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{
"metadata": {
"name": ""
},
"nbformat": 3,
"nbformat_minor": 0,
"worksheets": [
{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 1,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Chapter 5:X-Rays and X-Ray Spectra "
]
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example no:1,Page no:535"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"#Variable declaration\n",
"ch=12400.0 #product of speed of light and Plank's constant (eV*\u00c5)\n",
"lembda1=0.024 #Compton wavelength of X-ray (\u00c5)\n",
"lembda2=1.0 #wavelength of X-ray (\u00c5)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"#(i)\n",
"x1=ch/lembda1 #minimum voltage across X-ray tube (V)\n",
"#(ii)\n",
"x2=ch/(lembda2*10**3) #minimum voltage across X-ray tube (kV)\n",
"#(iii)\n",
"x3=1.02 #minimum energy of X-ray photon (M*eV)\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print\"\\n(i) voltage =%.2e\"%x1,\"V\\n(ii) voltage =\",x2,\"KV\\n(iii) energy =\",x3,\"MeV\"\n",
"print\"NOTE:Wrong answer of (i) in book\""
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"\n",
"(i) voltage =5.17e+05 V\n",
"(ii) voltage = 12.4 KV\n",
"(iii) energy = 1.02 MeV\n",
"NOTE:Wrong answer of (i) in book\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 58
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example no:2,Page no:535"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"#Variable declaration\n",
"n=3/2.0 \n",
"dlembda=26*10**-2 #shifting in short wave limit of X-ray spectrum (\u00c5)\n",
"ch=12400 #product of speed of light and Plank's constant (eV*\u00c5)\n",
"e=1.6*10**-19 #charge of electron (Coulomb)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"V=((n-1)/n)*(ch/(dlembda*10**3)) #initial voltage applied to the tube (KV)\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print\"\\nInitial voltage =\",round(V,1),\"KV\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"\n",
"Initial voltage = 15.9 KV\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 59
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example no:3,Page no:535"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"#Variable declaration\n",
"R=10972900.0 #(m-1)\n",
"lembda=1.54*10**-10 #wavelength of K line (m)\n",
"\n",
"#calculation\n",
"import math\n",
"z=1+math.sqrt(4.0/(3.0*lembda*R)) #atomic number of the target element\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print\"\\nZ =\",round(z)\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"\n",
"Z = 29.0\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 60
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example no:4,Page no:536"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"#Variable declaration\n",
"z1=29.0 #atomic no. of Copper\n",
"z2=26.0 #atomic no. of Iron\n",
"lembda1=193.0 #wavelength of K line in Iron (pm)\n",
"\n",
"#calculation\n",
"lembda=((z2-1)/(z1-1))**2*lembda1 #wavelength of K line in Copper (pm)\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print\"\\n\u03bb =\",round(lembda),\"pm\" \n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"\n",
"\u03bb = 154.0 pm\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 61
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example no:5,Page no:536"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"#Variable declaration\n",
"z1=13 #atomic no. of Al\n",
"z2=27 #atomic no. of Co\n",
"R=1.097*10**7 #(m-1)\n",
"\n",
"#calculation\n",
"lembda1=(4*10**12)/(3*R*(z1-1)**2) #wavelength of K line in Al (pm)\n",
"lembda2=(4*10**12)/(3*R*(z2-1)**2) #wavelength of k line in Co (pm)\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print\"\\n wavelength of Al =\",round(lembda1),\"pm\\n wavelength of Co =\",round(lembda2),\"pm\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"\n",
" wavelength of Al = 844.0 pm\n",
" wavelength of Co = 180.0 pm\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 62
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example no:6,Page no:536"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"#Variable declaration\n",
"lembda1=250.0*10**-12 #wavelength of K-alpha line (m)\n",
"lembda2=179.0*10**-12 #wavelength of K-alpha line (m)\n",
"R=10972900.0 #(m-1)\n",
"\n",
"#calculation\n",
"import math\n",
"z1=int(1+math.sqrt(4/(3*lembda1*R))) #atomic number\n",
"z2=int(1+math.sqrt(4/(3*lembda2*R))) \n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print\"\\nThe required elements are: Z =\"\n",
"for i in range(z1+1,z2):\n",
" print i \n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"\n",
"The required elements are: Z =\n",
"24\n",
"25\n",
"26\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 63
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example no:7,Page no:536"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"#Variable declaration\n",
"ch=12400.0 #product of speed of light and Plank's constant (eV*\u00c5)\n",
"Rch=13.6 #product of speed of light, Plank's constant and R (eV)\n",
"z=23.0 #atomic no. of vanadium\n",
"lembda=24.0 #wavelength of L absorption edge (\u00c5)\n",
"\n",
"#calculation\n",
"El=ch/(lembda*1000) #binding energy of L electron (KeV)\n",
"Ek=((3/(4.0*10**3))*Rch*(z-1)**2)+El #binding energy of K electron (KeV)\n",
"#Result\n",
"print\"\\nBinding energy of K-electron =\",round(Ek,2),\"KeV\"\n",
"\n",
"print\"NOTE:Approxmiate answer given in book\""
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"\n",
"Binding energy of K-electron = 5.45 KeV\n",
"NOTE:Approxmiate answer given in book\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 64
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example no:8,Page no:537"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"#Variable declaration\n",
"ch=12.4 #product of speed of light and Plank's constant (KeV*\u00c5)\n",
"lembda1=0.178 #wavelength of K-alpha line (\u00c5)\n",
"lembda2=0.210 #wavelength of K line (\u00c5)\n",
"\n",
"#calculation\n",
"Ek=ch/lembda1 #binding energy of K electron (KeV)\n",
"El=Ek-(ch/lembda2) #binding energy of K-alpha electron (KeV)\n",
"lembda=ch/El #wavelength of L absorption edge (\u00c5)\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print\"\\nWavelength of L absorption edge =\",round(lembda,2),\"\u00c5\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"\n",
"Wavelength of L absorption edge = 1.17 \u00c5\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 65
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example no:9,Page no:537"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"#Variable declaration\n",
"ch=12.4 #product of speed of light and Plank's constant (KeV*\u00c5)\n",
"lembdak=0.18 #wavelength of K absorption edge (\u00c5)\n",
"lembda=0.1 #wavelength of incident photon (\u00c5)\n",
"\n",
"#calculation\n",
"Ek=ch/lembdak #binding energy of K electron (KeV)\n",
"E=ch/lembda #energy of incident photon (KeV)\n",
"K=E-Ek #maximum kinetic energy of ejected electron (KeV)\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print\"KE =\",round(K,2),\"KeV\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"KE = 55.11 KeV\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 66
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example no:10,Page no:538"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"#Variable declaration\n",
"ch=12.4 #product of speed of light and Plank's constant (KeV*\u00c5)\n",
"Rch=13.6/10**3 #product of speed of light, Plank's constant and R (KeV)\n",
"lembdak=1.74 #K band absorption edge wavelength of iron (\u00c5)\n",
"z=30 #atomic no. of zinc\n",
"\n",
"#calculation\n",
"Ek=ch/lembdak #binding energy of K electron in iron (KeV)\n",
"E=(3.0/4.0)*Rch*(z-1)**2 #energy of photon of K-alpha radiation (KeV)\n",
"K=E-Ek #kinetic energy of the photoelectrons liberated from iron (KeV)\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print\"KE =\",round(K,3),\"KeV\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"KE = 1.452 KeV\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 57
}
],
"metadata": {}
}
]
}
|
