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+// ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM ENGINEERING ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

+// TURAN GONEN

+// CRC PRESS

+// SECOND EDITION

+

+// CHAPTER : 10 : PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PROTECTION

+

+// EXAMPLE : 10.4 :

+clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console

+

+// GIVEN DATA

+z_l = 0.2 + %i * 0.7 ; // Line impedance in pu

+f_l = 0.7 ; // Fault point at a distance from A in pu

+f_m = 1.2 ; // magnitude of fault current in pu

+l = 10.3 ; // Line spacing in ft

+p = 100 ; // Power in MVA

+v = 138 ; // voltage in kV

+i = 418.4 ; // current in A

+z = 190.4 ; // Impedance in Ω

+

+// CALCULATIONS

+// For case (a)

+I = f_m * i ; // Current in arc in A

+R_arc = 8750 * l/(I^1.4) ; // Arc resistance in Ω

+R_arc1 = R_arc/z ; // Arc resistance in pu

+

+// For case (b)

+Z_L = z_l * f_l ;

+Z_r = Z_L + R_arc1 ; // Impedance seen by the relay in pu

+

+// For case (c)

+phi_1 = atand( imag(Z_L),real(Z_L) ) ; // Line impedance angle without arc resistance in degree

+phi_2 = atand( imag(Z_r),real(Z_r) ) ; // Line impedance angle with arc resistance in degree

+

+// DISPLAY RESULTS

+disp("EXAMPLE : 10.4 : SOLUTION :-") ;

+printf("\n (a) Value of arc resistance at fault point in Ω , R_arc = %.2f Ω \n",R_arc) ;

+printf("\n     Value of arc resistance at fault point in pu , R_arc = %.2f pu \n",R_arc1) ;

+printf("\n (b) Value of line impedance including the arc resistance , Z_L + R_arc = pu \n") ; disp(Z_r) ;

+printf("\n (c) Line impedance angle without arc resistance , Φ = %.2f degree \n",phi_1) ;

+printf("\n     Line impedance angle with arc resistance , Φ = %.2f degree \n",phi_2) ;