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Diffstat (limited to 'Thermodynamics,_Statistical_Thermodynamics,_&_Kinetics/Chapter02.ipynb')
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diff --git a/Thermodynamics,_Statistical_Thermodynamics,_&_Kinetics/Chapter02.ipynb b/Thermodynamics,_Statistical_Thermodynamics,_&_Kinetics/Chapter02.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..432f8e79 --- /dev/null +++ b/Thermodynamics,_Statistical_Thermodynamics,_&_Kinetics/Chapter02.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,420 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:79d03e9c97c3d8ac9e7b819d4383e36696e6a2ea64bb801edb77a95675cdc73c"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter 02: Heat, Work, Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and The First Law of Thermodynamics"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example Problem 2.1, Page 18"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration Part a\n",
+ "vi = 20.0 #Initial volume of ideal gas, L\n",
+ "vf = 85.0 #final volume of ideal gas, L\n",
+ "Pext = 2.5 #External Pressure against which work is done, bar\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "w = -Pext*1e5*(vf-vi)*1e-3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print 'Part a: Work done in expansion is %6.1f kJ'%(w/1000)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration Part b\n",
+ "ri = 1.00 #Initial diameter of bubble, cm\n",
+ "rf = 3.25 #final diameter of bubble, cm\n",
+ "sigm = 71.99 #Surface tension, N/m\n",
+ "\n",
+ "from math import pi\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "w = -2*sigm*4*pi*(rf**2-ri**2)*1e-4\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print 'Part b: Work done in expansion of bubble is %4.2f J'%w\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration Part c\n",
+ "i = 3.20 #Current through heating coil, A \n",
+ "v = 14.5 #fVoltage applied across coil, volts\n",
+ "t = 30.0 #time for which current is applied,s\n",
+ "\n",
+ "from math import pi\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "w = v*i*t\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print 'Part c: Work done in paasing the cuurent through coil is %4.2f kJ'%(w/1000)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration Part d\n",
+ "k = 100.0 #Constant in F = -kx, N/cm \n",
+ "dl = -0.15 #stretch , cm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "from math import pi\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "w = -k*(dl**2-0)/2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print 'Part d: Work done stretching th fiber is %4.2f J'%w"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Part a: Work done in expansion is -16.2 kJ\n",
+ "Part b: Work done in expansion of bubble is -1.73 J\n",
+ "Part c: Work done in paasing the cuurent through coil is 1.39 kJ\n",
+ "Part c: Work done stretching th fiber is -1.12 J\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 15
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example Problem 2.2, Page Number 20"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Variable Declaration \n",
+ "m = 100.0 #Mass of water, g \n",
+ "T = 100.0 #Temperature of water, \u00b0C\n",
+ "Pext = 1.0 #External Pressure on assembly, bar\n",
+ "x = 10.0 #percent of water vaporised at 1 bar,-\n",
+ "i = 2.00 #current through heating coil, A\n",
+ "v = 12.0 #Voltage applied, v\n",
+ "t = 1.0e3 #time for which current applied, s \n",
+ "rhol = 997 #Density of liquid, kg/m3\n",
+ "rhog = 0.59 #Density of vapor, kg/m3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "q = i*v*t\n",
+ "vi = m/(rhol*100)*1e-3\n",
+ "vf = m*(100-x)*1e-3/(rhol*100) + m*x*1e-3/(rhog*100)\n",
+ "w = -Pext*(vf-vi)*1e5\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print 'Heat added to the water %4.2f kJ'%(q/1000)\n",
+ "print 'Work done in vaporizing liquid is %4.2f J'%w"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Heat added to the water 24.00 kJ\n",
+ "Work done in vaporizing liquid is -1703.84 J\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 23
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example Problem 2.3, Page Number 22"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Variable Declaration Part d\n",
+ "m = 1.5 #mass of water in surrounding, kg \n",
+ "dT = 14.2 #Change in temperature of water, \u00b0C or K\n",
+ "cp = 4.18 #Specific heat of water at constant pressure, J/(g.K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "qp = m*cp*dT\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print 'Heat removed by water at constant pressure %4.2f kJ'%qp"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Heat removed by water at constant pressure 89.03 kJ\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 26
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example Problem 2.4, Page Number 28"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "from math import log\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n = 2.0 #moles of ideal gas\n",
+ "R = 8.314 #Ideal gas constant, bar.L/(mol.K)\n",
+ "#For reverssible Isothermal expansion \n",
+ "Pi1 = 25.0 #Initial Pressure of ideal gas, bar\n",
+ "Vi1 = 4.50 #Initial volume of ideal gas, L\n",
+ "Pf1 = 4.50 #Fianl Pressure of ideal gas, bar\n",
+ "Pext = 4.50 #External pressure, bar \n",
+ "Pint = 11.0 #Intermediate pressure, bar\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calcualtions reverssible Isothermal expansion \n",
+ "T1 = Pi1*Vi1/(n*R)\n",
+ "Vf1 = n*R*T1/Pf1\n",
+ "w = -n*R*T1*log(Vf1/Vi1)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print 'For reverssible Isothermal expansion'\n",
+ "print 'Work done = %4.2e J'%w\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calcualtions Single step irreverssible expansion \n",
+ "\n",
+ "w = -Pext*1e5*(Vf1-Vi1)*1e-3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print 'For Single step reverssible expansion'\n",
+ "print 'Work done = %4.2e J'%w\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calcualtions Two step irreverssible expansion \n",
+ "Vint = n*R*T1/(Pint)\n",
+ "w = -Pint*1e5*(Vint-Vi1)*1e-3 - Pf1*1e5*(Vf1-Vint)*1e-3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print 'For Two step reverssible expansion'\n",
+ "print 'Work done = %4.2e J'%w\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "For reverssible Isothermal expansion\n",
+ "Work done = -1.93e+02 J\n",
+ "For Single step reverssible expansion\n",
+ "Work done = -9.22e+03 J\n",
+ "For Twi step reverssible expansion\n",
+ "Work done = -1.29e+04 J\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 6
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example Problem 2.5, Page Number 32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "from math import log\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n = 2.5 #moles of ideal gas\n",
+ "R = 0.08314 #Ideal gas constant, bar.L/(mol.K)\n",
+ "cvm = 20.79 #Heat Capacity at constant volume, J/(mol.K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "p1 = 16.6 #Pressure at point 1, bar\n",
+ "v1 = 1.00 #Volume at point 1, L\n",
+ "p2 = 16.6 #Pressure at point 2, bar\n",
+ "v2 = 25.0 #Volume at point 2, L \n",
+ "v3 = 25.0 #Volume at point 3, L\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "T1 = p1*v1/(n*R)\n",
+ "T2 = p2*v2/(n*R)\n",
+ "T3 = T1 #from problem statement\n",
+ " #for path 1-2\n",
+ "DU12 = n*cvm*(T2-T1)\n",
+ "w12 = -p1*1e5*(v2-v1)*1e-3\n",
+ "q12 = DU12 - w12\n",
+ "DH12 = DU12 + n*R*(T2-T1)*1e2\n",
+ "\n",
+ " #for path 2-3\n",
+ "w23 = 0.0\n",
+ "DU23 = q23 = n*cvm*(T3-T2)\n",
+ "DH23 = -DH12\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ " #for path 3-1\n",
+ "DU31 = 0.0 #Isothemal process\n",
+ "DH31 = 0.0\n",
+ "w31 = -n*R*1e2*T1*log(v1/v3)\n",
+ "q31 = -w31\n",
+ "\n",
+ "DU = DU12+DU23+DU31\n",
+ "w = w12+w23+w31\n",
+ "q = q12+q23+q31\n",
+ "DH = DH12+DH23+DH31\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print 'For Path q w DU DH '\n",
+ "print '1-2 %7.2f %7.2f %7.2f %7.2f'%(q12,w12,DU12,DH12)\n",
+ "print '2-3 %7.2f %7.2f %7.2f %7.2f'%(q23,w23,DU23,DH23)\n",
+ "print '3-1 %7.2f %7.2f %7.2f %7.2f'%(q31,w31,DU31,DH31)\n",
+ "print 'Overall %7.2f %7.2f %7.2f %7.2f'%(q,w,DU,DH)\n",
+ "print 'all values are in J'"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "For Path q w DU DH \n",
+ "1-2 139463.96 -39840.00 99623.96 139463.96\n",
+ "2-3 -99623.96 0.00 -99623.96 -139463.96\n",
+ "3-1 -5343.33 5343.33 0.00 0.00\n",
+ "Overall 34496.67 -34496.67 0.00 0.00\n",
+ "all values are in J\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 47
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example Problem 2.6, Page Number 34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "n = 2.5 #moles of ideal gas\n",
+ "R = 8.314 #Ideal gas constant, J/(mol.K)\n",
+ "cvm = 12.47 #Heat Capacity at constant volume, J/(mol.K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "pext = 1.00 #External Pressure, bar\n",
+ "Ti = 325. #Initial Temeprature, K\n",
+ "pi = 2.50 #Initial Pressure, bar\n",
+ "pf = 1.25 #Final pressure, bar \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations Adiabatic process q = 0; DU = w\n",
+ "q = 0.0 \n",
+ "Tf = Ti*(cvm + R*pext/pi)/(cvm + R*pext/pf )\n",
+ "DU = w = n*cvm*(Tf-Ti)\n",
+ "DH = DU + n*R*(Tf-Ti)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print 'The final temperature at end of adiabatic procees is %4.1f K'%Tf\n",
+ "print 'The enthalpy change of adiabatic procees is %4.1f J'%DH\n",
+ "print 'The Internal energy change of adiabatic procees is %4.1f J'%DU\n",
+ "print 'The work done in expansion of adiabatic procees is %4.1f J'%w\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The final temperature at end of adiabatic procees is 268.5 K\n",
+ "The enthalpy change of adiabatic procees is -2937.0 J\n",
+ "The Internal energy change of adiabatic procees is -1762.2 J\n",
+ "The work done in expansion of adiabatic procees is -1762.2 J\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 51
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example Problem 2.7, Page Number 35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Variable Declaration Part d\n",
+ "h1 = 1000.0 #initial Altitude of cloud, m \n",
+ "hf = 3500.0 #Final Altitude of cloud, m \n",
+ "p1 = 0.802 #Pressure at h1, atm \n",
+ "pf = 0.602 #Pressure at hf, atm\n",
+ "T1 = 288.0 #Initial temperature of cloud, K\n",
+ "cp = 28.86 #Specific heat of air, J/mol.K\n",
+ "R = 8.314 #Gas constant, J/mol.K\n",
+ "\n",
+ "from math import log, exp\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "Tf = exp(-(cp/(cp-R)-1)/(cp/(cp-R))*log(p1/pf))*T1\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print 'Final temperature of cloud %4.1f K'%Tf\n",
+ "if Tf < 273:\n",
+ " print 'You can expect cloud'\n",
+ "else:\n",
+ " print 'You can not expect cloud'\n",
+ " "
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Final temperature of cloud 265.2 K\n",
+ "You can expect cloud\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 34
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
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