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+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Chapter 1: Semiconductor Diodes"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 1.1"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ " Thermal Voltage= 25.875 mV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "k=1.38*(10**(-23)) #boltzmann's constant\n",
+ "t=273+27 #converting given temperature to Kelvin\n",
+ "q=1.6*(10**(-19)) #charge on an electron\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# V=(k*t)/q\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V=(k*t)/q\n",
+ "V=V*1000 #converting result in millivolts\n",
+ "print \"Thermal Voltage=\",V,\"mV\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 1.2 (a)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Voltage across Germanium diode= 0.2 V\n",
+ "Voltage across Silicon diode = 0.6 V\n",
+ "Voltage across GaAs diode = 1.1 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "Id= 1 #in mA, current across diodes\n",
+ "#from the standard graph for Ge,Si, and GaAs diodes\n",
+ "Vge=0.2\n",
+ "Vsi=0.6\n",
+ "Vgaas=1.1\n",
+ "print \"Voltage across Germanium diode=\",Vge,\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Voltage across Silicon diode =\",Vsi,\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Voltage across GaAs diode =\",Vgaas,\"V\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 1.2 (b)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Voltage across Germanium diode= 0.3 V\n",
+ "Voltage across Silicon diode = 0.7 V\n",
+ "Voltage across GaAs diode = 1.2 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "Id= 4 #in mA, current across diodes\n",
+ "#from the standard graph for Ge,Si, and GaAs diodes\n",
+ "Vge=0.3\n",
+ "Vsi=0.7\n",
+ "Vgaas=1.2\n",
+ "print \"Voltage across Germanium diode=\",Vge,\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Voltage across Silicon diode =\",Vsi,\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Voltage across GaAs diode =\",Vgaas,\"V\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 1.2 (c)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 12,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Voltage across Germanium diode= 0.42 V\n",
+ "Voltage across Silicon diode = 0.82 V\n",
+ "Voltage across GaAs diode = 1.33 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "Id=30 #in mA, current across diodes\n",
+ "#from the standard graph for Ge,Si, and GaAs diodes\n",
+ "Vge=0.42\n",
+ "Vsi=0.82\n",
+ "Vgaas=1.33\n",
+ "print \"Voltage across Germanium diode=\",Vge,\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Voltage across Silicon diode =\",Vsi,\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Voltage across GaAs diode =\",Vgaas,\"V\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 1.2 (d)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Average Volatge value for Germanium Diode= 0.307 V\n",
+ "Average Volatge value for Silicon Diode= 0.707 V\n",
+ "Average Volatge value for GaAs Diode= 1.21 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Average value for Germanium\n",
+ "Vg=(0.2+0.3+0.42)/3\n",
+ "#Average value for Silicon\n",
+ "Vs=(0.6+0.7+0.82)/3\n",
+ "#Average value for GaAs\n",
+ "Vgs=(1.1+1.2+1.33)/3\n",
+ "print \"Average Volatge value for Germanium Diode=\",round(Vg,3),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Average Volatge value for Silicon Diode=\",round(Vs,3),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Average Volatge value for GaAs Diode=\",round(Vgs,3),\"V\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 1.2 (e)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 22,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Very close correspondence between knee voltage and average voltage\n",
+ "Germanium 0.3 V vs 0.307 V\n",
+ "Silicon 0.7 V vs 0.707 V\n",
+ "GaAs 1.2 V vs 1.21 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#comparing average values in d with the standard knee voltages\n",
+ "#Average value for Germanium\n",
+ "Vg=(0.2+0.3+0.42)/3\n",
+ "#Average value for Silicon\n",
+ "Vs=(0.6+0.7+0.82)/3\n",
+ "#Average value for GaAs\n",
+ "Vgs=(1.1+1.2+1.33)/3\n",
+ "kge=0.3\n",
+ "ksi=0.7\n",
+ "kgaas=1.2\n",
+ "print \"Very close correspondence between knee voltage and average voltage\"\n",
+ "print \"Germanium\",kge,\"V vs\",round(Vg,3),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Silicon\",ksi,\"V vs\",round(Vs,3),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"GaAs\",kgaas,\"V vs\",round(Vgs,3),\"V\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## There is a Repeatation of Example 1.2"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 1.2(a)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "dc resistance= 250.0 ohms\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "Id=2*(10**(-3)) #in ampere\n",
+ "Vd=0.5 #in volts\n",
+ "rd=Vd/Id\n",
+ "print \"dc resistance=\",rd,\"ohms\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 1.2(b)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "dc resistance 40.0 ohms\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "Id=20*(10**(-3)) #in ampere\n",
+ "Vd=0.8 #in volts\n",
+ "rd=Vd/Id\n",
+ "print \"dc resistance=\",rd,\"ohms\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 1.2(c)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "dc resistance= 10.0 Mohms\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Id=-Is\n",
+ "Id=1*(10**(-6)) #in ampere\n",
+ "Vd=-10 #in volts\n",
+ "rd=abs(Vd)/Id\n",
+ "rd=rd/(10**(6))\n",
+ "print \"dc resistance=\",rd,\"Mohms\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 1.3(a)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "ac resistance= 27.5 ohms\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "# drawing tangent at Id=2mA and choosing any random points n the tangent to gwt two set of values of Id and Vd\n",
+ "Id1=4*(10**(-3)) #IN ampere\n",
+ "Id2=0 #IN ampere\n",
+ "Vd1=0.76 #IN VOLTS\n",
+ "Vd2=0.65 #IN VOLTS \n",
+ "X=Id1-Id2\n",
+ "Y=Vd1-Vd2\n",
+ "rd=Y/X\n",
+ "print \"ac resistance=\",rd,\"ohms\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 1.3(b)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "ac resistance= 2.0 ohms\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "# drawing tangent at Id=2mA and choosing any random points n the tangent to gwt two set of values of Id and Vd\n",
+ "Id1=30*(10**(-3)) #IN ampere\n",
+ "Id2=20*(10**(-3)) #IN ampere\n",
+ "Vd1=0.80 #IN VOLTS\n",
+ "Vd2=0.78 #IN VOLTS \n",
+ "X=Id1-Id2\n",
+ "Y=Vd1-Vd2\n",
+ "rd=Y/X\n",
+ "print \"ac resistance=\",rd,\"ohms\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 1.3(c)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Dc resistance= 350.0 ohms exceeds ac resistance= 27.5 ohms\n",
+ "Dc resistance= 31.6 ohms exceeds ac resistance= 2 ohms\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#calculating Dc resistance\n",
+ "#Case-1\n",
+ "Id1=2*(10**(-3)) #in ampere\n",
+ "Vd1=0.7 #in volts\n",
+ "Rd=Vd1/Id1\n",
+ "rd=27.5 #ac resistance in ohms\n",
+ "if Rd>rd:\n",
+ " print \"Dc resistance=\",Rd,\"ohms exceeds ac resistance=\",rd,\"ohms\"\n",
+ "else:\n",
+ " print \"Dc resistance=\",Rd,\"ohms didnot exceeds ac resistance=\",rd,\"ohms\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Case-2\n",
+ "Id1=25*(10**(-3)) #in ampere\n",
+ "Vd1=0.79 #in volts\n",
+ "Rd=Vd1/Id1\n",
+ "rd=2 #ac resistance in ohms\n",
+ "if Rd>rd:\n",
+ " print \"Dc resistance=\",Rd,\"ohms exceeds ac resistance=\",rd,\"ohms\"\n",
+ "else:\n",
+ " print \"Dc resistance=\",Rd,\"ohms didnot exceeds ac resistance=\",rd,\"ohms\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 1.4"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "New potential across zener diode= 10.54 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Equation- change in Cvz=(Tc*Vz*(t1-t0))/100%\n",
+ "Tc=0.072 #unit %/celsius\n",
+ "t1=100 #in celsius\n",
+ "t0=25 #in celsius\n",
+ "Vz=10 #in volts\n",
+ "Cvz=(Tc*Vz*(t1-t0))/100\n",
+ "nVz=Vz+Cvz #new Vz\n",
+ "print \"New potential across zener diode=\",nVz,\"V\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 1.5"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The range of Wavelength for the frequency of Visible lightis 750 nm to 400 nm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Equation wavelength(x)=c/f,where c=speed of light and f=frequency of the light\n",
+ "c=3*(10**(8))*(10**(9)) #in nm/s\n",
+ "x1=(c/(400*(10**12))) #in nm\n",
+ "x2=c/(750*(10**12)) #in nm\n",
+ "print \"The range of Wavelength for the frequency of Visible lightis\",x1,\"nm to\",x2,\"nm\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.11"
+ },
+ "widgets": {
+ "state": {},
+ "version": "1.1.2"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
generated by cgit (git 2.34.1) at 2024-12-20 17:11:03 +0000