path: root/Thermodynamics/Chapter6.ipynb

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  {
   "cells": [
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Chapter 06:SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND ENTROPY"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 6.1, Page No:259"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import math\n",
      "from __future__ import division\n",
      "\n",
      "#Variable declaration\n",
      "QH=500; # Heat supplied in kJ\n",
      "QL=200; # Heat rejected in kJ\n",
      "TH=720; # Resorvior Temperature in kelvin\n",
      "TL=360; # Resorvior Temperature in kelvin\n",
      "W=260; # Work developed in kJ\n",
      "\n",
      "#Calculation\n",
      "e_max=1-TL/TH; # maximum efficiency\n",
      "e_clamied=W/QH; # Efficiency clamied\n",
      "\n",
      "#Result\n",
      "if e_clamied<e_max:\n",
      "    print \"It obeys the second law of thermodynamics.The claim is true\"\n",
      "else:\n",
      "    print \"It violates the second law of thermodynamics.The claim is False\"\n"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "It violates the second law of thermodynamics.The claim is False\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 1
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 6.2, Page No:260"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import math\n",
      "from __future__ import division\n",
      "\n",
      "#Variable declaration\n",
      "QH=325; # Heat supplied in kJ\n",
      "QL=125; # Heat rejected in kJ\n",
      "TH=1000; # Resorvior Temperature in kelvin\n",
      "TL=400; # Resorvior Temperature in kelvin\n",
      "W=200; # Work developed in kJ\n",
      "\n",
      "#Calculation\n",
      "e_carnot=1-TL/TH; # maximum efficiency\n",
      "e_clamied=W/QH; # Efficiency clamied\n",
      "\n",
      "#Result\n",
      "print \"e_carnot =\",e_carnot\n",
      "print \"e_clamied=\",round(e_clamied,3) \n",
      "if e_carnot==e_clamied:\n",
      "    print \"\\nThe machine is reversible\"\n",
      "elif e_carnot>e_clamied:\n",
      "    print \"\\nThe machine is irreversible\"\n",
      "else:\n",
      "    print \"\\nHere e_clamied > e_carnot so the cyclic machine is impossible.\"\n",
      "\n",
      "print \"It would be reversible if its thermal efficiency  is equal to Carnot efficiency,\"\n",
      "print \"and irreversible if it is less than Carnot efficiency.\"\n",
      "\n"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "e_carnot = 0.6\n",
        "e_clamied= 0.615\n",
        "\n",
        "Here e_clamied > e_carnot so the cyclic machine is impossible.\n",
        "It would be reversible if its thermal efficiency  is equal to Carnot efficiency,\n",
        "and irreversible if it is less than Carnot efficiency.\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 2
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 6.3, Page No:260"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "#Variable declaration\n",
      "# Air conditioning unit\n",
      "TL=278; # Operating temperature in kelvin\n",
      "TH=318; # Operating temperature in kelvin\n",
      "\n",
      "#Calculation\n",
      "COP1=TL/(TH-TL); # COP of Air conditioning unit\n",
      "QL=1; # For some calculation purpose\n",
      "W1=QL/COP1; # Work input of Air conditioning unit\n",
      "# Food refrigeration unit\n",
      "TL=258; # Operating temperature in kelvin\n",
      "TH=318; # Operating temperature in kelvin\n",
      "COP2=TL/(TH-TL); # COP of Food refrigeration unit\n",
      "W2=QL/COP2; # Work input of Food refrigeration unit\n",
      "Wper=(W2-W1)/W1; # Increase in work input\n",
      "\n",
      "#Result\n",
      "print \"Increase in work input = \",round(Wper*100,0),\"%\"\n",
      "\n"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Increase in work input =  62.0 %\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 3
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 6.4, Page No:261"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import math\n",
      "from __future__ import division\n",
      "\n",
      "#Variable declaration\n",
      "#(a).Summer air conditioning (cooling)\n",
      "TL=298; # Operating temperature in kelvin\n",
      "TH=318; # Operating temperature in kelvin\n",
      "q=0.75; # Heat Transfer from fabric of room per degree of temperature difference in kW\n",
      "\n",
      "#Calculation for (a)\n",
      "QL=q*(TH-TL); # Heat Transfer from fabric of room\n",
      "COPc=TL/(TH-TL); # COP of Air conditioning unit\n",
      "W=QL/COPc; # Work input of Air conditioning unit\n",
      "\n",
      "#Result for (a)\n",
      "print \"(a).Summer air conditioning (cooling)\",\"\\nWork input of Air conditioning unit = \",round(W,0),\"kW\"\n",
      "\n",
      "#Calculation for (b)\n",
      "# (b).Winter air conditioning (recerse cycle heating)\n",
      "TH=293; # Operating temperature in kelvin\n",
      "TL=(-(-2*q*TH)-math.sqrt ((-2*q*TH)**2-(4*q*(q*TH**2-TH))))/(2*q);# Lowest outdoor Temperature by root\n",
      "\n",
      "#Result for (b)\n",
      "print \"\\n(b).Winter air conditioning (recerse cycle heating)\",\"\\nLowest outdoor Temperature  = \",round(TL,0),\"K\"\n",
      "\n",
      "\n"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "(a).Summer air conditioning (cooling) \n",
        "Work input of Air conditioning unit =  1.0 kW\n",
        "\n",
        "(b).Winter air conditioning (recerse cycle heating) \n",
        "Lowest outdoor Temperature  =  273.0 K\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 4
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 6.5, Page No:263"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "#Variable declaration\n",
      "# (a).For the refrigerator \n",
      "TL=258; # Operating temperature in kelvin\n",
      "TH=313; # Operating temperature in kelvin\n",
      "QL=3.5167; # Ton of refrigeration in kW\n",
      "\n",
      "#Calculation for(a)\n",
      "COP=TL/(TH-TL); # COP of Refrigeration unit\n",
      "W=QL/COP; # Power comsumption of refrigerator\n",
      "\n",
      "#Result for (a)\n",
      "print \"(a).For the refrigerator\",\"\\nPower comsumption of refrigerator = \",round(W,2),\"kW\"\n",
      "\n",
      "#calculation for (b)\n",
      "# (b). For the freezer\n",
      "TL=248; # Operating temperature in kelvin\n",
      "TH=313; # Operating temperature in kelvin\n",
      "COP=TL/(TH-TL); # COP of Freezer unit\n",
      "QL=W*COP; # Refrigeration produced\n",
      "\n",
      "#Result for (b)\n",
      "print \"\\n(b). For the freezer\",\"\\nRefrigeration produced = \",round(QL,3),\"kW\"\n"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "(a).For the refrigerator \n",
        "Power comsumption of refrigerator =  0.75 kW\n",
        "\n",
        "(b). For the freezer \n",
        "Refrigeration produced =  2.86 kW\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 5
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 6.6, Page No:277"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "#Variable declaration\n",
      "Psat=200;#Pressure of water in kPa\n",
      "Tsat=393.38; # Saturation temperaure at Psat in kelvin\n",
      "# (i).From the equation Tds=du+pdv \n",
      "# Following are from steam table at Psat\n",
      "ufg=2025; # specific internal energy of vapourization in kJ/kg\n",
      "vg=0.8857; # specific volume in m^3/kg\n",
      "vf=0.001061; # specific volume in m^3/kg\n",
      "\n",
      "#Calculation for (i)\n",
      "sfg=(ufg/Tsat)+(Psat*(vg-vf)/Tsat); # specific entropy of vapourization\n",
      "\n",
      "#Result for (i)\n",
      "print \"(i).From the equation Tds=du+pdv \",\"\\nspecific entropy of vapourization = \",round(sfg,4),\"kJ/kg K\"\n",
      "\n",
      "#Calculation for (ii)\n",
      "# (ii).From the equation Tds=dh-vdp\n",
      "hfg=2201.9; # Specific enthalpy of vapourization in kJ/kg\n",
      "sfg=hfg/Tsat; # specific entropy of vapourization\n",
      "\n",
      "#Result for (ii)\n",
      "print \"\\n(ii).From the equation Tds=dh-vdp \",\"\\nspecific entropy of vapourization = \",round(sfg,4),\"kJ/kg K\"\n",
      "\n",
      "\n"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "(i).From the equation Tds=du+pdv  \n",
        "specific entropy of vapourization =  5.5975 kJ/kg K\n",
        "\n",
        "(ii).From the equation Tds=dh-vdp  \n",
        "specific entropy of vapourization =  5.5974 kJ/kg K\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 6
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 6.7, Page No:277"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "#Variable declaration\n",
      "p1=1; # Pressure of steam at state 1 in bar\n",
      "T=473; # Temperature of steam at state 1 in kelvin\n",
      "\n",
      "#Calculation for (i)\n",
      "# (i).Pressure after compression\n",
      "p2=1.5538; # Pressure after compression at (Psat)T from steam table in MPa\n",
      "\n",
      "#Result for (i)\n",
      "print \"(i).Pressure after compression\",\"\\nPressure after compression = \",p2,\"MPa\"\n",
      "\n",
      "#Calcultion for (ii)\n",
      "# (ii).Heat Transfer and work done during the process\n",
      "# Following are from steam table \n",
      "s2=6.4323; # specific entropy of steam at state 2 in kJ/kg K\n",
      "s1=7.8343; # specific entropy of steam at state 1 in kJ/kg K\n",
      "u2=2595.3; # specific internal energy of steam at state 2 in kJ/kg \n",
      "u1=2658.1; # specific internal energy of steam at state 1 in kJ/kg \n",
      "q=T*(s2-s1); # Heat transfer during the process\n",
      "w=q-(u2-u1); # Work done during the process\n",
      "\n",
      "#Result for (ii)\n",
      "print \"\\n(ii).Heat Transfer and work done during the process\",\"\\nHeat transfer during the process = \",round(q,0),\"kJ\"\n",
      "print \"Work done during the process = \",round(w,1),\"kJ\"\n"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "(i).Pressure after compression \n",
        "Pressure after compression =  1.5538 MPa\n",
        "\n",
        "(ii).Heat Transfer and work done during the process \n",
        "Heat transfer during the process =  -663.0 kJ\n",
        "Work done during the process =  -600.3 kJ\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 7
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 6.8, Page No:278"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "#Variable declaration\n",
      "p1=6; # Initial pressure of steam in MPa\n",
      "T1=500; # Initial temperature of steam in degree celcius\n",
      "p2=10; # Final pressure of steam in bar\n",
      "# From steam tables\n",
      "s1=6.8803; sf2=1.3026; sfg2=6.0568; # specific entropy in kJ/kg K\n",
      "u1=3082.2; uf2=761.68; ufg2=1822; # specific internal energy in kJ/kg\n",
      "v1=0.05665; vf2=0.001043; vg2=1.694; # specific volume in m^3/kg\n",
      "\n",
      "#Calculation\n",
      "x2=(v1-vf2)/(vg2-vf2);# Quality of steam\n",
      "u2=uf2+x2*ufg2; # specific internal energy in kJ/kg \n",
      "s2=sf2+x2*sfg2; # specific entropy in kJ/kg K\n",
      "s21=s2-s1; # Entropy change\n",
      "q=u2-u1; # Heat transfer\n",
      "\n",
      "#Result\n",
      "print \"Entropy change of the process = \",round(s21,3),\"kJ/kg\",\"\\nHeat transfer for the process =\",round(q,1),\"kJ\"\n",
      "\n",
      "\n"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Entropy change of the process =  -5.379 kJ/kg \n",
        "Heat transfer for the process = -2260.7 kJ\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 8
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 6.10, Page No:280"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import math\n",
      "from __future__ import division\n",
      "\n",
      "#Variable declaration\n",
      "p1=3; # initial pressure of air in bar\n",
      "T1=200; # initial temperature of air in degree celcius\n",
      "p2=1.5; # final pressure of air in bar\n",
      "T2=105; # final temperature of air in degree celcius\n",
      "Cpo=1.0035; # Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K\n",
      "R=0.287; # characteristic gas constant of air in kJ/kg K\n",
      "\n",
      "#Calculation\n",
      "delta_s= Cpo*math.log ((T2+273)/(T1+273))- R*math.log (p2/p1) # change in entropy during irreversible process\n",
      "#The value of p2 is taken as wrong in the textbook\n",
      "\n",
      "#Result\n",
      "print \"change in entropy during irreversible process = \",round(delta_s,4),\"kJ/kg K   (Answer in the textbook was wrong)\"\n",
      "\n"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "change in entropy during irreversible process =  -0.0261 kJ/kg K   (Answer in the textbook was wrong)\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 9
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 6.11, Page No:281"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import math\n",
      "from __future__ import division\n",
      "\n",
      "#Variable declaration\n",
      "p1=5; # Initial pressure of argon gas in bar\n",
      "T1=30; # Initial temperature of argon gas in degree celcius\n",
      "v1=1; # Initial volume of argon gas in m^3 by assumption\n",
      "v2=2*v1; # Final volume of argon gas in m^3\n",
      "R=8.3144/40; # Characteristic gas constant of argon gas in kJ/kg K\n",
      "\n",
      "#Calculation\n",
      "p2=p1*(v1/v2); # Final pressure of argon gas\n",
      "delta_s= R*math.log (v2/v1); # change in entropy (choosing the reversible isothermal path)\n",
      "\n",
      "#Result\n",
      "print \"Final pressure of argon gas =\",p2,\"bar\"\n",
      "print \"change in entropy (choosing the reversible isothermal path) = \",round(delta_s,4),\"kJ/kg K\"\n",
      "\n"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Final pressure of argon gas = 2.5 bar\n",
        "change in entropy (choosing the reversible isothermal path) =  0.1441 kJ/kg K\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 10
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 6.12, Page No:284"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import math\n",
      "from __future__ import division\n",
      "\n",
      "#Variable declaration\n",
      "p1=1; # Atmospheric pressure in bar\n",
      "T1=348; # Atmospheric temperature in kelvin\n",
      "V1=800; # Volume of air sucked into the cylinder in cm^3\n",
      "p2=15; # pressure of air after compression in bar\n",
      "V2=V1/8; # volume of air after compression in cm^3\n",
      "p3=50; # pressure of air after heat addition in bar\n",
      "Cvo=0.7165; # Specific heat at constant volme in kJ/kg K\n",
      "R=0.287; # characteristic gas constant of air in kJ/kg K\n",
      "\n",
      "#Calculation for (a)\n",
      "#   (a).Index of compression process\n",
      "n=math.log (p2/p1)/math.log (V1/V2); # Index of compression process\n",
      "\n",
      "#Result for (a)\n",
      "print \"(a).Index of compression process\"\n",
      "print \"Index of compression process = \",round(n,1),\" which is less than 1.4. The compression process is polytropic.\"\n",
      "\n",
      "#Calculation for (b)\n",
      "#   (b).Change in entropy of air during each process\n",
      "m=(p1*10**2*V1*10**-6)/(R*T1); # Mass of air in cylinder\n",
      "T2=T1*(p2/p1)*(V2/V1); # Temperature after compression\n",
      "T3=T2*(p3/p2); # Temperature after heat addition\n",
      "delta_s21=m*(Cvo*math.log (T2/T1)+R*math.log (V2/V1)); # change in entropy during compression\n",
      "delta_s32=m*Cvo*math.log (T3/T2); #change in entropy during heat addition\n",
      "\n",
      "#Result for (b)\n",
      "print \"\\n(b).Change in entropy of air during each process\"\n",
      "print \"change in entropy during compression = (Error in textbook)\",round(delta_s21,6),\"kJ/K\"\n",
      "print \"change in entropy during heat addition = (Error in textbook)\",round(delta_s32,6),\"kJ/K\"\n",
      "\n",
      "#Calculation for (c)\n",
      "#   (c).Heat transfer during polytropic compression process\n",
      "k=1.4;# Index of isentropic preocess\n",
      "Q=m*Cvo*((k-n)/(1-n))*(T2-T1); # Heat transfer during polytropic compression process\n",
      "\n",
      "#Result for (c)\n",
      "print \"\\n(c).Heat transfer during polytropic compression process\"\n",
      "print \"Heat transfer during polytropic compression process = (Error in textbook)\",round(Q,4),\"kJ\"\n",
      "\n"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "(a).Index of compression process\n",
        "Index of compression process =  1.3  which is less than 1.4. The compression process is polytropic.\n",
        "\n",
        "(b).Change in entropy of air during each process\n",
        "change in entropy during compression = (Error in textbook) -0.000117 kJ/K\n",
        "change in entropy during heat addition = (Error in textbook) 0.000691 kJ/K\n",
        "\n",
        "(c).Heat transfer during polytropic compression process\n",
        "Heat transfer during polytropic compression process = (Error in textbook) -0.0565 kJ\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 11
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 6.13, Page No:287"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "#Variable declaration\n",
      "p1=0.3; # initial pressure of ateam in MPa\n",
      "T1=350; # Initial temperature of steam in degree celcius\n",
      "# following are the values taken from steam table for initial state \n",
      "v1=0.9535; # specific volume in m^3/kg\n",
      "u1=2886.2; # specific internal energy in kJ/kg\n",
      "s1=7.868; # specific entropy in kJ/kg K\n",
      "v2=2*v1; # final specific volume of steam\n",
      "u2=u1;\n",
      "# following are the values taken from steam table final state\n",
      "T2=349; # Final temperature of steam in degree celcius\n",
      "p2=0.167; # Final pressure of ateam in MPa\n",
      "s2=8.164; # specific entropy in kJ/kg K\n",
      "\n",
      "#Calculation\n",
      "delta_s=s2-s1; # Entropy generation\n",
      "LW=(T1+T2)/2 * delta_s; # Lost work\n",
      "\n",
      "#Result\n",
      "print \"Entropy Generation =\",round(delta_s,3),\"kJ/kg K\",\"\\nLost work = \",round(LW,1),\"kJ\""
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Entropy Generation = 0.296 kJ/kg K \n",
        "Lost work =  103.5 kJ\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 12
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 6.15, Page No:291"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import math\n",
      "from __future__ import division\n",
      "\n",
      "#Variable declaration\n",
      "m=1; # Mass of water in kg\n",
      "T1=300; # Temperature of water in kelvin\n",
      "C=4.1868; # Specific heat in kJ/kg K\n",
      "# (a). Heat Transfer\n",
      "T2=500; # Temperature of heat reservoir in kelvin\n",
      "\n",
      "#Calculation for (a)\n",
      "Q=m*C*(T2-T1); # Heat transfer\n",
      "del_Swater=m*C*math.log (T2/T1); # Entropy change of water\n",
      "del_Sreservoir=-Q/T2;  # Entropy change of reservoir\n",
      "del_Suniverse=del_Swater+del_Sreservoir; # Entropy change of universe\n",
      "\n",
      "#Result for (a)\n",
      "print \"(a).Heat Transfer\",\"\\nEntropy change of universe =\",round(del_Suniverse,4),\"kJ/K\"\n",
      "\n",
      "#Calculation for (b)\n",
      "#   (b).Heat Transfer in each reservoir\n",
      "T2=400; # Temperature of intermediate reservoir in kelvin\n",
      "T3=500; # Temperature of heat reservoir in kelvin\n",
      "Q=m*C*(T3-T2); # Heat transfer\n",
      "del_Swater=m*C*(math.log (T2/T1)+math.log (T3/T2)); # Entropy change of water\n",
      "del_SreservoirI=-Q/T2;  # Entropy change of reservoir I\n",
      "del_SreservoirII=-Q/T3;  # Entropy change of reservoir II\n",
      "del_Suniverse=del_Swater+del_SreservoirI+del_SreservoirII; # Entropy change of universe\n",
      "\n",
      "#Result for (b)\n",
      "print \"\\n(b).Heat Transfer in each reservoir\",\"\\nEntropy change of universe =\",round(del_Suniverse,5),\"kJ/K\""
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "(a).Heat Transfer \n",
        "Entropy change of universe = 0.464 kJ/K\n",
        "\n",
        "(b).Heat Transfer in each reservoir \n",
        "Entropy change of universe = 0.25466 kJ/K\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 13
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 6.16, Page No:292"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "#Variable declaration\n",
      "m=1; # Mass of saturated steam in kg\n",
      "T=100; # Teamperature of steam in degree celcius\n",
      "T0=303; # temperature of Surroundings in kelvin\n",
      "hfg=2257; # Latent heat of evaporation in kJ/kg\n",
      "sfg=6.048; # specific entropy in kJ/kg K\n",
      "\n",
      "#Calculation for (a)\n",
      "# (a).Entropy change\n",
      "Q=m*hfg; # Heat transfer\n",
      "del_Ssystem=-m*sfg; # Change of entropy of system\n",
      "del_Ssurr=Q/T0; # Change of entropy of surroundings\n",
      "del_Suniverse=del_Ssystem+del_Ssurr; # Change of entropy of universe\n",
      "\n",
      "#Ressult for (a)\n",
      "print \"(a).Entropy change\",\"\\nChange of entropy of system =\",del_Ssystem,\"kJ/K\"\n",
      "print \"Change of entropy of surroundings =\",round(del_Ssurr,4),\"kJ/K\"\n",
      "print \"Change of entropy of universe =\",round(del_Suniverse,4),\"kJ/K\"\n",
      "\n",
      "#Calculation for (b)\n",
      "# (b).Effect of heat transfer\n",
      "del_Suniverse=0; # process is reversible\n",
      "del_Ssurr=del_Suniverse-del_Ssystem; #Change of entropy of surroundings\n",
      "QH=hfg; # Heat transfer from the condensing steam to reversible heat engine\n",
      "QL=T0*del_Ssurr; # Heat receiveded by the surroundins reversible heat engine\n",
      "W=QH-QL; #work output of reversible heat engine\n",
      "\n",
      "#Result for (b)\n",
      "print \"\\n(b).Effect of heat transfer\",\"\\nHeat transfer from the condensing steam to reversible heat engine =\",QH,\"kJ\"\n",
      "print \"Heat receiveded by the surroundins reversible heat engine =\",round(QL,1),\"kJ\"\n",
      "print \"work output of reversible heat engine =\",round(W,1),\"kJ\"\n",
      "print \"Difference between QH & QL is converted into work output in a reversible cyclic process\""
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "(a).Entropy change \n",
        "Change of entropy of system = -6.048 kJ/K\n",
        "Change of entropy of surroundings = 7.4488 kJ/K\n",
        "Change of entropy of universe = 1.4008 kJ/K\n",
        "\n",
        "(b).Effect of heat transfer \n",
        "Heat transfer from the condensing steam to reversible heat engine = 2257 kJ\n",
        "Heat receiveded by the surroundins reversible heat engine = 1832.5 kJ\n",
        "work output of reversible heat engine = 424.5 kJ\n",
        "Difference between QH & QL is converted into work output in a reversible cyclic process\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 14
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 6.17, Page No:293"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import math\n",
      "from __future__ import division\n",
      "\n",
      "#Variable declaration\n",
      "m=1; # Mass of ice in kg\n",
      "T1=258;# Temperature of ice in kelvin\n",
      "Tm=273; # Melting point of ice in kelvin\n",
      "T2=303; # temperature of Surroundings in kelvin\n",
      "Cpice=2.095; # Specific heat of ice in kJ/kg K\n",
      "hsg=333.5; # Latent heat of fusion in kJ/kg\n",
      "Cpw=4.1868; # Specific heat of water in kJ/kg K\n",
      "\n",
      "#Calculation for (a)\n",
      "# (a).Change of entropy\n",
      "Q=m*(Cpice*(Tm-T1)+hsg+Cpw*(T2-Tm));# Heat transfer\n",
      "del_Ssystem=m*((Cpice*math.log (Tm/T1))+(hsg/Tm)+(Cpw*math.log (T2/Tm)));# Change of entropy of system\n",
      "del_Ssurr=-Q/T2; # Change of entropy of surroundings\n",
      "del_Suniverse=del_Ssystem+del_Ssurr; # Change of entropy of universe\n",
      "\n",
      "#Result for (a)\n",
      "print \"(a).Entropy change\",\"\\nChange of entropy of system =\",round(del_Ssystem,4),\"kJ/K\"\n",
      "print \"Change of entropy of surroundings =\",round(del_Ssurr,4),\"kJ/K\"\n",
      "print \"Change of entropy of universe =\",round(del_Suniverse,4),\"kJ/K\"\n",
      "\n",
      "#Calculation for (b)\n",
      "# (b).The minimum work of restoring water back to ice\n",
      "QL=Q; # Refrigerating effect\n",
      "W=T2*del_Ssystem-QL; # The minimum work of restoring water back to ice\n",
      "\n",
      "#Result for (b)\n",
      "print \"\\n(b).The minimum work of restoring water back to ice = \",round(W,1),\"kJ\"\n",
      "\n"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "(a).Entropy change \n",
        "Change of entropy of system = 1.7765 kJ/K\n",
        "Change of entropy of surroundings = -1.6189 kJ/K\n",
        "Change of entropy of universe = 0.1576 kJ/K\n",
        "\n",
        "(b).The minimum work of restoring water back to ice =  47.8 kJ\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 15
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 6.18, Page No:297"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import math\n",
      "from __future__ import division\n",
      "\n",
      "#Variable declaration\n",
      "TA=323;# Temperature at section A in kelvin\n",
      "PA=125; # Pressure at section A in kPa\n",
      "TB=287;# Temperature at section B in kelvin\n",
      "PB=100; # Pressure at section B in kPa\n",
      "Cpo=1.0035; # Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K\n",
      "R=0.287; # characteristic gas constant of air in kJ/kg K\n",
      "\n",
      "#Calculation\n",
      "SBA=(Cpo*math.log (TB/TA))-(R*math.log (PB/PA)); # Change in entropy\n",
      "\n",
      "#Result\n",
      "print \"Change in entropy from B to A =\",SBA,\"kJ/kg   (Error in Textbook)\",\"\\nHence SA>SB. Therefore B to A\"\n",
      "\n"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Change in entropy from B to A = -0.054541503612 kJ/kg   (Error in Textbook) \n",
        "Hence SA>SB. Therefore B to A\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 16
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 6.19, Page No:298"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "#Variable declaration\n",
      "p1=12.5; # Pressure of steam at inlet in MPa\n",
      "T1=500; # Temperature of steam at inlet in degree celcius\n",
      "V1=50; # Velocity of steam at inlet in m/s\n",
      "p2=10; # Pressure of steam at outlet in kPa\n",
      "V2=100; # Velocity of steam at outlet in m/s\n",
      "# (a).Actual expansion\n",
      "x2=0.85; # Quality of steam\n",
      "# From steam table\n",
      "h1=3341.8; hf2=191.83; hg2=2584.7;  # specific enthalpy in kJ/kg \n",
      "s1=6.4618; sf2=0.6493; sfg2=7.5009; # specific entropy in kJ/kg K\n",
      "\n",
      "#Calculation for (a)\n",
      "h2a=(1-x2)*hf2+x2*hg2; # specific enthalpy in kJ/kg \n",
      "wa=(h1-h2a)+((V1**2-V2**2)/2000); # Actual work output\n",
      "\n",
      "#Result for (a)\n",
      "print \"(a).Actual work output of turbine = \",round(wa,2),\"kJ\"\n",
      "\n",
      "#Calculation for (b)\n",
      "# (b).Reversible adiabatic expansion\n",
      "x2s=(s1-sf2)/sfg2; # Quality of steam after reversible adiabatic expansion\n",
      "h2s=(1-x2s)*hf2+x2s*hg2; # specific enthalpy in kJ/kg \n",
      "ws=(h1-h2s)+((V1**2-V2**2)/2000); # Reversible adiabatic work output\n",
      "L=ws-wa; # Lost of work\n",
      "\n",
      "#Result for (b)\n",
      "print \"\\n(b).Reversible adiabatic expansion\",\"\\nReversible adiabatic work output = \",round(ws,1),\"kJ/kg\"\n",
      "print \"Lost of work due to irreversibity of expansion process =\",round(L,1),\"kJ/kg\"\n",
      "\n",
      "#Calculation for (c)\n",
      "# (c).Entropy Generation\n",
      "s2a=sf2+x2*sfg2; # actual specific entropy in kJ/kg K\n",
      "Sgen=s2a-s1; # Entropy generation\n",
      "\n",
      "#Reult for (c)\n",
      "print \"\\n(c).Entropy Generation =\",round(Sgen,4),\"kJ/kg K\"\n",
      "\n"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "(a).Actual work output of turbine =  1112.28 kJ\n",
        "\n",
        "(b).Reversible adiabatic expansion \n",
        "Reversible adiabatic work output =  1292.0 kJ/kg\n",
        "Lost of work due to irreversibity of expansion process = 179.7 kJ/kg\n",
        "\n",
        "(c).Entropy Generation = 0.5633 kJ/kg K\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 17
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 6.20, Page No:302"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "#Variable declaration\n",
      "p1=0.1; # pressure at state 1 in MPa\n",
      "p2=6; # Pressure at state 2 in MPa\n",
      "# (a).Pump work for water\n",
      "vf1=0.001043; # specific volume in m^3/kg\n",
      "\n",
      "#Calculation for (a)\n",
      "wp=-vf1*(p2-p1)*10**3; # Pump work for water\n",
      "\n",
      "#Result for (a)\n",
      "print \"(a).Pump work for water =\",round(wp,2),\"kJ\"\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "#Variable declaration for (b)\n",
      "# (b).For steam\n",
      "h1=2675.5;# specific enthalpy in kJ/kg \n",
      "s1=7.3595;# specific entropy in kJ/kg K\n",
      "# From superheated steam table\n",
      "t2=675; # Temperature at state 2 in degree celcius\n",
      "h2=3835.3;# specific enthalpy in kJ/kg \n",
      "\n",
      "#Calculation for (b)\n",
      "wc=-(h2-h1); # Compressor work for steam\n",
      "\n",
      "#Result for (b)\n",
      "print \"(b).Compressor work for steam =\",wc,\"kJ/kg\"\n",
      "\n"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "(a).Pump work for water = -6.15 kJ\n",
        "(b).Compressor work for steam = -1159.8 kJ/kg\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 18
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 6.21, Page No:303"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import math\n",
      "from __future__ import division\n",
      "\n",
      "#Variable declaration\n",
      "# (a).Restoring to initial state by throttling process\n",
      "T1=303; #Temperature of air at state 1 in kelvin\n",
      "p1=1;  #Pressure of air at state 1 in bar\n",
      "p2=5; #Pressure of air at state 2 in bar\n",
      "p3=1;#Pressure of air at state 3 in bar\n",
      "T3=303; #Temperature of air at state 3 in kelvin\n",
      "Cpo=1.0035; # Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K\n",
      "R=0.287; # characteristic gas constant of air in kJ/kg K\n",
      "k=1.4; # Index of reversible adiabatic compression\n",
      "\n",
      "#Calculation for (a)\n",
      "T2=T1*(p2/p1)**((k-1)/k); # Temperature after reversible adiabatic compression\n",
      "w12=Cpo*(T2-T1); # Work of reversible adiabatic compression\n",
      "s21=0; # Entropy change of air\n",
      "s32=-R*math.log (p3/p2); # Entropy change \n",
      "s31=s32; # Net entropy change of air\n",
      "d_Ssurr=0; # Entropy change of surroundings because There is no heat transfer\n",
      "d_Suniv=s31+d_Ssurr; # Net Entropy change of universe\n",
      "\n",
      "#Result for (a)\n",
      "print \"(a).Restoring to initial state by throttling process\",\"\\nWork of reversible adiabatic compression = \",round(w12,1),\"kJ/kg\"\n",
      "print \"Net Entropy change of universe = \",round(d_Suniv,4),\"kJ/kg K\"\n",
      "\n",
      "#Calculation for (b)\n",
      "# (b).Restoring to initial state by by completing cycle\n",
      "T0=298; # Temperature of surroundings in kelvin\n",
      "d_Ssystem=0; # Entropy change of systrem is zero because it is cyclic process\n",
      "q31=Cpo*(T2-T3); # Heat rejected to the surroundings\n",
      "d_Ssurr=q31/T0; #  Entropy change of surroundings\n",
      "d_Suniv=d_Ssystem+d_Ssurr; # Increase in entropy of the universe\n",
      "\n",
      "#Result for (b)\n",
      "print \"\\n(b).Restoring to initial state by by completing cycle\",\"\\nNet Entropy change of universe = \",round(d_Suniv,3),\"kJ/kg K\"\n",
      "\n"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "(a).Restoring to initial state by throttling process \n",
        "Work of reversible adiabatic compression =  177.5 kJ/kg\n",
        "Net Entropy change of universe =  0.4619 kJ/kg K\n",
        "\n",
        "(b).Restoring to initial state by by completing cycle \n",
        "Net Entropy change of universe =  0.596 kJ/kg K\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 19
    }
   ],
   "metadata": {}
  }
 ]
}