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{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"# CHAPTER 11: SIGNAL GENERATORS"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example 11-1, Page Number: 317"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 2,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Mimimum frequency f(min)= 106.0 Hz\n",
"Maximum frequency f(max)= 1.06 kHz\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"import math\n",
"\n",
"#Variable Declaration\n",
"R1min=500 #Minimum Value of R1(ohm)\n",
"R1max=5*10**3 #Maximum Value of R1(ohm)\n",
"C=300*10**-9 #in farad(C=C1=C2) \n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"#Using the formula f=1/2*pi*R*C for Wein bridge oscillator\n",
"\n",
"fmin=1/(2*math.pi*C*R1max) #Minimum frequency occurs when R1 is maximum(Hz)\n",
"fmax=1/(2*math.pi*C*R1min) #Maximum frequency occurs when R1 is minimum(Hz)\n",
"\n",
"print \"Mimimum frequency f(min)=\",round(fmin),\"Hz\"\n",
"print \"Maximum frequency f(max)=\",round(fmax/1000,2),\"kHz\"\n",
"\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example 11-2, Page Number: 319"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 10,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"R3= 1.0 kilo ohm\n",
"R1+R2= 49.0 kilo ohm\n",
"R1= 4.0 kilo ohm\n",
"R2= 45.0 kilo ohm\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"import math\n",
"\n",
"#Variable Declaration\n",
"\n",
"Vi=5 #Input voltage(V)\n",
"Ib=500*10**-9 #Bias Current(A)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"#With R1 and R2 in the circuit\n",
"Vr3=0.1 #As range is 0-0.1V\n",
"Vr=Vi-Vr3 #KVL\n",
"\n",
"I3=100*10**-6 #Since I3>>Ib, assume I3=100micro ampere\n",
"R3=Vr3/I3 #Ohm's Law \n",
"Rr=Vr/I3 #Ohm's Law. Rr is equivalent series resistance. Rr=R1+R2\n",
"\n",
"print \"R3=\",round(R3*10**-3),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
"print \"R1+R2=\",round(Rr*10**-3),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#With R2 swithed out of the circuit\n",
"Vr3=1 #Range 0-1V\n",
"I3=Vr3/R3 #Ohm's Law \n",
"Vr1=Vi-Vr3 #KVL\n",
"R1=Vr1/I3 #Ohm's Law\n",
"R2=Rr-R1 #Rr is equivalent series resistance \n",
"print \"R1=\",R1*10**-3,\"kilo ohm\"\n",
"print \"R2=\",R2*10**-3,\"kilo ohm\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example 11-3, Page Number: 326"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 26,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"For contact at top of R1,\n",
"f= 1.17 kHz\n",
"\n",
"For R1 contact at 10% from bottom,\n",
"f= 117.0 Hz\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"import math\n",
"\n",
"#Variable Declaration\n",
"C1=0.1*10**-6 #in farad \n",
"R1=1*10**3 #in ohm\n",
"R2=10*10**3 #in ohm \n",
"UTP=3.0 #in V\n",
"LTP=-3.0 #in V\n",
"Vcc=15.0 #in V\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"\n",
"V3=Vcc-1 #Op-amp saturation voltage is approximately one less than Vcc\n",
"\n",
"#For contact at top of R1\n",
"V1=V3 \n",
"I2=V1/R2\n",
"dV=UTP-LTP\n",
"t=C1*dV/I2 #Using equation for a capacitor charging linearly\n",
"f=1/(2*t)\n",
"\n",
"print \"For contact at top of R1,\"\n",
"print \"f=\",round(f*10**-3,2),\"kHz\"\n",
"\n",
"#For R1 at 10% from bottom\n",
"\n",
"V1=0.1*V3\n",
"I2=V1/R2\n",
"t=C1* dV/I2 #Using equation for a capacitor charging linearly\n",
"f=1/(2*t)\n",
"\n",
"print \n",
"print \"For R1 contact at 10% from bottom,\"\n",
"print \"f=\",round(f),\"Hz\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example 11-4, Page Number: 332"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 32,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"t= 4.13 ms\n",
"The frequency of the sqaure wave output is 121.0 Hz\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"import math\n",
"\n",
"#Variable Declaration\n",
"R1=20*10**3 #in ohm\n",
"R2=6.2*10**3 #in ohm\n",
"R3=5.6*10**3 #in ohm\n",
"C1=0.2*10**-6 #in farad\n",
"Vcc=12.0 #in volt\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"\n",
"Vo=Vcc-1 #Op-amp saturation voltage is approximately one less than Vcc\n",
"\n",
"UTP=Vo*R3/(R3+R2) #Upper Threshold Voltage\n",
"LTP=-UTP #Lower Threshold voltage \n",
" \n",
"t=C1*R1*math.log((Vo-LTP)/(Vo-UTP)) #Equation to find pulse width for astable multivibrator\n",
"f=1/(2*t) \n",
"\n",
"#Results\n",
"print \"t=\",round(t*10**3,2),\"ms\"\n",
"print \"The frequency of the sqaure wave output is \",round(f),\"Hz\"\n",
"\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example 11-5, Page Number: 334"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 35,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Pulse width(PW)= 289.0 micro second\n",
"For Pw=6ms, C2 should be 0.2 micro farad\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"import math\n",
"\n",
"#Variable Declaration\n",
"\n",
"Vcc=10\n",
"Vb=1\n",
"R1=22*10**3\n",
"R2=10*10**3\n",
"C1=100*10**-12\n",
"C2=0.01*10**-6\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"Vo_plus=Vcc-1\n",
"Vo_minus=-(Vcc-1)\n",
"\n",
"PW=C2*R2*math.log((Vo_plus-Vo_minus)/Vb)\n",
"print \"Pulse width(PW)=\",round(PW*10**6),\"micro second\"\n",
"\n",
"#When Pw=6ms, C2 is found as follows\n",
"PW=6*10**-3\n",
"C2=PW/(R2*math.log((Vo_plus-Vo_minus)/Vb))\n",
"\n",
"print \"For Pw=6ms, C2 should be\",round(C2*10**6,1),\"micro farad\"\n"
]
}
],
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"kernelspec": {
"display_name": "Python 2",
"language": "python",
"name": "python2"
},
"language_info": {
"codemirror_mode": {
"name": "ipython",
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"file_extension": ".py",
"mimetype": "text/x-python",
"name": "python",
"nbconvert_exporter": "python",
"pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
"version": "2.7.9"
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"nbformat": 4,
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|
