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diff --git a/Heat_Transfer_in_SI_units_by_Holman/Chapter2.ipynb b/Heat_Transfer_in_SI_units_by_Holman/Chapter2.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..71fd76dc --- /dev/null +++ b/Heat_Transfer_in_SI_units_by_Holman/Chapter2.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,674 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 2 Steady State Conduction One Dimension" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Exa 2.1" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Length of thickness is: 5.75 cm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Example Number 2.1\n", + "#Calculate thickness of insulation to reduce heat loss/gain by 80 %\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "\n", + "dx1 = 0.1\t # [m] thickness of layer of common brick\n", + "k1 = 0.7\t # [W/m degree celsius] heat transfer coefficient of common brick\n", + "dx2 = 0.0375 # [m] thickness of layer of gypsum plaster\n", + "k2 = 0.48 \t # [W/m degree celsius] heat transfer coefficient gypsum plaster\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Rb = dx1/k1\t # [sq m degree C /W] thermal resistance of brick\n", + "Rp = dx2/k2 # [sq m degree C /W] thermal resistance of gypsum plaster\n", + "R = Rb+Rp \t # [sq m degree C /W] thermal resistance without insulation\n", + "R1 = R/0.2 \t # [sq m degree C /W] with insulation \n", + "\n", + "# heat loss with the rock-wool insulation is 20 percent \n", + "\n", + "Rrw = R1-R \t # [square meter degree celsius /W]\n", + "k3 = 0.065 \t # [W/m degree celsius] heat transfer coefficient\n", + "dx3 = Rrw*k3 # [m]\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Length of thickness is:\",round(dx3*100,2),\" cm\"\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Exa 2.2" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Heat flow is given by: 680.0 W/m\n", + "Interface temperature is 596.0 degree celsius \n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Example Number 2.2\n", + "#Calculate heat loss/metre length and tube-insulation interface temperature\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "\n", + "ID = 0.02 \t\t# [m] inner diameter of steel\n", + "OD = 0.04 \t\t#[m] outer diameter of steel\n", + "t = 0.03 \t\t#[m] thickness of asbestos insulation\n", + "\t\t\t# system is like three concentric cylinders \n", + "T1 = 600 \t\t# [degree celsius] inside wall temperature\n", + "T2 = 100 \t\t# [degree celsius] outside insulation temperature\n", + "Ks = 19 \t\t#[W/m degree celsius] heat transfer coefficient of steel\n", + "Ka = 0.2 \t\t# [W/m degree celsius] heat transfer coefficient of asbestos\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t# heat flow is given by per unit length\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "import math\n", + "Q_l = ((2*math.pi*(T1-T2))/((math.log(OD/ID)/Ks)+(math.log(0.1/OD)/Ka))) # [W/m]\n", + "\n", + "\t# above calculated heat flow is used to calculate the interface temperature\n", + "\t# between the outside wall and the insulation\n", + "\n", + "Ta = Q_l*(math.log(0.1/OD)/(2*math.pi*Ka))+T2 \n", + "\t# [degree C] Ta is interface temperature\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Heat flow is given by:\",round(Q_l),\" W/m\" \n", + "print \"Interface temperature is\",round(Ta),\"degree celsius \"\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Exa 2.3" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "TOTAL THERMAL RESISTANCE THROUGH,\n", + "wood stud is: 31.39 degree C\n", + "Insulation section is: 7.34 degree C/W\n", + "Overall heat transfer coefficient is: 0.414 W/sq m per deg C\n", + "R value is: 2.415 sq m/W\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Example Number 2.3 \n", + "# Calculate overall heat transfer coefficient and R Value of wall\n", + "\n", + "# 1. heat transfer through studs for unit depth\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "\n", + "l = 0.0413 \t # [m] length of wood studs\n", + "b = 1.0 \t # [m] unit depth\n", + "A = l*b\t\t # [square meter] area of studs for unit depth\n", + "hi = 7.5\t # [W/sq meter/degr C] convectional heat transfer coefficient\n", + "ho = 15 \t # [W/sq m per deg C] convectional heat transfer coefficient\n", + "Kb = 0.69 \t # [W/m per deg celsius] heat transfer coefficient of brick\n", + "Kgi = 0.96 \t # [W/m per deg C] heat transfer coefficient of gypsum inner sheath\n", + "Ki = 0.04 \t # [W/m per deg C] heat transfer coefficient of insulation\n", + "Kws = 0.1\t # [W/m per deg C] heat transfer coefficient of wood stud\n", + "Kgo = 0.48 \t # [W/m per deg C] heat transfer coefficient of gypsum outer sheath\n", + "Rair = 1/(ho*A) # [degree C /W] convection resistance outside of brick\n", + "dx_b = 0.08 \t # [m] thickness of brick\n", + "dx_os = 0.019 \t #[m] thickness of outer sheet\n", + "dx_ws = 0.0921 # [m] thickness of wood stud\n", + "dx_is = 0.019 # [m] thickness of inner sheet\n", + "Rb = dx_b/(Kb*A) \t# [degr C /W] conduction resistance in brick\n", + "Ros = dx_os/(Kgi*A) \t# [deg C /W] conduction resistance through outer sheet\n", + "Rws = dx_ws/(Kws*A) \t# [deg C/W] conduction resistance through wood stud\n", + "Ris = dx_is/(Kgo*A) \t# [deg C/W] conduction resistance through inner sheet\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Ri = 1/(hi*A) \t\t# [degree celsius /W] convection resistance on inside\n", + "\n", + "Rt = Rair+Rb+Ros+Rws+Ris+Ri \n", + "\t\t\t# [deg C/W] total thermal Res through the wood stud section\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "print \"TOTAL THERMAL RESISTANCE THROUGH,\"\n", + "print\"wood stud is:\",round(Rt,2),\"degree C\"\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "# 2. Heat transfer through insulation section \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "A1 = 0.406-A\t\t # [sq meter] area of insulation section for unit depth\n", + "dx_ins = 0.0921 # [m] thickness of insulation\n", + "Rins = dx_ins/(Ki*A1) # [deg C /W] conduction resistance through insulation section\n", + "\n", + "\t\t# five of the materials are same but resistance involve different area \n", + "\t\t# i.e. (40.6-4.13) cm instead of 4.13 cm \n", + "\t\t# so that each of the previous must be multiplied by a factor of \t\t\t#(4.13/(40.6-4.13)) = 0.113 \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Rt_ins = (Rair+Rb+Ros+Ris+Ri)*0.113+Rins\n", + " \t\t# [deg C/W] total resistance through insulation section \n", + "\t\n", + "print\"Insulation section is:\",round(Rt_ins,3),\"degree C/W\"\n", + "\n", + "R_overall = 1/((1/Rt)+(1/Rt_ins)) \n", + "\t\t# [degree celsius /W] overall resistance for the section\n", + "\n", + "\t\t# the value is related to overall heat transfer coefficient by \n", + "\t\t# Q = U*A*dt = dt/R_overall \n", + "\t\t# where A is area of total section\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "A_ = 0.406 \t\t# [sq meter] area of total section\n", + "U = 1/(R_overall*A_) # [W/sq meter deg C] overall heat transfer coefficient\n", + "\t\t\t# R value is somewhat different from thermal resistance and is \t\t\t#given by\n", + "R_value = 1/U \t\t# [degree celsius square meter/W] R value of system\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Results\n", + "\n", + "print\"Overall heat transfer coefficient is:\",round(U,3),\"W/sq m per deg C\"\n", + "\n", + "print\"R value is:\",round(R_value,3),\"sq m/W\" \n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Exa 2.4" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Overall heat transfer coefficient is: 7.58 W/sq m degree C\n", + "Heat loss per unit length is: 19.0 W(for 1m length)\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Example Number 2.4\n", + "# Calculate overall heat transfer coeff and heat loss/unit length at 20 deg C\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "\n", + "ID = 0.025 \t\t# [m] inner diameter of steel\n", + "OD = ID+2*0.0008 \t#[m] outer diameter of steel\n", + "hi = 3500 \t\t# [W/sq m per deg C] convectional heat transfer coefficient of \t\t\t#inside\n", + "ho = 7.6 \t\t# [W/sq m per deg C] convectional heat transfer coefficient of \t\t\t#outside \n", + "L = 1.0 \t\t# [m] tube length\n", + "import math\n", + "Ai = math.pi*ID*L \t# [sq meter] inside crossectional area \n", + "Ao = math.pi*OD*L \t# [sq meter] outside crossectional area \n", + "k = 16 \t\t\t# [W/sq meter per deg C] thermal conductivity of tube\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Ri = 1/(hi*Ai)\t\t\t # [degree C /W] convection resistance inside tube\n", + "Rt = math.log(OD/ID)/(2*math.pi*k*L) # [degree C /W] thermal resistance \n", + "Ro = 1/(ho*Ao) \t\t\t # [deg C /W] convection resistance outside tube\n", + "R_total = Ri+Rt+Ro\t\t # [deg C/W] total thermal and convection \t\t\t\t \t\t #resistance \n", + "Uo = 1/(Ao*R_total) \t\t # [W/sq m deg C] overall heat transfer \t\t\t\t \t\t #coefficient\n", + "\n", + "Tw = 50\t\t\t\t # [degree C] water temperature\n", + "Ta = 20 \t\t\t # [degree C] surrounding air temperature\n", + "dt = Tw-Ta \t\t\t # [degree C] temperature difference\n", + "q = Uo*Ao*dt\t\t\t # [W] heat transfer \n", + "\n", + "#Results\n", + "\n", + "print\"Overall heat transfer coefficient is:\",round(Uo,2),\" W/sq m degree C\"\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "print\"Heat loss per unit length is:\",round(q),\" W(for 1m length)\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Exa 2.5" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Critical radius of insulation for asbestos is: 5.67 cm \n", + "Heat loss when covered with critical radius of insulation is: 105.7 W/m\n", + "Heat loss without insulation is: 84.8 W/m\n", + "Addition of 3.17 of insulation actually increases the heat transfer by: 25.0 %\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Example Number 2.5\n", + "#Calculate the heat loss \n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "\n", + "k = 0.17 \t\t# [W/m per deg C] heat transfer coefficient of asbestos\n", + "Tr = 20 \t\t# [degree celsius] temperature of room air\n", + "h = 3 \t\t\t# [W/sq m per deg C] convectional heat transfer coefficient\n", + "Tp = 200 \t\t# [degree celsius] temperature of pipe\n", + "d = 0.05 \t\t# [m] diameter of pipe\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t# from equation (2-18) we calculate r_o as \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "r_o = k/h \t\t# [m] critical radius of insulation\n", + "print\"Critical radius of insulation for asbestos is:\",round(r_o*100,2),\"cm \"\n", + "\n", + "Ri = d/2\t # [m] inside radius of insulation\n", + "\t\t\t# heat transfer is calculated from equation (2-17)\n", + "import math\n", + "q_by_L = (2*math.pi*(Tp-Tr))/(((math.log(r_o/Ri))/0.17)+(1/(h*r_o)))\n", + "\t \t\t# [W/m] heat transfer per unit length\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Results\n", + "\n", + "print\"Heat loss when covered with critical radius of insulation is:\",round(q_by_L,1),\" W/m\"\n", + "\n", + "\t\t# without insulation the convection from the outer surface of pipe is \n", + "\n", + "q_by_L1 = h*2*math.pi*Ri*(Tp-Tr) \n", + "\t\t#[W/m] convection from outer surface without insulation\n", + "print\"Heat loss without insulation is:\",round(q_by_L1,1),\" W/m\"\n", + "per_inc = ((q_by_L-q_by_L1)/q_by_L1)*100 \t# percentage increase in heat transfer\n", + "\n", + "print\"Addition of 3.17 of insulation actually increases the heat transfer by:\",round(per_inc),\"%\" \n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Exa 2.6" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Center temperature of the wire is: 231.7 degree celsius\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Example Number 2.6\n", + "#Calculate the centre temperature of wire\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "\n", + "\t\t# all the power generated in the wire must be dissipated by convection \t\tto the liquid \n", + "\t\t# P = i**(2)*R = q = h*A*dt\n", + "L = 100 \t# [cm] length of the wire \n", + "k = 19 \t\t# [W/m per deg C] heat transfer coefficient of steel wire\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "\n", + "import math\n", + "A = math.pi*(0.15)**(2) \t# [sq m] crossectional area of wire\n", + "rho = 70*10**(-6) \t\t# [micro ohm cm] resistivity of steel \n", + "R = rho*L/A \t\t\t# [ohm] resistance of wire\n", + "i = 200 \t\t\t# [ampere] current in the wire\n", + "P = i**(2)*R \t\t\t# [W] power generated in the wire\n", + "Tl = 110 \t\t\t# [degree celsius] liquid temperature\n", + "d = 0.003 \t\t\t# [m] diameter of wire\n", + "l = 1 \t\t\t\t# [m] length of wire\n", + "Tw = (P/(4000*3.14*d*l))+110 \t# [degree celsius] wire temperature\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\t# heat generated per unit V q_dot is calculated as\n", + "\t\t\t\t# P = q_dot*V = q_dot*3.14*r**(2)*l\n", + "r = d/2 \t\t\t# [m] radius of wire\n", + "q_dot = P/(math.pi*r**(2)*l) \t# [W/m**(3)]\n", + "\t\t\t\t# finally the center temperature of the wire is \t\t\t\t\tcalculated from equation (2-26)\n", + "\t\n", + "To = ((q_dot*(r**(2)))/(4*k))+Tw\t # [degree celsius]\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Center temperature of the wire is:\",round(To,1) ,\"degree celsius\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Exa 2.8" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Heat loss from the fin per unit length is 360.0 W/m\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Example Number 2.8\n", + "# Calculate heat loss per unit depth of the material\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "\n", + "t = 0.003 \t\t# [m] thickness of fin\n", + "L = 0.075 \t\t# [m] length of fin\n", + "Tb = 300 \t\t# [degree celsius] base temperature\n", + "Tair = 50 \t\t# [degree celsius] ambient temperature\n", + "k = 200 \t\t# [W/m per deg C] heat transfer coefficient of aluminium fin\n", + "h = 10 \t\t\t# [W/sq m per deg C] convectional heat transfer coefficient\n", + "\t\t\t# We Will use the approximate method of solution by extending \t\t\tthe fin \n", + "\t\t\t# With a fictitious length t/2\n", + "\t\t\t# using equation(2-36)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Lc = L+t/2 \t\t# [m] corrected length\n", + "z = 1 \t\t\t# [m] unit depth\n", + "p = (2*z+2*t) \t\t# [m] perimeter of fin\n", + "A = z*t \t\t# [square meter] crossectional area of fin\n", + "m = ((h*p)/(k*A))**(0.5)\n", + "\t \n", + "\t\t\t\t\t\t# from equation(2-36)\n", + "dt = Tb-Tair \t\t\t\t\t# [degree C] temperature difference\n", + "import math\n", + "q = math.tanh(m*Lc)*((h*p*k*A)**(0.5))*dt\t# [W/m] heat transfer per unit length \n", + "\n", + "#Results\n", + "print \"Heat loss from the fin per unit length is\",round(q),\"W/m\" \n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Exa 2.9" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The actual heat transferred is: 60.97 W\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Example Number 2.9\n", + "# Calculate the heat loss per fin\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "\n", + "t = 0.001 \t\t\t# [m] thickness of fin\n", + "L = 0.015 \t\t\t# [m] length of fin\n", + "Ts = 170\t\t\t# [degree celsius] surface temperature\n", + "Tfluid = 25 \t\t\t# [degree celsius] fluid temperature\n", + "k = 200 \t\t\t# [W/m per deg C] heat transfer coefficient of \t\t\t\t\t\t aluminium fin\n", + "h = 130 \t\t\t# [W/sq m per deg C] \t\t\t\t convectional heat transfercoefficient\n", + "d = 0.025 \t\t\t# [m] tube diameter\n", + "Lc = L+t/2\t\t\t# [m] corrected length\n", + "r1 = d/2 \t\t\t# [m] radius of tube\n", + "r2_c = r1+Lc \t\t\t# [m] corrected radius\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Am = t*(r2_c-r1) \t\t# [sq m] profile area \n", + "c = r2_c/r1 \t\t\t# constant to determine\tefficiency of fin from curve \n", + "\n", + "c1 = ((Lc)**(1.5))*((h/(k*Am))**(0.5)) \t# constant to determine efficiency of fin from \t\t\t\t\tcurve\n", + "\n", + "\t\t \t\t# using c and c1 to determine the efficiency \t\t\t\t\t\tof the fin from figure (2-12)\n", + "\t\t\t\t# we get nf = 82 percent\n", + "\t\t\t\t# heat would be transferred if the entire fin were at \t\t\t\t\tthe base temperature \n", + "\t\t\t\t# both sides of fin exchanging heat \n", + "import math\n", + "q_max = 2*math.pi*(r2_c**(2)-r1**(2))*h*(Ts-Tfluid) \t# [W] maximum heat transfer\n", + "q_act = 0.82*q_max \t\t\t\t\t#[W] actual heat transfer\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print\"The actual heat transferred is:\",round(q_act,2),\" W\"\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Exa 2.10" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The expression for the temperature distribution in the rod is \n", + "theta`=(((theta1`*exp^(2*m*L)-theta2`*exp^(m*L))*exp^(-m*x))+((theta2`exp^(m*L)-theta1`)exp^(m*x))/(exp^(2*m*L)-1))\n", + "for an infinitely long heat generating fin with the left end maintained at T1, the temperature distribution becomes \n", + "theta`/theta1 = exp^(-m*x)\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Example Number 2.10\n", + "#Obtain an expression for the temperature distribution in rod\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration & Calculations\n", + "\n", + "\t# q_dot is uniform heat source per unit volume \n", + "\t# h is convection coefficient\n", + "\t# k is heat transfer coefficient\n", + "\t# A is area of crossection\n", + "\t# P is perimeter \n", + "\t# Tinf is environment temperature \n", + "\t# we first make an energy balance on the element of the rod shown in \tfigure(2-10)\n", + "\t# energy in left place + heat generated in element = energy out right face + \tenergy lost by convection\n", + "\t# or \n", + "\t# -(k*A*dT_by_dx)+(q_dot*A*dx) = \t-(k*A(dT_by_dx+(d2T_by_dx2)*dx))+h*P*dx*(T-Tinf)\n", + "\t# simlifying we have \n", + "\t# d2T_by_dx2-((h*P)/(k*A))*(T-Tinf)+q_dot/k = 0\n", + "\t# replacing theta = (T-Tinf) and (square meter) = ((h*P)/(k*A))\n", + "\t# d2theta_by_dx2-(square meter)*theta+q_dot/k = 0\n", + "\t# we can make a further substitution as theta` = theta-(q_dot/(k*(square \tmeter)))\n", + "\t# so that our differential equation becomes \n", + "\t# d2theta`_by_dx2-(square meter)*theta`\n", + "\t# which has the general solution theta` = C1*exp^(-m*x)+C2*exp^(m*x)\n", + "\t# the two end temperatures are used to establish the boundary conditions:\n", + "\t# theta` = theta1` = T1-Tinf-q_dot/(k*(square meter)) = C1+C2\n", + "\t# theta` = theta2` = T2-Tinf-q_dot/(k*(square meter)) = \tC1*exp^(-m*L)+C2*exp^(m*L)\n", + "\t# solving for the constants C1 and C2 gives \n", + "\t\t#((theta1`*exp^(2*m*L)-theta2`*exp^(m*L))*exp^(-m*x))+((theta2`exp^(m*L)-theta1`)exp^(m*x))/(exp^(2*m*L)-1))\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#RESULTS\n", + "\n", + "print\"The expression for the temperature distribution in the rod is \" \n", + "\n", + "print\"theta`=(((theta1`*exp^(2*m*L)-theta2`*exp^(m*L))*exp^(-m*x))+((theta2`exp^(m*L)-theta1`)exp^(m*x))/(exp^(2*m*L)-1))\" \n", + "\n", + "print\"for an infinitely long heat generating fin with the left end maintained at T1, the temperature distribution becomes \" \n", + "\n", + "print\"theta`/theta1 = exp^(-m*x)\" " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Exa 2.11" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 11, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Overall heat flow is: 5.52 W\n", + "The temperature drop across the contact is: 4.3 degree celsius\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Example Number 2.11\n", + "# Calculate the axial heat flow and temperature drop across the contact surface\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "\n", + "d = 0.03\t\t #[m] diameter of steel bar\n", + "l = 0.1 #[m] length of steel bar\n", + "import math\n", + "A = (math.pi*d**(2))/4\t # [square meter] crossectional area of bar \n", + "k = 16.3 \t\t # [W/sq m per degree celsius] thermal conductivity of tube \n", + "hc = 1893.93\t\t # [W/sq m per degree celsius] contact coefficient\n", + "\t\t # the overall heat flow is subjected to three thermal resistances \n", + "\t\t # one conduction resistance for each bar\n", + "\t\t # contact resistance \n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Rth = l/(k*A) # [degree celsius /W]\n", + "\n", + "\t\t # from table(2-2) the contact resistance is \n", + "Rc = 1/(hc*A) \t # [degree celsius /W]\n", + "Rt = 2*Rth+Rc\t\t # [degree celsius /W] total resistance\n", + "dt = 100\t\t # [degree celsius] temperature difference\n", + "q = dt/Rt \t\t # [W] overall heat flow\n", + "\n", + "#Results\n", + "\n", + "print \"Overall heat flow is:\",round(q,2),\"W\" \n", + "\n", + "\t\t# temperature drop across the contact is found by taking the ratio \n", + "\t\t# of the contact resistance to the total thermal resistance \n", + "\n", + "dt_c = (Rc/(2*Rth))*dt\t\t\t # [degree celsius]\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "print \"The temperature drop across the contact is:\",round(dt_c,2),\"degree celsius\"\n" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + 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