path: root/sample_notebooks/MohdAsif/chapter2.ipynb

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  {
   "cells": [
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Chapter2 - Semiconductor Devices"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Ex-2.1 Pg-2.18"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "Vf=0.2  #voltage in volts\n",
      "Vr=60  #voltage in volts\n",
      "If=60*10**(-3)  #current in  ampere\n",
      "I0=0.025*10**(-3)  #current in  ampere\n",
      "Rf=Vf/If #forward resistance\n",
      "Rr=Vr/I0 #reverse resistance\n",
      "Rr=Rr*1e-6\n",
      "print \"the equivalent resistance are Rf=%.3f ohm and Rr=%-.1f M ohm\"%(Rf,Rr)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "the equivalent resistance are Rf=3.333 ohm and Rr=2.4 M ohm\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 1
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Chapter-2 Ex-2.2 Pg-2.18"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "Vf=0.7 \n",
      "If=0.06 \n",
      "Rf=Vf/If #DC forward resistance\n",
      "print \"\\n DC forward resistance Rf : %.2f ohm\\n\"%(Rf)\n",
      "print \"as the forward voltage changes from P to Q\"\n",
      "delta_Vf=0.77-.7 \n",
      "delta_If=(120-60)*10**(-3) \n",
      "rf=delta_Vf/delta_If #dynamic forward resistance\n",
      "print \"\\n Dynamic forward resistance rf : %.3f ohm\"%(rf)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "\n",
        " DC forward resistance Rf : 11.67 ohm\n",
        "\n",
        "as the forward voltage changes from P to Q\n",
        "\n",
        " Dynamic forward resistance rf : 1.167 ohm\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 2
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Ex2_3 Pg-2-22"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "V=10 #supply voltage\n",
      "Rf=0 #forward resistance\n",
      "Rl=1 #load resistance in k ohm\n",
      "Vin=0.7 #cut in voltage\n",
      "Il=(V-Vin)/Rl #applying KVL to the loop\n",
      "If=Il \n",
      "print \"\\n \\n current through the resistance Il=If = is %.1f mA\"%(If)\n",
      "Vl=Il*Rl \n",
      "print \"\\n \\n voltage across Rl is %.1f V\"%(Vl)\n",
      "Pd=If*Vin \n",
      "print \"\\n \\n diode power Pd = %.2f mW\"%(Pd)\n",
      "Pl=Il*Vl \n",
      "print \"\\n \\n load power Pl = %.2f mW\"%(Pl)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "\n",
        " \n",
        " current through the resistance Il=If = is 9.3 mA\n",
        "\n",
        " \n",
        " voltage across Rl is 9.3 V\n",
        "\n",
        " \n",
        " diode power Pd = 6.51 mW\n",
        "\n",
        " \n",
        " load power Pl = 86.49 mW\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 3
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "EX2_4 PG-2.23"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "Vf=0.7 #cut-in voltage\n",
      "V=10 #supply voltage\n",
      "Rl=500 #load resistance\n",
      "If=(V-Vf)/Rl #applying KVL to the circuit\n",
      "If=If*1e3\n",
      "print \"\\n Forward current is %.2f mA\\n\"%(If)\n",
      "print \"When forward resistance is Rf is 3.2 Ohm then\"\n",
      "print \"the equivalent circuit is as shown in fig-2.25(b)\"\n",
      "Rf=3.2 \n",
      "If=(V-Vf)/(Rl+Rf) #applying KVL to the circuit\n",
      "If=If*1e3\n",
      "print \"\\n therefore Forward current is %.4f mA\"%(If)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "\n",
        " Forward current is 18.60 mA\n",
        "\n",
        "When forward resistance is Rf is 3.2 Ohm then\n",
        "the equivalent circuit is as shown in fig-2.25(b)\n",
        "\n",
        " therefore Forward current is 18.4817 mA\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 4
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "EX2_5 PG-2.23"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import numpy as np\n",
      "%matplotlib inline\n",
      "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot, xlabel, ylabel, show, grid, title\n",
      "If=80e-3 #maximum forward current\n",
      "Rf=0.4 #dynamic resistance\n",
      "Vin=0.3 #cut-in voltage for germanium\n",
      "print \"when forward current is zero then\"\n",
      "Vf=Vin #voltage across the diode\n",
      "print \" voltage across the diode is %1.1f V\\n\"%(Vf)\n",
      "print \"when forward current is 80mA then\"\n",
      "Vf=Vin+If*Rf \n",
      "print \" voltage across the diode is %1.3f V\"%(Vf)\n",
      "x=np.array([0,.1, .2, .3, .332]) #x-coordinate\n",
      "y=np.array([0,  0,  0,  0,  80]) #y-coordinate\n",
      "plot(x,y)\n",
      "xlabel('voltage across the diode (V) ') \n",
      "ylabel('current (mA)') \n",
      "title('Piecewise linear characteristic')\n",
      "grid()\n",
      "show()"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "when forward current is zero then\n",
        " voltage across the diode is 0.3 V\n",
        "\n",
        "when forward current is 80mA then\n",
        " voltage across the diode is 0.332 V\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "display_data",
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ZAjvs0Pidwkhxx2BmNoBWKjyDh5LMzAb03e/CPffAD35QdJKBeSjJzKwOWm2P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\nZmbWjTsGMzPr5v8Ds1Mla6CkMg8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n",
       "text": [
        "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f0aca60fe50>"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 5
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "EX2_6 PG-2.28"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import numpy as np\n",
      "%matplotlib inline\n",
      "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot, xlabel, ylabel, show, grid, title, subplot\n",
      "If=25e-3 #current at Q-point\n",
      "x=np.array([ 0, 0.5, 0.6,    1,   1.1 ]) #x-coordinate\n",
      "y=np.array([ 0 , 1 ,  5,     25,   30 ]) #y-coordinate\n",
      "subplot(1,3,1)\n",
      "plot(x,y)\n",
      "x1=np.array([0.5,   1 ,   3]) #x-coordinate\n",
      "y1=np.array([ 31,   25,   0]) #y-coordinate\n",
      "subplot(1,3,2)\n",
      "plot(x1,y1)\n",
      "x2=np.array([ 0, 1] )\n",
      "y2=np.array([25 ,25] )\n",
      "subplot(1,3,3)\n",
      "plot(x2,y2)\n",
      "xlabel('Vf (volts)') \n",
      "ylabel('If (mA)') \n",
      "title(\"Piece-wise linear characteristic\")\n",
      "grid()\n",
      "show()\n",
      "print \"Q-point is denoted by the intersection of two lines as shown in the plot\"\n",
      "delta_If=10e-3 #from the graph plotted\n",
      "delta_Vf=0.9 #from the graph plotted\n",
      "s=delta_If/delta_Vf #slope\n",
      "print \"Therefore load resistance is the reciprocal of the slope \"\n",
      "Rl=1/s #load resistance\n",
      "print \"\\n required load resistance is %.0f ohm\"%(Rl)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "display_data",
       "png": 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2Qfv28Kc/wWmn+a1NfHbu3Mns2bOZOXMmc+bMYfDgwVxyySVcdNFFKcsKe7kW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\nCv8fFIeXAyYn0X4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n",
       "text": [
        "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f0ac7557350>"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Q-point is denoted by the intersection of two lines as shown in the plot\n",
        "Therefore load resistance is the reciprocal of the slope \n",
        "\n",
        " required load resistance is 90 ohm\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 6
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "EX2_7 PG-2.29"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "from math import exp\n",
      "V=0.22 #forward bias voltage\n",
      "T=25+273 #room temperature in degree kelvin\n",
      "I0=2e-3 #reverse saturation current\n",
      "n=1 #for germanium diode\n",
      "k=8.62e-5#Boltzmann's constant\n",
      "Vt=k*T \n",
      "I=I0*(exp(V/(n*Vt))) # diode current\n",
      "print \"therefore the P-N junction diode current is %f A\"%(I)\n"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "therefore the P-N junction diode current is 10.483844 A\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 7
    }
   ],
   "metadata": {}
  }
 ]
}