path: root/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter33_5.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Chapter 33 , Wave Shaping"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 33.2 , Page Number 853"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Output peak voltage is  0.3  V.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variables\n",
    "   \n",
    "Vpk = 1.0                     #Peak-to-peak voltage (in volts)\n",
    "Tby2 = 0.1                    #Half-period (in seconds)\n",
    "tau = 0.25                    #Time constant (in seconds)  \n",
    "\n",
    "#Calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "Vc = 0.5 * math.exp(-Tby2/tau)     #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Result\n",
    "\n",
    "print \"Output peak voltage is \",round(Vc,1),\" V.\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 33.3 , Page Number 854"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "The peak value of input voltage is  10.0  kV.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variables\n",
    "\n",
    "RC = 250.0 * 10**-12                   #Time constance (in seconds)\n",
    "Vomax = 50.0                           #Maximum output voltage (in volts)                         \n",
    "tau = 0.05  * 10**-6                   #time (in seconds)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "alpha = Vomax / RC                     #alpha (in volt per second)\n",
    "Vp = alpha * tau                       #Peak voltage (in volts)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Result\n",
    "\n",
    "print \"The peak value of input voltage is \",Vp * 10**-3,\" kV.\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 33.5 , Page Number 861"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Following graph shows the output.\n",
      "The part above the line is clipped out.\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.text.Annotation at 0x82616f0>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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4F/gI7awe5JyzFdKTpFQp3c92/HjfkYSbc7bYYjLY6qeJEW9hpdAmowIPFqkL\nvAXUds6ViP2yxb6eNRkl0Ftv6U03eLDvSMJr6VJo1UpXOJWoK+SmMLt3w9FHw/LlNvM7Hs2bw0MP\nQfv2iW8yAkBESopIRxEZAIwHlqK1BRMybdro8L69e31HEl65JTBLBolVujS0bGk12Hhs2aILWcaz\n73yhCUFELhGRfsD3wO3AaOBU59zVzrkRsV/S+HLccboC6vTpviMJr3HjrLkoWawfIT4ffwwXXhjf\nvvOHqiE8CkwHajnnOjjnBjjntsV+KRMENuY7dtu26f7JLVv6jiQ95U6gtBpsbBIx2OFQncotnHN9\nnXO2K28asYQQu08+0Z3RKlTwHUl6qlZNh0zOmOE7kvBxTu/reBcCtWkgGaZRI1i7Vn9MdGy4afJZ\ns1Fs5s+HSpWgRo34zmMJIcOUKKFbPtoQv+gkqgRmDq1dO6vBxiJRhRVLCBmoXTsrhUVr0SKdy3H6\n6b4jSW8NG8L338OaNUUfa35nCcHErE0b+PRT2LnTdyThYcNNU6NECWjd2mqw0di0SQssTZvGfy5L\nCBnoqKOgdm1biyca1n+QOtZsFJ0JEyArSzfDipclhAxlzUbF98svMHeu3nQm+Vq3hkmTYNcu35GE\nQyL7tiwhZKj27XWZXFsZpGgTJ+omLvFM+DHFd+SRcNZZ8NlnviMJvn37dHa3JQQTl9q1Yc8eXZvH\nHJo1F6We1WCLZ/ZsOOYY3Xs+ESwhZCgRu+mKIyfHlqvwwSZQFk+iCyuWEDJY+/aWEIoybx5UqQKn\nnOI7ksxy7rm6VMjy5b4jCTZLCCZhWrTQ1RF/+cV3JMFlzUV+iFgtoSgbNmjCvPDCxJ3TEkIGO/xw\naNJEh62ZgllC8McSwqGNG6cLLZYqlbhzWkLIcNaPULiffoKvvtIRRib1Lr4Ypk3TpiNzsNGjoUOH\nxJ7TEkKGa9dOSxr79vmOJHjGjtUSWCIm/JjoVaqkS1l8+qnvSIJn1y7d/yDRtVdLCBmuenXduvCL\nL3xHEjyjRkHHjr6jyGzWbFSwyZPhzDP13k0kSwjGmo0KsHu3Tkhr1853JJktdzlsm0B5oFGjdJRg\nollCMDb8tACTJ0OtWokvgZnonHGGdpouXOg7kuBwThNCovsPwBKCAc4/H777TpcdNmrkyOTccCY6\nIvr/YeRI35EEx1df6X/PPjvx57aEYChZUjfNsbZalcwSmIlex46WEPLK/WwmYyl2SwgGsH6EvBYt\n0v8mowSsRyCJAAAQ70lEQVRmote0KaxYAT/84DuSYEhmYcUSggF005xJk2zTHEhuCcxEr1Qp/XyO\nGuU7Ev82btQmo2bNknN+SwgG+H3TnEmTfEfinzUXBY81G6mxY3XCXrLmxlhCMPtddhl8+KHvKPza\nuBGWLEleCczEpm1bmDLFZi0nu7BiCcHs16mTlsJycnxH4s+YMdCqlc1ODprKlaFRo8xedytZs5Pz\n8pYQROR5EVkiIl+KyDARqewrFqNq1tTdqmbN8h2JP9ZcFFy5BZZMNXmy7iSXzLkxPmsIE4CznHN1\ngGXAYx5jMRGZ3Gy0cyd88omtbhpUHTpoDS5T191KxdwYbwnBOTfROZfbODETOMFXLOZ3mZwQJk3S\njvWjjvIdiSnISSfB8cfrCqiZJidH78vLLkvudYLSh3ALYNOiAqBePe24y8S9locPh86dfUdhDiVT\nm41mz4YKFXQ5lWQqmcyTi8hE4NgCnnrcOTcqcsxfgd3OuQEFnaNHjx77f8/KyiIrKyvxgZr9RH6v\nJTz6qO9oUmffPhgxAqZP9x2JOZSOHeGaa+D5531HklrDh8Pllxf+fHZ2NtnZ2XFfR5zHZQRF5Cbg\ndqClc+6gKVEi4nzGl6k+/hieeAJmzPAdSep89hncfz/Mn+87EnMozsGJJ+pn9IwzfEeTOmecAe+8\nAw0aFO94EcE5F/XUSp+jjNoADwOdCkoGxp9mzWDZssxaKqCoEpgJBhFtNsqkfq4lS2D7dqhfP/nX\n8tmH8C+gAjBRROaJyKseYzF5lCqlE4Eypa3WORg2zPoPwuLyy2HoUN9RpM6wYdqMm4qlVHyOMqrp\nnDvJOVc38nOPr1jMwTJptNHcuVC6tC1mFxbNmsGqVfqTCVI52CEoo4xMwLRpo8P7tmzxHUny5TYX\n2WJ24VCypDYbDRvmO5LkW71aE1/Tpqm5niUEU6CKFeGiizJjSWxrLgqfK6+EIUN8R5F8H36ok9FK\nJnU86O8sIZhC/elP6X/TLV2qtaCGDX1HYqLRooX+v0v3Xf5SPTfGEoIpVKdOupTDr7/6jiR5cm+4\nw+xOCJXSpbXknM7NRhs2wLx5uthiqthtYApVtao2G6XzxiQffABXXOE7ChOLK65I79FGQ4boTobl\nyqXumpYQzCF16QKDB/uOIjmWLYN161LXYWcS65JLdCLhhg2+I0mOQYPgqqtSe01LCOaQOnbURd+2\nbvUdSeINGqT9JCVK+I7ExKJsWZ0vk47Do7//Xvf2bt06tde1hGAOqUoVHfedbpPUnIP334err/Yd\niYnHlVdqs1+6+eADLYyleqMmSwimSOnYbLRokS4H0Lix70hMPC69FObM0aa/dOKjuQgsIZhi6NhR\nd2tKp0lqgwZporPRReFWrpx+PtOpwPLdd7B8OVx8ceqvbbeDKVKlStC8efo0GzkHAwdac1G6uPZa\neO8931EkzuDBOhS6VKnUX9sSgimWLl30SzQdzJmjy1Scd57vSEwitGjxe6k6HfhqLgJLCKaYOnXS\ntY02bvQdSfwGDdLaga1dlB5KltQv0Pff9x1J/L75BtasAV/7gFlCMMVSvrzODA17LSEnx28JzCRH\nbrNR2PfTeu89HQqdqrWL8rOEYIrtuut016YwmzxZZ2DbUtfppWFD3QZ17lzfkcTOOejfH2680V8M\nlhBMsbVsqRNmli71HUns3n7b7w1nkkNE91oeUODO7OEwfbp2JKdiZ7TCWEIwxVaihN50777rO5LY\nbNsGI0Zo84JJP127aj/Cvn2+I4lN//5www1++7YsIZioXHedJoScHN+RRG/YMLjwQjjmGN+RmGSo\nVQuqVYOPP/YdSfR27tTZyddd5zcOSwgmKnXq6LyEzz7zHUn0rLko/d16K7z5pu8oojdqFNStCyee\n6DcOSwgmKiJwyy3hu+lWr9aVMTt08B2JSaauXWHCBPjpJ9+RROftt+H6631HYQnBxOD667VE8/PP\nviMpvv79dXJd2bK+IzHJVKUKtG8frpnLa9fqHJ8rr/QdiSUEE4Mjj9Rlh8Ny0+3bB337wm23+Y7E\npEJus1FY5iT066c1m/LlfUdiCcHE6Pbb9Us2DDfdRx9pR3K9er4jManQrJmuZDt7tu9IirZvH7zx\nBtxxh+9IlCUEE5OsLB3G+cUXviMpWp8+cOedvqMwqXLYYdrP1bev70iKNn48HHecDtYIAnEBLuKJ\niAtyfJnumWfg22+DfeOtWQPnnqudykGokpvUWL9eh6GuXKn9CkHVqZMu333rrYk9r4jgnIt6RoMl\nBBOzDRvgjDN0Qa4jjvAdTcGefBI2b4Z//ct3JCbVrr1WZ/0++KDvSAr2/fdQu7YWVipUSOy5Y00I\n1mRkYnbMMTqM8403fEdSsD17tHPRmosy0733wr//HdxJlK+9pjP/E50M4mEJwcTlgQf0ptu713ck\nBxsyBGrUsIXsMlXjxtpcNH6870gOtmMHvP663j9B4jUhiEh3EckRkYA2OJii1KunsytHjPAdyYGc\ngxdfhO7dfUdifBHRWkLv3r4jOdg772jCqlnTdyQH8pYQROREoBXwna8YTGI88AD06uU7igN99pmO\ngmrXznckxqerr9Yd8r7+2nckv8vJgZdfhm7dfEdyMJ81hH8C/8/j9U2CdO4Mq1bpjRcUL76onYmH\nWaNoRitbFv78Z3juOd+R/O6jjzSuZs18R3IwL7eLiHQC1jrnFvi4vkmskiW1aeYf//Adifr6a5gx\nQ5cSNubee+HDD3U0TxDkFlaCuIVr0oadishE4NgCnvor8DhwiXNuq4isBOo75zYVcA4bdhoSO3bA\nKafo0sO+O3Fvuw2OPx569vQbhwmOhx+G3bv9N21Om6Yji5Ytg9Klk3ed0MxDEJGzgU+AHZGHTgC+\nBxo65zbmO9Y9+eST+//Oysoiy9fu06ZI//d/MG+e383Ov/kGGjXSGy6ocyNM6v3wgxZUvv4a/vAH\nf3G0bq2L2N1+e2LPm52dTXZ29v6/e/bsGY6EcFAAWkOo55zbXMBzVkMIkV9/1VrC55/D6af7ieGm\nm6B6dejRw8/1TXDdeSccdZS/ps3p03URu2TXDiBENYSDAhD5Fm0ysoSQBv7+d1ixQpebTrVly3RH\ntOXLg71cgfFj1SodJr1oka4flGpt2sDll6dmIbvQJoRDsYQQPlu2wGmnaV9C7dqpvfZ11+n6NX/9\na2qva8Kje3ddCbVPn9Red9o0rR0sX5782gFYQjAB8sorOjt07NjUXfPLL+GSS7R2UrFi6q5rwmXz\nZm3OTGWzpnNwwQVw112p28LV1jIygXHXXdp8k6rNzp2Dv/xFRxVZMjCHcsQROuLoscdSd82BA3WE\nUxC2yCyKJQSTcKVLwwsvwP33642QbMOGwaZNtiOaKZ777tNJlJMmJf9a27fDo4/CSy+FY5JkCEI0\nYdSpk444+uc/k3udrVt1CYBevXSCnDFFKVdOmzXvugt27UrutXr0gCZNoGnT5F4nUawPwSTNypXQ\noAHMnAmnnpqca9xzj9ZCgroEtwmuzp11p7JkDVGeO1f3Hl+4EI4+OjnXKIx1KptA6tULBg3SxeYS\nXYLPztaRRYsW2TBTE721a+G883TwQ/36iT33zp06QfLBB3VuTKpZp7IJpPvug8MPh2efTex5f/pJ\nO+n69rVkYGJzwgm6k94112hbfyI98ogOv07VqKJEsRqCSbo1a6BhQ52s1qpV/OfLyYH27XWeQ5BW\nsTThdPPNurveO+8kZsG54cO1ZjBvHlStGv/5YmFNRibQJk+GLl1g6lTdxSweDz0EX3yhw1pLlUpM\nfCZz7dihS1F37gyPPx7fuebO1RnJyWiGioY1GZlAa9YMnnpKJ4+tWRP7eV56SW+24cMtGZjEOPxw\n3fGvTx94663Yz7N8uY6u+89//CaDeNhAPZMyd9yhu5i1aKGbhJxySvFf6xw884yOJpo0yVYyNYlV\nrRpMnAgXX6z7g0e7GunixVrY6dFDaxphZQnBpFS3blCmjE7lHzBAk0NRtm3TmcgzZ+qSA9WqJT9O\nk3lOPx0+/VSbfBYtguefL966Q0OHwt1365yb665LfpzJZE1GJuX+/Gd47z0dJXTrrbBuXcHH5eRo\n09B552mpbepUSwYmuWrWhNmzdQ5N/fowYYLWTguycqUmgIcegtGjw58MwDqVjUdbt+r6Q/36wUUX\n6YzO6tV1CODChTBmjK5N1LMntGvnO1qTSZzTfoVHH9WRR5ddpsNIy5bV+QsTJ2riuP9+XUE1aGto\n2SgjE1q//qp73s6bp/veVqigI5Fat9ZSWhD3njWZwTmYNUsHMqxcqUtdHHecFmDatIHy5X1HWDBL\nCMYYYwAbdmqMMSZOlhCMMcYAlhCMMcZEWEIwxhgDWEIwxhgTYQnBGGMMYAnBGGNMhCUEY4wxgCUE\nY4wxEZYQjDHGAJYQjDHGRFhCMMYYA3hMCCJyn4gsEZFFImJbpRtjjGdeEoKINAc6Auc4584GXvAR\nR6bJzs72HUJasfczcey9DAZfNYS7gWecc3sAnHM/eoojo9hNl1j2fiaOvZfB4Csh1ASaisgMEckW\nkfqe4jDGGBNRMlknFpGJwLEFPPXXyHWrOucai0gDYDBwSrJiMcYYUzQvO6aJyDjgWefc5MjfK4BG\nzrlN+Y6z7dKMMSYGseyYlrQaQhE+BFoAk0XkNKB0/mQAsf2DjDHGxMZXQugH9BORhcBu4AZPcRhj\njInw0mRkjDEmeAIxU1lE2ojIUhFZLiKPFHLMK5HnvxSRuqmOMUyKej9FJEtEtojIvMjPEz7iDAMR\n6SciGyK12cKOsc9mMRT1XtrnMjoicqKITBKRryITfO8v5Ljifz6dc15/gBLACqA6UAqYD9TKd8yl\nwNjI742AGb7jDupPMd/PLGCk71jD8ANcBNQFFhbyvH02E/de2ucyuvfzWODcyO8VgK/j/e4MQg2h\nIbDCObfK6US1gUCnfMd0BN4GcM7NBKqIyDGpDTM0ivN+AliHfTE456YAPx/iEPtsFlMx3kuwz2Wx\nOefWO+fmR37fBiwBquU7LKrPZxASwvHAmjx/r408VtQxJyQ5rrAqzvvpgAsiVcixInJmyqJLP/bZ\nTBz7XMZIRKqjta+Z+Z6K6vPpa5RRXsXt1c5fcrDe8IIV532ZC5zonNshIm3RYcCnJTestGafzcSw\nz2UMRKQCMAR4IFJTOOiQfH8X+vkMQg3he+DEPH+fiGaxQx1zQuQxc7Ai30/n3K/OuR2R38cBpUTk\niNSFmFbss5kg9rmMnoiUAoYC7zrnPizgkKg+n0FICLOBmiJSXURKA1cBI/MdM5LIXAURaQz84pzb\nkNowQ6PI91NEjhERifzeEB1+vDn1oaYF+2wmiH0uoxN5r94EFjvnXi7ksKg+n96bjJxze0XkXuAj\ndITMm865JSJyZ+T5/zjnxorIpZElLrYDN3sMOdCK834CVwJ3i8heYAdwtbeAA05E3geaAUeJyBrg\nSXT0ln02o1TUe4l9LqN1IXAdsEBE5kUeexz4I8T2+bSJacYYY4BgNBkZY4wJAEsIxhhjAEsIxhhj\nIiwhGGOMASwhGGOMibCEYIwxBrCEYEzURKSyiNztOw5jEs0SgjHRqwrc4zsIYxLNEoIx0XsWODWy\nictzvoMxJlFsprIxURKRk4DRzrnavmMxJpGshmBM9GwTF5OWLCEYY4wBLCEYE4tfgYq+gzAm0Swh\nGBMl59wmYKqILLROZZNOrFPZGGMMYDUEY4wxEZYQjDHGAJYQjDHGRFhCMMYYA1hCMMYYE2EJwRhj\nDGAJwRhjTIQlBGOMMQD8f9FvPgMDCCzeAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7e69970>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "import numpy\n",
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,ylim,xlabel,ylabel,title,annotate\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variables\n",
    "\n",
    "Vi = 2.0             #positive clipping (in volts)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "Vomax = 5.0          #Maximum output voltage (in volts)    \n",
    "\n",
    "#Result\n",
    "\n",
    "print \"Following graph shows the output.\\nThe part above the line is clipped out.\"\n",
    "\n",
    "#Graph\n",
    "\n",
    "t = numpy.linspace(0.001,2,400)\n",
    "y = numpy.sin(2*math.pi*t)\n",
    "plot(t, 5*y)\n",
    "plot(t,(2*t)/t,'--')\n",
    "ylim( (-6,6) )\n",
    "ylabel('Vo')\n",
    "xlabel('t')\n",
    "title('Output Waveform')\n",
    "annotate(\"Clipping level\",xy=(0.575,2))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 33.6 , Page Number 861"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x61a9b30>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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JaWZmBgziEYKZmTWWA8HMzAAHgpmZZQ4EMzMDHAhmZpY5EMzMDHAgmPWLpAMk\nXdLsOsyK5EAw658Dgf/e7CLMiuRAMOufq4DJ+QzWrzS7GLMi+Exls36QdDhwV/7xGrMhwSMEs/5p\nxUuCm/XIgWBmZoADway/XgDe2OwizIrkQDDrh4h4DviVpEXeqWxDhXcqm5kZ4BGCmZllDgQzMwMc\nCGZmljkQzMwMcCCYmVnmQDAzM8CBYGZmmQPBzMwA+P+c7puEaHGu0gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x6196530>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "import numpy\n",
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "from matplotlib.pyplot import xlim,ylim,plot,title,xlabel,ylabel\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variables \n",
    "\n",
    "Vp = 10.0                      #Peak to peak voltage (in volts)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "Vi = 4.0                       #Input voltage (in volts)\n",
    "Vo = 1.0                       #Maximum output voltage (in volts)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Graph\n",
    "\n",
    "x = numpy.linspace(0,11,400)\n",
    "y = numpy.sin(x)\n",
    "xlim((0,14))\n",
    "ylim((0,3))\n",
    "plot(x,5*y - 4)\n",
    "plot(x,x-x+1,\"--\")\n",
    "title(\"Output waveform\")\n",
    "xlabel(\"t\")\n",
    "ylabel(\"Vo\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 33.7 , Page Number 862"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Following is the graph :\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.text.Annotation at 0x7ed13b0>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7e73810>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "import numpy\n",
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,ylim,ylabel,xlabel,title,annotate\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variables\n",
    "\n",
    "Vp = 10.0               #Peak-to-peak voltage (in volts)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Result\n",
    "\n",
    "print \"Following is the graph :\"\n",
    "\n",
    "#Graph\n",
    "\n",
    "t = numpy.arange(0.001, 2.0, 0.005)\n",
    "y = numpy.sin(2*math.pi*t)\n",
    "plot(t, 5*y)\n",
    "plot(t,(-3*t)/t,'--')\n",
    "ylim( (-6,6) )\n",
    "ylabel('Vo')\n",
    "xlabel('t')\n",
    "title('Output Waveform')\n",
    "annotate(\"Clipping level\",xy=(0.575,-2.9))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 33.8 , Page Number 866"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Following is the output :\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x7cc8310>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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h2Wdh2bLYkcQ3fLg/cNoMJxmaNvUlsVVLgPnzvcBSUVGY8yshCABbbgnt22vW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\nSUVORK5CYII=\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7caa690>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "import numpy\n",
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,ylim,ylabel,xlabel,title\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variables\n",
    "\n",
    "Vp = 5.0                        #Peak voltage (in volts)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "Vpos = 3.0                      #Positive clipping voltage (in volts)\n",
    "Vneg = -2.0                     #Negative clipping voltage (in volts)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Result\n",
    "\n",
    "print \"Following is the output :\"\n",
    "#Graph\n",
    "\n",
    "t = numpy.arange(0.001, 2.0, 0.005)\n",
    "y = numpy.sin(2*math.pi*t)\n",
    "plot(t, 5*y)\n",
    "plot(t,(3*t)/t,'--')\n",
    "plot(t,(-2*t)/t,'--')\n",
    "ylim( (-6,6) )\n",
    "ylabel('Vo')\n",
    "xlabel('t')\n",
    "title('Output Waveform')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 33.9 , Page Number 866"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Output waveform is as follows :\n",
      "The parts below and above the clipping levels are clipped off.\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x7d25710>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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oH5jZlXUcc3fq93PMrHOhY0ySbb2fZlZmZivNbFbq67oQcSaBmT1o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\nyJEW5s0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x798b430>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "import numpy\n",
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,ylim,xlabel,ylabel,title\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variables\n",
    "\n",
    "Vp = 10.0               #Peak-to-peak voltage (in volts)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "Vpos = 3.0              #Positive clipping voltage (in volts)\n",
    "Vneg = -2.0             #Negative clipping voltage (in volts)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Result\n",
    "\n",
    "print \"Output waveform is as follows :\\nThe parts below and above the clipping levels are clipped off.\"\n",
    "\n",
    "#Graph\n",
    "\n",
    "t = numpy.arange(0.001, 2.0, 0.005)\n",
    "y = numpy.sin(2*math.pi*t)\n",
    "plot(t, 10*y)\n",
    "plot(t,(-2*t)/t,'--')\n",
    "plot(t,(3*t)/t,'--')\n",
    "ylim( (-11,11) )\n",
    "ylabel('Vo')\n",
    "xlabel('t')\n",
    "title('Output Waveform')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 33.10 , Page Number 866"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "The value of R1 is  5.3  kilo-ohm.\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x76bb7f0>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x6827490>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "import numpy\n",
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,ylim,xlabel,ylabel,title\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variables\n",
    "\n",
    "Vp = 8.0                   #Peak voltage (in volts) \n",
    "Vo = 2.7                   #Maximum acceptance voltage (in volts)\n",
    "Io = 1.0 * 10**-3          #maximum output current (in Ampere)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "VR1 = Vp - Vo              #Maximum voltage drop across R1 (in volts) \n",
    "R1min = VR1 / Io           #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Result\n",
    "\n",
    "print \"The value of R1 is \",R1min * 10**-3,\" kilo-ohm.\"\n",
    "\n",
    "#Graph\n",
    "\n",
    "k = numpy.arange(0.0001, 5.0, 0.0005)\n",
    "k1= numpy.arange(5.0, 10.0, 0.0005)\n",
    "k2= numpy.arange(10.0, 15.0, 0.0005)\n",
    "k3= numpy.arange(15.0, 20.0, 0.0005)\n",
    "\n",
    "m=numpy.arange(-2.7,2.7, 0.0005)\n",
    "x1=(0.001*m)/m\n",
    "x5=(5*m)/m\n",
    "x10=(10*m)/m\n",
    "x15=(15*m)/m\n",
    "\n",
    "plot(k,-2.7*k/k,'b')\n",
    "plot(k1,2.7*k1/k1,'b')\n",
    "plot(k2,-2.7*k2/k2,'b')\n",
    "plot(k3,2.7*k3/k3,'b')\n",
    "plot(x1,m,'b')\n",
    "plot(x5,m,'b')\n",
    "plot(x10,m,'b')\n",
    "plot(x15,m,'b')\n",
    "ylim( (-5,5) )\n",
    "ylabel('Vo')\n",
    "xlabel('t')\n",
    "title('Output')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 33.11 , Page Number 868"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x769e750>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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WUjkyHfep9D1TgY/XEfPawMXAocCDko4ZsLaMWa5yu+G4WY6GmxnfFBGvAa9J\n+jtwVbp9OvCRdPG6zYBLqybZowfZz+okS8cONfbzwLjhAo6IBSSrFV4taXmSn06ekfTxiLh7uM+b\nNcvJ3nrRvKrHC6qeLyD5N78I8FJ6P4LhDEzuAxeT0sBtafmnsorraRHxs3T70sDeJCssziO5LWFH\nrhRpvcfJ3rrRXGDJBj4ngIiYm9bzPxcRv05r6OtHxP0D3v80sMWAcZca8J6Vgf7qDRExk+RuTgsH\nli4ENiVZZXG/iHiigfjNGuaavXWdiHgRuE3SdEknksysK7PrgXccGvi48nxf4KD0Vm8PkNyPdKDb\ngA2qnv8SOCo92btmum0CybmA4fwKWDsijnWityJ4iWOzIUi6Edi3cmeyAa+tDZwcEYN9UZh1FM/s\nzYZ2MnBwjdcOBn7QxljMGuaZvZlZCXhmb2ZWAk72ZmYl4GRvZlYCTvZmZiXgZG9mVgJO9mZmJfD/\nAaTWw6sIdNJsAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x63429b0>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "import numpy\n",
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,ylim,title,xlabel,ylabel\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variables\n",
    "\n",
    "Vp = 10.0            #Peak voltage (in volts)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "Vi = 3.0             #Input voltage (in volts)     \n",
    "Vo = Vi - 2.0        #Output voltage (in volts) \n",
    "\n",
    "#Graph\n",
    "\n",
    "t = numpy.linspace(0,2,100)\n",
    "t1 = numpy.linspace(2,4,100)\n",
    "t2 = numpy.linspace(4,9,100)\n",
    "t3 = numpy.linspace(9,11,100)\n",
    "t4 = numpy.linspace(11,21,100)\n",
    "t5 = numpy.linspace(21,23,100)\n",
    "t6 = numpy.linspace(23,28,100)\n",
    "t7 = numpy.linspace(28,30,100)\n",
    "t8 = numpy.linspace(30,32,100)\n",
    "\n",
    "ylim((0,5))\n",
    "plot(t1,0.5*t1 -1,'b')\n",
    "plot(t2,(1*t2)/t2,'b')\n",
    "plot(t3,1 -0.5*(t3-9))\n",
    "plot(t5,0.5*(t5-21),'b')\n",
    "plot(t6,(1*t6)/t6,'b')\n",
    "plot(t7,1-0.5*(t7-28),'b')\n",
    "plot(t8,(0*t8/t8),'b')\n",
    "title(\"Output waveform\")\n",
    "xlabel(\"time (t) ->\")\n",
    "ylabel(\"Output voltage (Vo) ->\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 33.12 , Page Number 869"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x63b38b0>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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t5eDuTwLv1Vt8JHBr8vhWwoEhqkZyQvr251vuPj15vAyYQ7hnJVX7tImckL59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\npvtxRpEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x61964f0>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "import numpy\n",
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "from matplotlib.pyplot import ylim,xlim,plot,title,xlabel,ylabel\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variables\n",
    "\n",
    "VSmax = 20.0                    #peak voltage (in volts)\n",
    "VD2 = 0.7                       #Voltage drop across diode D2 (in volts) \n",
    "\n",
    "#Calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "Vomin = 5.0 - VD2               #Minimum output voltage (in volts)  \n",
    "Vomax = 10.7                    #Maximum output voltage (in volts)  \n",
    "\n",
    "#Graph\n",
    "\n",
    "t = numpy.linspace(0,4,100)\n",
    "t1 = numpy.linspace(4,10,100)\n",
    "t2 = numpy.linspace(10,20,100)\n",
    "t3 = numpy.linspace(20,24,100)\n",
    "t4 = numpy.linspace(24,30,100)\n",
    "t5 = numpy.linspace(30,40,100)\n",
    "\n",
    "ylim((0,15))\n",
    "xlim((0,40))\n",
    "plot(t,4.3+t-t,'b')\n",
    "plot(t1,4.3 + 6.4/6*(t1 - 4))\n",
    "plot(t2,(10.7)+t2-t2,'b')\n",
    "plot(t3,(4.3+t3)-t3,'b')\n",
    "plot(t4,4.3 + 6.4/6*(t4 - 24),'b')\n",
    "plot(t5,(10.7)+t5-t5,'b')\n",
    "\n",
    "title(\"Output waveform\")\n",
    "xlabel(\"t (in ms) ->\")\n",
    "ylabel(\"Vo (in volt) ->\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 33.13 , Page Number 872"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x6594970>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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ZwO6E4v0acI+7/5KuoFWcV4Vfoth//7Aei/blLW5ffQXt28Pnn8OaeTTTKF2F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\nTuwcteXu37r7xOT2z8DHwHp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      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x625a790>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "import numpy\n",
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,xlabel,ylabel,title\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variables\n",
    "\n",
    "Vp = 48.0                 #Peak-to-peak voltage (in volts)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Graph\n",
    "\n",
    "x = numpy.linspace(0,2 * math.pi,100)\n",
    "y = numpy.sin(x)\n",
    "plot(x,24 + 24*y)\n",
    "plot(x,(24)+x-x,'--')\n",
    "xlabel(\"Time(t)\")\n",
    "ylabel(\"Output voltage (Vo)\")\n",
    "title(\"Output waveform\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 33.14 , Page Number 872"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x64a0b30>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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hOoerp8fmWCVpCllL7e6GRcM6PqucKNr9A4/G/+T+w5Dm2tkv9wCTI2J/4GLgum5tXNJ2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\nRU5ErkJggg==\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x6264e10>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "import numpy\n",
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,ylim,xlabel,ylabel,title,subplot\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variables\n",
    "\n",
    "Vi = 10.0                    #Input a.c. voltage (in volts)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Graph\n",
    "\n",
    "#Positive Clipping\n",
    "subplot(211)\n",
    "k1= numpy.arange(0.0001, 0.500, 0.0005)\n",
    "k2= numpy.arange(0.500, 1.000, 0.0005)\n",
    "k3= numpy.arange(1.000,1.500, 0.0005)\n",
    "k4= numpy.arange(1.500,2.000, 0.0005)\n",
    "m = numpy.arange(-10,10,0.0005)\n",
    "\n",
    "x5=(0.0500*m)/m\n",
    "x10=(0.500*m)/m\n",
    "x15=(1.000*m)/m\n",
    "x25=(1.500*m)/m\n",
    "\n",
    "plot(k1,10*k1/k1,'b')\n",
    "plot(k2,-10*k2/k2,'b')\n",
    "plot(k3,10*k3/k3,'b')\n",
    "plot(k4,-10*k4/k4,'b')\n",
    "plot(x10,m,'b')\n",
    "plot(x15,m,'b')\n",
    "plot(x25,m,'b')\n",
    "\n",
    "ylim( (-12,12) )\n",
    "ylabel('Vo')\n",
    "xlabel('Positive Clipping')\n",
    "title('Output Waveform 1')\n",
    "\n",
    "#Negative Clipping\n",
    "subplot(212)\n",
    "k1= numpy.arange(0.0001, 0.500, 0.0005)\n",
    "k2= numpy.arange(0.500, 1.000, 0.0005)\n",
    "k3= numpy.arange(1.000,1.500, 0.0005)\n",
    "k4= numpy.arange(1.500,2.000, 0.0005)\n",
    "m = numpy.arange(-20,0,0.0005)\n",
    "\n",
    "x5=(0.500*m)/m\n",
    "x10=(0.500*m)/m\n",
    "x15=(1.000*m)/m\n",
    "x25=(1.500*m)/m\n",
    "\n",
    "plot(k1,0*k1/k1,'b')\n",
    "plot(k2,-20*k2/k2,'b')\n",
    "plot(k3,0*k3/k3,'b')\n",
    "plot(k4,-20*k4/k4,'b')\n",
    "plot(x10,m,'b')\n",
    "plot(x15,m,'b')\n",
    "plot(x25,m,'b')\n",
    "\n",
    "ylim( (-22,0) )\n",
    "ylabel('Vo')\n",
    "xlabel('t')\n",
    "title('Output Waveform 2')"
   ]
  }
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