path: root/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J_B_Gupta/chapter5.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#Chapter 5 , Diode Applications - DC Power Supplies and Waveshaping Circuits "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 5.1 , Page Number 140"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Idc =  1.957  A.\n",
      "Irms =  3.074  A.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variables \n",
    "\n",
    "VSrms = 10                #Supply voltage\n",
    "VSmax = 10* 2**0.5        #Peak value of supply voltage (in volts)\n",
    "RF = 0.3                  #Forward resistance (in ohm)\n",
    "RL = 2                    #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "Imax = VSmax/(RL + RF)    #Peak value of current in load (in Ampere)\n",
    "Idc = Imax/math.pi        #DC ouput current (in Ampere)\n",
    "Irms = Imax/2             #RMS value of output current (in Ampere)             \n",
    "\n",
    "#Result\n",
    "\n",
    "print \"Idc = \",round(Idc,3),\" A.\"\n",
    "print \"Irms = \",round(Irms,3),\" A.\"\n",
    "\n",
    "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 5.2 , Page Number 141"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Imax =  148.156  mA.\n",
      "Idc =  47.16  mA.\n",
      "Irms =  74.078  mA.\n",
      "PIV =  311.127  V.\n",
      "Load output voltage =  94.32  V.\n",
      "DC output power =  4.448  W.\n",
      "AC input power =  11.524  W.\n",
      "Ripple factor =  1.21 .\n",
      "Transformer utilisation factor =  0.2724 .\n",
      "Rectification efficiency =  38.6 %.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variables \n",
    "\n",
    "VSrms = 220.0                   #Supply voltage\n",
    "VSmax = 220.0 * 2**0.5          #Peak value of supply voltage (in volts)\n",
    "RF = 100.0                      #Forward resistance (in ohm)\n",
    "RL = 2.0 * 10**3                #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "Imax = VSmax/(RL + RF)          #Maximum value of current (in Ampere)\n",
    "Idc = Imax/math.pi              #DC ouput current (in Ampere)\n",
    "Irms = Imax/2                   #RMS value of output current (in Ampere)  \n",
    "PIV = VSmax                     #Peak inverse voltage (in volts)\n",
    "Vdc = Idc*RL                    #Load output voltage (in volts)\n",
    "Pdc = Idc**2 * RL               #DC output power (in watt)\n",
    "Pac = Imax**2/4*(RF + RL)       #AC input power (in watt)\n",
    "gamma = ((Irms/Idc)**2 - 1)**.5 #Ripple factor \n",
    "TUF = 0.286/(1 + RF/RL)         #Transformer utilisation factor\n",
    "eeta = Pdc/Pac * 100            #Rectification efficiency\n",
    "\n",
    "#Result\n",
    "\n",
    "print \"Imax = \",round(Imax * 10**3,3),\" mA.\\nIdc = \",round(Idc * 10**3,2),\" mA.\\nIrms = \",round(Irms * 10**3,3),\" mA.\"\n",
    "print \"PIV = \",round(PIV,3),\" V.\"\n",
    "print \"Load output voltage = \",round(Vdc,2),\" V.\"\n",
    "print \"DC output power = \",round(Pdc,3),\" W.\\nAC input power = \",round(Pac,3),\" W.\"\n",
    "print \"Ripple factor = \",round(gamma,2),\".\"\n",
    "print \"Transformer utilisation factor = \",round(TUF,4),\".\"\n",
    "print \"Rectification efficiency = \",round(eeta,1),\"%.\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 5.3 , Page Number 141"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Percentage voltage regulation :  4.76  %.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Variables \n",
    "\n",
    "VNL = 44.0             #No load voltage (in volts)\n",
    "VFL = 42.0             #Full load voltage (in volts)              \n",
    "\n",
    "#Calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "Reg = (VNL - VFL)/VFL * 100        #Percentage voltage regulation \n",
    "\n",
    "#Result\n",
    "\n",
    "print \"Percentage voltage regulation : \",round(Reg,2),\" %.\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 5.4 , Page Number 141"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "DC output voltage :  4.4  V.\n",
      "PIV :  17.0  V.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variables \n",
    "\n",
    "RF = 10                  #Forward resistance (in ohm)\n",
    "IL = 100 * 10**-3        #Load current (in Ampere)\n",
    "VSrms = 12               #RMS value of supply voltage (in volts)\n",
    "VSmax = 12 * 2**0.5      #Maximum value of supply voltage (in volts)\n",
    "Idc = 0.1                #DC current (in Ampere)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "Vdc = VSmax/math.pi - Idc*RF    #DC output voltage (in volts)\n",
    "PIV = VSmax                     #Peak inverse voltage (in volts)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Result\n",
    "\n",
    "print \"DC output voltage : \",round(Vdc,1),\" V.\"\n",
    "print \"PIV : \",round(PIV),\" V.\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 5.5 , Page Number 146 "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Peak value of current :  0.109  A.\n",
      "Average value of current :  0.0694  A.\n",
      "RMS value of current :  0.077  A.\n",
      "Ripple factor :  0.483 .\n",
      "Efficiency of rectifier :  73.82 %.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variables \n",
    "\n",
    "VSmax = 60.0                           #Maximum value of supply voltage (in volts)\n",
    "RF = 50.0                              #Forward resistance (in ohm)\n",
    "RL = 500.0                             #Load resistance (in ohm)  \n",
    "\n",
    "#Calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "Imax = VSmax/(RL + RF)                #Peak current (in Ampere)\n",
    "Idc = 2*Imax/math.pi                  #Average current (in Ampere)\n",
    "Irms = Imax/2**0.5                    #RMS value of current (in Ampere)\n",
    "r = ((Irms/Idc)**2 - 1)**0.5          #Ripple factor \n",
    "n = 0.812/(1 + RF/RL)*100             #Efficiency of rectifier                   \n",
    "\n",
    "#Result\n",
    "\n",
    "print \"Peak value of current : \",round(Imax,3),\" A.\\nAverage value of current : \",round(Idc,4),\" A.\\nRMS value of current : \",round(Irms,3),\" A.\"\n",
    "print \"Ripple factor : \",round(r,3),\".\"\n",
    "print \"Efficiency of rectifier : \",round(n,2),\"%.\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 5.6 , Page Number 147"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "DC output voltage :  10.8  V.\n",
      "DC load current :  108.0  mA.\n",
      "PIV rating required :  33.94  V.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import math \n",
    "\n",
    "#Variables \n",
    "\n",
    "VSmax = 12 * 2**0.5            #Peak value of supply voltage (in volts)\n",
    "RL = 100.0                     #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "Idc = 2*VSmax/(RL*math.pi)     #Average current (in Ampere)\n",
    "Vdc = Idc * RL                 #Average voltage (in volts)\n",
    "PIV = 2*VSmax                  #Peak inverse voltage (in volts)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Result\n",
    "\n",
    "print \"DC output voltage : \",round(Vdc,1),\" V.\"\n",
    "print \"DC load current : \",round(Idc * 10**3),\" mA.\"\n",
    "print \"PIV rating required : \",round(PIV,2),\" V.\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 5.7 , Page Number 153 "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Output DC voltage :  25.46 V.\n",
      "Ripple fator :  0.0149 .\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variables \n",
    "\n",
    "VLmax = VSmax = 40.0         #Peak value of supply voltage (in volts)\n",
    "f = 50                       #Frequency (in Hertz) \n",
    "w = 2*math.pi*50             #Angular frequency (in rad/sec)\n",
    "L = 2.0                      #Inductance (in Henry)\n",
    "C = 40 * 10**-6              #Capacitance (in Farad) \n",
    "\n",
    "#Calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "Vdc = 2*VSmax/math.pi        #Average voltage (in bolts)\n",
    "r = 1/(6*2**0.5*w**2*L*C)    #Ripple factor\n",
    "\n",
    "#Result\n",
    "\n",
    "print \"Output DC voltage : \",round(Vdc,2),\"V.\"\n",
    "print \"Ripple fator : \",round(r,4),\".\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 5.8 , Page Number 161"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Peak output voltage :  14.3  V.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Variables \n",
    "\n",
    "Vo = 0.7                    #Barrier potential (in volts)\n",
    "Vinpeak = 15                #Peak input voltage (in volts)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "Voutpeak = Vinpeak - Vo     #Peak output voltage (in volts)   \n",
    "\n",
    "#Result\n",
    "\n",
    "print \"Peak output voltage : \",Voutpeak,\" V.\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 5.9 , Page Number 161"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Output voltage (rms value) :  1.27  V.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variables \n",
    "\n",
    "R1 = 2.0 * 10**3                #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
    "R2 = 1.0 * 10**3                #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
    "Vinpeak = 10                    #peak input voltage (in volts)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "RL = R1*R2/(R1+R2)              #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
    "Voutpeak = Vinpeak*RL/(R2+RL)   #Peak voltage across load resistance (in ohm)\n",
    "Vrms = Voutpeak/math.pi         #RMS value of output voltage (in volts)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Result\n",
    "\n",
    "print \"Output voltage (rms value) : \",round(Vrms,2),\" V.\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 5.10 , Page Number 162 "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Voutpeak :  8.0 V.\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x6186270>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x702b130>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "import numpy\n",
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variables \n",
    "\n",
    "R1 = 20.0 * 10**3                #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
    "R2 = 10.0 * 10**3                #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
    "Vinpeak = 20                     #peak input voltage (in volts)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "RL = R1*R2/(R1+R2)              #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
    "Voutpeak = Vinpeak*RL/(R2+RL)   #Peak voltage across load resistance (in ohm)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Result\n",
    "\n",
    "print \"Voutpeak : \",Voutpeak,\"V.\"\n",
    "\n",
    "#Graph\n",
    "\n",
    "x = numpy.linspace(0,math.pi,100)\n",
    "y = numpy.sin(x)\n",
    "plot(x,8*y,'b')\n",
    "ylim(0,9)\n",
    "xlim(0,math.pi)\n",
    "title(\"Output Waveform\")\n",
    "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n",
    "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 5.11 , Page Number 162"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Peak output voltage :  10.0  V.\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x6dc1210>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7504050>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "import numpy\n",
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variables \n",
    "\n",
    "Vinpeak = 12.0               #Peak input voltage (in volts)\n",
    "Vo = 0.7                     #Barrier potential (in volts)\n",
    "RS = 500                     #Series resistance (in ohm)\n",
    "RL = 2.5 * 10**3             #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "Voutpeak = Vinpeak*RL/(RS+RL) #Peak output voltage (in volts) \n",
    "\n",
    "#Result\n",
    "\n",
    "print \"Peak output voltage : \",Voutpeak,\" V.\"\n",
    "\n",
    "#Graph\n",
    "\n",
    "x = numpy.linspace(0,math.pi,100)\n",
    "x1 = numpy.linspace(math.pi,2*math.pi,100)\n",
    "x2 = numpy.linspace(math.pi,2*math.pi,100)\n",
    "x3=numpy.linspace(0,8,100)\n",
    "y2 = numpy.sin(x2)\n",
    "y = numpy.sin(x)\n",
    "plot(x,8*y,'b')\n",
    "plot(x1,-0.7+x1-x1,'b')\n",
    "plot(x2,12*y2,'--')\n",
    "plot(x3,0+x3-x3,'k')\n",
    "ylim(-13,9)\n",
    "xlim(0,2*math.pi+1)\n",
    "title(\"Output Waveform\")\n",
    "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n",
    "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 5.12 , Page Number 163 "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "PIV of diode :  5 V.\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x7d41190>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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EjiQ648bZAHCLFqEjcdWxww62GCkbGhyJb6l/9ZW1hL74ArbYItZLuQzo2tVK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\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7cb4d50>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "import numpy\n",
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variables \n",
    "\n",
    "Vi = 10                    #Input voltage (in volts)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "Vo = Vi * 1.0/2            #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
    "Vdc = 0.636 * Vo           #DC output voltage (in volts)\n",
    "PIV = 5                    #Peak inverse voltage (in volts) \n",
    "\n",
    "#Result\n",
    "\n",
    "print \"PIV of diode : \",PIV,\"V.\"\n",
    "\n",
    "#Graph\n",
    "\n",
    "x = numpy.linspace(0,math.pi,100)\n",
    "y = numpy.sin(x)\n",
    "x1 = numpy.linspace(math.pi,2*math.pi,100)\n",
    "y1 = numpy.sin(x1)\n",
    "ylim(0,8)\n",
    "xlim(0,2*math.pi)\n",
    "plot(x,5*(y),'b')\n",
    "plot(x1,-5*(y1),'b')\n",
    "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n",
    "plot(x1,0+x1-x1,'k')\n",
    "plot(x,5+x-x,'--',color='g')\n",
    "plot(x1,5+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n",
    "title(\"Output Waveform\")\n",
    "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n",
    "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 5.13 , Page Number 164"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "PIV rating of diode : 200 V.\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x802a9d0>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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lrI/cXLW10Y5z3XXZmWitW7dYknLEiLQjab5nn4WpU2OEcBaYxd/qVVfF7zAt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\nIhn2/7EYzCDf36DyAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x86934f0>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "import numpy\n",
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variables \n",
    "\n",
    "Vimax = 200            #Peak input voltage (in volts)\n",
    "R = 10 * 10**3         #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
    "RL = 4 * 10**3         #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "Iimax = Vimax/R        #Peak input current (in Ampere) \n",
    "VLmax = Iimax * RL     #Peak voltage across load (in volts) \n",
    "PIV = 200              #Peak inverse voltage (in volts)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Result\n",
    "\n",
    "print \"PIV rating of diode :\",PIV,\"V.\"\n",
    "\n",
    "#Graph\n",
    "\n",
    "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,math.pi,100)\n",
    "x2 = numpy.linspace(math.pi,2*math.pi,100)\n",
    "x3 = numpy.linspace(2*math.pi,3*math.pi,100)\n",
    "y1 = numpy.sin(x1)\n",
    "y2 = numpy.sin(x2)\n",
    "y3 = numpy.sin(x3)\n",
    "plot(x1,80*(y1),'b')\n",
    "plot(x2,(-1)*80*(y2),'b')\n",
    "plot(x3,80*(y3),'b')\n",
    "plot(x1/2,80+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n",
    "xlim(0,3*math.pi)\n",
    "ylim(0,200)\n",
    "annotate('80 V',xy=(0.5 ,80))\n",
    "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n",
    "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n",
    "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 5.14 , Page Number 165 "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "During positive half , Output voltage Vo = 2 V when Vi < 2 V.\n",
      "Output voltage Vo = Vi when Vi > 2 V.\n",
      "During negative half , Output voltage Vo = 2 V.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Variables \n",
    "\n",
    "Vo = 2                     #Output voltage when Vi < 2 V (in volts)\n",
    "#Vo1 = Vi                  #Output voltage when Vi > 2 V (in volts) \n",
    "\n",
    "#Calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "Vo = 2                     #Output voltage during negative half (in volts)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Result\n",
    "\n",
    "print \"During positive half , Output voltage Vo = 2 V when Vi < 2 V.\\nOutput voltage Vo = Vi when Vi > 2 V.\"\n",
    "print \"During negative half , Output voltage Vo = 2 V.\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 5.15 , Page Number 166 "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "During positive half , Output voltage :  5.0 V.\n",
      "During negative half , Output voltage :  -10 V.\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(-12, 10)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 38,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x8939390>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "import numpy\n",
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variables \n",
    "\n",
    "Vi = 10                    #Input voltage (in volts)\n",
    "V1 = 2.5                   #Voltage (in volts)\n",
    "Rnet = 3 * 10**3           #Net resistance (in ohm)\n",
    "R1 = 2.0 * 10**3           #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
    "R2 = 1.0 * 10**3           #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "I = (Vi - V1)/Rnet         #Current (in Ampere)\n",
    "Vo = I * (R2) + 2.5        #Output voltage positive half (in volts)\n",
    "Voneg = -Vi                #Output voltage negative half (in volts)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Result\n",
    "\n",
    "print \"During positive half , Output voltage : \",Vo,\"V.\"\n",
    "print \"During negative half , Output voltage : \",Voneg,\"V.\" \n",
    "\n",
    "#Graph\n",
    "\n",
    "x = numpy.linspace(0,9,100) \n",
    "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,3,100)\n",
    "x2 = numpy.linspace(3,6,100)\n",
    "x3 = numpy.linspace(6,9,100)\n",
    "y1 = numpy.linspace(-10,5,100)\n",
    "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n",
    "plot(x1,-10+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n",
    "plot(x1,5-x1+x1,'b')\n",
    "plot(x2,-10+x2-x2,'b')\n",
    "plot(x3,5+x3-x3,'b')\n",
    "plot(3+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n",
    "plot(6+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n",
    "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n",
    "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n",
    "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")\n",
    "xlim(0,9)\n",
    "ylim(-12,10)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 5.16 , Page Number 166"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "During positive half , peak voltage :  12 V.\n",
      "During negative half , peak voltage :  -8 V.\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x9864710>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 39,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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Sq64OLrssdhSSBW19nsFfShLFpn5pZk+b2VOEkUz/XoZ9SkaNGhW+8GRzb74Z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\nRK5CYII=\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x8f02ef0>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "import numpy\n",
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variables \n",
    "\n",
    "V1 = 12              #Voltage1 (in volts)\n",
    "V2 = 8               #Voltage2 (in volts) \n",
    "\n",
    "#Calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "Vopos = V1           #Peak Output voltage during positive half (in volts)\n",
    "Voneg = -V2          #Peak Output voltage during negative half (in volts) \n",
    "\n",
    "#Result\n",
    "\n",
    "print \"During positive half , peak voltage : \",Vopos,\"V.\\nDuring negative half , peak voltage : \",Voneg,\"V.\"\n",
    "\n",
    "#Graph \n",
    "\n",
    "x = numpy.linspace(0,24,100)\n",
    "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,2,100)\n",
    "x2 = numpy.linspace(2,6,100)\n",
    "x3 = numpy.linspace(6,8,100)\n",
    "x4 = numpy.linspace(8,8+8.0/6,100)\n",
    "x5 = numpy.linspace(8+8.0/6,12+8.0/6,100)\n",
    "x6 = numpy.linspace(12+8.0/6,12+2*8.0/6,100)\n",
    "x7 = numpy.linspace(12+2*8.0/6,14+2*8.0/6,100)\n",
    "x8 = numpy.linspace(14+2*8.0/6,18+2*8.0/6,100)\n",
    "x9 = numpy.linspace(18+2*8.0/6,20+2*8.0/6,100)\n",
    "x10 = numpy.linspace(0,8+8.0/6,100)\n",
    "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n",
    "plot(x1,6*x1,'b')\n",
    "plot(x2,12-x2+x2,'b')\n",
    "plot(x3,12-6*(x3-6),'b')\n",
    "plot(x4,-6*(x4-8),'b')\n",
    "plot(x5,-8+x5-x5,'b')\n",
    "plot(x6,-8+6*(x6-(12+8.0/6)))\n",
    "plot(x7,6*(x7-(12+2*8.0/6)),'b')\n",
    "plot(x8,12-x8+x8,'b')\n",
    "plot(x9,12-6*(x9-(18+2*8.0/6)),'b')\n",
    "plot(x10,-8+x10-x10,'--',color='g')\n",
    "plot(x1,12+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n",
    "ylim(-20,15)\n",
    "xlim(0,20+2*8.0/6)\n",
    "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n",
    "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n",
    "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 5.17 , Page Number 167 "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Following is the output wave generated when Vinmax is changed to 60 V.\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x9d5c490>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 44,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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k0eZjgXHJ43HAcW2R5Y9/hP79w5dUtobFhHTJq0jzYrcg8tnS3Zclj5cBbbLUS12dWg/V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\nBU7NAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x9582910>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "import numpy\n",
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variables \n",
    "\n",
    "Vinmax1 = 25                   #Peak input voltage1 (in volts)\n",
    "Vinmax2 = 60                   #Peak input voltage2 (in volts)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "Voutmax1 = 20                  #Peak output voltage1 (in volts)\n",
    "Voutmax2 = 10                  #Peak output voltage2 (in volts)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Result\n",
    "\n",
    "print \"Following is the output wave generated when Vinmax is changed to 60 V.\"\n",
    "\n",
    "#Graph\n",
    "\n",
    "x = numpy.linspace(0,24,100)\n",
    "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,2,100)\n",
    "x2 = numpy.linspace(2,6,100)\n",
    "x3 = numpy.linspace(6,8,100)\n",
    "x4 = numpy.linspace(8,10,100)\n",
    "x5 = numpy.linspace(10,14,100)\n",
    "x6 = numpy.linspace(14,16,100)\n",
    "x7 = numpy.linspace(0,10,100)\n",
    "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n",
    "plot(x1,10*x1,'b')\n",
    "plot(x2,20-x2+x2,'b')\n",
    "plot(x3,20-10*(x3-6),'b')\n",
    "plot(x4,-10*(x4-8),'b')\n",
    "plot(x5,-20+x5-x5,'b')\n",
    "plot(x6,-20+10*(x6-14))\n",
    "plot(x7,-20+x7-x7,'--',color='g')\n",
    "xlim(0,16)\n",
    "ylim(-22,22)\n",
    "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n",
    "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n",
    "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 5.18 , Page Number 168 "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 60,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Output voltage Vout = Vin/2.\n",
      "Voutmax =  5.0 V.\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.text.Annotation at 0xa9b53f0>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 60,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0xafafd90>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "import numpy\n",
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variables \n",
    "\n",
    "Vinmax = 10.0                   #Peak input voltage (in volts)\n",
    "R1 = 5 * 10**3                  #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
    "R2 = 5 * 10**3                  #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n",
    "\n",
    "#Calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "Vout = Vinmax/(R1 + R2)*R2      #Output voltage (in volts)          \n",
    "\n",
    "#Result\n",
    "\n",
    "print \"Output voltage Vout = Vin/2.\"\n",
    "print \"Voutmax = \",Vout,'V.'\n",
    "\n",
    "#Graph\n",
    "\n",
    "x = numpy.linspace(0,12,100) \n",
    "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,3,100)\n",
    "x2 = numpy.linspace(3,6,100)\n",
    "x3 = numpy.linspace(6,9,100)\n",
    "y1 = numpy.linspace(-5,0,100)\n",
    "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n",
    "plot(x1,0-x1+x1,'b')\n",
    "plot(x2,-5+x2-x2,'b')\n",
    "plot(x3,0+x3-x3,'b')\n",
    "plot(3+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n",
    "plot(6+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n",
    "plot(9+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n",
    "plot(x2,-2+x2-x2,'--',color='g')\n",
    "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n",
    "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n",
    "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")\n",
    "xlim(0,9)\n",
    "ylim(-6,5)\n",
    "annotate('T/2',xy=(4.25,-2))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 5.19 , Page Number 168 "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 92,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "OUtput voltage lies in range : -8 V to +6 V.\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0xccf9450>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 92,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0xcbb18d0>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "import numpy\n",
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variables \n",
    "\n",
    "Vinmax = 10                             #Peak input voltage (in volts)\n",
    "V1 = 5.3                                #Voltage source1 (in volts)\n",
    "V2 = 7.3                                #Voltage source2 (in volts) \n",
    "R = 10.0 * 10**3                        #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "Vomax = 6                               #Peak output voltage in positive half (in volts)\n",
    "Vomin = -8                              #Peak output voltage in negative half (in volts)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Result\n",
    "\n",
    "print \"OUtput voltage lies in range : -8 V to +6 V.\"\n",
    "\n",
    "#Graph \n",
    "\n",
    "x = numpy.linspace(0,24,100)\n",
    "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,3,100)\n",
    "x2 = numpy.linspace(3,5,100)\n",
    "x3 = numpy.linspace(5,7,100)\n",
    "x4 = numpy.linspace(7,10,100)\n",
    "x5 = numpy.linspace(10,14,100)\n",
    "x6 = numpy.linspace(14,15,100)\n",
    "x7 = numpy.linspace(15,16,100)\n",
    "x8 = numpy.linspace(16,20,100)\n",
    "x9 = numpy.linspace(0,5,100)\n",
    "x10 = numpy.linspace(0,14,100)\n",
    "x11 = numpy.linspace(0,15,100)\n",
    "\n",
    "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n",
    "plot(x1,2*x1,'b')\n",
    "plot(x2,2*x2,'--',color='b')\n",
    "plot(x3,10-2*(x3-5),'--',color='b')\n",
    "plot(x4,6-2*(x4-7),'b')\n",
    "plot(x5,-2*(x5-10),'b')\n",
    "plot(x6,-8-2*(x6-14),'--',color='b')\n",
    "plot(x7,-10+2*(x7-15),'--',color='b')\n",
    "plot(x8,-8+2*(x8-16),'b')\n",
    "\n",
    "plot(x1,6-x1+x1,'--',color='g')\n",
    "plot(x2,6-x2+x2,'k')\n",
    "plot(x3,6-x3+x3,'k')\n",
    "plot(x6,-8-x6+x6,'k')\n",
    "plot(x7,-8-x7+x7,'k')\n",
    "plot(x9,10+x9-x9,'--',color='g')\n",
    "plot(x10,-8+x10-x10,'--',color='g')\n",
    "plot(x11,-10+x11-x11,'--',color='g')\n",
    "\n",
    "xlim(0,20)\n",
    "ylim(-12,12)\n",
    "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n",
    "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n",
    "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 5.20 , Page Number 173 "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 98,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Output voltage in positive half :  35 V.\n",
      "Output voltage in negative half  : -5 V.\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(-10, 40)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 98,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0xcbb1ad0>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "import numpy\n",
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variables \n",
    "\n",
    "Vin = 20                      #Input voltage (in volts)\n",
    "V1 = 5                        #Battery voltage (in volts) \n",
    "\n",
    "#Calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "Voutp = (2*Vin - V1)          #Output voltage in positive half (in volts)\n",
    "Voutn = 0 - V1                #Output voltage in negative half (in volts) \n",
    "\n",
    "#Result\n",
    "\n",
    "print \"Output voltage in positive half : \",Voutp,\"V.\"\n",
    "print \"Output voltage in negative half  :\",Voutn,\"V.\"\n",
    "\n",
    "#Graph\n",
    "\n",
    "x = numpy.linspace(0,9,100) \n",
    "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,3,100)\n",
    "x2 = numpy.linspace(3,6,100)\n",
    "x3 = numpy.linspace(6,9,100)\n",
    "y1 = numpy.linspace(-5,35,100)\n",
    "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n",
    "plot(x1,-10+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n",
    "plot(x1,35-x1+x1,'b')\n",
    "plot(x2,-5+x2-x2,'b')\n",
    "plot(x3,35+x3-x3,'b')\n",
    "plot(3+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n",
    "plot(6+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n",
    "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n",
    "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n",
    "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")\n",
    "xlim(0,9)\n",
    "ylim(-10,40)"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "metadata": {
  "kernelspec": {
   "display_name": "Python 2",
   "language": "python",
   "name": "python2"
  },
  "language_info": {
   "codemirror_mode": {
    "name": "ipython",
    "version": 2
   },
   "file_extension": ".py",
   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
   "name": "python",
   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
   "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
   "version": "2.7.10"
  }
 },
 "nbformat": 4,
 "nbformat_minor": 0
}