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diff --git a/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices_by_JB_Gupta/Ch2.ipynb b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices_by_JB_Gupta/Ch2.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..b52ed808 --- /dev/null +++ b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices_by_JB_Gupta/Ch2.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1366 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": ""
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter2 : Energy Bands and Charge Carriers in semiconductor"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.1 Page No.58"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "dE1=0.1 #eV\n",
+ "dE2=-0.1 #eV\n",
+ "k=8.61*10**-5 #Boltzman constant\n",
+ "T=300 #K\n",
+ "\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "FE1=1/(1+math.exp(dE1/(k*T)))\n",
+ "FE2=1/(1+math.exp(dE2/(k*T)))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"Probability when the energy of the state is above 0.1 eV\",round(FE1,2)\n",
+ "print\"Probability when the energy of the state is below 0.1 eV\",round(FE2,2)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Probability when the energy of the state is above 0.1 eV 0.02\n",
+ "Probability when the energy of the state is below 0.1 eV 0.98\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 9
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.2 Page No. 58"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "Ef=6.25 #EV fermi energy level\n",
+ "dE=-0.30 #eV\n",
+ "k=8.61*10**-5 #Boltzman constant\n",
+ "fE=0.99\n",
+ "\n",
+ "T=(dE)/(k*math.log(1/fE-1))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"The Temprature is\",round(T,1),\"K\" "
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The Temprature is 758.3 K\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.3 Page No. 64"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "Eg=0.72 #eV\n",
+ "Ef=0.5*Eg\n",
+ "dE=Eg-Ef #eV\n",
+ "k=8.61*10**-5 #Boltzman constant\n",
+ "T=300 #K\n",
+ "\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "N=1/(1+math.exp(dE/(k*T)))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"the fraction of total no. of electron is \",round(N,9)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "the fraction of total no. of electron is 8.85e-07\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 1
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.4 Page No. 64"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "E=300*1.602*10**-19 #eV Energy\n",
+ "m=9.108*10**-31 #kg, mass of electron\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34 #Planck constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "v=math.sqrt(2*E/m)\n",
+ "lam=h*v/E\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"The wavwlength is\",round(lam*10**10,3),\"A\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The wavwlength is 1.416 A\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 22
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.5 Page No. 70"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "ni=1.4*10**18\t\t\t#in atoms/m**3\n",
+ "Nd=1.4*10**24\t\t\t#in atoms/m**3\n",
+ "n=Nd\t\t\t\t#in atoms/m**3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "p=ni**2/n\t\t\t#in atoms/m**3\n",
+ "ratio=n/p\t\t\t#unitless\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"Ratio of electron to hole concentration : \",round(ratio,2)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Ratio of electron to hole concentration : 1e+12\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 25
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.7 Page no 74"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "n=10**24 #Electron density\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19 #Electron charge\n",
+ "v=0.015 #m/s drift velocity\n",
+ "A=10**-4 #m**2 area\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I=n*e*v/A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"The magnitude of current is\",round(I/10**8,2),\"A\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The magnitude of current is 0.24 A\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 35
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.8 Page No. 74"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "Ef=5.5\t\t\t#in eV\n",
+ "MUe=7.04*10**-3\t\t#in m**2/V-s\n",
+ "n=5.8*10**28\t\t#in m**-3\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\t\t#constant\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31\t\t#in Kg\n",
+ "\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "tau=MUe*m/e\t\t#in sec\n",
+ "rho=1/(n*e*MUe)\t\t#in ohm-m\n",
+ "vF=math.sqrt(2*Ef*1.6*10**-19/m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"Relaxation time in sec : \",tau,\"s\"\n",
+ "print\"Resistivity of conductor in ohm-m : \",round(rho,11),\"ohm m\"\n",
+ "print\"velocity of electron with fermi energy is \",round(vF,0),\"m/s\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Relaxation time in sec : 4.004e-14 s\n",
+ "Resistivity of conductor in ohm-m : 1.531e-08 ohm m\n",
+ "velocity of electron with fermi energy is 1390707.0 m/s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 32
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.9 Page No. 75"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "rho=1.73*10**-8 #resistivity\n",
+ "Tav=2.42*10**-14 #Average Time\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\t\t#constant\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31\t\t#in Kg\n",
+ "\n",
+ "n=m/(e**2*Tav*rho)\n",
+ "mu=(e*Tav)/m\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"NO. of free electrons are\",round(n,-26)\n",
+ "print\"mobility of electrons is\",round(mu,3),\"m**2/Vs\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "NO. of free electrons are 8.49e+28\n",
+ "mobility of electrons is 0.004 m**2/Vs\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 51
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.10 page No. 75"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "Ef=100\t\t\t#in V/m Applied electric field\n",
+ "n=6*10**28\t\t#in m**-3\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\t\t#constant electronic charge\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31\t\t#in Kg mass of electron\n",
+ "rho=1.5*10**-8 #Density\n",
+ "\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "tau=m/(n*e**2*rho)\t\t#in sec\n",
+ "vF=e*Ef*tau/m\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"Relaxation time in sec : \",round(tau,16),\"s\"\n",
+ "print\"velocity of electron with fermi energy is \",round(vF,1),\"m/s\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Relaxation time in sec : 3.95e-14 s\n",
+ "velocity of electron with fermi energy is 0.7 m/s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 57
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.11 Page No.75"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "d=0.002 #m, diameter of pipe\n",
+ "s=5.8*10**7 #Conductivity S/m\n",
+ "mu=0.0032 #m**2/Vs, Electron mobility\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\t\t#constant electronic charge\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31\t\t#in Kg mass of electron\n",
+ "E=0.02 #V/m Electric field\n",
+ "\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "n=s/(e*mu)\n",
+ "J=s*E\n",
+ "I=J*(math.pi*d**2/4.0)\n",
+ "v=mu*E\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"Charge density is\",round(n,-26),\"m**-3\"\n",
+ "print\"current density is\",round(J,6),\"A/m**2\"\n",
+ "print\"curret flowing is\",round(I,3),\"A\"\n",
+ "print\"electron drift velocityis\",round(v,6),\"m/s\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Charge density is 1.133e+29 m**-3\n",
+ "current density is 1160000.0 A/m**2\n",
+ "curret flowing is 3.644 A\n",
+ "electron drift velocityis 6.4e-05 m/s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 69
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.12 page no 76"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "rho=0.5 #ohm-m Resistivity\n",
+ "J=100 #A/m**2 Current density\n",
+ "mue=0.4 #m**2/Vs Electron mobility\n",
+ "d=10*10**-6 #m distance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ve=mue*J*rho\n",
+ "t=d/Ve\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"The drift velocity is \",Ve,\"m/s\"\n",
+ "print\"Time taken by the electron is\",round(t,8),\"s\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The drift velocity is 20.0 m/s\n",
+ "Time taken by the electron is 5e-07 s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 156
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.13 Page No.76"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\t\t#constant electronic charge\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31\t\t#in Kg mass of electron\n",
+ "rho=0.039 #ohm-cm resistivity\n",
+ "mu=3600 #cm**2/Vs Carrier mobility\n",
+ "ni=2.5*10**13\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Nd=(1/(rho*e*mu))\n",
+ "n=Nd\n",
+ "p=(ni**2/n)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"Concentration of electron is\",round(n,-14),\"/cm**3\"\n",
+ "print\"Concentration of holes is\",round(p,0),\"/cm**3\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Concentration of electron is 4.45e+16 /cm**3\n",
+ "Concentration of holes is 14040000000.0 /cm**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 76
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.14 page No 76"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "rho=5.32 #kg/m**3, density\n",
+ "Aw=72.6 #kg/K kmol atomic weight\n",
+ "ni=2.5*10**13\n",
+ "di=10**8 #Donor impurity\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19 #Electronic charge\n",
+ "mue=0.38 #m**/Vs\n",
+ "muh=0.18 #m**/Vs\n",
+ "\n",
+ "N=6.023*10**23*rho/Aw #No 0f germanium atoms per cm**3\n",
+ "Nd=N/di\n",
+ "n=Nd\n",
+ "p=(ni**2/n)\n",
+ "s=n*e*mue*10**4\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"Concentration of electrons is\",round(n,-12),\"atoms/cm**3\"\n",
+ "print\"Concentration of holes is\",round(p,-10),\"atoms/cm**3\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "if n > p:\n",
+ " \n",
+ " print\"Conductivity of N-type germanium\",round(s*100,1),\"/ohm-m\" \n",
+ "else:\n",
+ " print \"Calculate p-type germanium conductivity\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Concentration of electrons is 4.41e+14 atoms/cm**3\n",
+ "Concentration of holes is 1.42e+12 atoms/cm**3\n",
+ "Conductivity of N-type germanium 26.8 /ohm-m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 4
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.15 Page no.79"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19 #Electronic charge\n",
+ "mue=0.39 #m**/Vs\n",
+ "muh=0.19 #m**/Vs\n",
+ "rhoi=0.47 #ohm-m, intrinsic resistivity\n",
+ "E=10**4 #Electric field\n",
+ "\n",
+ "sigmai=1/rhoi\n",
+ "ni=sigmai/(e*(mue+muh))\n",
+ "Vn=mue*E\n",
+ "Vh=muh*E\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"Density of electrons is\",round(ni,-17),\"/m**3\"\n",
+ "print\"Drift velocity for electrons\",round(Vn,0),\"m/s\"\n",
+ "print\"Drift velocity for holes\",round(Vh,0),\"m/s\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Density of electrons is 2.29e+19 /m**3\n",
+ "Drift velocity for electrons 3900.0 m/s\n",
+ "Drift velocity for holes 1900.0 m/s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 5
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.16 page No.80"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "i=10**7 #IMpurity in Ge atom\n",
+ "ni=2.5*10**13 #/cm**3\n",
+ "N=4.4*10**22 #No. of atoms of Ge\n",
+ "mue=3800 #cm**2/Vs\n",
+ "muh=1800 #cm**2/Vs\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19 #Electronic charge\n",
+ "E=400 #Electric field\n",
+ "\n",
+ "sigmai=ni*e*(mue+muh)\n",
+ "Nd=N/i\n",
+ "n=Nd\n",
+ "p=ni**2/(Nd)\n",
+ "sigman=e*Nd*mue\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"Intrinsic conductivity of Ge is \",sigmai,\"ohm-cm**-1\"\n",
+ "print\"Conductivity of N type Ge semiconductor is\",round(sigman,2),\"ohm-cm**-1\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Intrinsic conductivity of Ge is 0.0224 ohm-cm**-1\n",
+ "Conductivity of N type Ge semiconductor is 2.68 ohm-cm**-1\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 10
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.17 Page No. 80"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "V=10 #Volt\n",
+ "l=0.025 #m, length\n",
+ "w=0.004 #m width\n",
+ "t=0.0015 #m thickness\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ni=2.5*10**19 #/cm**3\n",
+ "mue=0.38 #m**2/Vs\n",
+ "muh=0.18 #m**2/Vs\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19 #Electronic charge\n",
+ "E=400 #Electric field\n",
+ "\n",
+ "E=V/l\n",
+ "Ve=mue*E\n",
+ "Vh=muh*E\n",
+ "sigmai=ni*e*(mue+muh)\n",
+ "I=sigmai*E*w*t\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"(i)Electron drift velocity is \",Ve,\"m/s\"\n",
+ "print\" hole drift velocity is \",Vh,\"m/s\"\n",
+ "print\"(ii)Intrinsic Conductivity of Ge is\",sigmai,\"ohm-m**-1\"\n",
+ "print\"(iii)The total current is \",I*1000,\"mA\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "(i)Electron drift velocity is 152.0 m/s\n",
+ " hole drift velocity is 72.0 m/s\n",
+ "(ii)Intrinsic Conductivity of Ge is 2.24 ohm-m**-1\n",
+ "(iii)The total current is 5.376 mA\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 8
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.18 page no.80"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "Ie=3/4.0 #Current due to electron\n",
+ "Ih=1-Ie #Current due to holes\n",
+ "Vh=1 #Hole velocity\n",
+ "Ve=3 #Electron velocity 3 times the hole velocity\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R=(Ie*Vh/(Ih*Ve))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"The ratio of electrons to holes drift velocity is \",R"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The ratio of electrons to holes drift velocity is 1.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 11
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.19 Page No.81"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\t\t\t#in coulamb\n",
+ "T=300\t\t\t\t#in Kelvin\n",
+ "MUh=0.025\t\t\t#in m**2/V-s\n",
+ "MUe=0.17\t\t\t#in m**2/V-s\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23\t\t\t#in J/K\n",
+ "De=MUe*k*T/e\t\t\t#in cm**2/s\n",
+ "Dh=MUh*k*T/e\t\t\t#in cm**2/s\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"Diffusion constant of electron is \",round(De*10000,2),\"(in cm**2/s)\"\n",
+ "print\"Diffusion constant of hole is \",round(Dh*10000,2),\"(in cm**2/s)\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Diffusion constant of electron is 43.99 (in cm**2/s)\n",
+ "Diffusion constant of hole is 6.47 (in cm**2/s)\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 17
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.20 Page no. 81 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "N=3*10**25 #No of atoms\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\n",
+ "Eg=1.1*e #eV\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23 #j/k boltzman's constant\n",
+ "T=300 #K\n",
+ "mue=0.14\n",
+ "muh=0.05\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ni=N*math.exp(-Eg/(2*k*T))\n",
+ "sigma=ni*e*(mue+muh)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"The intrinsic carries concentration is \",round(ni,-14),\"/m**3\"\n",
+ "print\"The conductivity of Si is \",round(sigma,5),\"S/m\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The intrinsic carries concentration is 1.76e+16 /m**3\n",
+ "The conductivity of Si is 0.00054 S/m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 40
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.21 Page No.84"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "a=1.5 #a=me/mo\n",
+ "T=300 #K\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Nc=4.82*10**21*(a)**(1.5)*T**(1.5)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"The effective density is\",round(Nc,-23),\"/m**3\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The effective density is 4.6e+25 /m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 44
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.22 page no. 84"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "a=0.07 #a=me/mo\n",
+ "b=0.4 #b=mh/mo\n",
+ "T=300 #K\n",
+ "Eg=0.7 #eV\n",
+ "k=8.62*10**-5 # Boltzman constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "ni=math.sqrt(2.33*10**43*(a*b)**(1.5)*T**3*math.exp(-Eg/(k*T)))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"The intrinsic concentration of charge carrier is\",round(ni,-16),\"/m**3\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The intrinsic concentration of charge carrier is 2.27e+18 /m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 55
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.23 Page no. 85"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "C=5*10**28 #atom/m**3, concentration of Si atoms\n",
+ "DL=2*10**8 #Doping level \n",
+ "m=1\n",
+ "me=m\n",
+ "Nd=C/DL\n",
+ "nc=Nd\n",
+ "T=((nc/(4.82*10**21))*(m/me)**(1.5))**(2/3.0)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"The absolute temprature is\",round(T,2),\"K\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The absolute temprature is 0.14 K\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 61
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.24 Page No. 85"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "T1=300.0 #K temprature\n",
+ "T2=400.0\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23 #J/k\n",
+ "m=1.25*9.107*10**-31\n",
+ "h=6.625*10**-34\n",
+ "dE=0.3 #eV\n",
+ "k_=8.62*10**-5\n",
+ "\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "nc1=2*(2*math.pi*m*k*T1/(h**2))**(1.5)\n",
+ "n1=nc1*math.exp(-(0.3/(k_*T1)))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "nc2=2*(2*math.pi*m*k*T2/(h**2))**(1.5)\n",
+ "n2=nc2*math.exp(-(0.3/(k_*T2)))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"The effective density at temprature 300 K is\",round(n1,-19),\"/m**3\"\n",
+ "print\"The effective density at temprature 400 K is\",round(n2,-19),\"/m**3\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The effective density at temprature 300 K is 3.2e+20 /m**3\n",
+ "The effective density at temprature 400 K is 8.98e+21 /m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 110
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.25 Page no.86"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "T=300.0\n",
+ "k=8.62*10**-5 #J/k\n",
+ "m=9.107*10**-31\n",
+ "me=0.6*m\n",
+ "mh=0.4*m\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "dE=-3*k*T*math.log((me/mh)**(1))/4.0 #dE=Ef-Emidgap\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"The position of fermi level is\",round(dE,4),\"eV\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The position of fermi level is -0.0079 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 116
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.26 Page no 86"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "T=300.0\n",
+ "Eg=0.72 #eV Energy gap\n",
+ "k=8.62*10**-5 #J/k\n",
+ "me=1\n",
+ "mh=5.0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "dE=(Eg/2.0)-3*k*T*math.log(me/mh)/4.0 #dE=Ef-Emidgap\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"The position of fermi level is\",round(dE,4),\"eV\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The position of fermi level is 0.3912 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 131
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.27 Page no 87"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "T1=300.0\n",
+ "T2=350\n",
+ "Eg=0.24 #eV Energy gap\n",
+ "\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "dE=(T2/T1)*Eg\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"The position of fermi level is\",round(dE,4),\"eV\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The position of fermi level is 0.28 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 134
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.28 Page no.88"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "T1=300.0\n",
+ "T2=400\n",
+ "Eg=0.27 #eV Energy gap\n",
+ "\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "dE=(T2/T1)*Eg\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"The position of fermi level is\",round(dE,4),\"eV\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The position of fermi level is 0.36 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 133
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.29 page no.88"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "dE1=0.3 #eV Energy gap\n",
+ "kT=0.026 #eV\n",
+ "\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "x=math.exp(-dE1/kT) #x=Nd/nc\n",
+ "y=5 #y=Nd2/Nd1\n",
+ "dE2=-math.log(y)*kT+dE1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"The position of fermi level is\",round(dE2,3),\"eV\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The position of fermi level is 0.258 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 137
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.30 Page no.89"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "dE1=0.39 #eV Energy gap\n",
+ "kT=0.026 #eV\n",
+ "\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "x=math.exp(-dE1/kT) #x=NA1/nV\n",
+ "y=3 #y=NA2/NA1\n",
+ "dE2=((dE1/kT)-math.log(y))*kT\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"The position of fermi level is\",round(dE2,2),\"eV\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The position of fermi level is 0.36 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 143
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.31 Page no.91"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "rho=1 #ohm-m Resistivity\n",
+ "Rh=100.0 #cm**3/coulomb\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\n",
+ "\n",
+ "con=1/rho #Conductivity\n",
+ "R=1/Rh #Charge density\n",
+ "ED=R*10**6/e\n",
+ "mu=con/(R*10**6)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"The electron density is\",ED,\"/m**3\"\n",
+ "print\"The mobility is %.e\"%mu,\"/m**3\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The electron density is 6.25e+22 /m**3\n",
+ "The mobility is 1e-04 /m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 9
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.32 Page no. 92"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "w=0.1 #m width\n",
+ "t=0.01 #m thickness\n",
+ "F=0.6 #T, field\n",
+ "Rh=3.8*10**-4 #Hall Coefficient\n",
+ "I=10 #mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vh=(Rh*F*I/w)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"Hall Voltage is\",Vh*1000,\"micro V\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Hall Voltage is 22.8 micro V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 146
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.33 Page No. 92"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\t\t\t#in coulamb\n",
+ "ND=10**17\t\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+ "Bz=0.1\t\t\t\t#in Wb/m**2\n",
+ "w=4\t\t\t\t#in mm\n",
+ "d=4\t\t\t\t#in mm\n",
+ "Ex=5\t\t\t\t#in V/cm\n",
+ "MUe=3800\t\t\t#in cm**2/V-s\n",
+ "\n",
+ "v=MUe*Ex\t\t\t#in cm/s\n",
+ "v=v*10**-2\t\t\t#in m/s\n",
+ "VH=Bz*v*d\t\t\t#in mV\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"Magnitude of hall voltage is\",VH,\"mV\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Magnitude of hall voltage is 76.0 mV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 19
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.34 Page No.92"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\t\t\t#in coulamb\n",
+ "ND=10**21\t\t\t#in m**-3\n",
+ "Bz=0.2\t\t\t\t#in T\n",
+ "d=4\t\t\t\t#in mm\n",
+ "d=d*10**-3\t\t\t#in meter\n",
+ "J=600\t\t\t\t#in A/m**2\n",
+ "n=ND\t\t\t\t#in m**-3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VH=Bz*J*d/(n*e)\t\t\t#in V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"Magnitude of hall voltage is \",VH*10**3,\"mV\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Magnitude of hall voltage is 3.0 mV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 22
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.35 Page No."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\t\t\t#in coulamb\n",
+ "rho=0.00912\t\t\t#in ohm-m\n",
+ "B=0.48\t\t\t\t#in Wb/m**2\n",
+ "RH=3.55*10**-4\t\t\t#in m**3-coulamb**-1\n",
+ "SIGMA=1/rho\t\t\t#in (ohm=m)**-1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "THETAh=math.atan(SIGMA*B*RH)\t#in Degree\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"Hall angle is\",round(THETAh*180/3.14,4),\"degree\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Hall angle is 1.0709 degree\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 169
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file |