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diff --git a/backup/Modern_Physics_version_backup/chapter11.ipynb b/backup/Modern_Physics_version_backup/chapter11.ipynb deleted file mode 100755 index f92c7d71..00000000 --- a/backup/Modern_Physics_version_backup/chapter11.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,336 +0,0 @@ -{
- "metadata": {
- "name": "",
- "signature": "sha256:47ab953016e5f85b7389dfd03b89e4eaceb4217fd3c41781effc5a2eb8d08d3e"
- },
- "nbformat": 3,
- "nbformat_minor": 0,
- "worksheets": [
- {
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 1,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "11: Natural Radioactivity"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example number 11.1, Page number 222"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#import modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "ttg=8378-1898; #total time gap(yrs)\n",
- "hf=1620; #half life(yrs)\n",
- "n=ttg/hf; #number of half-periods\n",
- "Mo=200; #amount of radium(mg)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "M=Mo*(0.5)**n; #amount of radium left(mg)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"amount of radium left is\",M,\"mg\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "amount of radium left is 12.5 mg\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 4
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example number 11.2, Page number 222"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#import modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "T=30; #half life(days)\n",
- "#M is intial conc.\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "lamda=0.693/T; #radioactive disintegration constant(per day)\n",
- "#M/4 is left\n",
- "t1=-math.log(1/4)/lamda; #time taken(days)\n",
- "#M/8 is left\n",
- "t2=-math.log(1/8)/lamda; #time taken(days)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"radioactive disintegration constant is\",lamda,\"per day\"\n",
- "print \"time taken for 3/4th of original is\",int(t1),\"days\"\n",
- "print \"time taken for 1/8th of original is\",int(t2),\"days\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "radioactive disintegration constant is 0.0231 per day\n",
- "time taken for 3/4th of original is 60 days\n",
- "time taken for 1/8th of original is 90 days\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 3
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example number 11.3, Page number 222"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#import modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "No=4750; #count rate(per minute)\n",
- "N=2700; #rate(counts/minute)\n",
- "t=5; #time(minutes)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation \n",
- "lamda=math.log(No/N)/t; #decay constant(per minute)\n",
- "T=0.693/lamda; #half life(minutes)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"radioactive disintegration constant is\",round(lamda,3),\"per minute\"\n",
- "print \"half life of sample is\",round(T,1),\"minutes\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "radioactive disintegration constant is 0.113 per minute\n",
- "half life of sample is 6.1 minutes\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 2
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example number 11.4, Page number 223"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#import modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "m=4.00387; #mass of alpha particle(amu)\n",
- "M=10**-6; #mass of Pu-239(kg) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "m=m*1.66*10**-24; #mass of alpha particle(g)\n",
- "Mo=2300*m; #mass of 2300 alpha particles(g)\n",
- "lamda=(Mo/1)/M; #radioactive disintegration constant(per second)\n",
- "T=0.693/lamda; #half life period(seconds)\n",
- "T=T/(365*24*3600); #half life period(years)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"half life is\",round(T/1e+6,3),\"*10**6 years\"\n",
- "print \"answer given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "half life is 1.438 *10**6 years\n",
- "answer given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 5
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example number 11.5, Page number 223"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#import modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "T=2.48*10**5; #half life(yrs)\n",
- "lamda=8.88*10**-14 #decay constant (per second)\n",
- "Mo=4; #intial mass(mg)\n",
- "t=62000; #time(years)\n",
- "Na=6.02*10**23; #Avgraodo no.(per g-mol)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "lamdat=0.693/T*t; \n",
- "M=Mo*(math.exp(-lamdat)); #mass remained unchanged(mg) \n",
- "N=M*10**-3*Na/234;\n",
- "A=lamda*N; #activity(disintegrations/second)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"mass remained unchanged is\",round(M,3),\"mg\"\n",
- "print \"Activity is\",round(A/1e+5,3),\"*10**5 disintegrations/second\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "mass remained unchanged is 3.364 mg\n",
- "Activity is 7.684 *10**5 disintegrations/second\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 6
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example number 11.6, Page number 223"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#import modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "T=1620; #half life(years)\n",
- "Mo=1/100; #mass(g)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "lamda=0.693/T; #radioactive constant(per years) \n",
- "M=(1-Mo); #amount of radium left behind(g) \n",
- "t=math.log(1/M)/lamda; #time required to lose 1 centigram(years)\n",
- "t1=math.log(1/Mo)/lamda; #time required to be reduced to 1 centigram(years)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"time required to lose 1 centigram is\",round(t,1),\"years\"\n",
- "print \"time required to be reduced to 1 centigram is\",int(t1),\"years\"\n",
- "print \"answer given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "time required to lose 1 centigram is 23.5 years\n",
- "time required to be reduced to 1 centigram is 10765 years\n",
- "answer given in the book varies due to rounding off errors\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 7
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example number 11.7, Page number 232"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#import modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "T=2*10**-4; #dead time(seconds)\n",
- "n=500; #number of pulses(per second)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "n0=n/(1-(n*T)); #number of incoming particles(per second)\n",
- "r=n*T*100; #relative error of counting(%)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"intensity of the incoming beam is\",int(n0),\"particles/second\"\n",
- "print \"relative error of counting is\",int(r),\"%\"\n",
- "print \"answer for intensity given in the book is wrong\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "intensity of the incoming beam is 555 particles/second\n",
- "relative error of counting is 10 %\n",
- "answer for intensity given in the book is wrong\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 8
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {}
- }
- ]
-}
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