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+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# 7: Nuclear Structure"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 1, Page number 235"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "total mass is 11.7167 *10**-27 kg\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration \n",
+ "mp=1.6725*10**-27; #mass of proton(kg)\n",
+ "mn=1.6748*10**-27; #mass of neutron(kg)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "m=(3*mp)+(4*mn); #total mass(kg)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"total mass is\",m*10**27,\"*10**-27 kg\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 2, Page number 235"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "number of electrons is 36 *10**23\n",
+ "number of protons is 36 *10**23\n",
+ "number of neutrons is 48 *10**23\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration \n",
+ "N=6*10**23; #avagadro number\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "e=6*N; #number of electrons\n",
+ "p=6*N; #number of protons\n",
+ "n=8*N; #number of neutrons\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"number of electrons is\",int(e/10**23),\"*10**23\"\n",
+ "print \"number of protons is\",int(p/10**23),\"*10**23\"\n",
+ "print \"number of neutrons is\",int(n/10**23),\"*10**23\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 3, Page number 235"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 14,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "mass number of nucleus is 9\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration \n",
+ "r=2.71*10**-15; #radius(m)\n",
+ "r0=1.3*10**-15; \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "A=(r/r0)**3; #mass number of nucleus\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"mass number of nucleus is\",int(A)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 4, Page number 235"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 20,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "radius of He is 2.2375 fermi\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration \n",
+ "r1=7.731; #radius(fermi)\n",
+ "A1=165; #mass number of Ho\n",
+ "A2=4; #mass number of He \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "r2=r1*(A2/A1)**(1/3); #radius of He(fermi)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"radius of He is\",round(r2,4),\"fermi\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 5, Page number 236"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 23,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "radius of nucleus is 4.8 fermi\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration \n",
+ "r1=6; #radius(fermi)\n",
+ "A1=125; #mass number of nucleus\n",
+ "A2=64; #mass number of nucleus \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "r2=r1*(A2/A1)**(1/3); #radius of nucleus(fermi)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"radius of nucleus is\",r2,\"fermi\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 6, Page number 236"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 25,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "density of nuclear matter is 1.8 *10**17 kg/m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration \n",
+ "A=1; #assume\n",
+ "r=1.3*A**(1/3)*10**-15; #radius(m) \n",
+ "amu=1.66*10**-27; #amu(kg)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "V=4*math.pi*r**3/3; #volume(m**3)\n",
+ "M=A*amu;\n",
+ "rho=M/V; #density of nuclear matter(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"density of nuclear matter is\",round(rho/10**17,1),\"*10**17 kg/m**3\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 7, Page number 236"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 33,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "electrostatic potential energy is 3.91 *10**-11 eV\n",
+ "answer given in the book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration \n",
+ "A=235/2; #mass number\n",
+ "r=1.3*A**(1/3)*10**-15; #radius(m) \n",
+ "Z=46; #atomic number\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.65*10**-12; \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "U=(Z*e)**2/(4*math.pi*epsilon0*2*r); #electrostatic potential energy(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"electrostatic potential energy is\",round(U*10**11,2),\"*10**-11 eV\"\n",
+ "print \"answer given in the book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 8, Page number 240"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 38,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "binding energy of alpha particle is 28.5229 MeV\n",
+ "binding energy per nucleon is 7.1307 MeV\n",
+ "answer given in the book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration \n",
+ "mp=1.007277; #mass of proton(amu)\n",
+ "mhn=4.001265; #mass of helium nucleus(amu)\n",
+ "mn=1.008666; #mass of neutron(amu)\n",
+ "amu=931.4812; #amu(MeV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "m=(2*mp)+(2*mn); #total initial mass(amu)\n",
+ "deltam=m-mhn; #mass defect(amu)\n",
+ "BEalpha=deltam*amu; #binding energy of alpha particle(MeV)\n",
+ "BEn=BEalpha/4; #binding energy per nucleon(MeV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"binding energy of alpha particle is\",round(BEalpha,4),\"MeV\"\n",
+ "print \"binding energy per nucleon is\",round(BEn,4),\"MeV\"\n",
+ "print \"answer given in the book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 9, Page number 240"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 45,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "energy released is 63.0 *10**10 J\n",
+ "electrical energy is 8.75 *10**3 kilowatt hour\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration \n",
+ "mh=1*10**-3; #mass of hydrogen(kg)\n",
+ "mhe=0.993*10**-3; #mass of helium(kg)\n",
+ "e=5/100; #efficiency\n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #velocity of light(m/sec)\n",
+ "x=36*10**5; \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "deltam=mh-mhe; #mass defect(kg)\n",
+ "E=deltam*c**2; #energy released(J)\n",
+ "EE=e*E/x; #electrical energy(kilowatt hour)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"energy released is\",E/10**10,\"*10**10 J\"\n",
+ "print \"electrical energy is\",round(EE/10**3,2),\"*10**3 kilowatt hour\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 10, Page number 241"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 47,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "energy released is 0.73 MeV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration \n",
+ "mp=1.6725*10**-27; #mass of proton(kg)\n",
+ "me=9*10**-31; #mass of electron(kg)\n",
+ "mn=1.6747*10**-27; #mass of neutron(kg)\n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #velocity of light(m/sec)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "deltam=mn-(mp+me); #mass defect(kg)\n",
+ "E=deltam*c**2/(e*10**6); #energy released(MeV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"energy released is\",round(E,2),\"MeV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example number 11, Page number 241"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 53,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "atomic mass is 34.96908 amu\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration \n",
+ "mp=1.007825; #mass of proton(amu)\n",
+ "mn=1.008665; #mass of neutron(amu)\n",
+ "BE=298; #binding energy(MeV)\n",
+ "amu=931.5; #amu(MeV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "m=(17*mp)+(18*mn); #total initial mass(amu)\n",
+ "deltam=BE/amu; #mass defect(amu)\n",
+ "Am=m-deltam; #atomic mass(amu)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"atomic mass is\",round(Am,5),\"amu\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.11"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
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