initial commit / add all books

20 files changed, 446 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.1/EXAMPLE2_1.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.1/EXAMPLE2_1.SCE
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..70727e713
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.1/EXAMPLE2_1.SCE
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA

+//CHAPTER 2

+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION

+clear all;

+clc;

+printf("EXAMPLE 2.1(PAGENO 51)");

+//given

+L = 50*10^-6//in henry

+C = 1*10^-9//in farads

+//calculation

+F_c = 1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*C));

+//results

+printf("\n\nCarrier frequency F_c = %.2f Hz",F_c);

+printf("\n\nNow , it is given that the highest modulation frequency is 8KHz ");

+printf("\n\nTherefore, the frequency range occupied by the sidebands will range from 8KHz \nabove to 8KHz below the carrier frequency, extending fom 712KHz to 720KHz.");

diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.10/EXAMPLE2_10.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.10/EXAMPLE2_10.SCE
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d7ad0722c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.10/EXAMPLE2_10.SCE
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA

+//CHAPTER 2

+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION

+clear all;

+clc;

+printf("EXAMPLE 2.10(PAGENO 57)");

+

+//given

+m1 = .4//modulation index

+I_t1 = 11//initial antenna current in ampers

+I_t2 = 12//final antenna current in ampers

+

+//calculations

+I_c = (I_t1/(1+(m1^2/2))^.5);// formula for carrier current in ampers

+m_t = sqrt(2*((I_t2/I_c)^2 -1));//total modulation index

+m2 = sqrt(m_t^2 - m1^2);//modulation index to the second wave

+m3 = m2*100;//percentage modulation index to the second wave

+

+//results

+printf("\n\n Carrier current = %.2f A",I_c);

+printf("\n\nTotal modulation index = %.2f",m_t);

+printf("\n\nPercentage modulation index of second wave= %.2f percent",m3);

diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.11/EXAMPLE2_11.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.11/EXAMPLE2_11.SCE
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f1283f846
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.11/EXAMPLE2_11.SCE
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA

+//CHAPTER 2

+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION

+clear all;

+clc;

+printf("EXAMPLE 2.11(PAGENO 58)");

+

+//given

+P_c = 10*10^3//carrier power in watts

+P_t = 12*10^3//total power in watts

+m_2 = .5//modulation index of second wave

+

+//calculations

+m_1 = sqrt(2*((P_t/P_c)-1));//modulation index of first wave

+m_t = sqrt(m_1^2 +m_2^2);//total modulation index

+P_t1 = P_c*(1+(m_t^2/2))//total new transmitted power

+

+//results

+printf("\n\nModulation index of first wave = %.4f",m_1);

+printf("\n\nTotal modulation index = %.2f",m_t);

+printf("\n\ntotal new transmitted power = %.2f W",P_t1);

diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.12/EXAMPLE2_12.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.12/EXAMPLE2_12.SCE
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..03c296156
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.12/EXAMPLE2_12.SCE
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA

+//CHAPTER 2

+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION

+clear all;

+clc;

+printf("EXAMPLE 2.12(PAGENO 60)");

+

+//given

+P_t = 10.125*10^3//modulated or total power in watts

+P_c = 9*10^3//unmodulated of carrier power

+m_2 = .4//modulation index of second wave

+

+//calculations

+m_1 = sqrt(2*((P_t/P_c) - 1))//modulation index of first wave

+m_a = m_1*100//percentage modulation index of first wave

+m_t = sqrt(m_1^2 + m_2^2)//total modulation index

+P_t1 = P_c*(1+(m_t^2/2))//total radiated power

+

+//results

+printf("\n\ni.a.Modulation index of first wave = %.4f",m_1);

+printf("\n\n  b.Percentage modulation index of first wave = %.2f percent",m_a);

+printf("\n\nii.Total radiated power = %.2f W",P_t1);

diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.13/EXAMPLE2_13.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.13/EXAMPLE2_13.SCE
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4c21008b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.13/EXAMPLE2_13.SCE
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA

+//CHAPTER 2

+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION

+clear all;

+clc;

+printf("EXAMPLE 2.13(PAGENO 90)");

+

+//given

+m1 = 1//modulation index of first signal

+m2 = .5//modulation index of second signal

+//let

+P_c = 1//carrier power in watts 

+

+//calculations

+P_1= P_c*(1+(m1^2/2))//total power of first signal

+P_2 = P_c*(1+(m2^2/2))//total power of second signal

+P_a = (P_c*100)/(P_1)//percentage power saving for first signal

+P_b = (P_c*100)/(P_2)//percentage power saving for second signal

+

+//results

+printf("\n\ni.Percentage power saving for first signal= %f percent",P_a);

+printf("\n\nii.Percentage power saving for second signal= %f percent",P_b);

diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.15/EXAMPLE2_15.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.15/EXAMPLE2_15.SCE
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..174f4d1a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.15/EXAMPLE2_15.SCE
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA

+//CHAPTER 2

+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION

+clear all;

+clc;

+printf("EXAMPLE 2.15(PAGENO98 )");

+

+//given

+m1 = 1//modulation index of first signal

+m2 = .5//modulation index of second signal

+//let

+P_c = 1//carrier power in watts 

+

+//calculations

+P_cssb1 = P_c*(1+(m1^2/4))//power in carrier plus power in one sideband for first signal

+P_cssb2 = P_c*(1+(m2^2/4))//power in carrier plus power in one sideband for second signal

+P_1= P_c*(1+(m1^2/2))//total power of first signal

+P_2 = P_c*(1+(m2^2/2))//total power of second signal

+P_a = (P_cssb1*100)/(P_1)//percentage power saving for first signal

+P_b = (P_cssb2*100)/(P_2)//percentage power saving for second signal

+

+//results

+printf("\n\ni.Percentage power saving for first signal= %f percent",P_a);

+printf("\n\nii.Percentage power saving for second signal= %f percent",P_b);

diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.16/EXAMPLE2_16.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.16/EXAMPLE2_16.SCE
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..da7ffab9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.16/EXAMPLE2_16.SCE
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA

+//CHAPTER 2

+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION

+clear all;

+clc;

+printf("EXAMPLE 2.16(PAGENO 109)");

+

+//given

+P_ssb  = 10*10^3//power in ssb transmission  in watts

+P_t = P_ssb// total power in watts

+m_a = .8//modulation index

+

+//calculations

+P_c = (P_t/(1+(m_a^2/4)+(m_a^2/4)))//carrier power in watts

+P_SB = P_t - P_c//power in sidebands

+P_usb =  P_SB/2//power in upper sideband

+P_lsb =P_usb//power in upper sideband

+

+//results

+printf("\n\ni.Power content of the carrier = %.2f W",P_c);

+printf("\n\nii.a.Power content in upper sideband  = %.2f W",P_usb);

+printf("\n\n   b.Power content in lower sideband = %.2f W",P_lsb);

diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.17/EXAMPLE2_17.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.17/EXAMPLE2_17.SCE
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..aa7d0c7b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.17/EXAMPLE2_17.SCE
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA

+//CHAPTER 2

+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION

+clear all;

+clc;

+printf("EXAMPLE 2.17(PAGENO 109)");

+

+//given from the figure

+P_maxpp = 2*80//maximum peak to peak power in watts

+P_minpp = 2*20//minimum peak to peak power in watts

+

+//calcualtions

+m_a = (P_maxpp - P_minpp)/(P_maxpp + P_minpp)//modultaion index

+M = m_a*100//percentage modulation index

+

+//results

+printf("\n\ni.Modulation index =%.2f",m_a);

+printf("\n\nii.Percentage modulation index = %.2f percent",M);

diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.18/EXAMPLE2_18.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.18/EXAMPLE2_18.SCE
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3b040fcd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.18/EXAMPLE2_18.SCE
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA

+//CHAPTER 2

+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION

+clear all;

+clc;

+printf("EXAMPLE 2.18(PAGENO 110)");

+

+//given from the figure

+P_maxpp = 2*50//maximum peak to peak power in watts

+P_minpp = 2*15//minimum peak to peak power in watts

+

+//calculations

+m_a = (P_maxpp - P_minpp)/(P_maxpp + P_minpp)//modultaion index

+M = m_a*100//percentage modulation index

+

+//results

+printf("\n\ni.Modulation index =%.4f",m_a);

+printf("\n\nii.Percentage modulation index = %.2f percent",M)

diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.2/EXAMPLE2_2.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.2/EXAMPLE2_2.SCE
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..831a172d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.2/EXAMPLE2_2.SCE
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA

+//CHAPTER 2

+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION

+clear all;

+clc;

+printf("EXAMPLE 2.2(PAGENO 51)");

+

+//given

+//v_m = 10*sin(2*%pi*10^3*t)

+//by comparing with v_m = V_m*sin(2*%pi*f_c*t) we get

+V_m = 10//in volts

+f_m = 1*10^3//in hertz

+V_c = 20//in volts

+f_c = 1*10^4//in hertz

+

+//calculations

+m_a = V_m/V_c;//modulation index formula

+m_a1 = m_a*100;//percentage modulation index

+f_usb = f_c + f_m;//Upper sideband

+f_lsb = f_c - f_m;//lower sideband

+A = (m_a*V_c)/2//amplitude of upper as well as lower sideband

+B = 2*f_m;//bandwidth of the modulation signal

+

+//results

+printf("\n\ni.a.Modulation index=%.2f",m_a);

+printf("\n\n   b.Percentage modulation index=%.2f percent",m_a1);

+printf("\n\nii.a.Upper sidebandfrequency=%f Hz",f_usb);

+printf("\n\n    b.Lower sideband frequency=%f Hz ",f_lsb); 

+printf("\n\niii.Amplitude of Upper sideband and Lower sideband =%f V",A);

+printf("\n\niv.Bandwidth of th modulation signal=%f Hz",B);

diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.21/EXAMPLE2_21.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.21/EXAMPLE2_21.SCE
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5bb63fc10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.21/EXAMPLE2_21.SCE
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA

+//CHAPTER 2

+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION

+clear all;

+clc;

+printf("EXAMPLE 2.21(PAGENO 111)");

+

+//given

+p_t = 50*10^3//total power

+m_a = .707//modulation index

+z = 50+0*%i;//load

+

+//calculations

+

+//first case

+p_x = .5*(m_a)^2;

+p_c = p_t/(1+p_x)//carrier power

+

+//second case

+n = ((p_c*p_x)/(p_c+(p_c*p_x)))*100;//transmission efficiency

+

+//third case

+ a_c = sqrt(2*z*p_c);//peak carrier amplitude

+ 

+ //results

+ printf("\n\ni. Carrier Power =%.2f W",p_c);

+  printf("\n\nii. Percentage Transmission efficiency =%.2f percent",n);

+   printf("\n\niii. Carrier amplitude  =%.2f V",a_c);

diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.29/EXAMPLE2_29.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.29/EXAMPLE2_29.SCE
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..59c67b976
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.29/EXAMPLE2_29.SCE
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA

+//CHAPTER 2

+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION

+clear all;

+clc;

+printf("EXAMPLE 2.29(PAGENO 118)");

+

+//given

+k = 2*10^-3//constants in amperes/square volts

+k_1 = 0.2*10^-3//constant in amperes/square volts

+printf("\n\nwe know that V_i(t) = cos(w_c*t) + .5*cos(w_m*t)");

+printf("given i_0 = 10 + k*V_i + k_1*V_i^2 ");

+printf("\n\ntherefore i_0 = 10 + 2*10^-3*[cos(w_c*t) + .5*cos(w_m*t)] + 2*10^-3*[cos(w_c*t) + .5*cos(w_m*t)]");

+printf("\n\ni_0 = 2*10^-3*cos(w_c*t) + ((.2*10^-3)/.5)*.5*cos(w_c*t)*cos(w_m*t)");

+//Now the modultion depth will be

+m = (.2*10^-3)/.5;

+

+//result

+printf("\n\nModulation depth = %.8f ",m);

diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.3/EXAMPLE2_3.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.3/EXAMPLE2_3.SCE
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d590be9d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.3/EXAMPLE2_3.SCE
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA

+//CHAPTER 2

+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION

+clear all;

+clc;

+printf("EXAMPLE 2.3(PAGENO 54)");

+

+//given

+m_a = .75;//modulation index

+P_c = 400;//carrier power in watts

+

+//calculation

+P_t = P_c*(1+(m_a^2/2));//total power 

+

+//results

+printf("\n\nTotal power in  the amplitude modulated wave=%.2f W",P_t);

diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.31/EXAMPLE2_31.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.31/EXAMPLE2_31.SCE
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c2daa78bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.31/EXAMPLE2_31.SCE
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA

+//CHAPTER 2

+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION

+clear all;

+clc;

+printf("EXAMPLE 2.31(PAGENO 119)");

+

+//given

+//percentage modulation for first case

+Pm_1 = 100

+//percentage modulation for second case

+Pm_2 = 50

+m_1 = 1//modulation index for first case

+m_2 = .5//modulation index for second case

+P_c = 1//let carrier power be one

+

+//calcualations

+

+//first case

+P_t1 = P_c*(1+(m_1^2/2))//total power

+P_sb1 = P_c*(m_1^2/4)//power in one side band

+P_s1 = ((P_t1-P_sb1)/P_t1)*100//power saving

+

+//second case

+P_t2 = P_c*(1+(m_2^2/2))//total power

+P_sb2 = P_c*(m_2^2/4)//power in one side band

+P_s2 = ((P_t2-P_sb2)/P_t2)*100//power saving

+

+//results

+printf("\n\ni. Power saving with percentage modulaion 100 = %.2f percent ",P_s1);

+printf("\n\nii. Power saving with percentage modulaion 50 = %.2f percent",P_s2);

diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.32/EXAMPLE2_32.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.32/EXAMPLE2_32.SCE
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f1a5a0417
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.32/EXAMPLE2_32.SCE
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA

+//CHAPTER 2

+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION

+clear all;

+clc;

+printf("EXAMPLE 2.31(PAGENO 119)");

+

+//given

+//the product signal is given by

+//v(t) = s(t) * cos(2*%pi*t +phi) = x(t) *cos(2*%pi*f_c*t)*cos(2*%pi*f_c*t +phi)

+//v(t) = x(t) *(cos(4*%pi*f_c*t +phi) +cos(phi))/2 = (x(t)/2)*cos(4*%pi*f_c*t +phi)+(x(t)/2)*cos(phi)

+//the low pass filter will reject the first term. The maximum allowable value of phase angle(phi) can be found as under:

+printf("\n\ncos(phi_max) = ((x(t)/2)*cos(phi))/max((x(t)/2)*cos(phi))");

+phi_max = acosd(.95);

+printf("\n\nphi_max = %.2f",phi_max);

+printf("\n\nIn order to recover x(t) from v(t) using filter method, it is essential that the lowest frequency contained in the first term of v(t) must be greater than the highest frequency contained in the second term,i.e,")

+printf("\n2f_c -10KHz > 10KHz");

+printf("\nf_c >10KHz");

+printf("\nHence, the minimum value of f_c will be");

+printf("\nf_c = 10KHz")

diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.4/EXAMPLE2_4.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.4/EXAMPLE2_4.SCE
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..002b709fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.4/EXAMPLE2_4.SCE
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA

+//CHAPTER 2

+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION

+clear all;

+clc;

+printf("EXAMPLE 2.4(PAGENO 54)");

+//given

+P_t = 10*10^3;//total power in watts

+m_a = .6;//modulation index

+//calculation

+P_c = (P_t/(1+(m_a^2/2)));// carrier power

+//results

+printf("\n\nCarrier power=%.2f  W",P_c);

diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.5/EXAMPLE2_5.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.5/EXAMPLE2_5.SCE
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f101cd3b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.5/EXAMPLE2_5.SCE
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA

+//CHAPTER 2

+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION

+clear all;

+clc;

+printf("EXAMPLE 2.5(PAGENO 55)");

+

+//given

+I_t = 8.93;//total modulated current in ampers

+I_c= 8;//carrier or unmodulated current in ampers

+//calculation

+m_a = sqrt(2*((I_t/I_c)^2 -1));//formula for modulation index

+M_a=m_a*100;//percentage modulation

+//for 

+m_a1 = .8;//given modulation index

+

+//calculation

+I_t1 = I_c*sqrt(1+(m_a1^2/2));//new antenna current 

+

+//results

+printf("\n\ni.a. Modulation index = %.2f",m_a);

+printf("\n\n  b.Percentage modulation index = %.2f percent",M_a);

+printf("\n\nii. Antenna current=%.2f A",I_t1);

diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.6/EXAMPLE2_6.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.6/EXAMPLE2_6.SCE
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..825c7760e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.6/EXAMPLE2_6.SCE
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA

+//CHAPTER 2

+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION

+clear all;

+clc;

+printf("EXAMPLE 2.6(PAGENO 56)");

+

+//given

+I_t1 = 10//antenna current in amps

+m1 = .3//modulation index

+I_t2 = 11//increased antenna current

+

+//calculation

+I_c = (I_t1/(1+(m1^2/2))^.5);//formula for carrier signal current

+m_t = sqrt(2*((I_t2/I_c)^2 -1));//formula for modulation index

+m2 = sqrt(m_t^2 - m1^2);

+m3 = m2*100;//percentage modulation index

+

+//results

+printf("\n\ni.Carrier signal current = %.2f A",I_c);

+printf("\n\nii.Modulation index of signal = %.2f",m_t);

+printf("\n\niii.a.Modulation index of second signal = %.2f",m2);

+printf("\n\n    b.Percentage modulation index of second signal = %.2f percent",m3);

diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.7/EXAMPLE2_7.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.7/EXAMPLE2_7.SCE
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..47004ab83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1895/CH2/EX2.7/EXAMPLE2_7.SCE
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA

+//CHAPTER 2

+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION

+clear all;

+clc;

+printf("EXAMPLE 2.7(PAGENO 56)");

+

+//given v_c = 10*sinwt

+

+m = .5//modulation index

+//by comparing with v_c = V_c*sinwt

+V_c = 10//carrier voltage in volts

+

+//calculation

+V_m = m*V_c;//amplitude of modulating index

+V_max = V_c + V_m;//maximum voltage

+V_min = V_c - V_m;//minimum voltage

+

+//results

+printf("\n\n i.Modulating  voltage = %.2f V",V_m); 

+printf("\n\n ii. Maximum voltage = %.2f V",V_max); 

+printf("\n\n iii.Minimum voltage = %.2f V",V_min); 

diff --git a/1895/CH2/EX2.9/EXAMPLE2_9.SCE b/1895/CH2/EX2.9/EXAMPLE2_9.SCE
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b3408b0de
--- /dev/null
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+//ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

+//BY Dr.SANJAY SHARMA

+//CHAPTER 2

+//AMPLITUDE MODULATION

+clear all;

+clc;

+printf("EXAMPLE 2.9(PAGENO 57)");

+

+//given

+V_max = 4//maximum voltage in volts

+V_min = 1//minimum voltage in volts

+

+//calculation

+m = (V_max - V_min)/(V_max + V_min) ;//formula for modulation index

+m1 = m*100//percentage modultion index

+

+//result

+printf("\n\n Percentage modulation index = %.2f percent",m1);