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{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"# Chapter 12 - Waveshaping and Waveform Generation"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example 12_1 Page No. 370"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 1,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"VEE= 15.00 volts\n",
"VCC= 15.00 volts\n",
"VHI= 5.00 volts\n",
"VLO= -5.00 volts\n",
"IZmin= 0.00 A\n",
"SR= 500000.00 volts/seconds\n",
"RB= 100.00 ohm\n",
"RA= 10000.00 ohm\n",
"A = 5000.00\n",
"VREF= 1.00 volts\n",
"part(i)\n",
"RD=(VCC-Vo)/IZmin= 10000.00 ohm\n",
"part(ii)\n",
"t=(VHI-VLO)/SR= 2.00e-05 seconds\n",
"tp=(VHI-VLO)/SR= 2.00e-04 seconds\n",
"fmax=1/(2*tp) = 2500.00 Hz\n",
"part(iii)\n",
"B=RB/(RA+RB)= 0.01\n",
"VLTP=(VLO*B)+[VREF*(RA/(RA+RB))]= 0.94 volts\n",
"VUTP=(VHI*B)+[VREF*(RA/(RA+RB))]= 1.04 volts\n",
"VH=VUTP-VLTP= 0.10 volts\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"from __future__ import division \n",
"VEE=15\n",
"print \"VEE= %0.2f\"%(VEE),\" volts\" # voltage supply \n",
"VCC=15\n",
"print \"VCC= %0.2f\"%(VCC),\" volts\" # voltage supply\n",
"VHI=+5\n",
"print \"VHI= %0.2f\"%(VHI),\" volts\" # output voltage upper limit\n",
"VLO=-5\n",
"print \"VLO= %0.2f\"%(VLO),\" volts\" # output voltage Lower limit\n",
"Vo=-VLO\n",
"IZmin=1*10**(-3)\n",
"print \"IZmin= %0.2f\"%(IZmin),\" A\" # Zener diode current rating\n",
"SR=0.5*10**(6)\n",
"print \"SR= %0.2f\"%(SR),\" volts/seconds\"#Slew rate\n",
"RB=100\n",
"print \"RB= %0.2f\"%(RB)+ \" ohm\" # resistance\n",
"RA=10*10**(3) \n",
"print \"RA= %0.2f\"%(RA)+ \" ohm\" # resistance\n",
"A = 5000\n",
"print \"A = %0.2f\"%(A)#op-amp gain\n",
"VREF=1\n",
"print \"VREF= %0.2f\"%(VREF),\" volts\" # Reference- voltage \n",
"print \"part(i)\"\n",
"RD=(VCC-Vo)/IZmin\n",
"print \"RD=(VCC-Vo)/IZmin= %0.2f\"%(RD)+ \" ohm\" # Series dropping-resistance\n",
"\n",
"print \"part(ii)\"\n",
"t=(VHI-VLO)/SR\n",
"print \"t=(VHI-VLO)/SR= %0.2e\"%(t),\" seconds\"# Time required to swing the output\n",
"tp=10*t\n",
"print \"tp=(VHI-VLO)/SR= %0.2e\"%(tp),\" seconds\"# Pulse width\n",
"fmax=1/(2*tp) \n",
"print \"fmax=1/(2*tp) = %0.2f\"%(fmax),\" Hz\"# Maximum frequency of operation of OP-AMP comparator\n",
"print \"part(iii)\"\n",
"B=RB/(RA+RB)\n",
"print \"B=RB/(RA+RB)= %0.2f\"%(B)#Feedback factor\n",
"VLTP=(VLO*B)+(VREF*(RA/(RA+RB)))\n",
"print \"VLTP=(VLO*B)+[VREF*(RA/(RA+RB))]= %0.2f\"%(VLTP),\" volts\" # Lower trigger point\n",
"VUTP=(VHI*B)+(VREF*(RA/(RA+RB)))\n",
"print \"VUTP=(VHI*B)+[VREF*(RA/(RA+RB))]= %0.2f\"%(VUTP),\" volts\" # Upper trigger point\n",
"VH=VUTP-VLTP\n",
"print \"VH=VUTP-VLTP= %0.2f\"%(VH),\" volts\" # Hysteresis voltage "
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example 12_2 Page No. 372"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 4,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Vo= 14.00 volts\n",
"f = 500.00 Hz\n",
"IB2= 5.00e-07 A\n",
"B=0.50\n",
"vf=B*Vo= +7.00 , -7.00 volts\n",
"IR=100*IB2= 5.00e-05 A\n",
"RB=vf/IR= 140000.00 ohm\n",
"RA=RB*((1/B)-1)= 140000.00 ohm\n",
"RF= 100000.00 ohm\n",
"C1=1/[2*RF*f*log(1+(2*RB/RA))]= 9.10e-09 farad\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"from math import log\n",
"from __future__ import division \n",
"Vo=14\n",
"print \"Vo= %0.2f\"%(Vo),\" volts\" # output voltage\n",
"f=500 \n",
"print \"f = %0.2f\"%(f),\" Hz\"#frequency\n",
"IB2=500*10**(-9)\n",
"print \"IB2= %0.2e\"%(IB2),\" A\" #base- Current\n",
"B=0.5\n",
"print \"B=%0.2f\"%(B)#Feedback factor\n",
"vf=B*Vo\n",
"print \"vf=B*Vo= +%0.2f\"%(vf),\", -%0.2f\"%(vf),\" volts\" # Feedback voltage\n",
"IR=100*IB2# Taking IR as 100 times that of IB2\n",
"print \"IR=100*IB2= %0.2e\"%(IR),\" A\" # Current in RB resistor\n",
"RB=vf/IR\n",
"print \"RB=vf/IR= %0.2f\"%(RB)+ \" ohm\" # resistance\n",
"RA=RB*((1/B)-1)# Using formulae B=RA/(RA+RB)\n",
"print \"RA=RB*((1/B)-1)= %0.2f\"%(RA)+ \" ohm\" # resistance\n",
"RF=100*10**(3)#Choosing RF=100k\n",
"print \"RF= %0.2f\"%(RF)+ \" ohm\" #Feedback resistance\n",
"C1=1/(2*RF*f*log(1+(2*RB/RA)))\n",
"print \"C1=1/[2*RF*f*log(1+(2*RB/RA))]= %0.2e\"%(C1),\" farad\" # calculated capacitance value"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example 12_3 Page No. 373"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 1,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Vo= 14.00 volts\n",
"f = 500.00 Hz\n",
"R2= 10000.00 ohm\n",
"VTW= 14.00 volts\n",
"C2=(Vo*T)/(2*VTW*R2)= 1.00e-07 farad\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"from __future__ import division \n",
"Vo=14\n",
"print \"Vo= %0.2f\"%(Vo),\" volts\" # output voltage\n",
"f=500 \n",
"print \"f = %0.2f\"%(f),\" Hz\"#frequency\n",
"R2=10*10**(3)\n",
"print \"R2= %0.2f\"%(R2)+ \" ohm\" # resistance\n",
"VTW=14\n",
"print \"VTW= %0.2f\"%(VTW),\" volts\" # Triangular peak-peak output voltage\n",
"T=1/f\n",
"C2=(Vo*T)/(2*VTW*R2)\n",
"print \"C2=(Vo*T)/(2*VTW*R2)= %0.2e\"%(C2),\" farad\" # calculated capacitance value for deriving triangular wave from square wave astable multivibrator"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example 12_4 Page No. 374"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 2,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"VI= -15.00 volts\n",
"TSW= 2.00e-03 seconds\n",
"R= 10000.00 ohm\n",
"C= 5.00e-07 farad\n",
"Sweep rate=VI/(R*C)=3000.00 V/s\n",
"VSW=TSW*S= 6.00 volts\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"from __future__ import division \n",
"VI=-15\n",
"print \"VI= %0.2f\"%(VI),\" volts\" # Input voltage\n",
"TSW=2*10**(-3)\n",
"print \"TSW= %0.2e\"%(TSW),\" seconds\"# triangular wave Sweep time\n",
"R=10*10**(3)\n",
"print \"R= %0.2f\"%(R)+ \" ohm\" # resistance as ckt. parameter\n",
"C=0.5*10**(-6)\n",
"print \"C= %0.2e\"%(C),\" farad\" # capacitance as ckt. parameter\n",
"S=-VI/(R*C)\n",
"print \"Sweep rate=VI/(R*C)=%0.2f\"%(S)+ \" V/s\" # Sweep rate for sweep generator\n",
"VSW=TSW*S\n",
"print \"VSW=TSW*S= %0.2f\"%(VSW),\" volts\" # Sweep voltage amplitude\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"# note in book author has not provided any variable for sweep rate ... but here I have used 'S' for it ."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example 12_5 Page No. 375"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 3,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"VEE= 15.00 volts\n",
"VCC= 15.00 volts\n",
"R1= 10000.00 ohm\n",
"RF= 20000.00 ohm\n",
"R1= 10000.00 ohm\n",
"RF1= 1000.00 ohm\n",
"Av= 1000.00\n",
"part(i)\n",
"VBR1=VBR2=(VCC*RF1)/RB1= 5.00 volts\n",
"So=-RF/R1= -2.00\n",
"S1=S2=-RF1/R1= -0.10\n",
"VSL=VSU=(-VBR1/So)= 2.50 volts\n",
"part(ii)\n",
"VSU=VSL=(VBR2/Av)= -0.01 , +0.01 volts\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"from __future__ import division \n",
"VEE=15\n",
"print \"VEE= %0.2f\"%(VEE),\" volts\" # voltage supply \n",
"VCC=15\n",
"print \"VCC= %0.2f\"%(VCC),\" volts\" # voltage supply\n",
"R1=10*10**(3)\n",
"print \"R1= %0.2f\"%(R1)+ \" ohm\" # resistance\n",
"RF=20*10**(3) \n",
"print \"RF= %0.2f\"%(RF)+ \" ohm\" # Feedback resistance\n",
"RB1=3*10**(3)\n",
"print \"R1= %0.2f\"%(R1)+ \" ohm\" # resistance\n",
"RB2=RB1\n",
"RF1=1*10**(3) \n",
"print \"RF1= %0.2f\"%(RF1)+ \" ohm\" # Feedback resistance\n",
"RF2=RF1\n",
"Av=1*10**(3)\n",
"print \"Av= %0.2f\"%(Av) \n",
"print \"part(i)\"\n",
"VBR1= (VCC*RF1)/RB1\n",
"VBR2 = VBR1\n",
"print \"VBR1=VBR2=(VCC*RF1)/RB1= %0.2f\"%(VBR1),\" volts\" #Limit values at the break points and VBR=VBR1=VBR2\n",
"So=-RF/R1\n",
"print \"So=-RF/R1= %0.2f\"%(So) # slope of Transfer characteristic at zero crossings \n",
"S1=-(RF1/R1)\n",
"print \"S1=S2=-RF1/R1= %0.2f\"%(S1)# slope of Transfer characteristic at the extreme ends\n",
"VSL=(-VBR1/So)\n",
"print \"VSL=VSU=(-VBR1/So)= %0.2f\"%(VSL),\" volts\" # magnitude of input voltage required to produce vo=VBR\n",
"VSU=VSL\n",
"print \"part(ii)\"\n",
"VSU=(VBR2/Av)#Formulae\n",
"print \"VSU=VSL=(VBR2/Av)= -%0.2f\"%(VSU),\", +%0.2f\"%(VSU),\" volts\" # magnitude of input voltage required to produce vo=VBR in case gain Av is very large"
]
}
],
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|
