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-{
- "metadata": {
- "name": "",
- "signature": "sha256:a50462da831719a6431c94babed9d22bf70a3961b6e3e7b72f3c1cbaed2eb5dc"
- },
- "nbformat": 3,
- "nbformat_minor": 0,
- "worksheets": [
- {
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 1,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Chapter 6: Optical detectors"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 6.1, Page number 201"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "'''Find the quantum efficiency'''\n",
- "\n",
- "#Varaible declaration \n",
- "re = 4.2*10**6 #EHP's\n",
- "rp = 6*10**6 #no. of photons\n",
- "lamda = 1200 #wavelength(nm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "N = re/rp\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Quantum efficiency =\",N*100,\"%\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Quantum efficiency = 70.0 %\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 2
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 6.2, Page number 201"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "'''Find photocurrent'''\n",
- "\n",
- "#Varaible declaration \n",
- "R = 0.85 #responsivity(A/W)\n",
- "Po = 1 #incident power(mW)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "Ip = R*Po\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Photocurrent =\",Ip,\"mA\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Photocurrent = 0.85 mA\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 3
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 6.3, Page number 201"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "'''Find responsivity of photo diode'''\n",
- "\n",
- "#Varaible declaration \n",
- "E = 0.75*1.6*10**-19 #energy gap(V)\n",
- "c = 3*10**8 #speed of light(m/s)\n",
- "N = 60./100 #quantum efficiency\n",
- "h = 6.62*10**-34 #Planck's constant\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "lamda = (h*c)/E\n",
- "R = (N*lamda)/1248\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Responsivity =\",round((R/1E-9),1),\"A/W\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Responsivity = 0.8 A/W\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 4
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 6.4, Page number 202"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "'''Find responsivity and quantum efficiency'''\n",
- "\n",
- "#Varaible declaration \n",
- "re = 1.5*10**12 #EHP's\n",
- "rp = 3*10**12 #no. of photons\n",
- "lamda = 0.65*10**-6 #wavelength(m)\n",
- "h = 6.62*10**-34 #Palnck's constant\n",
- "c = 3*10**8 #speed of light(m/s)\n",
- "e = 1.6*10**-19 #charge of an electron(C)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "N = re/rp\n",
- "\n",
- "R = (N*e*lamda)/(h*c)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Quantum efficiency =\",N*100,\"%\"\n",
- "print \"Responsivity =\",round(R,3),\"A/W\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Quantum efficiency = 50.0 %\n",
- "Responsivity = 0.262 A/W\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 6
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 6.5, Page number 202"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "'''Estimate -\n",
- "a)operating walength\n",
- "b)incident optical power'''\n",
- "\n",
- "#Varaible declaration \n",
- "E = 1.5*10**-19 #photon energy(J)\n",
- "c = 3*10**8 #speed of light(m/s)\n",
- "N = 65./100 #quantum efficiency\n",
- "Ip = 1.5*10**-6 #photocurrent(A)\n",
- "h = 6.62*10**-34 #Planck's constant\n",
- "c = 3*10**8 #speed of light(m/s)\n",
- "e = 1.6*10**-19 #charge of an electron(C)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "#Part a\n",
- "lamda = (h*c)/E\n",
- "\n",
- "#Part b\n",
- "f = c/lamda\n",
- "R = (N*e)/(h*f)\n",
- "Po = Ip/R\n",
- "\n",
- "#Results\n",
- "print \"a)Operating waelength =\",lamda/1E-6,\"um\"\n",
- "print \"b)Optical power =\",round((Po/1E-6),2),\"uW\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "a)Operating waelength = 1.324 um\n",
- "b)Optical power = 2.16 uW\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 7
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 6.6, Page number 203"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "'''Find wavelength'''\n",
- "\n",
- "#Varaible declaration \n",
- "Eg = 1.43*1.6*10**-19 #energy gap(V)\n",
- "c = 3*10**8 #speed of light(m/s)\n",
- "h = 6.62*10**-34 #Planck's constant\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "lamda_c = (h*c)/Eg\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Wavelength =\",round((lamda_c/1E-6),2),\"um\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Wavelength = 0.87 um\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 9
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 6.7, Page number 203"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "'''Find -\n",
- "a)responsivity\n",
- "b)Optical power received\n",
- "c)no. of received photons'''\n",
- "\n",
- "#Varaible declaration \n",
- "N = 50./100 #quantum efficiency\n",
- "lamda = 900 #wavelength(nm)\n",
- "Ip = 10**-6 #photocurrent(A)\n",
- "c = 3*10**8 #speed of light(m/s)\n",
- "h = 6.62*10**-34 #Planck's constant\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "#Part a\n",
- "R = (N*lamda)/1248\n",
- "\n",
- "#Part b\n",
- "Po = Ip/R\n",
- "\n",
- "#Part c\n",
- "n = (Po*lamda*10**-9)/(h*c)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Results\n",
- "print \"a)Responsivity =\",round(R,2),\"A/W\"\n",
- "print \"b)Optical power =\",round((Po/1E-6),2),\"*10^-6 W\"\n",
- "print \"c)No. of photons =\",round((n/1e+13),3),\"*10^13(Calculation mistake in textbook)\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "a)Responsivity = 0.36 A/W\n",
- "b)Optical power = 2.77 *10^-6 W\n",
- "c)No. of photons = 1.257 *10^13(Calculation mistake in textbook)\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 11
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 6.8, Page number 204"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "'''Find the multiplication factor of photodiode'''\n",
- "\n",
- "#Varaible declaration \n",
- "N = 80./100 #quantum efficiency\n",
- "lamda = 0.9*10**-6 #wavelength(m)\n",
- "I = 12*10**-6 #output current(A)\n",
- "Po = 0.5*10**-6 #incident power(W)\n",
- "c = 3*10**8 #speed of light(m/s)\n",
- "h = 6.626*10**-34 #Planck's constant\n",
- "e = 1.6*10**-19 #charge of an electron(C)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "R = (N*e*lamda)/(h*c) #responsivity(A/W)\n",
- "Ip = Po*R #photocurrent(A)\n",
- "M = I/Ip\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Multiplication factor =\",M"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Multiplication factor = 41.4125\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 12
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 6.9, Page number 205"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "'''Find the responsivity and multiplication factor'''\n",
- "\n",
- "#Varaible declaration \n",
- "N = 65./100 #quantum efficiency\n",
- "lamda = 850*10**-9 #wavelength(m)\n",
- "I = 10*10**-6 #output current(A)\n",
- "Po = 0.5*10**-6 #incident power(W)\n",
- "c = 3*10**8 #speed of light(m/s)\n",
- "h = 6.626*10**-34 #Planck's constant\n",
- "e = 1.6*10**-19 #charge of an electron(C)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "R = (N*e*lamda)/(h*c) #responsivity(A/W)\n",
- "\n",
- "M = I/(R*Po)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Responsiviy =\",round(R,3),\"A/W\"\n",
- "print \"Multiplication factor =\",M"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Responsiviy = 0.445 A/W\n",
- "Multiplication factor = 44.9728506787\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 13
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 6.10, Page number 205"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "'''Estimate -\n",
- "a)noise equivalent power\n",
- "b)specific detectivity'''\n",
- "\n",
- "#Varaible declaration \n",
- "N = 55./100 #quantum efficiency\n",
- "lamda = 1.3*10**-6 #wavelength(nm)\n",
- "Id = 8*10**-9 #dark current(A)\n",
- "A = 75*50*10**-12 #dimensions(m)\n",
- "c = 3*10**8 #speed of light(m/s)\n",
- "h = 6.62*10**-34 #Planck's constant\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "#Part a\n",
- "NEP = (h*c*((2*e*Id)**0.5))/(N*e*lamda)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Part b\n",
- "D = A**0.5/NEP\n",
- "\n",
- "#Results\n",
- "print \"a)Noise equivalent power =\",round((NEP/1E-14),2),\"*10^-14 W\"\n",
- "print \"b)Specific detectivity =\",round((D/1E+8),2),\"*10^8\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "a)Noise equivalent power = 8.78 *10^-14 W\n",
- "b)Specific detectivity = 6.97 *10^8\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 14
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 6.11, Page number 206"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "'''Find -\n",
- "a)optical gain\n",
- "b)CE current'''\n",
- "\n",
- "#Varaible declaration \n",
- "N = 60./100 #quantum efficiency\n",
- "lamda = 1.26*10**-6 #wavelength(m)\n",
- "Ic = 15*10**-3 #output current(A)\n",
- "Po = 125*10**-6 #incident power(W)\n",
- "c = 3*10**8 #speed of light(m/s)\n",
- "h = 6.626*10**-34 #Planck's constant\n",
- "e = 1.6*10**-19 #charge of an electron(C)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "#Part a\n",
- "Go = (h*c*Ic)/(lamda*e*Po)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Part b\n",
- "Nfe = Go/N\n",
- "\n",
- "#Results\n",
- "print \"a)Optical gain =\",round(Go,1)\n",
- "print \"b)Common emiiter current =\",round(Nfe,1),\"A\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "a)Optical gain = 118.3\n",
- "b)Common emiiter current = 197.2 A\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 15
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 6.12, Page number 207"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "'''Calculate the maximum 3dB bandwidth'''\n",
- "\n",
- "import math\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "tf = 5*10**-12 #transit time(sec)\n",
- "G = 70 #photoconductive gain\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "Bm = 1/(2*math.pi*tf*G)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"The maximum 3dB bandwidth permitted by photoconductor is\",round((Bm/1E+6),1),\"MHz\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "The maximum 3dB bandwidth permitted by photoconductor is 454.7 MHz\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 16
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 6.13, Page number 207"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "'''Calculate the output photocurrent'''\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "rp = 10**11 #no. of photons/sec\n",
- "hf = 1.28*10**19 #energy of photons(J)\n",
- "e = 1.6*10**-19 #charge of an electron(C)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "Po = rp/hf\n",
- "N = 1 #efficiency for an ideal photodiode\n",
- "Ip = (N*Po*e)/hf\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Output photocurrent =\",round((Ip/1E-47),2),\"*10^-47 A(Calculation mistake in textbook)\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Output photocurrent = 9.77 *10^-47 A(Calculation mistake in textbook)\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 17
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 6.14, Page number 207"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "'''Find the output photocurrent'''\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "R = 0.40 #responsivity(A/W)\n",
- "phi = 100 #incident flux(uW/mm^2)\n",
- "A = 2 #active area(mm^2)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "Po = phi*A #incident power(uW)\n",
- "Ip = R*Po\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Photocurrent =\",Ip/1e+3,\"mA\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Photocurrent = 0.08 mA\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 5
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 6.15, Page number 208"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "'''Find the multiplication factor of photodiode'''\n",
- "\n",
- "#Varaible declaration \n",
- "N = 50./100 #quantum efficiency\n",
- "lamda = 1.3*10**-6 #wavelength(m)\n",
- "I = 8*10**-6 #output current(A)\n",
- "Po = 0.4*10**-6 #incident power(W)\n",
- "c = 3*10**8 #speed of light(m/s)\n",
- "h = 6.626*10**-34 #Planck's constant\n",
- "e = 1.6*10**-19 #charge of an electron(C)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "R = (N*e*lamda)/(h*c) #responsivity(A/W)\n",
- "Ip = Po*R #photocurrent(A)\n",
- "M = I/Ip\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Multiplication factor =\",round(M,2)"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Multiplication factor = 38.23\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 19
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 6.16, Page number 208"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "'''Calculate the maximum 3dB bandwidth'''\n",
- "\n",
- "import math\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "tf = 4.5*10**-12 #transit time(sec)\n",
- "G = 80 #photoconductive gain\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "Bm = 1/(2*math.pi*tf*G)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"The maximum 3dB bandwidth permitted by photoconductor is\",round((Bm/1E+10),4),\"GHz(Calculation mistake in textbook)\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "The maximum 3dB bandwidth permitted by photoconductor is 0.0442 GHz(Calculation mistake in textbook)\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 36
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 6.17, Page number 209"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "'''Estimate responsivity and received optical power'''\n",
- "\n",
- "#Varaible declaration \n",
- "N = 50./100 #quantum efficiency\n",
- "lamda = 0.9*10**-6 #wavelength(m)\n",
- "Ip = 10**-6 #photocurrent(A)\n",
- "c = 3*10**8 #speed of light(m/s)\n",
- "h = 6.62*10**-34 #Planck's constant\n",
- "e = 1.6*10**-19 #charge of an electron(C)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "R = (N*e*lamda)/(h*c)\n",
- "\n",
- "Po = Ip/R\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "#Results\n",
- "print \"Responsivity =\",round(R,2),\"A/W\"\n",
- "print \"Optical power =\",round((Po/1E-6),2),\"*10^-6 W\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Responsivity = 0.36 A/W\n",
- "Optical power = 2.76 *10^-6 W\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 20
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 6.18, Page number 209"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "'''Find the efficiency of a PIN silicon photodiode'''\n",
- "\n",
- "#Varaible declaration \n",
- "R = 0.374 #responsivity(A/W)\n",
- "lamda = 1300*10**-9 #wavelength(m)\n",
- "c = 3*10**8 #speed of light(m/s)\n",
- "h = 6.62*10**-34 #Planck's constant\n",
- "e = 1.6*10**-19 #charge of an electron(C)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "N = (R*h*c)/(e*lamda)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Efficiency =\",round((N*100),1),\"%\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Efficiency = 35.7 %\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 21
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 6.20, Page number 209"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "'''Find the thickness of the intrinsic region'''\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "A = 1.5*10**-3 #area(mm^2)\n",
- "R = 100 #load resistance(Ohms)\n",
- "Eo = 1.04*10**-10 #permitivitty for Si(F/m)\n",
- "vd = 10**7 #electron saturation velocity(m/s)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "w = (R*Eo*A*vd)**0.5\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"The required thickness is\",round(w/1E-6),\"um(Calculation mistake in textbook)\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "The required thickness is 12490.0 um(Calculation mistake in textbook)\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 22
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 6.21, Page number 210"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "'''Find the dark current'''\n",
- "\n",
- "import math\n",
- "\n",
- "#Varaible declaration \n",
- "N = 64./100 #quantum efficiency\n",
- "lamda = 0.85*10**-6 #wavelength(m)\n",
- "B = 1 #bandwidth(Hz)\n",
- "D = 7*10**10 #specific detectivity(/MHz-W)\n",
- "A = 10*10**-6 #dimensions(m)\n",
- "c = 3*10**8 #speed of light(m/s)\n",
- "h = 6.62*10**-34 #Planck's constant\n",
- "e = 1.602*10**-19 #charge of an electron(C)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "Id = ((N*math.sqrt(e*A)*lamda)/(h*c*math.sqrt(2)*D))**0.5\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Dark current =\",round((Id/1E-3),2),\"mA\"\n",
- "#Square root of Id has not been taken in the textbook.Hence, the difference in solution"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Dark current = 5.92 mA\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 6
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {}
- }
- ]
-} \ No newline at end of file
generated by cgit (git 2.34.1) at 2025-02-22 12:09:53 +0000