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diff --git a/backup/Modern_Physics_version_backup/Chapter16.ipynb b/backup/Modern_Physics_version_backup/Chapter16.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..7a4a153b --- /dev/null +++ b/backup/Modern_Physics_version_backup/Chapter16.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,143 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "Chapter16", + "signature": "sha256:8da1ca227cbd2fcd5141a76f92c8c3cee05db901d462b1e82e4eb0345baf65a5" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 16:Cosmology: Origin and Fate of Universe" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 16.1 Page 529" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#initiation of variable\n", + "from math import log\n", + "N2=0.25;N1=0.75; #various given values\n", + "L2=1.0;L1=0.0;\n", + "E1_E2=-4.7*(10**-4); #Energy difference\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "a=(N2/N1); b=(((2*L2)+1)/((2*L1)+1));c=E1_E2; #various terms involved in the formula of ratio of population\n", + "kT=(c/log(a/b)); #value of k*T\n", + "k=0.0000856; #constant\n", + "T=kT/k; #temperature of interstellar space\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print \"The temperature of interstellar space was found out to be in K\",round(T,3);" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The temperature of interstellar space was found out to be in K 2.499\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 16.2 Page 536" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#initiation of variable\n", + "mc2=940.0*10**6; k=8.6*10**-5; #various constants and given values in suitable units\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "T= mc2/k; #temperature of the photons\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print \"The temperature of the photons must be in K %.1e\" %round(T,3);\n", + "\n", + "#part2\n", + "t=((1.5*10**10)/T)**2; #age of universe when the photons have the above temperature\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print\"The age of the universe for the temperature of the photon to be as obtained above in seconds is %.0e\" %t;" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The temperature of the photons must be in K 1.1e+13\n", + "The age of the universe for the temperature of the photon to be as obtained above in seconds is 2e-06\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 16.3 Page 539" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#initiation of variable\n", + "from math import exp\n", + "k=8.62*10**-5; #various values and constants\n", + "T= 1.5*10**10;\n", + "delE=1.3*10**6;\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "a= delE/(k*T); #exponent in boltzmann factor\n", + "b=exp(-a); #ratio of neutron to protons\n", + "r=(1/(1+b))*100; #relative number of protons\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print\"The percentage of protons is\",round(r),\" neutrons is \",round(100-r);" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The percentage of protons is 73.0 neutrons is 27.0\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
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