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{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"# CHAPTER 6: DIGITAL VOLTMETERS AND FREQUENCY METERS"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example 6-1, Page Number: 139"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 7,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Maximum time t1 for the digital voltmeter is 1.33 ms\n",
"Ramp Generator Frequency can be 600 Hz\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"import math\n",
"\n",
"#Variable Declaration\n",
"f=1.5*10**6 #Clock frequency in Hz\n",
"N=1999 #Maximum count\n",
"\n",
"#Calculations\n",
"clock_time_period=1/f #Clock time period in s\n",
"t1=N*clock_time_period #Maximum time in s\n",
"t2=0.25*t1 #Select t2=0.25*t1\n",
"t=t1+t2 #in s\n",
"fr=1/t #in Hz \n",
"\n",
"#Results\n",
"print \"Maximum time t1 for the digital voltmeter is\",round(t1*10**3,2),\"ms\"\n",
"print \"Ramp Generator Frequency can be\",int(fr),\"Hz\"\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example 6-2, Page Number: 149"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 11,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"For the analog meter,\n",
"Voltage Error=± 0.5 V\n",
"Error=± 2.5 %\n",
"\n",
"For the digital meter,\n",
"Voltage Error=± 0.22 V\n",
"Error=± 1.1 %\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"import math\n",
"\n",
"#Variable Declaration\n",
"\n",
"V=20 #Voltage to be measured in V\n",
"analog_range=25 #Range of analog meter in V\n",
"analog_accuracy=2.0/100 #Accuracy of analog meter at FSD \n",
"\n",
"#Calculations\n",
"\n",
"#Analog Instrument:\n",
"voltage_error=analog_accuracy*analog_range #in V\n",
"\n",
"error=voltage_error*100/V #in percentage\n",
"\n",
"print \"For the analog meter,\"\n",
"print \"Voltage Error=±\",round(voltage_error,1),\"V\"\n",
"print \"Error=±\",round(error,1),\"%\"\n",
"\n",
"#Digital Instrument:\n",
"\n",
"#For 20 V displayed on a 3 1/2 digit display\n",
"digit=0.1 #in V\n",
"digital_accuracy=0.6/100 \n",
"voltage_error=digital_accuracy*V+digit #in V \n",
"error=voltage_error*100/V #in percentage \n",
"print\n",
"print \"For the digital meter,\"\n",
"print \"Voltage Error=±\",round(voltage_error,2),\"V\"\n",
"print \"Error=±\",round(error,1),\"%\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example 6-3, Page Number: 153"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 17,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"When 6 decade counters are used,f= 1.512 kHz\n",
"When 4 decade counters are used,f= 1.5 kHz\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"import math\n",
"\n",
"#Variable Declaration\n",
"\n",
"ft=1.0*10**6 #Clock generator frequency in Hz\n",
"fi=1.512*10**3 #Input frequency in Hz\n",
"\n",
"#Calculations\n",
"#Using 6 decade counters\n",
"d=6 #No. of decade counters used\n",
"f1=ft/10**d #Time base frequency in Hz\n",
"t1=1/f1 #Time period in s \n",
"n1=fi*t1 #No. of cycles counted \n",
"f=n1/t1\n",
"\n",
"print \"When 6 decade counters are used,f=\",round(f/1000,3),\"kHz\"\n",
"\n",
"#Using 4 decade counters\n",
"d=4 #No.of decade counters used\n",
"f2=ft/10**d #Time base frequency in Hz\n",
"t2=1/f2 #Time period in s \n",
"n2=fi*t2 #No. of cycles counted\n",
"f=n2/t2\n",
"\n",
"print \"When 4 decade counters are used,f=\",round(f/1000,1),\"kHz\"\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example 6-4, Page Number: 154"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 1,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"At f=100 Hz,\n",
"error=± 1.0 count\n",
"%error=± 1.0 %\n",
"\n",
"At f=1 MHz\n",
"error=± 2.0 count\n",
"%error=± 2.0e-04 %\n",
"\n",
"At f=100 MHz,\n",
"error=± 101.0 count\n",
"%error=± 1.01e-04 %\n",
"\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"import math\n",
"\n",
"#Variable Declaration\n",
"accuracy=10**-6 #Accuracy\n",
"\n",
"#At f=100 Hz\n",
"\n",
"f=100 #Frequency in Hz\n",
"error=1+f*accuracy #in terms of counts\n",
"percentage_error=error*100/f #in percentage\n",
"\n",
"print \"At f=100 Hz,\"\n",
"print \"error=±\",round(error),\"count\"\n",
"print \"%error=±\",round(percentage_error),\"%\"\n",
"print\n",
"#At f=1 MHz,\n",
"\n",
"f=1*10**6 #Frequency in Hz\n",
"error=1+f*accuracy #in terms of counts\n",
"percentage_error=error*100/f #in percentage\n",
"\n",
"print \"At f=1 MHz\"\n",
"print \"error=±\",round(error),\"count\"\n",
"print \"%error=± \",'%.1e' % percentage_error,\"%\"\n",
"print\n",
"\n",
"#At f=100 MHz\n",
"\n",
"f=100*10**6 #Frequency in Hz \n",
"error=1+f*accuracy #in terms of counts \n",
"percentage_error=error*100/f #in percentage\n",
"print \"At f=100 MHz,\"\n",
"print \"error=±\",round(error),\"count\"\n",
"print \"%error=±\",'%.2e' % percentage_error,\"%\"\n",
"print"
]
}
],
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