path: root/Electronics_Circuits_and_Systems_by_Y._N._Bapat/Ch5.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Chapter 5 - Basic Transistor Amplifiers"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 5_1 Page No. 136"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "RL= 5000.00  ohm\n",
      "R1= 100000.00  ohm\n",
      "R2= 10000.00  ohm\n",
      "rc= 50000.00  ohm\n",
      "rbe= 1000.00  ohm\n",
      "gm = 0.05  A/V\n",
      "For BJT,Av=(-gm*RL)= -250.00\n",
      "AI=(gm*rbe)= 50.00\n",
      "gm = 0.01  A/V\n",
      "For FET,Av=(-gm*RL)= -25.00  \n",
      "R0= 50000.00  ohm\n",
      "Ri= 1000.00  ohm\n",
      "RB=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2)= 9090.91  ohm\n",
      "Ri= (RB*rbe)/(RB+rbe)=900.90  ohm\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from __future__ import division  \n",
    "RL=5*10**(3)\n",
    "print \"RL= %0.2f\"%(RL),\" ohm\"  #Load resistance\n",
    "R1=100*10**(3)\n",
    "print \"R1= %0.2f\"%(R1),\" ohm\"  # resistance\n",
    "R2=10*10**(3)\n",
    "print \"R2= %0.2f\"%(R2),\" ohm\"  # resistance\n",
    "rc=50*10**(3)\n",
    "print \"rc= %0.2f\"%(rc),\" ohm\"  #collector resistance\n",
    "rd=rc # Drain and collector  resistance are equal\n",
    "rbe=1*10**(3)\n",
    "print \"rbe= %0.2f\"%(rbe),\" ohm\"  #Load resistance\n",
    "gm=50*10**(-3)\n",
    "print \"gm = %0.2f\"%(gm),\" A/V\"#  transconductance for BJT \n",
    "Av=(-gm*RL)\n",
    "print \"For BJT,Av=(-gm*RL)= %0.2f\"%(Av) #Voltage gain for BJT\n",
    "AI=gm*rbe\n",
    "print \"AI=(gm*rbe)= %0.2f\"%(AI) # current gain for BJT\n",
    "gm=5*10**(-3)\n",
    "print \"gm = %0.2f\"%(gm),\" A/V\"#  transconductance for FET \n",
    "Av=(-gm*RL)\n",
    "print \"For FET,Av=(-gm*RL)= %0.2f\"%(Av),\" \" # gain for FET\n",
    "R0=rd\n",
    "print \"R0= %0.2f\"%(R0),\" ohm\"  #output resistance for FET and BJT\n",
    "Ri=rbe\n",
    "print \"Ri= %0.2f\"%(Ri),\" ohm\"  #BJT input resistance \n",
    "RB=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2)\n",
    "print \"RB=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2)= %0.2f\"%(RB),\" ohm\"  # eqivalent Base resistance for  BJT\n",
    "Ri=(RB*rbe)/(RB+rbe)\n",
    "print \"Ri= (RB*rbe)/(RB+rbe)=%0.2f\"%(Ri),\" ohm\"  #New value of BJT input resistance "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 5_2 Page No. 137"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "RL= 5000.00  ohm\n",
      "R1= 100000.00  ohm\n",
      "R2= 100000.00  ohm\n",
      "Rs= 5000.00  ohm\n",
      "Beta_o = 50.00\n",
      "rbe= 1000.00  ohm\n",
      "gm = 0.05  A/V\n",
      "rc= 50000.00  ohm\n",
      "Av=RL/(RL+1/gm)= 1.00\n",
      "Avs=RL/[(Rs/Beta_o)+(1/gm)+(RL)]= 0.98\n",
      "AI=-(Beta_o+1)= -51.00\n",
      "R0= (Rs+rbe)/Beta_o=120.00  ohm\n",
      "Ri= rbe+Beta_o*RL=251000.00  ohm\n",
      "RB=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2)= 50000.00  ohm\n",
      "Rieff= (Ri*RB)/(RB+Ri)=41694.35  ohm\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from __future__ import division  \n",
    "RL=5*10**(3)\n",
    "print \"RL= %0.2f\"%(RL),\" ohm\"  #Load resistance\n",
    "R1=100*10**(3)\n",
    "print \"R1= %0.2f\"%(R1),\" ohm\"  # resistance\n",
    "R2=100*10**(3)\n",
    "print \"R2= %0.2f\"%(R2),\" ohm\"  # resistance\n",
    "Rs=5*10**(3)\n",
    "print \"Rs= %0.2f\"%(Rs),\" ohm\"  # Source resistance\n",
    "Beta_o=50\n",
    "print \"Beta_o = %0.2f\"%(Beta_o) #BJT gain\n",
    "rbe=1*10**(3)\n",
    "print \"rbe= %0.2f\"%(rbe),\" ohm\"  #Base-emitter resistance\n",
    "gm=50*10**(-3)\n",
    "print \"gm = %0.2f\"%(gm),\" A/V\"#  transconductance for BJT \n",
    "rc=50*10**(3)\n",
    "print \"rc= %0.2f\"%(rc),\" ohm\"  #collector resistance\n",
    "Av=RL/(RL+1/gm) # Gain formulae\n",
    "print \"Av=RL/(RL+1/gm)= %0.2f\"%(Av) # voltage gain for BJT\n",
    "Avs=RL/((Rs/Beta_o)+(1/gm)+(RL))\n",
    "print \"Avs=RL/((Rs/Beta_o)+(1/gm)+(RL))= %0.2f\"%(Avs) # Overall voltage gain for BJT\n",
    "AI=-(Beta_o+1)\n",
    "print \"AI=-(Beta_o+1)= %0.2f\"%(AI) # current gain for BJT\n",
    "R0=(Rs+rbe)/Beta_o\n",
    "print \"R0= (Rs+rbe)/Beta_o=%0.2f\"%(R0),\" ohm\"  #output resistance for  BJT\n",
    "Ri=rbe+Beta_o*RL # formulae\n",
    "print \"Ri= rbe+Beta_o*RL=%0.2f\"%(Ri),\" ohm\"  # value of BJT input resistance \n",
    "RB=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2)\n",
    "print \"RB=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2)= %0.2f\"%(RB),\" ohm\"  # eqivalent Base resistance for  BJT\n",
    "Rieff=(Ri*RB)/(RB+Ri)\n",
    "print \"Rieff= (Ri*RB)/(RB+Ri)=%0.2f\"%(Rieff),\" ohm\"  #Effective value of BJT input resistance "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 5_3 Page No. 142"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "RL= 5000.00  ohm\n",
      "RF= 5000.00  ohm\n",
      "Beta_o = 50.00\n",
      "rbe= 1000.00  ohm\n",
      "gm = 0.05  A/V\n",
      "rc= 50000.00  ohm\n",
      "Ri= rbe+RF*(1+gm*rbe)=256000.00  ohm\n",
      "Av=(-gm*RL)/(1+gm*RF)= -1.00\n",
      "AI=(Beta_o)= 50.00\n",
      "R0= Beta_o*rc=2500000.00  ohm\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from __future__ import division  \n",
    "RL=5*10**(3)\n",
    "print \"RL= %0.2f\"%(RL),\" ohm\"  #Load resistance\n",
    "RF=5*10**(3)\n",
    "print \"RF= %0.2f\"%(RF),\" ohm\"  # resistance\n",
    "Beta_o=50\n",
    "print \"Beta_o = %0.2f\"%(Beta_o) #BJT gain\n",
    "rbe=1*10**(3)\n",
    "print \"rbe= %0.2f\"%(rbe),\" ohm\"  #Base-emitter resistance\n",
    "gm=50*10**(-3)\n",
    "print \"gm = %0.2f\"%(gm),\" A/V\"#  transconductance for BJT \n",
    "rc=50*10**(3)\n",
    "print \"rc= %0.2f\"%(rc),\" ohm\"  #collector resistance\n",
    "Ri=rbe+RF*(1+gm*rbe) # formulae\n",
    "print \"Ri= rbe+RF*(1+gm*rbe)=%0.2f\"%(Ri),\" ohm\"  #  BJT input resistance \n",
    "Av=(-gm*RL)/(1+gm*RF)# formulae\n",
    "print \"Av=(-gm*RL)/(1+gm*RF)= %0.2f\"%(Av) # voltage gain for BJT\n",
    "AI=Beta_o\n",
    "print \"AI=(Beta_o)= %0.2f\"%(AI) # current gain for BJT\n",
    "R0=Beta_o*rc\n",
    "print \"R0= Beta_o*rc=%0.2f\"%(R0),\" ohm\"  #output resistance for  BJT"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 5_4 Page No. 148"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "RL= 5000.00  ohm\n",
      "RF= 2500.00  ohm\n",
      "Rs= 50.00  ohm\n",
      "ro= 50000.00  ohm\n",
      "rc= 50000.00  ohm\n",
      "rbe= 1000.00  ohm\n",
      "For CG Amplifier\n",
      "gm = 0.01  A/V\n",
      "Ri= 1/gm=200.00  ohm\n",
      "Avs=gm*RL/(1+gm*Rs)= 20.00\n",
      "Ro=rd*(1+gm*Rs)=62500.00  ohm\n",
      "For CB Amplifier\n",
      "gm = 0.05  A/V\n",
      "Ri= 1/gm=20.00  ohm\n",
      "Avs=gm*RL/(1+gm*Rs)= 71.43\n",
      "Ro=gm*(rbe*rc)=2.50e+06  ohm\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from __future__ import division  \n",
    "RL=5*10**(3)\n",
    "print \"RL= %0.2f\"%(RL),\" ohm\"  #Load resistance\n",
    "RF=2.5*10**(3)\n",
    "print \"RF= %0.2f\"%(RF),\" ohm\"  # resistance\n",
    "Rs=50\n",
    "print \"Rs= %0.2f\"%(Rs),\" ohm\"  # resistance\n",
    "ro=50*10**(3)\n",
    "print \"ro= %0.2f\"%(ro),\" ohm\"  # output resistance\n",
    "rd=ro # drain resistance\n",
    "rc=ro# Collector resistance\n",
    "print \"rc= %0.2f\"%(rc),\" ohm\"  # Collector resistance\n",
    "rbe=1*10**(3)\n",
    "print \"rbe= %0.2f\"%(rbe),\" ohm\"  #base -emitter resistance\n",
    "print \"For CG Amplifier\"\n",
    "gm=5*10**(-3)\n",
    "print \"gm = %0.2f\"%(gm),\" A/V\"#  transconductance for FET \n",
    "Ri=1/gm # formulae\n",
    "print \"Ri= 1/gm=%0.2f\"%(Ri),\" ohm\"  # value of CGA (common gate amplifier)input resistance for FET\n",
    "Avs=gm*RL/(1+gm*Rs)\n",
    "print \"Avs=gm*RL/(1+gm*Rs)= %0.2f\"%(Avs) # Overall voltage gain for FET (CGA)\n",
    "Ro=rd*(1+gm*Rs)\n",
    "print \"Ro=rd*(1+gm*Rs)=%0.2f\"%(Ro),\" ohm\"  #output resistance for  FET (CGA)\n",
    "print \"For CB Amplifier\"\n",
    "gm=50*10**(-3)\n",
    "print \"gm = %0.2f\"%(gm),\" A/V\"#  transconductance for BJT\n",
    "Ri=1/gm # formulae\n",
    "print \"Ri= 1/gm=%0.2f\"%(Ri),\" ohm\"  # value of CBA (common base amplifier)input resistance for BJT\n",
    "Avs=gm*RL/(1+gm*Rs)\n",
    "print \"Avs=gm*RL/(1+gm*Rs)= %0.2f\"%(Avs) # Overall voltage gain for BJT (CBA)\n",
    "Ro=gm*(rbe*rc)\n",
    "print \"Ro=gm*(rbe*rc)=%0.2e\"%(Ro),\" ohm\"  #output resistance for  BJT (CBA)\n",
    "\n",
    "#NOTE: I have calculated first all the parameters for CG amplifier and then for CB amplifier but in book parameters have been calculated alternatingly for CG and CB amplifiers."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 5_5 Page No. 152"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "RL= 5000.00  ohm\n",
      "Cc= 1.00e-07  farad\n",
      "Ri= 100000.00  ohm\n",
      "CSH= 0.00  farad\n",
      "Avm=100.00\n",
      "fL=1/(2*(pi)*(Ri)*(Cc))= 15.92 Hz \n",
      "fH=1/(2*(pi)*(RL)*(CSH))= 3.18e+05  Hz\n",
      "BW=fH-fL= 318293.97  Hz\n",
      "fT=Avm*fH= 3.18e+07  Hz\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from math import pi\n",
    "from __future__ import division  \n",
    "RL=5*10**(3)\n",
    "print \"RL= %0.2f\"%(RL),\" ohm\"  #Load resistance\n",
    "Cc=0.1*10**(-6)\n",
    "print \"Cc= %0.2e\"%(Cc),\" farad\"  #capacitance\n",
    "Ri=100*10**(3)\n",
    "print \"Ri= %0.2f\"%(Ri),\" ohm\"  #  input resistance for Amplifier\n",
    "CSH=100*10**(-12)\n",
    "print \"CSH= %0.2f\"%(CSH),\" farad\"  #shunt load capacitance\n",
    "Avm=100\n",
    "print \"Avm=%0.2f\"%(Avm) # Mid-frequency gain \n",
    "fL=1/(2*(pi)*(Ri)*(Cc))\n",
    "print \"fL=1/(2*(pi)*(Ri)*(Cc))= %0.2f\"%(fL),\"Hz \" # Lower cutoff-frequency \n",
    "fH=1/(2*(pi)*(RL)*(CSH))\n",
    "print \"fH=1/(2*(pi)*(RL)*(CSH))= %0.2e\"%(fH),\" Hz\" # Higher cutoff-frequency \n",
    "BW=fH-fL\n",
    "print \"BW=fH-fL= %0.2f\"%(BW),\" Hz\" # Bandwidth\n",
    "fT=Avm*fH\n",
    "print \"fT=Avm*fH= %0.2e\"%(fT),\" Hz\" # Unity gain bandwidth\n",
    "# ERROR NOTE: calculated value of lower cutoff frequency, fL= 15.915494 Hz but in book given as 15.0 Hz   "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 5_6 Page No. 152"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "IDSS = 0.02  ampere\n",
      "VP= -4.00  volts\n",
      "VGSQ= -2.00  volts\n",
      "Vsm= 0.20  volts\n",
      "D=(((0.5)*(Vsm)**2)/(4*Vsm))*100  =2.50 % \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from __future__ import division  \n",
    "IDSS=16*10**(-3)\n",
    "print \"IDSS = %0.2f\"%(IDSS),\" ampere\" #  maximum drain current JFET \n",
    "VP=(-4)\n",
    "print \"VP= %0.2f\"%(VP),\" volts\" # pinch off voltage for JFET \n",
    "VGSQ=(-2)\n",
    "print \"VGSQ= %0.2f\"%(VGSQ),\" volts\" # Gate  operating point voltage \n",
    "Vsm=(0.2)\n",
    "print \"Vsm= %0.2f\"%(Vsm),\" volts\" #  sinusoidal input voltage for JFET \n",
    "D=(((0.5)*(Vsm)**2)/(4*Vsm))*100 # derived from ID=IDSS(1-VGS/VP)**2 and putting value of VGS=VGSQ+Vs, where Vs=Vsm sinwt\n",
    "print \"D=(((0.5)*(Vsm)**2)/(4*Vsm))*100  =%0.2f\"%(D),\"% \" #  Percentage second harmonic distortion calculation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 5_7 Page No. 153"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Ic = 1.00e-03  ampere\n",
      "rbe= 2000.00  ohm\n",
      "gm = 0.05  A/V\n",
      "Beta_o = 100.00  \n",
      "rc= 50000.00  ohm\n",
      "Cbe= 1.00e-11  farad\n",
      "Ctc= 1.00e-12  farad\n",
      "part(i)\n",
      "RL= 10000.00  ohm\n",
      "Rs= 500.00  ohm\n",
      "Rth=(Rs*rbe)/(Rs+rbe)=400.00  ohm\n",
      "Avm=(-gm*RL)=-500.00\n",
      "CM=Ctc*(1-Avm)= 0.00  farad\n",
      "Ci=Cbe= 0.00  farad\n",
      "fHi=1/(2*(pi)*(Rth)*(Cbe+CM))= 778644.54  Hz\n",
      "Ri=rbe =2000.00  ohm\n",
      "R0= rc=50000.00  ohm\n",
      "fB=1/(2*(pi)*(rbe)*(Cbe))= 7.96e+06  Hz\n",
      "fT=Beta_o*fB= 7.96e+08  Hz\n",
      "part(ii)\n",
      "Rs= 50000.00  ohm\n",
      "RL= 1000.00  ohm\n",
      "fhi=1/(2*(pi)*(Rs)*(Ctc))= 3.18e+06  Hz\n",
      "Avm=(gm*RL)/(1+gm*RL)=0.98\n",
      "Ro= 1/gm=20.00  ohm\n",
      "Ri=Beta_o*RL =100000.00  ohm\n",
      "part(iii)\n",
      "RL= 10000.00  ohm\n",
      "Rs= 50.00  ohm\n",
      "fHi=gm/(2*(pi)*(Cbe))= 7.96e+08  Hz\n",
      "fHo=gm/(2*(pi)*(Ctc)*(RL))= 1.59e+07  Hz\n",
      "Avs=(gm*RL)/(1+gm*Rs)=142.86\n",
      "Ri= 1/gm=20.00  ohm\n",
      "Ro=Beta_o*rc =5.00e+06  ohm\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from math import pi\n",
    "from __future__ import division  \n",
    "Ic=1*10**(-3)\n",
    "print \"Ic = %0.2e\"%(Ic),\" ampere\" #  collector current BJT\n",
    "rbe=2*10**(3)\n",
    "print \"rbe= %0.2f\"%(rbe),\" ohm\"  #base -emitter resistance\n",
    "gm=50*10**(-3)\n",
    "print \"gm = %0.2f\"%(gm),\" A/V\"#  transconductance for BJT\n",
    "Beta_o=100\n",
    "print \"Beta_o = %0.2f\"%(Beta_o),\" \" #BJT gain\n",
    "rc=50*10**(3)\n",
    "print \"rc= %0.2f\"%(rc),\" ohm\"  #collector resistance\n",
    "Cbe=10*10**(-12)\n",
    "print \"Cbe= %0.2e\"%(Cbe),\" farad\"  #base -emitter capacitance\n",
    "Ctc=1*10**(-12)\n",
    "print \"Ctc= %0.2e\"%(Ctc),\" farad\"  #input device capacitance\n",
    "print \"part(i)\"# part(i)of question\n",
    "RL=10*10**(3)\n",
    "print \"RL= %0.2f\"%(RL),\" ohm\"  #Load resistance\n",
    "Rs=500\n",
    "print \"Rs= %0.2f\"%(Rs),\" ohm\"  #input source resistance\n",
    "Rth=(Rs*rbe)/(Rs+rbe)\n",
    "print \"Rth=(Rs*rbe)/(Rs+rbe)=%0.2f\"%(Rth),\" ohm\"  # eqivalent resistance\n",
    "Avm=(-gm*RL)\n",
    "print \"Avm=(-gm*RL)=%0.2f\"%(Avm) # Mid-frequency gain for CE amplifier\n",
    "CM=Ctc*(1-Avm)\n",
    "print \"CM=Ctc*(1-Avm)= %0.2f\"%(CM),\" farad\"  #calculated capacitance\n",
    "Ci=Cbe\n",
    "print \"Ci=Cbe= %0.2f\"%(Ci),\" farad\"  #calculated input capacitance\n",
    "fHi=1/(2*(pi)*(Rth)*(Cbe+CM))\n",
    "print \"fHi=1/(2*(pi)*(Rth)*(Cbe+CM))= %0.2f\"%(fHi),\" Hz\" # Higher-frequency cutoff for CE amplifier\n",
    "Ri=rbe\n",
    "print \"Ri=rbe =%0.2f\"%(Ri),\" ohm\"  #input resistance CE amplifier\n",
    "Ro=rc\n",
    "print \"R0= rc=%0.2f\"%(Ro),\" ohm\"  #output  resistance for CE amplifier\n",
    "fB=1/(2*(pi)*(rbe)*(Cbe))\n",
    "print \"fB=1/(2*(pi)*(rbe)*(Cbe))= %0.2e\"%(fB),\" Hz\" # base terminal frequency cutoff\n",
    "fT=Beta_o*fB\n",
    "print \"fT=Beta_o*fB= %0.2e\"%(fT),\" Hz\" # Unity gain bandwidth for CE amplifier\n",
    "print \"part(ii)\"# part(ii)of question\n",
    "Rs=50*10**(3)\n",
    "print \"Rs= %0.2f\"%(Rs),\" ohm\"  #input source resistance for CC amplifier\n",
    "RL=1*10**(3)\n",
    "print \"RL= %0.2f\"%(RL),\" ohm\"  #Load resistance  for CC amplifier\n",
    "fhi=1/(2*(pi)*(Rs)*(Ctc))\n",
    "print \"fhi=1/(2*(pi)*(Rs)*(Ctc))= %0.2e\"%(fhi),\" Hz\" # Higher-frequency cutoff for CC amplifier\n",
    "Avm=(gm*RL)/(1+gm*RL)\n",
    "print \"Avm=(gm*RL)/(1+gm*RL)=%0.2f\"%(Avm) # Mid-frequency gain for CC amplifier\n",
    "Ro=1/gm\n",
    "print \"Ro= 1/gm=%0.2f\"%(Ro),\" ohm\"  #output  resistance for CC amplifier\n",
    "Ri=Beta_o*RL\n",
    "print \"Ri=Beta_o*RL =%0.2f\"%(Ri),\" ohm\"  #input resistance CE amplifier\n",
    "print \"part(iii)\"# part(iii)of question\n",
    "RL=10*10**(3)\n",
    "print \"RL= %0.2f\"%(RL),\" ohm\" #Load resistance  for CB amplifier\n",
    "Rs=50\n",
    "print \"Rs= %0.2f\"%(Rs),\" ohm\"  #input source resistance for CB amplifier\n",
    "fHi=gm/(2*(pi)*(Cbe))\n",
    "print \"fHi=gm/(2*(pi)*(Cbe))= %0.2e\"%(fHi),\" Hz\" # Higher-frequency cutoff for CB amplifier\n",
    "fHo=1/(2*(pi)*(Ctc)*(RL))\n",
    "print \"fHo=gm/(2*(pi)*(Ctc)*(RL))= %0.2e\"%(fHo),\" Hz\" # Higher-frequency cutoff for CB amplifier\n",
    "Avs=(gm*RL)/(1+gm*Rs)\n",
    "print \"Avs=(gm*RL)/(1+gm*Rs)=%0.2f\"%(Avs) # Mid-frequency gain for CB amplifier\n",
    "Ri=1/gm\n",
    "print \"Ri= 1/gm=%0.2f\"%(Ri),\" ohm\"  #output  resistance for CB amplifier\n",
    "Ro=Beta_o*rc\n",
    "print \"Ro=Beta_o*rc =%0.2e\"%(Ro),\" ohm\"  #input resistance CB amplifier\n",
    "#ERROR NOTE:some parameters in the book have been calculated using gm=40 mA/V while given value is gm=50 mA/V. So ,for part(ii) CC amplifier correct value of R0=20 ohm,Ri=100000 ohm,and for part(iii)CB amplifier over all voltage gain Avs=142.85714 ,Ri=20 ohm all calculated for gm=50 mA/V."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 5_8 Page No. 154"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
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   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "tp= 0.01  s\n",
      "tr= 5.00e-08  s\n",
      "CSH= 5.00e-11  farad\n",
      "percentage tilt= 5.00 %\n",
      "Ri= 100000.00  ohm\n",
      "RL=tr/(2.2*CSH)= 454.55  ohm\n",
      "Cc= (tp*100)/( tilt*Ri)=2.00e-06  farad\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from __future__ import division  \n",
    "tp=10*10**(-3)\n",
    "print \"tp= %0.2f\"%(tp),\" s\" # Time period of pulse\n",
    "tr=0.05*10**(-6)\n",
    "print \"tr= %0.2e\"%(tr),\" s\" # Rise-Time of pulse\n",
    "CSH=50*10**(-12)\n",
    "print \"CSH= %0.2e\"%(CSH),\" farad\"  #output capacitor\n",
    "tilt=5\n",
    "print \"percentage tilt= %0.2f\"%(tilt),\"%\"  #Sag or percentage tilt of output \n",
    "Ri=100*10**(3)\n",
    "print \"Ri= %0.2f\"%(Ri),\" ohm\"  # source resistance\n",
    "RL=tr/(2.2*CSH)\n",
    "print \"RL=tr/(2.2*CSH)= %0.2f\"%(RL),\" ohm\"  #Load resistance calculation\n",
    "Cc=(tp*100)/(tilt*Ri)\n",
    "print \"Cc= (tp*100)/( tilt*Ri)=%0.2e\"%(Cc),\" farad\"  #capacitance\n",
    "#ERROR NOTE: calculated value of RL=454.54545 ohm but in book given as 455 ohm  "
   ]
  }
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