path: root/Optical_Fiber_Communication_Principles_and_Practice/Chapter12_1.ipynb

{
 "metadata": {
  "name": "Chapter_12"
 },
 "nbformat": 3,
 "nbformat_minor": 0,
 "worksheets": [
  {
   "cells": [
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Chapter 12 :- Optical fiber systems 1: Intensity modulation/direct detection\n"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.1, page 706"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "#Variable declaration\nn=8                             #bits in a time slot\nt=32                            #bits in a frame\nf=8*10**3                       #frequency\nm=16                            #bits in a multiframe\n\n#Calculation\nnb=n*t                          #number of bits in a frame\nfr=nb*f                         #transmission rate\ntr=fr**-1                       #bit duration\nts=tr*n                         #duration of a time slot\ntf=ts*t                         #duration of a frame\ntm=tf*m                         #duration of a multiframe\n\n#Result\nprint'(a) Bit rate for the system = %.3f Mbit s^-1'%(fr*10**-6)\nprint'(b) Duration of the time slot = %.1f \u03bcs'%(ts*10**6)\nprint'(c) Duration of a frame = %d \u03bcs' %(tf*10**6)\nprint'Duration of a multiframe = %d ms' %(tm*10**3)\n\n",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "(a) Bit rate for the system = 2.048 Mbit s^-1\n(b) Duration of the time slot = 3.9 \u03bcs\n(c) Duration of a frame = 125 \u03bcs\nDuration of a multiframe = 2 ms\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 1
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.2, page 720"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\nm=4.24                                  #erfc = 2*10^9\na=2*math.sqrt(2)\n\n#Calculation\nsn=m*a                                 #root of S/N = optical\nsn1=10*math.log10(sn)                  #in dB\nisq=sn**2                              #S/N = electrical    \nisq1=10*math.log10(isq)                #in dB\n#Result\nprint'Optical SNR = %.1f'%sn\nprint'            = %.1f dB'%sn1\nprint'Electrical SNR = %.1f'%round(isq)\nprint'               = %.1f dB'%isq1",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "Optical SNR = 12.0\n            = 10.8 dB\nElectrical SNR = 144.0\n               = 21.6 dB\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 2
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.3, page 723"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\nm=100                             #multiplication factor\nk=0.02                            #ratio of carrier ionization rates \nsn=144                            #electrical SNR\nn=0.8                             #quantum efficiency\nB=0.6\n\n#Calculation\nfm=(k*m)+(2-(1/m))*(1-k)                 #avalanche noise factor\nzm=2*B*round(fm)*sn/n                    #average number of photons\n\n#Result\nprint'Average no of photons = %d photons'%round(zm)",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "Average no of photons = 864 photons\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 3
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.4, page 724"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\nzm=864                                       #average no of photons\nh=6.626*10**-34                             #plancks constant\nc=2.998*10**8                               #velocity of light\nl1=10**-6                                   #wavelength\nl2=10**-14                                  #wavelength\nbt=10**7                       \nn=14\n\n\n#Calculation\npo1=(zm*h*c*bt)/(2*l1)                        #At 10 Mbit s^-1\npo2=(zm*h*c*n*bt)/(2*l2)                      #At 140 Mbit s^-1\n\n#Result\nprint'Incident optical power (10 Mbit s^-l) = %.1f pW'%(po1*10**12)\nprint'Incident optical power (140 Mbit s^-l) = %.3f W'%po2                 #value given in a textbook is incorrect",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "Incident optical power (10 Mbit s^-l) = 858.2 pW\nIncident optical power (140 Mbit s^-l) = 1.201 W\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 4
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.5, page 726"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "#Variable declaration\nafc=5                                    #fibre cable attenuation\nai=2                                     #splice losses\nl=4                                      #length in Km\naf=3.5+2.5                               #connector losses at source and detector resp\n\n#Calculation\nCl=(afc+ai)*l+af                          #total channel loss\n\n#Result\nprint'Total channel loss = %d dB'%Cl",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "Total channel loss = 34 dB\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 5
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.6, page 727"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\ns=0.6*10**-9                                      #rms pulse broadening\nL=8                                               #length in km\nbt=25*10**6                                       #bit rates\nbt1=150*10**6                                     #bit rates\n\n#Calculation\nst=s*L                                            #total rms pulse broadening\ndl1=2*(2*st*bt*math.sqrt(2))**4                   #without mode coupling\nst1=s*math.sqrt(L)                                #total rms pulse broadening\ndl2=2*(2*st1*bt*math.sqrt(2))**4                  #with mode coupling\ndl3=2*(2*st*bt1*math.sqrt(2))**4                  #without mode coupling\ndl4=2*(2*st1*bt1*math.sqrt(2))**4                 #with mode coupling\n\n#Result\nprint'(a) For 25 Mbit per sec'\nprint'dispersion\u2013equalization penalty (without mode coupling) = %.2f dB'%dl1\nprint'dispersion\u2013equalization penalty (with mode coupling) = %.2f x 10^-4 dB\\n'%(dl2*10**4)\nprint'(b) For 150 Mbit per sec'\nprint'dispersion\u2013equalization penalty (without mode coupling) = %.2f dB'%dl3\nprint'dispersion\u2013equalization penalty (with mode coupling) = %.2f dB'%dl4",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "(a) For 25 Mbit per sec\ndispersion\u2013equalization penalty (without mode coupling) = 0.03 dB\ndispersion\u2013equalization penalty (with mode coupling) = 4.15 x 10^-4 dB\n\n(b) For 150 Mbit per sec\ndispersion\u2013equalization penalty (without mode coupling) = 34.40 dB\ndispersion\u2013equalization penalty (with mode coupling) = 0.54 dB\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 6
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.7, page 731"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\nts=8                                    #rise time for source in ns\ntn=5*ts                                 #for fiber intermodal\ntc=1*ts                                 #for pulse broadening\ntd=6                                    #for detector\n\n#Calculation\ntsys=1.1*(ts**2+tn**2+tc**2+td**2)**0.5             #total system rise time\nBt=0.7/(tsys*10**-9)                                #max bit rate\n\n\n#Result\nprint'Bt (Max) = %.1f Mbit per sec'%(Bt/10**6)",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "Bt (Max) = 15.2 Mbit per sec\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 7
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.8, page 732"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\npo=-55                          #mean power required at the APD receiver at 35 Mbit s^-1\npo1=-44                         #mean power required at the APD receiver at 400 Mbit s^-1\npi=-3                           #mean power launched from the laser transmitter\nl1=0.4                         #cable fiber loss\nl2=0.1                         #splice losses\nl3=1                            #connector loss \nma=7                            #safety margin\na=0.5 \nacr=2\ndl=1.5\n\n#Calculation \nL1=(pi-po-acr-ma)/a                          #for 35 Mbit s^-1\nL2=(pi-po1-acr-ma)/a                         #for 400 Mbit s^-1\nL3=(pi-po1-acr-dl-ma)/a                      #reduction in the maximum possible link\n\n#Result\nprint'(a) Maximum possible link length (operating at 35 Mbit s^-1) = %d km'%L1\nprint'(b) Maximum possible link length (operating at 400 Mbit s^-1) = %d km'%L2\nprint'(c) Reduction in the maximum possible link length = %d km'%L3",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "(a) Maximum possible link length (operating at 35 Mbit s^-1) = 86 km\n(b) Maximum possible link length (operating at 400 Mbit s^-1) = 64 km\n(c) Reduction in the maximum possible link length = 61 km\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 8
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.9, page 734"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\npo=-10                          #mean optical power launched into the fiber from the transmitter (100 \u03bcm)\nrs=-41                          #receiver sensitivity at 20 Mbit s^-1\nl1=7*2.6                        #cabled fiber loss\nl2=6*0.5                        #splice losses\nl3=1*1.5                        #connector loss \nms=6                            #safety margin\n\n#Calculation\nts=po-rs                             #Total system margin\ntsl=l1+l2+l3+ms                      #Total system loss\npm=ts-tsl                            #Excess power margin \n\n#Result\nprint'Total system margin = %d dB'%ts\nprint'Total system loss = %.1f dB'%tsl\nprint'Excess power margin = %.1f dB'%pm\n",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "Total system margin = 31 dB\nTotal system loss = 28.7 dB\nExcess power margin = 2.3 dB\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 9
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.10, page 740"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\nv=5                                         #output voltage\nh=6.626*10**-34                             #plancks constant\nc=2.998*10**8                               #velocity of light\nk=1.385*10**-23                             #boltzman constant\nt=290                                       #tempreture in kelvin\nzo=100                                      #cable impedance\nn=0.7                                       #quantum efficiency\npi=10**-3                                   #optical power\nlam=0.85*10**-6                             #wavelength\n\n#Calculation\nratio=(v**2*h*c)/(2*k*t*zo*n*pi*lam)        #ratio\nratio1=10*math.log10(ratio)                 #ration in dB\n\n#Result\nprint'Ratio = %d dB'%ratio1",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "Ratio = 40 dB\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 10
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.11, page 744"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\nma=0.8                                      #modulation index\nR=0.5                                       #responsivity\nb=0.7                                       #ratio of luminance to composite video\nsnr=3.162*10**5                             #SNR\ne=1.602*10**-19                             #electron volt\nB=5*10**6                                   #bandwidth\nK=1.385*10**-23                             #boltzman constant  \nT=293                                       #tempreture in kelvin\nFn=1.413\nRl=10**6\n\n#Calculation\na=(2*ma*R*b)**2\nc=snr*2*e*B*R\nd=snr*4*K*T*B*Fn/Rl\nf = (c**2)+(4*a*d)\npo=(c+math.sqrt(f))/(2*a)                  #average incident optical power \npo1=10*math.log10(po*1000)                 #in dB\n\n#Result\nprint'Average incident optical power = %.2f uW'%(po*10**6)\nprint'                               = %.1f dB m'%po1\n\n",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "Average incident optical power = 0.93 uW\n                               = -30.3 dB m\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 11
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.12, page 747"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\nh=6.626*10**-34                             #plancks constant\nc=2.998*10**8                               #velocity of light\ne=1.602*10**-19                             #1 electron volt\nn=0.6                                       #p\u2013i\u2013n photodiode quantum efficiency\nma=0.5                                      #modulation index\nlam=10**-6                                  #wavelength\nk=1.385*10**-23                             #boltzman constant                          \nt=300                                       #tempreture in kelvin\nf=4                                         #amplifier noise figure\nrl=50*10**3                                 #effective load impedance\nsn=3.162*10**4                              #signal to noise ratio\nB=10**7                                     #bandwidth\n\n#Calculation\na=h*c/(e*n*ma**2*lam)\nb=math.sqrt((8*k*t*f)/rl)\nc=math.sqrt(sn*B)\npo=a*b*c                                     #optical power\npo1=10*math.log10(po*1000)                   #optical power in dB\n\n#Result\nprint'Optical power, Po = %.2f uW'%(po*10**6)\nprint'                  = %.1f dBm'%po1",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "Optical power, Po = 7.58 uW\n                  = -21.2 dBm\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 12
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.13, page 748"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\npo=-10                          #mean optical power launched into the fiber from the transmitter (100 \u03bcm)\nrs=-25                          #receiver sensitivity \nl1=2*3.5                        #cable fiber loss\nl2=2*0.7                        #splice losses\nl3=1.6                          #connector loss \nms=4.0                           #safety margin\nafc=3.5\nai=0.7\nacr=1.6\nma=7\n\n#Calculation\nts=po-rs                             #Total system margi\ntsl=l1+l2+l3+ms                      #Total system loss\npm=ts-tsl                            #Excess power margin \nL=((0-rs)-(acr+ma))/(afc+ai)\n\n#Result\nprint'(a) Total system margin = %d dB'%ts\nprint'    Total system loss = %.1f dB'%tsl\nprint'    Excess power margin = %.1f dB'%pm\nprint'\\n(b) Increase in link length = %.1f Km'%(L)",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "(a) Total system margin = 15 dB\n    Total system loss = 14.0 dB\n    Excess power margin = 1.0 dB\n\n(b) Increase in link length = 3.9 Km\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 13
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.14, page 750"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "#Variable declaration\nBop=6*10**6\nts=10                                   #rise time for source in ns\ntn=5*9                                 #for fiber intermodal\ntc=5*2                                 #for pulse broadening\ntd=3                                    #for detector\n\n\n#Calculation\ntsys=0.35/Bop\ntsys1=1.1*(ts**2+tn**2+tc**2+td**2)**0.5             #total system rise time\n\n#Result\nprint'Maximum permitted system rise time = %.1f ns'%(tsys*10**9)\nprint'Total system rise time = %.1f ns'%(tsys1)\n",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "Maximum permitted system rise time = 58.3 ns\nTotal system rise time = 52.0 ns\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 14
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.15, page 755"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\nfd=400*10**3                                      #peak frequency deviation\nBa=4*10**3                                        #bandwidth\n\n#Calculation\nDf=fd/Ba                                            #frequency deviation ratio\nsnr=1.76+(20*math.log10(Df))                        #SNR improvement\nBm=2*(Df+1)*Ba                                      #bandwidth of the FM\u2013IM signal \n \n#Result\nprint'(a) SNR improvement = %.2f dB'%snr\nprint'(b) Frequency deviation ratio = %d'%Df\nprint'    Bandwidth of FM-IM signal = %d kHz'%(Bm/1000)",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "(a) SNR improvement = 41.76 dB\n(b) Frequency deviation ratio = 100\n    Bandwidth of FM-IM signal = 808 kHz\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 15
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.16, page 757"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\nfm=3                                    #output FM ratio\npm=1                                    #output PM ratio\n\n#Calculation\nratio=fm/pm                              #SNR ratio\nratio1=10*math.log10(ratio)              #SNR ratio in dB\n\n#Result\nprint'Ratio of output SNR = %.2f dB'%(ratio1)",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "Ratio of output SNR = 4.77 dB\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 16
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.17, page 759"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\nto=5*10**-8                          #nominal pulse period\nfd=5*10**6                           #Peak-to-peak frequency deviation\nM=60                                 #A PD multiplication factor\nR=0.7                                #A PD responsivity\npo=10**-7                            #peak optical power at receiver\ntr=12*10**-9                         #Total system 10\u201390% rise time\nB=6*10**6                            #baseband noise bandwidth\ni=10**-17                            #Receiver mean square noise current\n\n\n#Calculation\nsnp=(3*(to*fd*M*R*po)**2)/(i*(2*math.pi*tr*B)**2)          #peak-to-peak signal to rms noise ratio\nsnp1=10*math.log10(snp)                                    #in dB\n\n#Result\nprint'Peak-to-peak signal to rms noise ratio = %.1f dB'%snp1\n",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "Peak-to-peak signal to rms noise ratio = 62.1 dB\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 17
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.18, page 763"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "%pylab inline\nimport math\nfrom pylab import *\nfrom numpy import *\n\n#Variable declaration\nacr=1                                     #connector loss in dB\nafc=5                                     #loss per kilometer in dB\nLbu=0.1                                   #fiber length between each of the access couplers\nLac=1                                     #insertion loss\nLtr=10                                    #loss due to the tap ratio\nLsp=3                                     #splitting loss\n \n#Calculating, we get two equation in terms of N, no of nodes, i.e C(1,N-1)=(3.5*N)+8.5 and C(star)=4.5+(10*log10(N)) \n\n#For Bus distribution system\n\nfor N in range(1,13,1):\n    C=(3.5*N)+8.5;\n    a=plot(N,C,'.r')\n    \n \n#for Star distribution system\n    \nfor N in range(1,30,1):\n    C1=4.5+(10*log10(N));\n    b=plot(N,C1,'.g')\n    \n \n#To show plot in same graph\n#Graphical comparison showing total channel loss against number of nodes\n\nxlabel(\"Number of nodes $N$\")\nylabel(\"Total channel loss $CL$ (dB)\")\ngrid()\nshow(a)\nshow(b)\n",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "Populating the interactive namespace from numpy and matplotlib\n"
      },
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "display_data",
       "png": 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ynCtSc0N5LWT+H6XMuQHMz+hkz08LlxaFuLg4pKenAwDS09MRHx/vynCuiHMC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\nAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\n",
       "text": "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x3f7ea90>"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 27
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.19, page 782"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "#Variable declaration\nh=6.626*10**-34                             #plancks constant\nc=2.998*10**8                               #velocity of light\nlam=1.55*10**-6                             #wavelength\nL=100*10**3                                 #length\nK=4                                         \nB=1.2*10**9                                 #bandwidth\nsnr=50                                      #SNR\na=10**-2.5\npi=10**-3\n\n#Calculation\nLt=(pi*lam*a*L)/(K*h*c*B*snr)                #link with a large number of cascaded amplifiers\n\n#Result\nprint'Maximum system length = %d x 10^4 km'%(Lt/10**7)",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "Maximum system length = 1 x 10^4 km\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 19
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.21, page 791"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\nb=17                                     #second-order dispersion coefficient for the latter path\nL2=20                                    #path length in km\nL1=160.00                                   #path length in km\ns1=-0.075                                #dispersion slope\n\n#Calculation\na=-b*L2\nG=a/L1                                   #second-order dispersion coefficient\ns2=s1*L1/L2                              #chromatic dispersion slope\n\n#Result\nprint'(a) Second-order dispersion coefficient = %.3f ps nm^-1 km^-1'%G \nprint'(b) chromatic dispersion slope = %.1f ps nm^-2 km^-1'%s2",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "(a) Second-order dispersion coefficient = -2.125 ps nm^-1 km^-1\n(b) chromatic dispersion slope = -0.6 ps nm^-2 km^-1\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 20
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.22, page 798"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\nto=70*10**-12                                       #bit period\nt=6*10**-12                                         #RZ pulse width\nB2=50*10**-12*10**-12*10**-3                        #second-order dispersion coefficient\nL=50*10**3                                          #amplifier spacing\n\n#Calculation\nqo=0.5*to/t                                          #separation of the soliton pulses \nBt=(2*qo*math.sqrt(B2*L))**-1                        #transmission bit rate \n\n#Result\nprint'(a) Separation = %.1f'%qo\nprint'(b) Transmission bit rate = %.2f x 10^9'%(Bt*10**-8)",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "(a) Separation = 5.8\n(b) Transmission bit rate = 17.14 x 10^9\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 21
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.23, page 799"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\nto=40*10**-12                             #bit period\nt=4*10**-12                               #RZ pulse width\na=0.2*10**-3                              #attenuation coefficient\nB2=1.25*10**-12*10**-12*10**-3            #second-order dispersion coefficient\n\n#Calculation\nqo=0.5*to/t                            #separation of the soliton pulses \nb=1/(2*qo)\nc=math.sqrt(a/B2)\nBt=b*c                                  #transmission bit rate \n\n#Result\nprint'(a) Separation = %.1f'%qo\nprint'(b) Transmission bit rate = %.2f x 10^10 bit s^-1'%(Bt*10**-10)",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "(a) Separation = 5.0\n(b) Transmission bit rate = 4.00 x 10^10 bit s^-1\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 22
    }
   ],
   "metadata": {}
  }
 ]
}