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diff --git a/Nuclear_Physics_by_D._C._Tayal/Chapter4.ipynb b/Nuclear_Physics_by_D._C._Tayal/Chapter4.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..239fa1e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/Nuclear_Physics_by_D._C._Tayal/Chapter4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,703 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:a3997772daa49e18a0aa83e11b98c36eeb94107cace4b98c9321fc654338f29e"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter4-Detection and Measurement of Nuclear Reactions"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex1-pg178"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "## Exa4.1 : : Page 178 (2011)\n",
+ "#find The resultant pulse height recorded in the fission chamber\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "N = 200e+006/35.; ## Total number of ion-pairs\n",
+ "e = 1.60218e-019; ## Charge of an ion, coulomb\n",
+ "Q = N*e; ## Total charge produced in the chamber, coulomb\n",
+ "C = 25e-012; ## Capacity of the collector, farad\n",
+ "V = Q/C; ## Resultant pulse height, volt \n",
+ "print'%s %.2e %s'%(\"\\nThe resultant pulse height recorded in the fission chamber = \",V,\" volt\");\n",
+ "\n",
+ "## Result\n",
+ "## The resultant pulse height recorded in the fission chamber = 3.66e-002 volt "
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "\n",
+ "The resultant pulse height recorded in the fission chamber = 3.66e-02 volt\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 1
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex2-pg178"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "## Exa4.2 : : Page 178 (2011)\n",
+ "#find The energy of the alpha particles\n",
+ "import math; \n",
+ "V = 0.8/4.; ## Pulse height, volt\n",
+ "e = 1.60218e-019; ## Charge of an ion, coulomb\n",
+ "C = 0.5e-012; ## Capacity of the collector, farad\n",
+ "Q = V*C; ## Total charge produced, coulomb\n",
+ "N = Q/e; ## Number of ion pairs \n",
+ "E_1 = 35.; ## Energy of one ion pair, electron volt\n",
+ "E = N*E_1/10**6; ## Energy of the alpha particles, mega electron volt\n",
+ "print'%s %.2f %s'%(\"\\nThe energy of the alpha particles = \",E,\" MeV\");\n",
+ "\n",
+ "## Result\n",
+ "## The energy of the alpha particles = 21.845 MeV (The answer is wrong in the textbook)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "\n",
+ "The energy of the alpha particles = 21.85 MeV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex3-pg178"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "## Exa4.3 : : Page 178 (2011)\n",
+ "#find Total number of ion pairs produced and Total charge flow in the counter\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "E = 10e+06; ## Energy produced by the ion pairs, electron volts \n",
+ "N = E/35.; ## Number of ion pair produced\n",
+ "m = 10**3; ## Multiplication factor\n",
+ "N_t = N*m; ## Total number of ion pairs produced\n",
+ "e = 1.60218e-019; ## Charge of an ion, coulomb\n",
+ "Q = N_t*e; ## Total charge flow in the counter, coulomb\n",
+ "t = 10**-3; ## Pulse time, sec\n",
+ "R = 10**4; ## Resistance , ohm\n",
+ "I = Q/t; ## Current passes through the resistor, ampere\n",
+ "V = I*R; ## Height of the voltage pulse, volt\n",
+ "print'%s %.2f %s %.2e %s %.2e %s '%(\"\\nTotal number of ion pairs produced: \",N_t,\"\"and \" \\nTotal charge flow in the counter : \",Q,\" coulomb\"and \"\\nHeight of the voltage pulse :\",V,\" volt\")\n",
+ "\n",
+ "## Result\n",
+ "## Total number of ion pairs produced: 2.857e+008 \n",
+ "## Total charge flow in the counter : 4.578e-011 coulomb\n",
+ "## Height of the voltage pulse : 4.578e-004 volt "
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "\n",
+ "Total number of ion pairs produced: 285714285.71 4.58e-11 \n",
+ "Height of the voltage pulse : 4.58e-04 volt \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 3
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex4-pg178"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "## Exa4.4 : : Page 178 (2011)\n",
+ "#find The radial electric field and The life of the G.M. Counter\n",
+ "import math; \n",
+ "V = 1000.; ## Operating voltage of Counter, volt \n",
+ "x = 1e-004; ## Time taken, sec\n",
+ "b = 2.; ## Radius of the cathode, cm\n",
+ "a = 0.01; ## Diameter of the wire, cm\n",
+ "E_r = V/(x*math.log(b/a)); ## Radial electric field, V/m\n",
+ "C = 1e+009; ## Total counts in the GM counter\n",
+ "T = C/(50.*60.*60.*2000.); ## Life of the G.M. Counter, year\n",
+ "print'%s %.2f %s %.2f %s '%(\"\\nThe radial electric field: \",E_r,\"V/m\"and\"\\nThe life of the G.M. Counter : \",T,\" years\");\n",
+ "\n",
+ "## Result\n",
+ "## The radial electric field: 1.89e+006V/m\n",
+ "## The life of the G.M. Counter : 2.778 years "
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "\n",
+ "The radial electric field: 1887391.66 \n",
+ "The life of the G.M. Counter : 2.78 years \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 4
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex5-pg178"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "## Exa4.5 : : Page 178 (2011)\n",
+ "import math; \n",
+ "#find The avalanche voltage in G.M. tube\n",
+ "I = 15.7; ## Ionisation potential of argon, eV\n",
+ "b = 0.025; ## Radius of the cathode, metre\n",
+ "a = 0.006e-02; ## Radius of the wire, metre\n",
+ "L = 7.8e-06; ## Mean free path, metre\n",
+ "V = round(I*a*math.log(b/a)/L); ## Avalanche voltage in G.M. tube, volt\n",
+ "print'%s %.2f %s'%(\"\\nThe avalanche voltage in G.M. tube = \",V,\" volt\");\n",
+ "\n",
+ "## Result\n",
+ "## The avalanche voltage in G.M. tube = 729 volt "
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "\n",
+ "The avalanche voltage in G.M. tube = 729.00 volt\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 5
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex6-pg179"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "## Exa4.6 : : Page 179 (2011)\n",
+ "#find The voltage fluctuation GM tube\n",
+ "import math; \n",
+ "C_r = 0.1e-02; ## Counting rate of GM tube\n",
+ "S = 3.; ## Slope of the curve\n",
+ "V = C_r*100*100/S; ## Voltage fluctuation, volt\n",
+ "print'%s %.2f %s'%(\"\\nThe voltage fluctuation GM tube = \",V,\" volt\");\n",
+ "\n",
+ "## Result\n",
+ "## The voltage fluctuation GM tube = 3.33 volt "
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "\n",
+ "The voltage fluctuation GM tube = 3.33 volt\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 6
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex7-pg179"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "## Exa4.7 : : Page-179 (2011)\n",
+ "#find Time measurement for actual count and Time measurement for backward count\n",
+ "import math; \n",
+ "R_t = 100.; ## Actual count rate, per sec\n",
+ "R_B = 25.; ## Backward count rate, per sec\n",
+ "V_S = 0.03; ## Coefficient of variation\n",
+ "R_S = R_t-R_B; ## Source counting rate,per sec\n",
+ "T_t = (R_t+math.sqrt(R_t*R_B))/(V_S**2*R_S**2); ## Time measurement for actual count, sec\n",
+ "T_B = T_t*math.sqrt(R_B/R_t); ## Time measurement for backward count, sec\n",
+ "print'%s %.2f %s %.2f %s '%(\"\\nTime measurement for actual count : \",T_t,\" sec\"and \" \\nTime measurement for backward count : \",T_B,\" sec\");\n",
+ "\n",
+ "## Result\n",
+ "## Time measurement for actual count : 29.630 sec \n",
+ "## Time measurement for backward count : 14.8 sec"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "\n",
+ "Time measurement for actual count : 29.63 \n",
+ "Time measurement for backward count : 14.81 sec \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 7
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex8-pg179"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "## Exa4.8 : : Page-179 (2011)\n",
+ "#find The capacitance of the detector and The capacitance of the detector \n",
+ "import math; \n",
+ "A = 1.5e-4; ## Area of capacitor plates, square metre\n",
+ "K = 12.; ## Dielectric constant\n",
+ "D = K*8.8542e-012; ## Electrical permittivity of the medium, per newton-metre-square coulomb square\n",
+ "x = 50e-06; ## Width of depletion layer, metre\n",
+ "C = A*D/x*10**12; ## Capacitance of the silicon detector, pF\n",
+ "E = 4.5e+06; ## Energy produced by the ion pairs, eV\n",
+ "N = E/3.5; ## Number of ion pairs\n",
+ "e = 1.60218e-019; ## Charge of each ion, coulomb\n",
+ "Q = N*e; ## Total charge, coulomb\n",
+ "V = Q/C*10**12; ## Potential applied across the capacitor, volt\n",
+ "print'%s %.2f %s %.2e %s '%(\"\\nThe capacitance of the detector : \",C,\" pF\"and \"\\nThe capacitance of the detector : \",V,\" volt\");\n",
+ "\n",
+ "## Result\n",
+ "## The capacitance of the detector : 318.75 pF\n",
+ "## The potential applied across the capacitor : 6.46e-004 volt \n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "\n",
+ "The capacitance of the detector : 318.75 \n",
+ "The potential applied across the capacitor : 6.46e-04 volt \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 8
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex9-pg180"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "## Exa4.9 : : Page-180 (2011)\n",
+ "#find The statistical error of the measured ratio\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "N_A = 1000.; ## Number of count observed for radiation A\n",
+ "N_B = 2000.; ## Number of count observed for radiation B\n",
+ "r = N_A/N_B; ## Ratio of count A to the count B\n",
+ "E_r = math.sqrt(1./N_A+1./N_B); ## Statistical error \n",
+ "print'%s %.2f %s'%(\"\\nThe statistical error of the measured ratio = \", E_r*r,\"\");\n",
+ "\n",
+ "## Result\n",
+ "## The statistical error of the measured ratio = 0.02 (Wrong answer in the textbook)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "\n",
+ "The statistical error of the measured ratio = 0.02 \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 9
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex10-pg180"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "## Exa4.10 : : Page 180 (2011)\n",
+ "#find The charge collected at the anode of photo multiplier tube\n",
+ "import math; \n",
+ "E = 4e+006; ## Energy lost in the scintillator, eV\n",
+ "N_pe = E/10**2*0.5*0.1; ## Number of photoelectrons emitted\n",
+ "G = 10**6; ## Gain of photomultiplier tube\n",
+ "e = 1.6e-019; ## Charge of the electron, C\n",
+ "Q = N_pe*G*e; ## Charge collected at the anode of photo multiplier tube, C\n",
+ "print'%s %.4e %s'%(\"\\nThe charge collected at the anode of photo multiplier tube : \",Q,\" C\");\n",
+ "\n",
+ "## Result\n",
+ "## The charge collected at the anode of photo multiplier tube : 3.2000e-010 C "
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "\n",
+ "The charge collected at the anode of photo multiplier tube : 3.2000e-10 C\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 10
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex11-pg180"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "## Exa11 : : Page 180 (2011)\n",
+ "#find Charge collected at the anode of photo multiplier tube\n",
+ "E = 4e+06; ## Energy lost in the scintillator, eV\n",
+ "N_pe = E/10**2*0.5*0.1; ## Number of photoelectrons emitted\n",
+ "G = 10**6; ## Gain\n",
+ "e = 1.6e-019; ## Charge of the electron, C\n",
+ "Q = N_pe*G*e; ## Charge collected at the anode of photo multiplier tube, C\n",
+ "print'%s %.4e %s'%(\"\\nCharge collected at the anode of photo multiplier tube : \",Q,\" C\");\n",
+ "## Result\n",
+ "## Charge collected at the anode of photo multiplier tube : 3.2000e-010 C "
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "\n",
+ "Charge collected at the anode of photo multiplier tube : 3.2000e-10 C\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 11
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex12-pg181"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "## Exa4.12 : : Page 181 (2011)\n",
+ "#find Standard deviation of the reading\n",
+ "## Defining an array\n",
+ "import math;\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "n = numpy.zeros((6,1)); ## Declare the cell matrix of 1X6 \n",
+ "n[0,0] = 10000;\n",
+ "n[1,0]= 10200;\n",
+ "n[2,0] = 10400;\n",
+ "n[3,0] = 10600;\n",
+ "n[4,0] = 10800;\n",
+ "n[5,0] = 11000;\n",
+ "g = 0.; ## \n",
+ "k = 6;\n",
+ "H = 0.;\n",
+ "for i in (0,k-1):\n",
+ " g = g + n[i,0]\n",
+ "\n",
+ "N = g/k; ## Mean of the count\n",
+ "D = math.sqrt(N);\n",
+ "for i in range (0,k-1):\n",
+ " H = H+((n[i,0]-N)*(n[i,0]-N)) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "S_D = round(math.sqrt(H/(k-1)));\n",
+ "print'%s %.2f %s'%(\"\\nStandard deviation of the reading : \", S_D,\"\");\n",
+ "delta_N = math.sqrt(N);\n",
+ "if (S_D > delta_N) :\n",
+ " print(\"\\nThe foil cannot be considered uniform..!\");\n",
+ "else:\n",
+ " print(\"\\nThe foil can be considered uniform.\");\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "## Result\n",
+ "## Standard deviation of the reading : 374\n",
+ "## The foil cannot be considered uniform..! "
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "\n",
+ "Standard deviation of the reading : 6906.00 \n",
+ "\n",
+ "The foil cannot be considered uniform..!\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 4
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex13-pg181"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "## Exa4.13 : : Page 181 (2011)\n",
+ "#findNo. of electrons in the output\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "V = 2e-03; ## Voltage impulse, volt\n",
+ "C = 120e-012; ## Capacitance of the capacitor, F\n",
+ "e = 1.6e-019; ## Charge of the electron, C\n",
+ "n = C*V/(15.*e); ## No. of electons\n",
+ "N = n**(1/10.); ## No. of electrons in the output\n",
+ "print'%s %.2f %s'%(\"\\nNo. of electrons in the output : \",N,\" (approx)\");\n",
+ "\n",
+ "## Result\n",
+ "## No. of electrons in the output : 3.16 (approx) "
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "\n",
+ "No. of electrons in the output : 3.16 (approx)\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 13
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex14-pg181"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "## Exa4.14 : : Page 181 (2011)\n",
+ "#find Time of flight of proton and Time of flight of electron\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "m_p = 0.938; ## Mass of the proton, GeV\n",
+ "E = 1.4; ## Total energy of proton, GeV\n",
+ "gama = E/m_p; ## Boost parameter\n",
+ "bta = math.sqrt(1-1/gama**2); ## Relativistic factor\n",
+ "d = 10.; ## Distance between two counters,m\n",
+ "C = 3e+08; ## Velocity of light ,m/s\n",
+ "t_p = d/(bta*C); ## Time of flight of proton ,sec\n",
+ "T_e = d/C; ## Time of flight of electron, sec\n",
+ "print'%s %.2f %s %.2f %s '%(\"\\nTime of flight of proton: \",t_p/1e-009,\" ns\"and \" \\nTime of flight of electron : \",T_e/1e-009,\" ns \");\n",
+ "\n",
+ "## Result\n",
+ "## Time of flight of proton: 44.90 ns \n",
+ "## Time of flight of electron : 33.33 ns "
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "\n",
+ "Time of flight of proton: 44.90 \n",
+ "Time of flight of electron : 33.33 ns \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 14
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex15-pg182"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "## Exa4.15 : : Page 182 (2011)\n",
+ "#find The fractional error in rest mass of the particle\n",
+ "import math;\n",
+ "p = 100.; ## Momentum of the particle, GeV\n",
+ "n = 1+1.35e-04; ## Refractive index of the gas \n",
+ "m_0 = 1.; ## Mass, GeV per square coulomb\n",
+ "gama = math.sqrt((p**2+m_0**2)/m_0); ## Boost parameter\n",
+ "bta = math.sqrt (1-1/gama**2); ## Relativistic parameter\n",
+ "d_theta = 1e-003; ## Error in the emission angle, radian\n",
+ "theta = math.acos(1/(n*bta)); ## Emision angle of photon, radian \n",
+ "F_err = (p**2*n**2*2*theta*10**-3)/(2*m_0**2); ## Fractional error\n",
+ "print'%s %.2f %s'%(\"\\nThe fractional error in rest mass of the particle = \", F_err,\"\");\n",
+ "\n",
+ "## Result \n",
+ "## The fractional error in rest mass of the particle = 0.13 "
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "\n",
+ "The fractional error in rest mass of the particle = 0.13 \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 15
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ex16-pg182"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "## Exa4.16 : : Page 182 (2011)\n",
+ "#find The total number of quantas during emission of visible light\n",
+ "import math;\n",
+ "u = 1.49; ## Refractive index\n",
+ "E = 20*1.60218e-019; ## Energy of the electron, joule\n",
+ "m_e = 9.1e-031; ## Mass of the electron, Kg\n",
+ "C = 3e-08; ## Velocity of the light, m/s\n",
+ "bta = (1 + (1/(E/(m_e*C**2)+1))**2 ); ## Boost parameter\n",
+ "z = 1.; ## \n",
+ "L_1 = 4000e-010; ## Initial wavelength, metre\n",
+ "L_2 = 7000e-010; ## Final wavelength, metre\n",
+ "N = 2*math.pi*z**2/137.*(1./L_1-1./L_2)*(1-1./(bta**2*u**2)); ## Number of quanta of visible light, quanta per centimetre\n",
+ "print'%s %.2f %s'%(\"\\nThe total number of quantas during emission of visible light = \", round(N/100),\"quanta/cm\");\n",
+ "\n",
+ "## Result \n",
+ "## The total number of quantas during emission of visible light = 270 quanta/cm "
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "\n",
+ "The total number of quantas during emission of visible light = 270.00 quanta/cm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 16
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
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