initial commit / add all books

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diff --git a/167/CH12/EX12.1/ex1.sce b/167/CH12/EX12.1/ex1.sce
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+//example 1

+//Approximating Differential Quantities by Differences

+clear

+clc

+h305=305.22 //Specific Enthalpy at 305 K in kJ/kg

+h295=295.17 //Specific Enthalpy at 205 K in kJ/kg

+dh=h305-h295 //Chnage in Specific Enthalpy

+dT=305-295 //Change in Temp. in kelvins

+cp=dh/dT //Specific heat of air at 300K in kJ/kg-K

+printf("\n Hence, the specific heat of air at 300 K is = %.3f kJ/kg-K. \n",cp);
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diff --git a/167/CH12/EX12.11/ex11.sce b/167/CH12/EX12.11/ex11.sce
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+//example 11

+//
dh and 
ds of Oxygen at High Pressures

+clear

+clc

+T1=220 //Initial Temp. in K

+P1=5 //Initial Pressure in MPa 

+T2=300 //Final Temp.in K 

+P2=10// Final Pressure in MPa

+h2ideal=8736//in kJ/mol

+h1ideal=6404 //in kJ/mol

+Ru=8.314 //Universal Gas constant in kJ/kmol-K

+s2o=205.213 //in kJ/kmol-K

+s1o=196.1712 //in kJ/kmol-K

+Tcr=154.8 //Critical Temp. in K

+Pcr=5.08 //Critical Pressure in MPa

+Tr1=T1/Tcr //Reduced initial temp. 

+Pr1=P1/Pcr //Reduced initial pressure 

+Tr2=T2/Tcr//Reduced final Temp.

+Pr2=P2/Pcr //Reduced Final Pressure

+Zh1=0.53

+Zs1=0.25

+Zh2=0.48

+Zs2=0.20

+dhi=h2ideal-h1ideal// Enthalpy change by assuming ideal gas behaviour

+dhn=dhi-Ru*Tcr*(Zh2-Zh1) //Enthalpy change by accounting for deviation from ideal gas behaviour

+dsi=s2o-s1o-Ru*log(P2/P1)// Entropy change by assuming ideal gas behaviour

+dsn=dsi-Ru*(Zs2-Zs1)//Entropy change by accounting for deviation from ideal gas behaviour

+printf(" Hence, by assuming ideal gas behaviour, enthalpy change is = %.0f kJ/kmol ",dhi);

+printf("and entropy change is = %.2f kJ/kmol-K. ",dsi);

+printf("\n By accounting for deviation from ideal gas behaviour, enthalpy change is=%.0f kJ/kmol ",dhn);

+printf("and entropy change is = %.2f kJ/kmol-K. \n",dsn);
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diff --git a/167/CH12/EX12.2/ex2.sce b/167/CH12/EX12.2/ex2.sce
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+//example 2

+//Total Differential versus Partial Differential

+clear

+clc

+R=0.287 //Universal gas constant kPa-m3/kg-K

+v=(0.86+0.87)/2 //average value m^3/kg

+T=(300+302)/2 //average temp. in kelvins

+dT=302-300 //change in tep. in K

+dv=0.87-0.86 //change in volume in m^3/kg

+dP=R*dT/v-R*T*dv/v^2 //Change in the pressure in kPa

+printf("\n Hence, the change in the pressure of air is = %.3f kPa. \n",dP);
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diff --git a/167/CH12/EX12.5/ex5.sce b/167/CH12/EX12.5/ex5.sce
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+//example 5

+//Evaluating the hfg of a Substance from the P-v-T Data

+clear

+clc

+vg=0.035969 //in m^3/kg

+vf=0.0008161 //in m^3/kg

+vfg=vg-vf //in m^3/kg at  20°C 

+dT=24-16 //change in Temp. in C

+Psat1=646.18 //saturation presssure at 24 C in kPa

+Psat2=504.58 //saturation pressure at 16C in kPa

+dP=Psat1-Psat2 //Difference between saturation pressures in kPa

+T=293.15 //Difference between temp. in K

+hfg=T*vfg*dP/dT //Enthalpy of vaporization in kJ/kg

+printf("\n Hence, the enthalpy of vaporization of refrigerant 134-a is = %.2f kJ/kg. \n",hfg);
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diff --git a/167/CH12/EX12.6/ex6.sce b/167/CH12/EX12.6/ex6.sce
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+// example 6

+//Extrapolating Tabular Data with the Clapeyron Equation

+clear

+clc

+hfg=97.100 //in Btu/lbm

+R=0.01946 //universal Gas constant in Btu/lbm-R

+T1=420 //in R

+T2=410 //in R

+P1=7.432 //in psia

+P2=%e^((hfg/R)*(1/T1-1/T2)+log(P1)) //Saturation pressure at -50R in psia

+printf("\n Hence, the Saturation Pressure of Refrigerant 134-a at -50 R  is = %.2f psia. \n",P2);
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