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diff --git a/OpAmps_And_Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_Gayakwad/Chapter7.ipynb b/OpAmps_And_Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_Gayakwad/Chapter7.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..924541b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/OpAmps_And_Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_Gayakwad/Chapter7.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1543 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 7: Active Filters and Oscillators" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.1" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Resistance R is 15.9 kOhms\n", + "Use 20 kohm POT as R\n", + "Resistance R1 is 10.0 kilo ohms\n", + "Resistance Rf is 10.0 kilo ohms\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "#Example 7.1\n", + "#Design a low pass filter at a cutoff frequency of 1kHz\n", + "#with a passband gain of 2\n", + "\n", + "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "fh=1*10**3 #Cut-off frequency\n", + "C=0.01*10**-6 #Assumption\n", + "R1=10*10**3 #Assumption\n", + "Rf=R1 #Since passband gain is 2,R1 and Rf must be equal\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "R=1/(2*math.pi*fh*C)\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print \"Resistance R is\",round(R/10**3,1),\"kOhms\"\n", + "print \"Use 20 kohm POT as R\"\n", + "print \"Resistance R1 is\",round(R1/10**3),\"kilo ohms\"\n", + "print \"Resistance Rf is\",round(Rf/10**3),\"kilo ohms\"\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.2" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "New Resistance Rnew is 9937.5 Ohms\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "#Example 7.2\n", + "#Using the frequency scaling technique,convert the 1 kHz cutoff frequency of the\n", + "#lowpass filter of example 7-1 to a cutoff frequency of 1.6 kHz.\n", + "\n", + "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "fc0=1*10**3 #Original cut-off frequency\n", + "fc1=1.6*10**3 #New cut-off frequency\n", + "R=15.9*10**3 #Original resistance value\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "k=fc0/fc1\n", + "Rnew=R*k\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print \"New Resistance Rnew is\",Rnew,\"Ohms\"\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.3" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 11, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [ + "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f1f62117f50>" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + }, + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Gain magnitude av1 at f1 2.0\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 1.99\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 1.96\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 1.64\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 1.41\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 0.63\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 0.28\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 0.2\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 0.07\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 0.02\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Example 7.3\n", + "#Plot the frequency response of the lowpass filter of example 7.1\n", + "\n", + "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "\n", + "from scipy import pi\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import ylabel, xlabel, title, plot, show, clf, semilogx\n", + "import math\n", + "import numpy as np\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "Af=2 #Passband gain of the filter\n", + "fh=1000 #Cut-off frequency\n", + "\n", + "f1=10\n", + "f2=100\n", + "f3=200\n", + "f4=700\n", + "f5=1000\n", + "f6=3000\n", + "f7=7000\n", + "f8=10000\n", + "f9=30000\n", + "f10=100000\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "av1=Af/math.sqrt(1+(f1/fh)**2)\n", + "av2=Af/math.sqrt(1+(f2/fh)**2)\n", + "av3=Af/math.sqrt(1+(f3/fh)**2)\n", + "av4=Af/math.sqrt(1+(f4/fh)**2)\n", + "av5=Af/math.sqrt(1+(f5/fh)**2)\n", + "av6=Af/math.sqrt(1+(f6/fh)**2)\n", + "av7=Af/math.sqrt(1+(f7/fh)**2)\n", + "av8=Af/math.sqrt(1+(f8/fh)**2)\n", + "av9=Af/math.sqrt(1+(f9/fh)**2)\n", + "av10=Af/math.sqrt(1+(f10/fh)**2)\n", + "\n", + "#Magnitude plot\n", + "f=np.arange(0,100000)\n", + "s=2.0j*pi*f\n", + "p=2.0*pi*fh\n", + "A=Af*p/(s+p)\n", + "\n", + "clf() #clear the figure\n", + "plot()\n", + "title('frequency response')\n", + "semilogx(f,20*np.log10(abs(A)))\n", + "ylabel('Voltage gain(dB)')\n", + "xlabel('frequency(Hz)')\n", + "show()\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av1 at f1\",round(av1,2)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av2,2)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av3,2)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av4,2)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av5,2)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av6,2)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av7,2)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av8,2)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av9,2)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av10,2)\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.4.a" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Resistance R2 is 33.86 kOhm\n", + "Resistance R3 is 33.86 kOhm\n", + "Resistance Rf is 15.82 kOhm\n", + " Use 20 kohm POT as Rf\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "#Example 7.4.a\n", + "#Design a second order low-pass filter at a high cutoff frequency of 1 kHz.\n", + "\n", + "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "fh=1*10**3 # Cut-off frequency\n", + "C2=0.0047*10**-6 # Assumption\n", + "C3=C2\n", + "R1=27*10**3 # Assumption\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "R2=1/(2*math.pi*fh*C2)\n", + "R3=R2\n", + "Rf=0.586*R1\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print \"Resistance R2 is\",round(R2/10**3,2),\"kOhm\"\n", + "print \"Resistance R3 is\",round(R3/10**3,2),\"kOhm\"\n", + "print \"Resistance Rf is\",round(Rf/10**3,2),\"kOhm\"\n", + "print \" Use 20 kohm POT as Rf\"\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.4.b" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 12, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [ + "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f1f625aac10>" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + }, + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Gain magnitude av1 at f1 1.59\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 1.59\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 1.58\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 1.42\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 1.12\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 0.18\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 0.03\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 0.02\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 1.76 *10^-3\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 0.16 *10^-3\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "#Example 7.4.b\n", + "#Draw the frequency response of the network in example 7.4.a\n", + "\n", + "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "\n", + "from scipy import pi\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import ylabel, xlabel, title, plot, show, clf, semilogx\n", + "import math\n", + "import numpy as np\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "Af=1.586 #Passband gain of the filter\n", + "fh=1000 #Cut-off frequency\n", + "\n", + "f1=10\n", + "f2=100\n", + "f3=200\n", + "f4=700\n", + "f5=1000\n", + "f6=3000\n", + "f7=7000\n", + "f8=10000\n", + "f9=30000\n", + "f10=100000\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "av1=Af/math.sqrt(1+(f1/fh)**4)\n", + "av2=Af/math.sqrt(1+(f2/fh)**4)\n", + "av3=Af/math.sqrt(1+(f3/fh)**4)\n", + "av4=Af/math.sqrt(1+(f4/fh)**4)\n", + "av5=Af/math.sqrt(1+(f5/fh)**4)\n", + "av6=Af/math.sqrt(1+(f6/fh)**4)\n", + "av7=Af/math.sqrt(1+(f7/fh)**4)\n", + "av8=Af/math.sqrt(1+(f8/fh)**4)\n", + "av9=Af/math.sqrt(1+(f9/fh)**4)\n", + "av10=Af/math.sqrt(1+(f10/fh)**4)\n", + "\n", + "#Magnitude plot\n", + "f=np.arange(0,100000) #frequency range\n", + "s=2.0j*pi*f**2\n", + "p=2.0*pi*fh**2\n", + "A=Af*p/(s+p)\n", + "\n", + "clf() #clear the figure\n", + "plot()\n", + "title('frequency response')\n", + "semilogx(f,20*np.log10(abs(A)))\n", + "ylabel('Voltage gain(dB)')\n", + "xlabel('frequency(Hz)')\n", + "show()\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av1 at f1\",round(av1,2)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av2,2)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av3,2)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av4,2)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av5,2)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av6,2)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av7,2)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av8,2)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av9*10**3,2),\"*10^-3\"\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av10*10**3,2),\"*10^-3\"\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.5.a" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Resistance R is 15.92 kOhm\n", + "Resistance R1 is 10.0 kOhm\n", + "Resistance Rf is 10.0 kOhm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "#Example 7.5.a\n", + "#Design a high pass filter at a cutoff frequency of 1 kHz with a passband gain\n", + "#of 2.\n", + "\n", + "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "fh=1*10**3 #Cut-off frequency\n", + "C=0.01*10**-6 #Assumption\n", + "Af=2\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "R=1/(2*math.pi*fh*C)\n", + "R1=10*10**3\n", + "Rf=R1 #since passband gain is 2\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print \"Resistance R is\",round(R/10**3,2),\"kOhm\"\n", + "print \"Resistance R1 is\",round(R1/10**3,2),\"kOhm\"\n", + "print \"Resistance Rf is\",round(Rf/10**3,2),\"kOhm\"\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.5.b" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 18, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [ + "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f1f6224dcd0>" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + }, + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Gain magnitude av1 at f1 0.2\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 0.39\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 0.74\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 1.15\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 1.41\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 1.9\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 1.98\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 1.99\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 2.0\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 2.0\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Example 7.5.b\n", + "#The circuit of figure 6-17,for the indicated value of resistors\n", + "#determine the full scale range for the input voltage.\n", + "\n", + "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "import numpy as np\n", + "from scipy import pi\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import ylabel, xlabel, title, plot, show, clf, semilogx\n", + "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "Af=2 #Passband gain of the filter\n", + "fl=1000 #Cut-off frequency\n", + "\n", + "f1=100\n", + "f2=200\n", + "f3=400\n", + "f4=700\n", + "f5=1000\n", + "f6=3000\n", + "f7=7000\n", + "f8=10000\n", + "f9=30000\n", + "f10=100000\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "av1=(Af*(f1/fl))/math.sqrt(1+(f1/fl)**2)\n", + "av2=(Af*(f2/fl))/math.sqrt(1+(f2/fl)**2)\n", + "av3=(Af*(f3/fl))/math.sqrt(1+(f3/fl)**2)\n", + "av4=(Af*(f4/fl))/math.sqrt(1+(f4/fl)**2)\n", + "av5=(Af*(f5/fl))/math.sqrt(1+(f5/fl)**2)\n", + "av6=(Af*(f6/fl))/math.sqrt(1+(f6/fl)**2)\n", + "av7=(Af*(f7/fl))/math.sqrt(1+(f7/fl)**2)\n", + "av8=(Af*(f8/fl))/math.sqrt(1+(f8/fl)**2)\n", + "av9=(Af*(f9/fl))/math.sqrt(1+(f9/fl)**2)\n", + "av10=(Af*(f10/fl))/math.sqrt(1+(f10/fl)**2)\n", + "\n", + "#Magnitude plot\n", + "f=np.arange(100,100000)\n", + "s=2.0j*pi*f\n", + "p=2.0*pi*fl\n", + "A=Af*s/(s+p)\n", + "\n", + "clf() #clear the figure\n", + "plt.plot()\n", + "plt.title('frequency response')\n", + "semilogx(f,20*np.log10(abs(A)))\n", + "plt.ylabel('Voltage gain(dB)')\n", + "plt.xlabel('frequency(Hz)')\n", + "plt.show()\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av1 at f1\",round(av1,2)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av2,2)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av3,2)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av4,2)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av5,2)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av6,2)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av7,2)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av8,2)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av9,2)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av10,2)\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.6.a" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Lower cutoff frequency fl is 1.0 kHz\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "#Example 7.6.a\n", + "#Determine the low cutoff frequency fl of the filter shown in figure 7-8(a)\n", + "\n", + "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "R2=33*10**3 #Resistance in ohms\n", + "R3=R2\n", + "C2=0.0047*10**-6 #Capacitance in Farads\n", + "C3=C2\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "fl=1/(2*math.pi*math.sqrt(R2*R3*C2*C3))\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print \"Lower cutoff frequency fl is\",round(fl/10**3,0),\"kHz\"\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.6.b" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 20, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [ + "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f1f8840ec50>" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + }, + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Gain magnitude av1 at f1 0.0159\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 0.0634\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 0.2506\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 0.6979\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 1.1215\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 1.5763\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 1.5857\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 1.5859\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 1.586\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 1.586\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Example 7.6.b\n", + "#Draw the frequency response plot of the filter in example 7.6.a\n", + "\n", + "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "\n", + "from scipy import pi\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import ylabel, xlabel, title, plot, show, clf, semilogx\n", + "import math\n", + "import numpy as np\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "Af=1.586 #Passband gain of the filter\n", + "fl=1000 #Cut-off frequency\n", + "\n", + "f1=100\n", + "f2=200\n", + "f3=400\n", + "f4=700\n", + "f5=1000\n", + "f6=3000\n", + "f7=7000\n", + "f8=10000\n", + "f9=30000\n", + "f10=100000\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "av1=Af/math.sqrt(1+(fl/f1)**4)\n", + "av2=Af/math.sqrt(1+(fl/f2)**4)\n", + "av3=Af/math.sqrt(1+(fl/f3)**4)\n", + "av4=Af/math.sqrt(1+(fl/f4)**4)\n", + "av5=Af/math.sqrt(1+(fl/f5)**4)\n", + "av6=Af/math.sqrt(1+(fl/f6)**4)\n", + "av7=Af/math.sqrt(1+(fl/f7)**4)\n", + "av8=Af/math.sqrt(1+(fl/f8)**4)\n", + "av9=Af/math.sqrt(1+(fl/f9)**4)\n", + "av10=Af/math.sqrt(1+(fl/f10)**4)\n", + "\n", + "#Magnitude plot\n", + "f=np.arange(100,100000)\n", + "s=2.0j*pi*fl**2\n", + "p=2.0*pi*f**2\n", + "A=Af*p/(s+p)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "clf() #clear the figure\n", + "plot()\n", + "title('frequency response')\n", + "semilogx(f,20*np.log10(abs(A)))\n", + "ylabel('Voltage gain(dB)')\n", + "xlabel('frequency(Hz)')\n", + "show()\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av1 at f1\",round(av1,4)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av2,4)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av3,4)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av4,4)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av5,4)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av6,4)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av7,4)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av8,4)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av9,4)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av10,4)\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.7.a" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 12, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Resistance R1 is 10.0 kOhm\n", + "Resistance R is 15.92 kOhm\n", + "Bandpass Gain Af is 4\n", + "Resistance Rf is 10.0 kOhm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "#Example 7.7.a\n", + "#Design a wide band pass filter with fl=200 Hz, fh=1 kHz and passband gain=4.\n", + "\n", + "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "fl=200 #Low cutoff freq in Hz\n", + "fh=1*10**3 #High cutoff freq in Hz\n", + "C=0.05*10**-6\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "R=1/(2*math.pi*fl*C)\n", + "R1=10*10**3\n", + "Rf=R1 #Since passband gain is 2,R1 and Rf must be equal\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print \"Resistance R1 is\",round(R1/10**3,2),\"kOhm\"\n", + "print \"Resistance R is\",round(R/10**3,2),\"kOhm\"\n", + "print \"Bandpass Gain Af is 4\"\n", + "print \"Resistance Rf is\",round(Rf/10**3,2),\"kOhm\"\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.7.b" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 21, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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gew6MyUg6oRBcdx3UqAGPFjakUETSXqdOsHKl/XDUuuD+iKbxoyo23qIM1oX2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\nrkJggg==\n", + "text/plain": [ + "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f1f802ccc10>" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + }, + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Gain magnitude av1 at f1 0.1997\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 0.5931\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 1.78\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 2.7735\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 3.3333\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 3.1508\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 2.7735\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 1.78\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 0.5655\n", + "Gain magnitude av2 at f2 0.3979\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "#Example 7.7.b\n", + "#Draw the frequency response plot for the filter in example 7.7.a\n", + "\n", + "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "\n", + "from scipy import pi\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import ylabel, xlabel, title, plot, show, clf, semilogx\n", + "import math\n", + "import numpy as np\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "Af=4 #Passband gain of the filter\n", + "fl=200 #Cut-off frequency\n", + "fh=1000 #Higher Cut-off frequency\n", + "\n", + "f1=10\n", + "f2=30\n", + "f3=100\n", + "f4=200\n", + "f5=447.2\n", + "f6=700\n", + "f7=1000\n", + "f8=2000\n", + "f9=7000\n", + "f10=10000\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "av1=(Af*(f1/fl))/math.sqrt((1+(f1/fl)**2)*(1+(f1/fh)**2))\n", + "av2=(Af*(f2/fl))/math.sqrt((1+(f2/fl)**2)*(1+(f2/fh)**2))\n", + "av3=(Af*(f3/fl))/math.sqrt((1+(f3/fl)**2)*(1+(f3/fh)**2))\n", + "av4=(Af*(f4/fl))/math.sqrt((1+(f4/fl)**2)*(1+(f4/fh)**2))\n", + "av5=(Af*(f5/fl))/math.sqrt((1+(f5/fl)**2)*(1+(f5/fh)**2))\n", + "av6=(Af*(f6/fl))/math.sqrt((1+(f6/fl)**2)*(1+(f6/fh)**2))\n", + "av7=(Af*(f7/fl))/math.sqrt((1+(f7/fl)**2)*(1+(f7/fh)**2))\n", + "av8=(Af*(f8/fl))/math.sqrt((1+(f8/fl)**2)*(1+(f8/fh)**2))\n", + "av9=(Af*(f9/fl))/math.sqrt((1+(f9/fl)**2)*(1+(f9/fh)**2))\n", + "av10=(Af*(f10/fl))/math.sqrt((1+(f10/fl)**2)*(1+(f10/fh)**2))\n", + "\n", + "#Magnitude plot\n", + "f=np.arange(10,100000)\n", + "s=2.0j*pi*f\n", + "p1=2.0*pi*fl\n", + "p2=2.0*pi*fh\n", + "A=(Af*s)*p2/((s+p1)*(s+p2))\n", + "\n", + "clf() #clear the figure\n", + "plot()\n", + "title('frequency response')\n", + "semilogx(f,20*np.log10(abs(A)))\n", + "ylabel('Voltage gain(dB)')\n", + "xlabel('frequency(Hz)')\n", + "show()\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av1 at f1\",round(av1,4)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av2,4)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av3,4)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av4,4)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av5,4)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av6,4)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av7,4)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av8,4)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av9,4)\n", + "print \"Gain magnitude av2 at f2\",round(av10,4)\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.7.c" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 14, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Center frequency fc is 447.21 Hz\n", + "Quality factor Q is 0.56\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "#Example 7.7.c\n", + "#Calculate the value of Q for the filter.\n", + "\n", + "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "fh=1*10**3 #Higher cut-off frequency\n", + "fl=200 #Lower cut-off frequency\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "fc=math.sqrt(fl*fh) #Center frequency\n", + "Q=fc/(fh-fl) #Quality factor\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print \"Center frequency fc is\",round(fc,2),\"Hz\"\n", + "print \"Quality factor Q is\",round(Q,2)\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.8.a" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 15, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Resistance R1 is 4.77 kilo ohm\n", + "Resistance R2 is 5.97 kilo ohm\n", + "Resistance R3 is 95.49 kilo ohm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "#Example 7.8.a\n", + "#Design the bandpass filter shown in figure 7-13(a) so that fc=1 kHz, Q=3 and\n", + "#Af=10.\n", + "\n", + "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "fc=1*10**3 #Center frequency\n", + "Q=3 #Quality factor\n", + "Af=10 #Passband gain\n", + "C1=0.01*10**-6 #Assumption\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "C2=C1\n", + "R1=Q/(2*math.pi*fc*C1*Af)\n", + "R2=Q/(2*math.pi*fc*C1*(2*Q**2-Af))\n", + "R3=Q/(math.pi*fc*C1)\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print \"Resistance R1 is\",round(R1/10**3,2),\"kilo ohm\"\n", + "print \"Resistance R2 is\",round(R2/10**3,2),\"kilo ohm\"\n", + "print \"Resistance R3 is\",round(R3/10**3,2),\"kilo ohm\"\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.8.b" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 32, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Resistance R1 is 2.65 kilo ohm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "#Example 7.8.b\n", + "#Change the centre frequency of example 7.8.a to 1.5 kHz, keeping Af and\n", + "#bandwidth constant.\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "fc0=1*10**3 #Original center frequency\n", + "fc1=1.5*10**3 #New center frequency\n", + "R2=5.97*10**3 #Original resistance\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "R2new=R2*(fc0/fc1)**2\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print \"Resistance R1 is\",round(R2new/10**3,2),\"kilo ohm\"\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.9" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 17, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Resistance R2 of highpass section is 15.92 kilo ohm\n", + "Resistance R of lowpass section is 15.92 kilo ohm\n", + "Bandpass Gain Af is 4\n", + "Resistance R1 is 10.0 kilo ohm\n", + "Resistance Rf is 10.0 kilo ohm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "#Example 7.9\n", + "#Design a wide-band reject filter having fh=200 Hz and fl=1 KHz.\n", + "\n", + "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "fh=200 # Low cutoff freq in Hz\n", + "fl=1*10**3 # High cutoff freq in Hz\n", + "C2=0.01*10**-6 # Assumption\n", + "R2=1/(2*math.pi*fl*C2)\n", + "C=0.05*10**-6\n", + "R1=10*10**3 # Assumption\n", + "Rf=R1 # Since passband gain is 2,R1 and Rf must be equal\n", + "Af=4 # Since gain of high pass and lowpass is set to 2\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "R2=1/(2*math.pi*fl*C2)\n", + "R=1/(2*math.pi*fh*C)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print \"Resistance R2 of highpass section is\",round(R2/10**3,2),\"kilo ohm\"\n", + "print \"Resistance R of lowpass section is\",round(R/10**3,2),\"kilo ohm\"\n", + "print \"Bandpass Gain Af is\",Af\n", + "print \"Resistance R1 is\",round(R1/10**3),\"kilo ohm\"\n", + "print \"Resistance Rf is\",round(Rf/10**3),\"kilo ohm\"\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.10" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 18, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Resistance R is 39.01 kilo ohm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "#Example 7.10\n", + "#Design a 60 Hz active notch filter.\n", + "\n", + "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "fn=60 #Notch-out frequency in Hz\n", + "C=0.068*10**-6 #Assumption\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "R=1/(2*math.pi*fn*C)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print \"Resistance R is\",round(R/10**3,2),\"kilo ohm\"\n", + "\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.11" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 19, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Phase angle phi is -90.0 degree\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "#Example 7.11\n", + "#For the all-pass filter of figure 7-16(a),find the phase angle phi if the\n", + "#frequency of vin is 1 kHz.\n", + "\n", + "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "f=1*10**3 #Input frequency in Hz\n", + "C=0.01*10**-6 \n", + "R=15.9*10**3 #Resistance in ohms\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "phi=math.atan(2*math.pi*f*C*R) #Phase angle\n", + "phi1=-2*phi*180/math.pi\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print \"Phase angle phi is\",round(phi1),\"degree\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.12" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 20, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Resistance R is 3.3 kilo ohm\n", + "Use Resistance R as 3.3 kohm\n", + "Resistance Rf is 957.0 kilo ohm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "#Example 7.12\n", + "#Design the phase shift oscillator of figure 7-18 so that fo=200 Hz.\n", + "\n", + "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "fo=200 # Frequency of oscillation\n", + "C=0.1*10**-6 # Assumption\n", + "R=3.3*10**3\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "R=0.065/(fo*C)\n", + "R=3.3*10**3 #Using rounded value\n", + "R1=10*R # To prevent loading of amplifier\n", + "Rf=29*R1\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print \"Resistance R is\",round(R/10**3,1),\"kilo ohm\"\n", + "print \"Use Resistance R as 3.3 kohm\"\n", + "print \"Resistance Rf is\",round(Rf/10**3),\"kilo ohm\"\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.13" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 21, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Resistance R is 3.3 kilo ohm\n", + "Resistance Rf is 24.0 kilo ohm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "#Example 7.13\n", + "#Design the wein bridge oscillator of figure 7-19 so that fo=965 Hz.\n", + "\n", + "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "fo=965 # Frequency of oscillation\n", + "C=0.05*10**-6 # Assumption\n", + "R1=12*10**3 # Assumption\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "R=0.159/(fo*C)\n", + "Rf=2*R1\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print \"Resistance R is\",round(R/10**3,1),\"kilo ohm\"\n", + "print \"Resistance Rf is\",round(Rf/10**3),\"kilo ohm\"\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.14" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 22, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Resistance values R1,R2,R3 is 100.0 kilo ohm\n", + "Capacitance values C1,C2,C3 is 0.01 uF\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "#Example 7.14\n", + "#Design the quadrature oscillator of figure 7-20 so that fo=159 Hz.\n", + "#The opamp is the 1458/772.\n", + "\n", + "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "fo=159 # Frequency of oscillation\n", + "C=0.01*10**-6 # Assumption\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "R=0.159/(fo*C)\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print \"Resistance values R1,R2,R3 is\",round(R/10**3,1),\"kilo ohm\"\n", + "print \"Capacitance values C1,C2,C3 is\",round(C*10**6,2),\"uF\"\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.15" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 23, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Resistance R2 is 11.6 kilo ohm\n", + "Resistance R is 10.0 ohm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "#Example 7.15\n", + "#Design the square wave oscillator of figure 7-21(a) so that fo=1 kHz.\n", + "#The opamp is 741 with dc supply voltages = 15, -15 V.\n", + "\n", + "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "fo=1*10**3 # Frequency of oscillation\n", + "C=0.05*10**-6 # Assumption\n", + "R1=10*10**3 # Assumption\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "R=1/(2*fo*C)\n", + "R2=1.16*R1\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print \"Resistance R2 is\",round(R2/10**3,1),\"kilo ohm\"\n", + "print \"Resistance R is\",round(R/10**3),\"ohm\"\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.16" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 24, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Resistance R2 is 10.0 kilo ohm\n", + "Resistance R1 is 10.0 kilo ohm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "#Example 7.16\n", + "#Design the triangular wave generator of figure 7-23 so that fo=2 kHz and\n", + "#Vo(pp)=7V. The opamp is a 1458/772 and supply voltages =15,-15 V.\n", + "\n", + "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "fo=2*10**3 # Frequency of oscillation\n", + "vo=7 #Output voltage\n", + "Vsat=14 #Saturation voltage for opamp 1458\n", + "R3=40*10**3 #Assumption\n", + "C1=0.05*10**-6 #Assumption\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "R2=(vo*R3)/(2*Vsat)\n", + "k=R3/(4*fo*R2) #Using fo=R3/(4*R1*C1*R2),k=R1*C1;\n", + "R1=k/C1\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print \"Resistance R2 is\",round(R2/10**3),\"kilo ohm\"\n", + "print \"Resistance R1 is\",round(R1/10**3),\"kilo ohm\"\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.17" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 25, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Terminal voltage Vc is 10.43 volts\n", + "Approximate Nominal freq fo is 26.09 kHz\n", + "Approximate Nominal freq fo1 is 41.67 kHz\n", + "Approximate Nominal freq fo2 is 8.33 kHz\n", + "Change in output freq delta_fo is 33.33 kHz\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "#Example 7.17\n", + "#In the circuit of figure 7-25(c), V=12 V, R2=1.5 Kilo ohm, R1=R3=10 Kilo ohm\n", + "#and C1=0.001 uF.\n", + "#a)Determine the nominal frequency of all the output waveforms.\n", + "#b)Compute the modulation in the output frequencies if Vc is varied between 9.5 V\n", + "#and 11.5 V.\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n", + "import math\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "R2=1.5*10**3\n", + "R1=10*10**3\n", + "R3=10*10**3\n", + "C1=0.001*10**-6\n", + "V=12 #Supply voltage\n", + "Vc1=9.5\n", + "Vc2=11.5\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "Vc=R3*V/(R2+R3) #Using voltage divider rule\n", + "fo=2*(V-Vc)/(V*R1*C1)\n", + "fo1=2*(V-Vc1)/(V*R1*C1)\n", + "fo2=2*(V-Vc2)/(V*R1*C1)\n", + "delta_fo=fo1-fo2 #Change in output freq\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#result\n", + "print \"Terminal voltage Vc is\",round(Vc,2),\"volts\"\n", + "print \"Approximate Nominal freq fo is\",round(fo/10**3,2),\"kHz\"\n", + "print \"Approximate Nominal freq fo1 is\",round(fo1/10**3,2),\"kHz\"\n", + "print \"Approximate Nominal freq fo2 is\",round(fo2/10**3,2),\"kHz\"\n", + "print \"Change in output freq delta_fo is\",round(delta_fo/10**3,2),\"kHz\"\n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.6" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} |