6aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.35/Ex4_35.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.35/Ex4_35.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.35/Ex4_35.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..de1dca7ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.35/Ex4_35.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+//example 35
+clear
+vbb=4;//volt
+ib=50*10^-6;//ampere
+for q=[0 0.7 4 12];
+    if q==0 then
+        rb=(vbb-q)/ib;
+        disp("resistance at "+string((q))+"volt   "+string((rb))+"ohm");
+    elseif q==0.7
+        rb=(vbb-q)/ib;
+        disp("resistance at "+string((q))+"volt   "+string((rb))+"ohm");
+    elseif q==4
+        disp("vbb at 12volt");
+        q=0;
+        vbb=12;
+        rb=(vbb-q)/ib;
+        disp("resistance at "+string((q))+"volt   "+string((rb))+"ohm");
+    else
+        q=0.7;
+        vbb=12;
+        rb=(vbb-q)/ib;
+        
+        
+        disp("resistance at "+string((q))+"volt   "+string((rb))+"ohm");
+    end
+end
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.36/Ex4_36.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.36/Ex4_36.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7cc896b0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.36/Ex4_36.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.36/Ex4_36.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.36/Ex4_36.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6f9d19594
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.36/Ex4_36.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//example 36
+clear
+ic=5.2*10^-3;//ampere
+ib=50*10^-6;//ampere
+icb=2*10^-6;//ampere
+beta1=(ic-icb)/(ib+icb);
+disp("beta   =   "+string((beta1)));
+ie=ib+ic;
+
+disp("ie   =   "+string((ie))+"ampere");
+alpha1=(ic-icb)/ic;
+disp("alpha   =   "+string((alpha1)));
+
+
+
+ic=10*10^-3;//ampere
+ib=(ic-(beta1+1)*(icb))/beta1;
+
+
+disp("ib   =   "+string((ib))+"ampere");//correction in the book
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.37/Ex4_37.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.37/Ex4_37.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5e7806669
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.37/Ex4_37.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.37/Ex4_37.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.37/Ex4_37.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..21b92bf09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.37/Ex4_37.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//example 37
+clear
+beta1=160;
+vb=-0.8;//volt
+re=2.5*10^3;//ohm
+vcc=10;//volt
+for q=[160 80]
+    ib=(vcc-vb)*10^2/((re)*(1+q)*400);
+    ic=q*ib;
+    colres=1.5*10^3;//ohm
+    disp("collector current at beta "+string((q))+"   =   "+string((ic))+"ampere");//correction in the book
+    ie=(1+beta1)*ib;
+    vce=-(vcc-colres*ic-re*ie);
+    disp("vce at beta "+string((q))+"   =   "+string((vce))+"volt");//correction in the book
+end
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.38/Ex4_38.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.38/Ex4_38.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b8a4de1f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.38/Ex4_38.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.38/Ex4_38.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.38/Ex4_38.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..73ce77420
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.38/Ex4_38.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//pagenumber 222 example 38
+clear
+vb=0.7;//volt
+vce=7;//volt
+ic=1*10^-3;//ampere
+vcc=12;//volt
+beta1=100;
+colres=(vcc-vce)/ic;
+ib=ic/beta1;
+//rb
+rb=(vcc-vb-ic*colres)/ib;
+disp("rb   =   "+string((rb))+" ohm");
+//stability
+stability=(1+beta1)/(1+beta1*(colres/(colres+rb)));
+disp("stability   =   "+string((stability)));
+//beta=50
+beta1=50;
+disp("new point");
+ib=(vcc-vb)/(beta1*colres+rb);
+ic=beta1*ib;
+disp("ic   =   "+string((ic))+" ampere");
+vce=vcc-(ic*colres);
+disp("vce   =   "+string((vce))+" volt");
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.39/Ex4_39.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.39/Ex4_39.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ac89aae1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.39/Ex4_39.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.39/Ex4_39.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.39/Ex4_39.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c69bb6523
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.39/Ex4_39.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//pagenumber 223 example 39
+clear
+vcc=16;//volt
+colres=3*10^3;//ohm
+re=2*10^3;//ohm
+r1=56*10^3;//ohm
+r2=20*10^3;//ohm
+alpha1=0.985;
+vb=0.3;//volt
+//coordinates
+beta1=alpha1/(1-alpha1);
+v1=vcc*r2/(r1+r2);
+rb=r2/(r1+r2);
+ic=(v1-vb)/((rb/beta1)+(re/beta1)+re);
+disp("new point");
+disp("vce   =   "+string((v1))+" volt");
+disp("ic   =   "+string((ic))+" ampere");
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.40/Ex4_40.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.40/Ex4_40.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6bf9de830
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.40/Ex4_40.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.40/Ex4_40.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.40/Ex4_40.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..282e5724f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.40/Ex4_40.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//pagenumber 224 example 40
+clear
+vce=12;//volt
+ic=2*10^-3;//ampere
+vcc=24;//volt
+vb=0.7;//volt
+beta1=50;
+colres=4.7*10^3;//ohm
+//re
+re=((vcc-vce)/(ic))-colres;
+disp("re   =   "+string((re))+" ohm");
+//r1
+ib=ic/beta1;
+v1=ib*3.25*10^3+vb+(ib+1.5*10^3);
+r1=3.25*18*10^3/2.23;
+disp("r1   =   "+string((r1))+" ohm");
+//r2
+r2=26.23*2.23*10^3/(18-2.3);
+disp("r2   =   "+string((r2))+" ohm");
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.41/Ex4_41.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.41/Ex4_41.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3d9eadef1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.41/Ex4_41.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.41/Ex4_41.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.41/Ex4_41.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0ee69ad1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.41/Ex4_41.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//pagenumber 225 example 41
+clear
+colres=3*10^3;//ohm
+rb=150*10^3;//ohm
+beta1=125;
+vcc=10;//volt
+v1=5;//volt
+vb=0.7;//volt
+ib=(v1-vb)/rb;
+disp("ib   =   "+string((ib))+" ampere");
+ic=beta1*ib;
+ie=ic+ib;
+disp("ic   =   "+string((ic))+" ampere");
+disp("ie   =   "+string((ie))+" ampere");//correction in the book in question to find only currents
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.42/Ex4_42.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.42/Ex4_42.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d16d3813f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.42/Ex4_42.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.42/Ex4_42.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.42/Ex4_42.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..31d066b38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.42/Ex4_42.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//pagenumber 226 example 42
+clear
+beta1=50;
+vb=0.6;//volt
+vcc=18;//volt
+colres=4.3*10^3;//ohm
+ic=1.5*10^-3;//ampere
+vce=10;//volt
+stability=4;
+r1=(vcc-vce)/ic;
+re=r1-colres;
+w=(beta1+1)*(stability)*re/(1+beta1-stability);
+disp("re   =   "+string((re))+"ohm");
+disp("rb   =   "+string((w))+"ohm");//correction in the book
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.43/Ex4_43.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.43/Ex4_43.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..73b6efe06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.43/Ex4_43.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.43/Ex4_43.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.43/Ex4_43.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4c470e9a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.43/Ex4_43.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 226 example 43
+re=100;//ohm
+beta1=100;
+rb=1*10^3;//ohm
+stability=(1+beta1)/(1+beta1*(re/(re+rb)));
+r1=3.8//r2
+disp("r1   =   3.8*r2");//correction in the book not given in question
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.45/Ex4_45.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.45/Ex4_45.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f8d8502e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.45/Ex4_45.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.45/Ex4_45.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.45/Ex4_45.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..17f7e370e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.45/Ex4_45.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//pagenumber 228 example 45
+clear
+icb=2*10^-6;//ampere
+vbb=1;//volt
+r1=50*10^3;//ohm
+//current increases every 10celsius rb at 75celsius
+vb=-0.1;//volt
+icb=2^6*10^-6;//at 75celsius
+rb=(vb+vbb)/icb;
+disp("rb at 75 celsius   =   "+string((rb))+"ohm");
+icb=(vb+vbb)/r1;
+disp("icb   =   "+string((icb))+"ampere");
+w=(log10(icb*10^6)*20/log10(2))-25;
+disp("temperature at which current till max   =   "+string((w))+"celsius");
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.46/Ex4_46.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.46/Ex4_46.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5b16f7d6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.46/Ex4_46.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.46/Ex4_46.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.46/Ex4_46.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0b4a5dc10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.46/Ex4_46.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 228 example 46
+clear
+vb=0.8;//volt
+beta1=100;
+vce=0.2;//volt
+vcc=10;//volt
+rb=200*10^3;//ohm
+//collector resistance
+ib=(5-0.7)/rb;
+colres=(vcc-vce)/(beta1*ib);
+disp("min collector resistance   =   "+string((colres))+"ohm");
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.47/Ex4_47.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.47/Ex4_47.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6f6648ab5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.47/Ex4_47.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.47/Ex4_47.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.47/Ex4_47.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d355a5bcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.47/Ex4_47.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+//pagenumber 229 example 47
+clear
+alpha1=0.98;
+alph11=0.96;
+vcc=24;//volt
+colres=120;//ohm
+ie=100*10^-3;//ampere
+beta1=alpha1/(1-alpha1);
+bet11=alph11/(1-alph11);
+ib2=ie/(1+bet11);
+ie1=-ib2;
+disp("ib2   =   "+string((ib2))+"ampere");
+disp("ie1   =   "+string((ie1))+"ampere");
+
+
+ic2=bet11*ib2;
+ib1=ib2/(1+beta1);
+ic1=beta1*ib1;
+disp("ic2   =   "+string((ic2))+"ampere");
+disp("ib1   =   "+string((ib1))+"ampere");
+disp("ic1   =   "+string((ic1))+"ampere");
+ic=ic1+ic2;
+vce=vcc-ic*colres;
+ib=ib1;
+w=ic/ib;
+q=-ic/ie;
+disp("ic   =   "+string((ic))+"ampere");
+disp("ic/ib   =   "+string((w)));
+disp("ic/ie   =   "+string((q)));//correction in the book
+disp("vce   =   "+string((vce))+"volt");
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4ac6c7eba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a038eb174
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//pagenumber 205 example 5
+clear
+//given
+reveri=2*10^-6;//ampere at 25
+icb=2*10^-6*2^5;//ampere at 75
+basevoltag=5;//volt
+//(1)
+rb=(-0.1+basevoltag)/(icb);
+disp("max resistance   =   "+string((rb))+"ohm");//correction in the book
+//(2)
+basevoltag=1;
+rb=100*10^3;
+reveri=(-0.1+basevoltag)/rb;
+q=reveri/(2*10^-6);
+w=q^10;
+u=log(w)
+t=25+(u/log((2)));
+disp("baseresistance   =   "+string((rb))+"ohm");
+disp("temperature   =   "+string((t))+"celsius");
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6cc22727d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b4868dbc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 205 example 6
+clear
+//given
+vbe=0.8;//volt
+beta1=100;
+vce=0.2;//volt
+rb=200*10^3;//ohm
+bascur=(6-vbe)/rb;
+colres=(10-vce)/(beta1*bascur);
+disp("min resistance   =   "+string((colres))+"ohm");
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..18a68789f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..be2bd0820
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//pagenumber 206 example 7
+clear
+beta1=100;
+colres=3*10^3;//collector resistance //ohm
+rb=8*10^3;//ohm
+r1=500;//ohm
+voltag=5;//volt
+//(1)
+ib=(-voltag+0.7)/((1+beta1)*r1+(rb));
+ic=beta1*ib;
+vce=(-10-ic*(colres)+r1*(ib+ic));
+vcb=vce+0.7;
+//(2)
+volmin=-0.2+abs(ib+ic)*r1;
+re=-(0.7+rb*ib+voltag)/((1+(beta1))*ib);
+disp("in saturation mode")
+disp("vo   =   "+string((volmin))+"volt");//correction in the book
+disp("emitter resistance   <   "+string((re))+"ohm");
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.pdf b/2045/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..79d971121
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/2045/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e39c6d457
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+//example 9
+clear
+vcc=12;//volt
+rb=12*10^3;//ohm
+colres=2*10^3;//ohm
+beta1=100;
+vb=0.7;//volt
+vce=0.1;//volt
+
+for q=1:2
+    if q==1 then
+        vbb=1;
+    else
+        vbb=12;
+    end
+    ib=(vbb-vb)/rb;
+    ic=beta1*ib;
+    ie=ic+ib;
+    vce=vcc-ic*colres;
+    if q==2 then
+        ic=(vcc-0.1)/colres;
+    end
+
+    disp("the operating point at vbb   =   "+string((vbb))+"volt ic   =   "+string((ic))+"ampere vce   =   "+string((vce))+" volt");
+end
+beta1=ic/ib;
+
+disp("beta at saturation   =   "+string((beta1)));
+
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.pdf b/2045/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3dbfbce6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/2045/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7a237b2c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+//pagenumber 283 example 1
+clear
+ic=1*10^-3;//ampere
+vcc=5;//volt
+colres=2*10^3;//ohm
+r1=1.4*10^3;//ohm
+re=100;//ohm
+beta1=100;
+rb=100;//ohm
+v1=0.026;
+c1=25*10^-6;//farad
+g1=ic/v1;
+freque=10*10^3;//hertz
+xc=1/(2*freque*3.14*c1);
+volgai=-beta1*colres/(r1+0.1*10^3+2.5*10^3);
+disp("voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai)));
+ri=(0.1+2.5)*10^3-imag((xc)*(1+beta1));
+disp("input resistance   =   "+string((ri))+"ohm");
+//ce removed
+volgai=-beta1*colres/((r1+0.1*10^3+2.5*10^3)+(101/1000)*10^3*100);
+disp("ce removed");
+disp("voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai)));
+ri=(0.1+2.5)*10^3+100*101/1000*10^3;
+disp("input resistance   =   "+string((ri))+"ohm");
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.pdf b/2045/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a502b60f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce b/2045/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..971e82683
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 290 example 10
+clear
+re=1*10^3;//ohm
+hie=100;//ohm
+hfe=100;
+//voltage gain
+volgai=1/((1+(hie/(2*(1+hfe)*re))));
+//ri
+ri=(hie/2)+(1+hfe)*re;
+disp("voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai)));
+disp("input resistance   =   "+string((ri))+"ohm");
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.pdf b/2045/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ae5ace28d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce b/2045/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5f1fbadc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 292 example 11
+clear
+beta1=90;
+re=2*10^3;//ohm
+rb=240*10^3;//ohm
+vcc=20;
+ib=(vcc-0.7)/(rb+(1+beta1)*(re));
+ic=beta1*ib;
+vce=vcc-(ib+ic)*re;
+disp("emitter current   =   "+string((ib+ic))+"ampere");
+disp("vce   =   "+string((vce))+"volt");
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.pdf b/2045/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f69d92a4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce b/2045/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ad9c9c461
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+//pagenumber 292 example 12
+clear
+hfe=110;
+hie=1.6*10^3;//ohm
+hoe=20*10^-6;//ohm
+colres=4.7*10^3;//ohm
+hre=2*10^-4;
+r1=470*10^3;//ohm
+curgai=-hfe/(1+hoe*colres);
+ri=hie+hre*curgai*colres;
+volgai=curgai*colres/ri;
+y1=hoe-((hfe*hre)/(hie+1*10^3))
+z1=1/y1;
+disp("voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai)));
+disp("current gain   =   "+string((curgai)));
+disp("impedance   =   "+string((z1))+"ohm");
+r0=z1*colres/(z1+colres);
+curgai=-hfe;
+ri=hie;
+disp("parameters using approxmiate");
+volgai=curgai*(colres)/ri;
+disp("voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai)));//correction in the book
+disp("current gain   =   "+string((curgai)));
+disp("impedance   =   "+string((z1))+"ohm");
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.pdf b/2045/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f05aa84ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce b/2045/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b44b153db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//pagenumber 293 example 13
+clear
+re=1*10^3;//ohm
+hie=1000;//ohm
+hfe=99;
+//inptut resistance
+ri=hie+((1+hfe)*(hie+1+hfe*re));
+
+
+disp("input resistance   =   "+string((ri))+"ohm");//correction in the book
+//voltage gain
+volgai=((1+hfe)*(1+hfe)*re)/ri;
+disp("voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai)));
+
+
+//current gain
+curgai=-((1+hfe)*(1+hfe));
+
+
+disp("current gain   =   "+string((curgai)));
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.pdf b/2045/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7a0168032
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.sce b/2045/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7552a146a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 294 example 14
+clear
+hie=2*10^3;//ohm
+beta1=100;
+colres=5*10^3;//ohm
+volgai=beta1*colres/hie;
+disp("voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai))+"<180");
+disp("input impedance   =   "+string((hie))+"ohm");
+disp("current gain   =   "+string((beta1)));
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.pdf b/2045/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..360d9c042
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.sce b/2045/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2bb9e10ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//pagenumber 294 example 15
+clear
+colres=4.7*10^3;//ohm
+beta1=150;
+r1=12*10^3;//ohm
+vcc=15;//volt
+re=1.2*10^3;//ohm
+rac=colres*r1/(colres+r1);
+r=2*10^3;//ohm
+//voltage gain
+volgai=beta1*rac/r;
+disp("voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai)));
+r1=75*10^3;//ohm
+r2=7.5*10^3;//ohm
+//input impedance
+zin=(r1*r2)/(r1+r2);
+zin=zin*r/(zin+r);
+disp("input impedance   =   "+string((zin)));
+//coordinates
+vb=vcc*r2/(r1+r2);
+ie=vb/re;
+vce=vcc-((colres+re)*(ie));
+disp("coordinates ic   =   "+string((ie))+"ampere vce   =  "+string((vce))+"volt");
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.pdf b/2045/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5f30d36e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce b/2045/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..56fdff186
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//pagenumber 296 example 16
+clear
+r1=2000;//ohm
+r=900;//ohm
+hie=1200;//ohm
+hre=2*10^-4;
+hfe=60;
+hoe=25*10^-6;//ampere per volt
+curgai=(hfe)/(1+hoe*r1);
+disp("current gain   =   "+string((curgai)));
+ri=hie+(curgai*r1);
+disp("input impedance   =   "+string((ri))+"ohm");
+volgai=curgai*r1/ri;
+disp("voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai)));
+admita=1/ri;
+admita=hoe-(-hfe*hre)/(hie+r);
+r=1/admita;
+disp("output resistance   =   "+string((r))+"ohm");
+
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.17/Ex5_17.pdf b/2045/CH5/EX5.17/Ex5_17.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..293b7bd61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.17/Ex5_17.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.17/Ex5_17.sce b/2045/CH5/EX5.17/Ex5_17.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e5e64071c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.17/Ex5_17.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//pagenumber 296 example 17
+clear
+hfe=60;
+hie=500;//ohm
+ic=3*10^-3;//ampere
+zi=hie;
+rb=220*10^3;//ohm
+colres=5.1*10^3;//ohm
+z=colres;
+volgai=-hfe*colres/hie;
+curgai=-hfe;
+vcc=12;//volt
+ib=(vcc-0.6)/rb;
+ie=hfe*ib;
+re=0.026/ie;
+zi=hfe*re;
+z=colres;
+volgai=-colres/re;
+curgai=-hfe;
+disp("voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai)));
+disp("current gain   =   "+string((curgai)));
+disp("input impedance   =   "+string((zi))+"ohm");
+disp("output impedance   =   "+string((z))+"ohm");
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.18/Ex5_18.pdf b/2045/CH5/EX5.18/Ex5_18.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8eaf82ce9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.18/Ex5_18.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.18/Ex5_18.sce b/2045/CH5/EX5.18/Ex5_18.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0c725eb4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.18/Ex5_18.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+//pagenumber 297 example 18
+clear
+hie=3.2*10^3;//ohm
+hfe=100;
+r=40*10^3;//ohm
+r1=4.7*10^3;//ohm
+colres=4*10^3;//ohm
+rb=r*r1/(r+r1);
+zi=hie*rb/(hie+rb);
+z=colres;
+re=1.2*10^3;//ohm
+volgai=-hfe*colres/hie;
+disp("input impedance   =   "+string((zi))+"ohm");
+disp("output impedance   =   "+string((z))+"ohm");
+disp("voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai)));
+curgai=-hfe*rb/(rb+hie);
+disp("current gain   =   "+string((curgai)));
+hie=833;
+//(1) load open
+vi=1;
+ib=vi/hie;
+volgai=hfe*ib*1.5*10^3;
+//load closed
+hoe=50;
+r2=2*10^3;//ohm
+ib=vi/(r2+hie);
+vb=1.682;
+ib=(vb-0.6)/(rb+(1+hfe)*(re));
+ic=hfe*ib;
+ie=ic+ib;
+re=0.026/ie;
+zi=rb*hfe*re/((rb)+(hfe*re));
+disp("parameters in re");
+disp("input impedance   =   "+string((zi))+"ohm");
+z=colres;
+disp("output impedance   =   "+string((z))+"ohm");
+volgai=colres/(-re);
+disp("voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai)));
+curgai=-hfe*rb/(rb+hfe*re);
+disp("current gain   =   "+string((curgai)));
+
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.19/Ex5_19.pdf b/2045/CH5/EX5.19/Ex5_19.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a13e019f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.19/Ex5_19.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.19/Ex5_19.sce b/2045/CH5/EX5.19/Ex5_19.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ed1b1cc7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.19/Ex5_19.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//pagenumber 299 example 19
+clear
+hfe=120;
+hie=0.02;//ohm
+r1=5.8*10^3;//ohm
+r=27*10^3;//ohm
+colres=1.5*10^3;//ohm
+re=330*10^3;//ohm
+vcc=10;//volt
+vb=vcc*r1/(r1+r);
+rb=(r*r1)/(r+r1);
+ib=(vb-0.7)/(rb+((1+hfe)*re));
+volgai=-hfe*ib*2*10^3;
+disp("voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai)));//correction in the book
+
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.pdf b/2045/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3ce0bf897
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/2045/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..64696bad8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//pagenumber 285 example 2
+clear
+ic=1.3*10^-3;//ampere
+colres=2*10^3;//ohm
+re=500;//ohm
+v1=0.026;//volt
+beta1=100;
+vcc=15;//volt
+c1=10*10^-6;//farad
+ib=ic/beta1;
+ri=0.01/ib;
+volgai=beta1*colres*ib/0.01;
+disp("voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai))+"<180");
+disp("voltage gain reduced ce removed");
+disp("when cb is   short circuited the voltage gain increased");
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.20/Ex5_20.pdf b/2045/CH5/EX5.20/Ex5_20.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2a0b11f74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.20/Ex5_20.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.20/Ex5_20.sce b/2045/CH5/EX5.20/Ex5_20.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a37e96c4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.20/Ex5_20.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//pagenumber 300 example 20
+clear
+freque=6*10^6;//hertz
+hfe=50;
+r1=500;//ohm
+g=0.04
+rbb=100;//ohm
+
+
+c1=10*10^-12;//farad
+r=1000;//ohm
+rbe=hfe/g;
+ce=g/(2*3.14*freque);
+c1=ce+c1*(1+g*r);
+hie=rbb+rbe;
+resist=(r1+rbb)*rbe/(r1+rbb+rbe);
+frequ2=1/(2*3.14*resist*c1);
+curgai=-hfe*r1/(r1+hie);
+volgai=(-hfe*r)/(r1+hie);
+q=volgai*frequ2;
+disp("upper frequency voltage gain   =   "+string(abs(q))+"hertz");//correction in the book
+q=curgai*frequ2;
+disp("upper current gain   =   "+string(abs(q))+"hertz");
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.21/Ex5_21.pdf b/2045/CH5/EX5.21/Ex5_21.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4b1abbda4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.21/Ex5_21.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.21/Ex5_21.sce b/2045/CH5/EX5.21/Ex5_21.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4ed006780
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.21/Ex5_21.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+//pagenumber 301 example 21
+clear
+hie=1*10^3;//ohm
+hre=2*10^-4;
+hoe=25*10^-6;//ampere per volt
+hfe=50;
+colres=1*10^3;//ohm
+curgai=-hfe/(1+hoe*colres);
+disp("current gain   =   "+string((curgai)));
+ri=hie-hfe*hre/(hoe+1/colres);
+disp("input resistance   =   "+string((ri))+"ohm");
+volgai=curgai*colres/ri;
+disp("voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai)));
+y1=hoe-((hfe*hre)/(hie+800));
+r1=1/y1;
+disp("output resistance   =   "+string((r1))+"ohm");
+//approximate
+disp("approximate");
+curgai=-hfe;
+disp("current gain   =   "+string((curgai)));
+ri=hie;
+disp("input resistance   =   "+string((ri))+"ohm");
+volgai=-hfe*colres/hie;
+disp("voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai)));
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.22/Ex5_22.pdf b/2045/CH5/EX5.22/Ex5_22.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..11795dad7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.22/Ex5_22.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.22/Ex5_22.sce b/2045/CH5/EX5.22/Ex5_22.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2cd05503a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.22/Ex5_22.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//example 22
+clear
+rb1=7.5*10^3;//ohm
+rb2=6.8*10^3;//ohm
+
+rb3=3.3*10^3;//ohm
+re=1.3*10^3;//ohm
+colres=2.2*10^3;//ohm
+beta1=120;
+vcc=18;//volt
+vb1=rb3*vcc/(rb3+rb2+rb1);
+ie1=(vb1-0.7)/(re);
+re1=0.026/ie1;
+re2=0.026/ie1;
+volgai=colres/re2;
+disp("voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai)));
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.23/Ex5_23.pdf b/2045/CH5/EX5.23/Ex5_23.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ebd3cf4e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.23/Ex5_23.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.23/Ex5_23.sce b/2045/CH5/EX5.23/Ex5_23.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6bcf212cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.23/Ex5_23.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//pagenumber 302 example 23
+clear
+vcc=5;//volt
+colres=250;//ohm
+v1=5;//volt
+rb=25*10^3;//ohm
+beta1=200;
+vbs=0.8;//volt
+vcon=0.3;//volt
+icon=(vcc-vcon)/colres;
+ibon=icon/beta1;
+ibs=(v1-vbs)/rb;
+ic=(vcc-0.2)/colres;
+beta1=ic/ibs;
+disp("forced beta   =   "+string((beta1)));
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.24/Ex5_24.pdf b/2045/CH5/EX5.24/Ex5_24.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c9d7d2c67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.24/Ex5_24.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.24/Ex5_24.sce b/2045/CH5/EX5.24/Ex5_24.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1654d3404
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.24/Ex5_24.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//pagenumber 303 example 24
+clear
+vb=0.6;//volt
+beta1=100;
+ic=1*10^-3;//ampere
+vce=2.5;//volt
+re=300;//ohm
+vcc=5;//volt
+ib=ic/beta1;
+ie=ic+ib;
+ve=ie*re;
+vce=vce+ve;
+r3=(vcc-vce)/ic;
+vb=ve+vb;
+r1=(vcc-vb)/(vb/(10*10^3)+(ib));
+disp("resistance r1   =   "+string((r1))+"ohm");
+disp("resistance r3   =   "+string((r3))+"ohm");
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.25/Ex5_25.pdf b/2045/CH5/EX5.25/Ex5_25.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..39519d288
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.25/Ex5_25.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.25/Ex5_25.sce b/2045/CH5/EX5.25/Ex5_25.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4bfc969e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.25/Ex5_25.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//pagenumber 304 example 25
+clear
+vce2=7.5;//volt
+vb=0.7;//volt
+beta1=200;
+v1=25;//volt
+r1=10*10^3;//ohm
+vcc=15;//volt
+i1=(vcc-vb)/r1;
+r=(vcc-vce2)/i1;
+z1=beta1*v1/i1;
+z=v1/i1;
+disp("input impedance q1   =   "+string((z))+"ohm");//correction in the book
+disp("input impedance q2   =   "+string((z1))+"ohm");
+
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.26/Ex5_26.pdf b/2045/CH5/EX5.26/Ex5_26.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c5a5926a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.26/Ex5_26.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.26/Ex5_26.sce b/2045/CH5/EX5.26/Ex5_26.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7f3118ef2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.26/Ex5_26.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 305 example 26
+clear
+beta1=99;
+r1=1*10^3;//ohm
+g=beta1/r1;
+r=r1*((r1+r1)/(100))/((r1+((r1+r1)/(100))));
+disp("make input   =   0");
+disp("ground dc");
+
+
+disp("output resistance   =   "+string((r))+"ohm");
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.27/Ex5_27.pdf b/2045/CH5/EX5.27/Ex5_27.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..cbc734101
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.27/Ex5_27.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.27/Ex5_27.sce b/2045/CH5/EX5.27/Ex5_27.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1ea8f4320
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.27/Ex5_27.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//pagenumber 305 example 27
+clear
+ic=0.5*10^-3;//ampere
+rb=100*10^3;//ohm
+v1=0.026;//volt
+r1=50;//ohm
+colres=1*10^3;//ohm
+g=ic/v1;
+volgai=g*colres;
+disp("output resistance   =   "+string((colres))+"ohm");
+disp("input resistance very low");//not given in the book
+disp("voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai)));
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.28/Ex5_28.pdf b/2045/CH5/EX5.28/Ex5_28.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7c4c25c93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.28/Ex5_28.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.28/Ex5_28.sce b/2045/CH5/EX5.28/Ex5_28.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fdc6a03c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.28/Ex5_28.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+//pagenumber 306 example 28
+clear
+re=4*10^3;//ohm
+r1=4*10^3;//ohm
+hie=1.1*10^3;//ohm
+resist=10*10^3;//ohm
+hfe=50;
+rb=10*10^3;//ohm
+r=1*10^3;//ohm
+colres=5*10^3;//ohm
+//(1) current gain
+ri=rb*hie/(rb+hie);
+curgai=(1/2.04)*((rb)/(rb+hie))*((-hfe*colres)/(colres+r1));
+disp("current gain   =   "+string((curgai)));
+//(2) voltage gain
+volgai=curgai*r1/r;
+disp("voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai)));
+//(3) tranconductance
+conduc=volgai/r1;
+disp("transconductance   =   "+string((conduc))+"ampere per volt");
+//transresistance
+resist=resist*volgai;
+disp("transresistance   =   "+string((resist))+"ohm");
+disp("input resistance   =   "+string((ri))+"ohm");
+r=(40*10^3*colres)/(40*10^3+colres);
+disp("output resistance   =   "+string((r))+"ohm");
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.29/Ex5_29.pdf b/2045/CH5/EX5.29/Ex5_29.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e05e987d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.29/Ex5_29.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.29/Ex5_29.sce b/2045/CH5/EX5.29/Ex5_29.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c8ea4d5af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.29/Ex5_29.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//pagenumber 307 example 29
+clear
+beta1=500;
+ib=20*10^-6;//ampere
+re=100;//ohm
+ic=beta1*ib;
+vc=ic*0.47*10^3;//voltage drop across collector resistance
+v1=(10-vc);
+vb=v1-0.6;
+rb=vc/ib;
+disp("base resistance   =   "+string((rb))+"ohm");
+ve=re*ic;
+disp("base resistance with re");
+b=0.6+0.1;
+rb=(v1-b)/ib;
+disp("base resistance   =   "+string((rb))+"ohm");
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.pdf b/2045/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..de8409b75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/2045/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..21b77554b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+//pagenumber 286 example 3
+clear
+colres=4*10^3;//ohm
+r1=4*10^3;//ohm
+
+rb=20*10^3;//ohm
+r=1*10^3;//ohm
+hie=1.1*10^3;//ohm
+
+//current gain
+ri=rb*hie/(rb+hie);
+curgai=(1/2.04)*(rb/(rb+(hie)))*(-50*colres/(colres+(r1)));
+disp("current gain   =   "+string((curgai)));
+//voltage gain
+volgai=curgai*r1/r;
+disp("voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai)));
+//transconductance
+conduc=volgai/r1;
+disp("transconductance   =   "+string((conduc))+"ampere per volt");
+//transresistance
+resist=volgai*r;
+disp("transresistance   =   "+string((resist))+"ohm");
+//input resistance
+disp("input resistance   =   "+string((ri))+"ohm");
+//output resistance
+resist=40*10^3*colres/(40*10^3+colres);
+
+
+
+disp("output resistance   =   "+string((resist))+"ohm");
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.30/Ex5_30.pdf b/2045/CH5/EX5.30/Ex5_30.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..91d430a23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.30/Ex5_30.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.30/Ex5_30.sce b/2045/CH5/EX5.30/Ex5_30.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..963d8f0ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.30/Ex5_30.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//pagenumber 308 example 30
+clear
+beta1=100;
+re=100;//ohm
+vcc=10;//volt
+colres=1.5*10^3;//ohm
+r=100*10^3;//ohm
+r1=10*10^3;//ohm
+vb=vcc*r1/(r1+r);
+ie=0.3/re;
+ib=ie/beta1;
+disp("collector current   =   "+string((ie))+"ampere");
+disp("base current   =   "+string((ib))+"ampere");
+disp("emitter current   =   "+string((ie))+"ampere");
+
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.pdf b/2045/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..20e7e70c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/2045/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0afe20cb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//pagenumber 287 example 4
+clear
+ib=20*10^-6;//ampere
+beta1=500;
+re=10;//ohm correction in the book
+r1=4.7*10^2;//ohm correction in the book
+ic=ib*beta1;
+voltag=ic*r1;//voltage drop at 4.7*10^3ohm
+vc=(10-voltag);
+rb=(vc-0.6)/ib;
+disp("rb   =   "+string((rb))+"ohm");
+//re included
+voltag=ic*re;//voltage drop at re
+vb=(0.6+voltag);
+rb=(vc-vb)/ib;
+disp("rb including emitter resistance   =   "+string((rb))+"ohm");
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.pdf b/2045/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..325cbbb70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/2045/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..119b119ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 288 example 5
+clear
+av=12480;
+fedbac=8;//decibel
+volgai=20*log10(av);//gain without fedback
+volga1=volgai-fedbac;
+beta1=((av/5000)-1)/av;
+
+disp("voltage gain with fedback   =   "+string((volga1))+"decibel");
+disp("beta   =   "+string((beta1)));
+
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.pdf b/2045/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e3b6cccd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/2045/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..954c4d8fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 288 example 6
+beta1=100;
+r1=1.5*10^3;//ohm
+vcc=10;//volt
+r=100*10^3;//ohm
+vb=((vcc)/(r+10*10^3))*10*10^3;
+ie=0.3/100;
+ib=ie/beta1;
+disp("collector current   =   "+string((ie))+"ampere");
+disp("emitter current   =   "+string((ie))+"ampere");
+disp("base current   =   "+string((ib))+"ampere");
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.pdf b/2045/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..41ce2bbef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/2045/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..929920700
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//pagenumber 268 example 7
+clear
+hie=800;//ohm
+he=50*10^-6;//mho
+hfe=-55;
+z1=2*10^3;//ohm
+curgai=hfe/(1+he*z1);
+zi=hie
+volgai=curgai*z1/zi;
+powgai=volgai*curgai;
+//if hoe neglected
+av=137.5;
+hfe=-55;
+w=((av-abs(volgai))*100)/abs(volgai);
+ap=hfe*(-av);
+w1=((ap-powgai)*100)/powgai;
+disp("voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai)));
+
+
+disp("power gain   =   "+string((powgai)));
+disp("error without hoe   =   "+string((w)));
+disp("error   =   "+string((w1)));
+
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.pdf b/2045/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5ec49d557
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/2045/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4089f0b56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//pagenumber 289 example 8
+clear
+rb=5*10^3;//ohm
+vcc=20;//volt
+r=10*10^3;//ohm
+colres=5*10^3;//ohm
+vb=vcc*r/(r+r);
+beta1=50;
+v1=0.6;//volt
+ib=(vb-v1)/(1+beta1*colres);
+ic=beta1*ib;
+vc=vcc-ic*1*10^3;
+vce=vc-rb*(ic+ib);
+disp("emitter current   =   "+string((ic+ib))+"ampere");
+disp("vc   =   "+string((vc))+"volt");
+disp("collector emitter voltage   =   "+string((vce))+"volt");
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.pdf b/2045/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8a7842f55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce b/2045/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..12bca99f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 290 example 9
+clear
+hib=25;//ohm
+hfb=0.999;
+hob=10^-6;//ohm
+colres=10*10^3;//ohm
+//voltage gain
+curgai=hfb/(1+hob*colres);
+zi=hib+hob*colres*curgai;
+volgai=curgai*colres/(zi);
+disp("voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai)));//correction in the book
diff --git a/2045/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.pdf b/2045/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..16ea6e3c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/2045/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a5c81b9c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+//pagenumber 337 example 1
+clear
+colcur=10*10^-3;//ampere
+vce=10;//volt
+hie=500;//ohm
+hoe=4*10^-5;
+hfe=100;
+hre=1*10^-4;
+fqu=50*10^6;//hertz
+q=3*10^12;//farad
+voltag=26*10^-3;//volt
+g=colcur/voltag;
+gbe=g/hfe;
+gbc=gbe*hre;
+rbb=hie-260;
+oucond=hoe-(1+hfe)*gbc;
+cbe=g/(2*3.14*fqu);
+rbc=1/gbc;
+rce=1/oucond;
+disp("transconductance g   =   "+string((g))+"ampere/volt");
+disp("input conductance gbe   =   "+string((gbe))+"ampere/volt");
+disp("feedback conductance gbc   =   "+string((gbc))+"ampere/volt");
+disp("base spread resistance rbb   =   "+string((rbb))+"ohm");
+disp("output conductance   =   "+string((oucond))+"ampere/volt");
+disp("transition capacitance cbe   =   "+string((cbe))+"farad");
+disp("rbc    =   "+string((rbc))+"ohm");//correction as 2.6mega ohm
+disp("rce   =   "+string((rce))+"ohm");
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.pdf b/2045/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..effee1800
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/2045/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..04b972cf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//pagenumber 337 example 2
+clear
+colcur=5*10^-3;//ampere
+vce=10;//volt
+hfe=100;
+hie=600;//ohm
+cugain=10;
+fqu=10*10^6;//hertz
+
+tracat=3*10^-12;//farad
+voltag=26*10^-3;//volt
+fbeta1=((((hfe^2)/(cugain^2))-1)/fqu^2)^(1/2);
+fbeta1=1/fbeta1;
+fq1=hfe*fbeta1;
+cbe=colcur/(2*3.14*fq1*voltag);
+rbe=hfe/(colcur/voltag);
+rbb=hie-rbe;
+disp("fbeta   =   "+string((fbeta1))+"hertz");
+disp("f   =   "+string((fq1))+"hertz");
+disp("cbe   =   "+string((cbe))+"farad");
+disp("rbe   =   "+string((rbe))+"ohm");
+disp("rbb   =   "+string((rbb))+"ohm");
+
diff --git a/2045/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.pdf b/2045/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5e6ecdc8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/2045/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4b63bdd95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 338 example 3
+clear
+w=1*10^-4;//centimetre
+em1cur=2*10^-3;//ampere
+q=47;
+voltag=26*10^-3;//volt
+cde=(em1cur*w^2)/(voltag*2*q);
+fq1=(em1cur)/(2*3.14*cde*voltag);
+disp("cde   =   "+string((cde))+"farad");
+disp("frequency   =   "+string((fq1))+"hertz");
+
diff --git a/2045/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.pdf b/2045/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8d7719b00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/2045/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..20c94e503
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//pagenumber 339 example 6
+clear
+w=5*10^-4;//centimetre
+em1cur=2*10^-3;//ampere
+q=47;
+voltag=26*10^-3;//volt
+re=voltag/em1cur;
+fq1=2*q/(w^2*2*3.14);
+cde=(em1cur*w^2)/(voltag*2*q);
+w=(w^2)/(2*q);
+disp("re   =   "+string((re))+"ohm");
+disp("falpha   =   "+string((fq1))+"hertz");
+disp("cde   =   "+string((cde))+"farad");
+
+
+disp("w   =   "+string((w))+"second");
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.pdf b/2045/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f891a0945
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce b/2045/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..96c358412
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber example 8
+clear
+w=10^-6;//centimetre
+em1cur=4*10^-3;//ampere
+voltag=26*10^-3;//volt
+q=47;
+cde=(em1cur*w^2)/(voltag*2*q);
+fq1=(em1cur)/(2*3.14*cde*voltag);
+disp("f   =   "+string((fq1))+"hertz");
+disp("cde   =   "+string((cde))+"farad");//correction in book 0.0016pico farad
+
diff --git a/2045/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.pdf b/2045/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a57695210
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/2045/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..babdcdd22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//pagenumber 370 example 1
+clear
+rd=12*10^3;//ohm
+r=1*10^6;//ohm
+resour=470;//ohm
+vdd=30;//volt
+idss=3*10^-3;//ampere
+vd=2.4;//volt
+
+vgs=[0.24 2.175 1.41];
+vgs=roots(vgs);
+vgs=0.7;
+id=idss*((1-(vgs/vd)))^2;
+vds=vdd-id*(rd+resour);
+g=(2*idss/vd)*(1-((vgs/vd)));
+volgai=-g*rd;
+disp("vgs   =   "+string((vgs))+"volt");
+disp("id   =   "+string((id))+"ampere");
+disp("vds   =   "+string((vds))+"volt");
+disp("voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai)));
diff --git a/2045/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.pdf b/2045/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..851b0b498
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/2045/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..43de7dc2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 371 example 2
+clear
+idss=1*10^-3;//ampere
+pinvol=1;//volt
+q=10;//volt
+rd=56*10^3;//ohm
+vdd=24;//volt
+dracur=(vdd-q)/rd;
+vgs=0.5;
+r1=vgs/dracur;
+disp("r1   =   "+string((r1))+"ohm");
diff --git a/2045/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.pdf b/2045/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7887e8d46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/2045/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..74fa5a064
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//pagenumber 372 example 4
+clear
+ids=4*10^-3;//ampere
+vp=4;//volt
+r=1.3*10^3//ohm
+r1=200*10^3;//ohm
+vdd=60;//volt
+drares=18*10^3;//ohm
+soresi=4*10^3;//ohm
+rth=(r*r1)/(r+r1);
+vth=r1*(1-vdd)/(1500*10^3);
+id=-2.25*10^-3;
+vds=-vdd-(drares+soresi)*id;
+disp("id   =   "+string(abs(id))+"ampere");
+disp("vds   =   "+string(abs(vds))+"volt");
diff --git a/2045/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.pdf b/2045/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..81b9d7e6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/2045/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3f9e0e099
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 373 example 5
+clear
+idss=10*10^-3;//ampere
+pinvol=-1;//volt
+ids=6.4*10^-3;//ampere
+vgs=-(sqrt(ids/idss)-(1))*pinvol;
+r=pinvol/ids;
+
+
+disp("source resistance   =   "+string(abs(r))+"ohm");
+
diff --git a/2045/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.pdf b/2045/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3533c5d11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/2045/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..76ca91132
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 374 example 6
+clear
+v1=2;//volt
+vgs=4;//volt
+voltag=5;//volt
+q=5*10^-3;//ampere per volt square
+id=q*(vgs-v1);
+durati=10^-7*log(4);
+
+disp("duration   =   "+string((durati))+"second");
+
diff --git a/2045/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.pdf b/2045/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f15b7c16c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/2045/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e1cdc7cf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//pagenumber 7 example 7
+clear
+idss=1*10^-3;//ampere
+pinvol=-5;//volt
+tracon=(2*idss)/abs(pinvol);
+disp("max transconductance   =   "+string((tracon))+"mho");
diff --git a/2045/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.pdf b/2045/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c4f542b9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce b/2045/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7eaf28f96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 376 example 8
+clear
+vdd=10;//volt
+beta1=10^-4;//ampere per square volt
+ids=0.5*10^-3;//ampere
+voltag=1;//volt
+vgs=(sqrt(ids/beta1)+(1));
+rd=(vdd-vgs)/ids;
+
+disp("vgs   =   "+string((vgs))+"volt");
+disp("rd   =   "+string((rd))+"ohm");
diff --git a/2045/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.pdf b/2045/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..bfbe95137
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce b/2045/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7d28b6c52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//pagenumber 376 example 9
+clear
+v1=2;//volt
+ids=4*10^-3;//ampere
+
+rd=910;//ohm
+r1=3*10^3;//ohm
+r=12*01^6;//ohm
+r11=8.57*10^6;//ohm
+vdd=24;//volt
+vg=vdd*(r11/(r+(r11)));
+id=3.39*10^-3;
+vgsq=vg-id*r1;
+vdsq=vdd-id*(rd+r1);
+vdgq=vdsq-vgsq;
+disp("point "+string(vdsq)+">"+string(v1)+"volt");
+disp("vds greater than 2volt the point in pinch");
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.pdf b/2045/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..055e94ba4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/2045/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..bae56b215
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//pagenumber 399 example 1
+clear
+freque=5*10^3;//hertz
+//(1)
+g=2*10^-3;//ampere per volt
+rd=10*10^3;//ohm
+r1=30*10^3;//ohm
+r12=r1*r1/(r1+r1);
+volgai=-(g*r12*rd)/(r12+rd);
+disp("voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai)));//correction r12 should be taken as 15*10^3ohm in book
+//(2) capacitance included
+c=0.025*10^-6;//farad
+frequ1=1/((2*3.14*(((rd*r1)/(rd+r1))+r1))*c);
+volgai=(volgai/(sqrt((1+(frequ1/freque)^2))));
+
+disp("voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai)));
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.pdf b/2045/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..43985ecfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/2045/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0d8b416d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 400 example 2
+clear
+rd=80*10^3;//ohm
+r1=8*10^3;//ohm
+rd12=5*10^3;//ohm
+rd1=rd*r1/(rd+r1);
+u=30;
+volgai=-(u*rd1)/(rd1+rd12);
+
+disp("voltage gain   "+string((volgai)));
+
diff --git a/2045/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.pdf b/2045/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..18bcfc02d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/2045/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5be9fb290
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 401 example 3
+clear
+r1=60*10^3;//ohm
+volgai=-17.7;
+rg=80*10^3;//ohm
+volgai=((volgai*rg)/(1-volgai))/((rg/(1-volgai))+r1);
+disp("voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai)));
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.pdf b/2045/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d8b7e2da2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/2045/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..86f93ec2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//pagenumber 405 example 6
+clear
+vds=14;//volt
+idq=3*10^-3;//ampere
+vdd=20;//volt
+g=2*10^-2;
+rd=50*10^3;//ohm
+vgs=-1.5;//volt
+w=(vdd-vds)/idq;
+r1=-vgs/idq;
+r2=w-r1;
+inpres=1/(1-(0.8*((r1)/(r1+r2))));
+volgai=(r1+r2)/(r1+r2+(1/(g)));
+disp("r1   =   "+string((r1))+"ohm");
+disp("effective input resistance   =   "+string((inpres))+"r3ohm");
+disp("r2   =   "+string((r2))+"ohm");
+
+
+disp("voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai))+"av`");
diff --git a/2045/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.pdf b/2045/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ca0b3365e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/2045/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..26aa1f051
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//pagenumber 405 example 7
+clear
+rg=40*10^3;//ohm
+voltag=(1-6*50)*3.3*10^3/(5.3*10^3);
+
+disp("output voltage   =   "+string((voltag))+"volt");//correction in the book
diff --git a/2045/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.pdf b/2045/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..071dcf595
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce b/2045/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f854cc915
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//pagenumber 406 example 9
+clear
+u=50;
+rd=10*10^3;//ohm
+cgs=5*10^-12;//farad
+cgd=2*10^-12;//farad
+cds=2*10^-12;//farad
+freque=3;//decibel
+g=u/rd;
+volgai=-u*rd/(rd+rd);
+req=rd*rd/(rd+rd);
+frequ1=1/(2*3.14*cgd*req);
+disp("voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai)));//correction in book
+disp("frequency   =   "+string((frequ1))+"hertz");
+capac1=cgd*(1+g);
+disp("output capacitance   =   "+string((capac1))+"farad");
+
+
+
+disp("req   =   "+string((req))+"ohm");
diff --git a/2045/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.pdf b/2045/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f988ca3df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/2045/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4a676521a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//pagenumber 424 example 1
+clear
+//(1) frequency
+freque=100*10^3*sqrt(2^(1/3)-(1));
+frequ2=100*10^3/sqrt(2^(1/3)-(1));
+disp("frequency1   =   "+string((freque))+"hertz");
+disp("frequency2   =   "+string((frequ2))+"hertz");
+//(2)frequency
+freq11=100*10^6;//hertz
+freq12=150*10^6;//hertz
+freq13=200*10^6;//hertz
+freq21=100*10^3;//hertz
+freq22=150*10^3;//hertz
+freq23=200*10^3;//hertz
+frequ1=sqrt(freq11^2+freq12^2+freq13^2);
+disp("frequency   =   "+string((frequ1))+"hertz");//correction in the book 269.25mega hertz
+frequ1=1/sqrt((1/(freq21^2))+(1/(freq22^2))+(1/(freq23^2)));
+
+
+disp("frequency   =   "+string((frequ1))+"hertz");//correction in the book
diff --git a/2045/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.pdf b/2045/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7e034d4f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/2045/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a29141bc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//pagenumber 424 example 2
+clear
+freque=60;//hertz
+frequ1=freque*0.484;
+cb=1/(frequ1*2*3.14*10^3);
+disp("coupling capacitance   =   "+string((cb))+"/r`");
diff --git a/2045/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.pdf b/2045/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c7293ecd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/2045/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..cf8b3cc44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//pagenumber 425 example 3
+clear
+g=10*10^-3;//ampere per volt
+rd=5.5*10^3;//ohm
+rg=1*10^6;//ohm
+//(1) cb frequency 1decibel to 10hertz
+ri=rg;
+r1=(rd*8*10^3)/(rd+8*10^3);
+cb=10^-6/(3.14*5.07);
+disp("cb   =   "+string((cb))+"farad");
+//(2) cb
+cb=(cb*(5)/(3.52));
+disp("cb   =   "+string((cb))+"farad");
+//(3) gain
+a1=g^2*(3.26^2);
+disp("gain of each stage   =   "+string((a1)));//correction in the book
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.pdf b/2045/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4e594a162
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/2045/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..16c3c4f0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//pagenumber 427 example 4
+clear
+freque=40*10^3;//hertz
+frequ1=freque/0.507;
+disp("upper frequency   =   "+string((frequ1))+"hertz");
+frequ1=freque/1.96;
+disp("lower frequency   =   "+string((frequ1))+"hertz");
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.pdf b/2045/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..406493838
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/2045/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3337d8e72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//pagenumber 427 example 5
+clear
+g=2.6*10^-3;//ampere per volt
+rd=7.7*10^3;//ohm
+rd1=12*10^3;//ohm
+cb=0.005*10^-6;//farad
+//(1) voltage gain
+volgai=g*((1/rd)+1/rd1+1/(1*10^3));
+volgai=(20*(log10(10.8)))*3;
+disp("overal voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai))+"decibel");//correction in the book
+//(2) lower frequency
+r=rd*rd1/(rd+rd1);
+freque=1/((2*3.14)*(r+1*10^6)*cb);
+disp("lower frequency of each   =   "+string((freque))+"hertz");
+//(3) overal lower frequency
+freque=freque*1.96;
+disp("lower frequency overal   =   "+string((freque))+"hertz");
+
+
diff --git a/2045/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.pdf b/2045/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..46ed8a012
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/2045/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b139a8e1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//pagenumber 429 example 6
+clear
+hfe=50;
+hie=1.1*10^3;//ohm
+//(1) gain
+r1=2*10^3;//ohm
+volgai=-hfe*r1/(hie);
+r11=25*10^3*hie/(25*10^3+hie);
+r11=r1*r11/(r1+r11);
+volga1=-hfe*r11/hie;
+volgai=volgai*volga1;
+disp("voltage gain   =   "+string((volgai)));
+freque=20;//hertz
+ri=25*10^3*hie/(25*10^3+hie);
+cb=1/(2*3.14*(ri+r1)*(freque));
+disp("cb   =   "+string((cb))+"farad");
+cb=1/(2*3.14*3.05*10^3*10/3.14);
+disp("cb   <=   "+string((cb))+"farad");
+
diff --git a/2045/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.pdf b/2045/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.pdf
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..213ac64c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.pdf
diff --git a/2045/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce b/2045/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f3367741a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2045/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//pagenumber 432 example 8
+clear
+theta1=atand(0.1);
+disp("theta1   =   "+string((theta1)));
+disp("phase constant 10f1<=f<=0.1f11");
+
+
+
+
author	priyanka	2015-06-24 15:03:17 +0530
committer	priyanka	2015-06-24 15:03:17 +0530
commit	b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b (patch)
tree	ab291cffc65280e58ac82470ba63fbcca7805165 /2045
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