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{
"metadata": {
"name": ""
},
"nbformat": 3,
"nbformat_minor": 0,
"worksheets": [
{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 1,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Chapter 2: Transformers"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 2.1, Page number: 63"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from __future__ import division\n",
"import math\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration\n",
"Pc=16 #Core loss at Bmax=1.5 T\n",
"VIrms=20 #Voltamperess for the core\n",
"Vrms=194 #Rms induced voltage(V)\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation:\n",
"pf=Pc/VIrms\n",
"a=math.acos(pf)\n",
"I=VIrms/Vrms\n",
"Ic=I*pf\n",
"Im=I*math.fabs(math.sin(a))\n",
"\n",
"#Results:\n",
"print \"Power factor = \", round(pf,1),\"lagging\"\n",
"print \"The core-loss current,Ic =\", round(Ic,3), \"A rms\"\n",
"print \"The magnetising current,Im =\", round(Im,2),\"A rms\""
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Power factor = 0.8 lagging\n",
"The core-loss current,Ic = 0.082 A rms\n",
"The magnetising current,Im = 0.06 A rms\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 2
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 2.2, Page number: 67"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from __future__ import division\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declarations:\n",
"k=5 #turns ratio,N1/N2\n",
"Z2=1+4j #Impedance of secondary side(ohm)\n",
"Vp=120 #primary voltage(V)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculations:\n",
"Z2p=k**2*(Z2)\n",
"I=Vp/Z2p\n",
"Is=k*I\n",
"\n",
"#Results:\n",
"print \"Primary current:\",complex(round(I.real,2),round(I.imag,2)), \"A rms\"\n",
"print \"Current in the short:\",round(Is.real,2)+1j*round(Is.imag,2),\"A\""
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Primary current: (0.28-1.13j) A rms\n",
"Current in the short: (1.41-5.65j) A\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 53
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 2.4, Page number: 74"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from __future__ import division\n",
"import cmath\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration:\n",
"R1=0.72 #Resistance at high voltage side(ohm)\n",
"R2=0.70 #Resistance at low voltage side(ohm)\n",
"X1=0.92 #Reactance at high voltage side(ohm)\n",
"X2=0.90 #Reactance at low voltage side(ohm)\n",
"Zq=632+4370j #Impedance of exciting circuit(ohm)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculations:\n",
"Req=R1+R2\n",
"Xeq=X1+X2 \n",
"Vcd=2400*Zq/(Zq+complex(R1,X1))\n",
"V=complex(round(Vcd.real,2),round(Vcd.imag,3))\n",
"\n",
"#Results:\n",
"print \"Req:\",Req,\"ohm\",\" and Xeq:\",Xeq,\"ohm\"\n",
"print \"Voltage at low voltage terminal:\",V,\"V\""
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Req: 1.42 ohm and Xeq: 1.82 ohm\n",
"Voltage at low voltage terminal: (2399.45+0.316j) V\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 3
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 2.5, Page number: 76"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from __future__ import division\n",
"import math\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration:\n",
"Zf=0.30+.160j #Impedance of feeder(ohm)\n",
"Zeq=1.42+3.42j #Equiv.impedance of transformer refd. to primary(ohm)\n",
"k=2400/240 #turns ratio\n",
"P=50000 #power rating of the transformer(VA)\n",
"Vs=2400 #sending end vltage of feeder(V)\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Calculations:\n",
"I=P/2400 #Rated current(A)\n",
"theta=math.acos(0.80)\n",
"Zt=Zf+Zeq #combned impedance of feeder & transformer(ohm)\n",
"R=Zt.real\n",
"X=Zt.imag\n",
"bc=I*X*math.cos(theta)-I*R*math.sin(theta)\n",
"ab=I*R*math.cos(theta)+I*X*math.sin(theta)\n",
"Ob=(Vs**2-bc**2)**0.5\n",
"V2=Ob-ab\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Results:\n",
"print \"The voltage at the secondary terminals:\",round(V2/10,0),\"V\\n\""
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The voltage at the secondary terminals: 233.0 V\n",
"\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 4
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 2.6, Page number: 80"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from __future__ import division\n",
"import cmath\n",
"import math\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration:\n",
"#short ckt test readings:\n",
"Vsc=48 #voltage(V)\n",
"Isc=20.8 #current(A)\n",
"Psc=617 #power(W)\n",
" \n",
"#Open ckt test readings:\n",
"Vs=240 #Voltage(V)\n",
"I=5.41 #current(A)\n",
"P=186 #power(W)\n",
"V2ph=2400 #voltage at full load at high voltage side(V)\n",
"pf=0.8 #lagging power factor at full load\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Calculations:\n",
"theta=math.acos(pf)\n",
"Zeqh=Vsc/Isc #subscript h refers to high voltage side\n",
"Reqh=Psc/Isc**2\n",
"Xeqh=math.sqrt(Zeqh**2-Reqh**2)\n",
"Ih=50000/V2ph\n",
"Pout=50000*pf\n",
"Pwind=Ih**2*Reqh\n",
"Ptloss=P+Pwind\n",
"e=(1-Ptloss/(Ptloss+Pout))*100\n",
"Iph=(50000/2400)*complex(math.cos(theta),math.sin(-theta))\n",
"V1ph=V2ph+Iph*complex(Reqh,Xeqh)\n",
"r=(round(abs(V1ph),2)-2400)*100/V2ph\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Results:\n",
"print \"The efficiency of the transformer:\",round(e,0),\"%\"\n",
"print \"Volatge Regulation:\",round(r,2),\"%\""
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The efficiency of the transformer: 98.0 %\n",
"Volatge Regulation: 1.94 %\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 6
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 2.7, Page number: 82"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from __future__ import division\n",
"\n",
"#Varaible declaration:\n",
"Vx=2400 #Voltage at low voltage side(V)\n",
"Vbc=2400 #Voltage across branch bc(V)\n",
"Vab=240 #Voltage induced in winding ab(V)\n",
"Pl=803 #transformer losses(W)\n",
"pf=0.8 #Power factor of the transformer\n",
"\n",
"#Calculations:\n",
"Vh=Vab+Vbc\n",
"Ih=50000/Vab\n",
"KVA=Vh*Ih/1000 #Kva rating\n",
"P=pf*550000\n",
"e=(1-Pl/(P+Pl))*100\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Results:\n",
"print \"Voltage ratings, Vh:\",Vh,\"V \", \"& Vx:\",Vx,\"V\"\n",
"print \"KVA rating as an autotransformer:\",KVA,\"KVA\"\n",
"print \"full-load efficiency:\", round(e,2),\"%\""
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Voltage ratings, Vh: 2640 V & Vx: 2400 V\n",
"KVA rating as an autotransformer: 550.0 KVA\n",
"full-load efficiency: 99.82 %\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 24
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 2.8, Page number: 87"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from __future__ import division\n",
"import math\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration:\n",
"Vl1=4160 #line-to-line voltage at feeder's sending end(V)\n",
"Zf=0.30+.160j #Impedance of feeder(ohm)\n",
"Zeq=1.42+3.42j #Equiv.impedance of transformer refd. to primary(ohm)\n",
"k=2400/240 #turns ratio\n",
"P=50000 #power rating of the transformer(VA)\n",
"Vs=2400 #sending end vltage of feeder(V)\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation:\n",
"#this problem can be treated on a single phase basis,\n",
"#and whole problem is similar to Ex 2.5.\n",
"\n",
"I=P/2400 #Rated current(A)\n",
"theta=math.acos(0.80)\n",
"Zt=Zf+Zeq #combned impedance of feeder & transformer(ohm)\n",
"R=Zt.real\n",
"X=Zt.imag\n",
"bc=I*X*math.cos(theta)-I*R*math.sin(theta)\n",
"ab=I*R*math.cos(theta)+I*X*math.sin(theta)\n",
"Ob=(Vs**2-bc**2)**0.5\n",
"V2=Ob-ab\n",
"Vload=V2/k\n",
"\n",
"#Results:\n",
"print \"The line to line voltage:\",round(Vload,0),\"V line-to-line\""
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The line to line voltage: 233.0 V line-to-line\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 25
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 2.9, Page number: 89"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from __future__ import division\n",
"import math\n",
"import cmath\n",
"\n",
"#Variable decclaration:\n",
"#All resistances, reactances, & impedances are on per phase basis\n",
"Req=1.42 #Series resist. of del-del transformer referred to 2400v side(ohm)\n",
"Xeq=1.82 #Series react. of del-del transformer referred to 2400v side(ohm)\n",
"Zs=0.17+0.92j #Equiv impedance of sending end transformer(ohm)\n",
"Xf=0.8j #Reactance of the feeder(ohm)\n",
"Vf=2400 #Voltage of the feeder(V)\n",
"k=10 #turns ratio(Vp/Vs)\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Calculations:\n",
"Zt=(complex(Req,Xeq)/3)+Zs+Xf\n",
"Ztot=complex(round(Zt.real,2),round(Zt.imag,2))\n",
"If=math.floor(Vf/(math.sqrt(3))/round(abs(Ztot),2))\n",
"I1=If/math.sqrt(3)\n",
"I2=I1*k\n",
"Ic=I2*math.sqrt(3)\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Results:\n",
"print \"Short circuit current in the 2400 feeder, per phase wires:\",round(Ic,1),\"A\""
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Short circuit current in the 2400 feeder, per phase wires: 5720.0 A\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 8
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 2.10, Page number: 92"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from __future__ import division\n",
"import cmath\n",
"from math import *\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration:\n",
"X1=143 #Reactance of primary(ohm)\n",
"X21=164 #Reactance of secondary ref. to primary(ohm)\n",
"Xm=163*10**3 #Reactance of magnetising ckt(ohm)\n",
"R1=128 #Resistance of primary(ohm)\n",
"R21=141 #Resistane of secondary ref. to primary(ohm)\n",
"k=20 #turns ratio(2400/120)\n",
"V1=2400 #primary voltage(V)\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Calculations:\n",
"V2=(V1/k)*complex(0,Xm)/complex(R1,X1+Xm)\n",
"mag=abs(V2)\n",
"ph=degrees(cmath.phase(V2))\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Results:\n",
"print \"Magnitude of V2:\",round(mag,2),\"V\"\n",
"print \"Phase of V2:\",round(ph,3),\"degrees\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Magnitude of V2: 119.89 V\n",
"Phase of V2: 0.045 degrees\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 10
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 2.11, Page number: 94"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from __future__ import division\n",
"import cmath\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#variable declaration:\n",
"X1=44.8*10**-6 #Reactance of the primary(ohm)\n",
"R1=10.3*10**-6 #Resistance of the primary(ohm)\n",
"X21=54.3*10**-6 #Reactance of the secondary refd. to primary(ohm)\n",
"R21=9.6*10**-6 #Resistance of secondary ref. to primary(ohm)\n",
"Xm=17.7*10**-3 #Reactance of the magnetising ckt(ohm)\n",
"k=5/800 #turms ratio(I2/I1)\n",
"Zl=2.5+0j #Impedance ofthe load(ohm)\n",
"I1=800 #primary current(A)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculations:\n",
"Zp=k**2*Zl\n",
"I2=I1*k*Xm*1j/(Zp+R21+(X21+Xm)*1j)\n",
"phase=cmath.phase(I2)\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Results:\n",
"print \"Magnitude of current:\",round(abs(I2),2),\"A\"\n",
"print \"Phase of the current:\",round(math.degrees(phase),3),\"degrees\""
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Magnitude of current: 4.98 A\n",
"Phase of the current: 0.346 degrees\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 11
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 2.12, Page number: 97"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from __future__ import division\n",
"import math\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration:\n",
"XL=0.040 #Reactance at l.v side(ohm)\n",
"XH=3.75 #Reactance at h.v side(ohm)\n",
"Xm=114 #Magnetising reactance(ohm)\n",
"RL=0.76*10**-3 #Resistance at l.v.side(ohm)\n",
"RH=0.085 #Resistance at l.v.side(ohm)\n",
"VA_base=100*10**6 #base VA\n",
"V_base=7.97*10**3 #base voltage(V)\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Calculations:\n",
"#for l.v side\n",
"VA_base=100*10**6 #base VA\n",
"V_base=7.97*10**3 #base voltage(V)\n",
"Rbase1=Xbase1=V_base**2/VA_base\n",
"\n",
"#for h.v side:\n",
"VA_base=100*10**6 #base VA\n",
"V_base=79.7*10**3 #base voltage(V)\n",
"Rbase2=Xbase2=V_base**2/VA_base\n",
"\n",
"XL_pu=XL/Xbase1\n",
"XH_pu=XH/Xbase2\n",
"Xm_pu=Xm/Xbase1\n",
"RL_pu=RL/Rbase1\n",
"RH_pu=RH/Rbase2\n",
"K_pu=1 #per unit utrns ratio\n",
"\n",
"#Results:\n",
"print \"The per unit parameters are:\"\n",
"print \"XL_pu =\",round(XL_pu,3),\"p.u\"\n",
"print \"XH_pu =\",round(XH_pu,4),\"p.u\"\n",
"print \"Xm_pu =\",math.ceil(Xm_pu),\"p.u\"\n",
"print \"RL_pu =\",round(RL_pu,4),\"p.u\"\n",
"print \"XL_pu =\",round(RH_pu,4),\"p.u\"\n",
"print \"Turns ratio =\",K_pu,\"p.u\""
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The per unit parameters are:\n",
"XL_pu = 0.063 p.u\n",
"XH_pu = 0.059 p.u\n",
"Xm_pu = 180.0 p.u\n",
"RL_pu = 0.0012 p.u\n",
"XL_pu = 0.0013 p.u\n",
"Turns ratio = 1 p.u\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 59
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 2.13, Page number: 98"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from __future__ import division\n",
"import cmath\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration:\n",
"Ic=5.41 #Exciting current ref. to low volt. side(A)\n",
"k=10 #turns ratio(N1/N2=2400/240)\n",
"Vbh=2400 #base voltage at primary side(V)\n",
"Vbl=240 #base voltage at secondary side(V)\n",
"Ibh=20.8 #base current at primary side(A)\n",
"Ibl=208 #base current at secondary side(A)\n",
"Z=1.42+1.82j #Equiv.impedance ref.to high voltage side(ohm)\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Calculations:\n",
"Zbh=Vbh/Ibh\n",
"Zbl=Vbl/Ibl\n",
"Icl=Ic/Ibl\n",
"Ich=Ic/(Ibh*k)\n",
"Zl=Z/(k**2*Zbl)\n",
"Zh=Z/Zbh\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Results:\n",
"print \"Per unit exciting current on low volt. sides:\",round(Icl,3,),\"A\" \n",
"print \"Per unit exciting current on high volt. sides:\",round(Ich,3),\"A\"\n",
"print \"per unit equiv.impedance at low volt. sides:\",round(Zl.real,4)+round(Zl.imag,4)*1j,\"ohm\"\n",
"print \"per unit equiv.impedance at high voltage sides:\",round(Zh.real,4)+round(Zh.imag,4)*1j,\"ohm\""
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Per unit exciting current on low volt. sides: 0.026 A\n",
"Per unit exciting current on high volt. sides: 0.026 A\n",
"per unit equiv.impedance at low volt. sides: (0.0123+0.0158j) ohm\n",
"per unit equiv.impedance at high voltage sides: (0.0123+0.0158j) ohm\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 12
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 2.14, Page number: 100"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from __future__ import division\n",
"from math import *\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration:\n",
"Vb=24000 #Base voltage of secondary of sending end transformer(V) \n",
"Z=0.17+0.92j #Impedance of sending end transformer ref. to 2400V side(ohm)\n",
"P=150 #Power rating of the transformer(KVA)\n",
"V=2400 #Primary voltage of sending end transformer(v)\n",
"Ztot=0.64+2.33j #Total series impedance(ohm)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculations:\n",
"Zb=V**2/(P*10**3)\n",
"Ztotb=Ztot/Zb\n",
"Vsb=1 #Vs in terms of per unit values\n",
"Isc=Vsb/abs(Ztotb) #Short current in per unit values(A)\n",
"Ib1=P*10**3/(sqrt(3)*2400) #base current of the feeder at 2400V side(A)\n",
"If=Ib1*Isc\n",
"Ib2=P*10**3/(sqrt(3)*240)\n",
"Iscs=Isc*Ib2 #short ckt current at 2400V afeeder side (A)\n",
"\n",
"#Results:\n",
"print \"Short circuit current in 2400 feeder:\",round(Iscs/10**3,2),\"KA\""
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Short circuit current in 2400 feeder: 5.73 KA\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 13
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 2.15, Page number: 102"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from __future__ import division\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration:\n",
"P=250*10**3 #power rating of transformer(KVA)\n",
"Vp=2400 #primary volatge(V)\n",
"Vs=460 #secondary voltage(V)\n",
"Pb=100*10**3 #new base power of transformer(KVA)\n",
"Vb=460 #new base voltage(V)\n",
"Z=0.026+0.12j #series impedance on its own base(ohm)\n",
"Vl=438 #load voltage(V)\n",
"Pl=95*10**3 #power drawn by the load(kW)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculations:\n",
"Zbo=Vs**2/P #base impedance for the transformer(ohm)\n",
"Zbn=Vb**2/Pb #base impedance for the transformer at 100KVA base(ohm)\n",
"Zpn=Z*Zbo/Zbn #base impedance at 100KVA base(ohm)\n",
"Vpl=Vl/Vb #per unit load voltage(V)\n",
"Ppl=Pl/Pb #per unit load power\n",
"Ipl=Ppl/Vpl #per unit load current(A)\n",
"Vpp=Vpl+Ipl*Zpn #high side voltage of the transformer(V) \n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Results:\n",
"print \"The high side voltage:\",round(abs(Vpp*Vp),0),\"V\""
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The high side voltage: 2313.0 V\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 14
}
],
"metadata": {}
}
]
}
|