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+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:c7dc6b3d9590410d93237c02edc71fc080a2b941482564691379213f8d71b12e"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "6: Semiconductors"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example number 6.1, Page number 133"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "#importing modules\n",
+      "import math\n",
+      "from __future__ import division\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "V1=1.4;       #voltage1(V)\n",
+      "V2=1.5;       #voltage2(V)\n",
+      "I1=60;        #forward current for 1.4V(mA)\n",
+      "I2=85;        #forward current for 1.5V(mA)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculation\n",
+      "I1=I1*10**-3;      #forward current for 1.4V(A)\n",
+      "I2=I2*10**-3;      #forward current for 1.5V(A)\n",
+      "Rs1=V1/I1;         #static resistance for 1.4V(ohm)\n",
+      "Rs2=V2/I2;         #static resistance for 1.5V(ohm) \n",
+      "dV=V2-V1;          #change in voltage(V)\n",
+      "dI=I2-I1;          #change in current(A)\n",
+      "Rd=dV/dI;          #dynamic resistance(ohm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Result\n",
+      "print \"static resistance for 1.4V is\",round(Rs1,1),\"ohm\"\n",
+      "print \"static resistance for 1.5V is\",round(Rs2,1),\"ohm\"\n",
+      "print \"dynamic resistance is\",Rd,\"ohm\"\n",
+      "print \"answer for dynamic resistance given in the book is wrong\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "static resistance for 1.4V is 23.3 ohm\n",
+        "static resistance for 1.5V is 17.6 ohm\n",
+        "dynamic resistance is 4.0 ohm\n",
+        "answer for dynamic resistance given in the book is wrong\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 4
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example number 6.2, Page number 134"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "#importing modules\n",
+      "import math\n",
+      "from __future__ import division\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "IE=1;       #emitter current(mA)\n",
+      "IB=0.02;     #base current(mA)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculation\n",
+      "IC=IE-IB;      #collector current(mA)\n",
+      "beta=IC/IB;       #value of beta\n",
+      "alpha=IC/IE;      #value of alpha\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Result\n",
+      "print \"value of beta is\",beta\n",
+      "print \"value of alpha is\",alpha"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "value of beta is 49.0\n",
+        "value of alpha is 0.98\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 1
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example number 6.3, Page number 134"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "#importing modules\n",
+      "import math\n",
+      "from __future__ import division\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "alpha=0.99;        #value of alpha\n",
+      "I_CBO=0.5;         #value of ICBO(micro A)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculation\n",
+      "beta=alpha/(1-alpha);         #value of beta\n",
+      "ICEO=1/(1-alpha)*I_CBO;      #value of ICEO(micro A)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Result\n",
+      "print \"value of beta is\",beta\n",
+      "print \"value of ICEO is\",ICEO,\"micro A\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "value of beta is 99.0\n",
+        "value of ICEO is 50.0 micro A\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 2
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example number 6.4, Page number 134"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "#importing modules\n",
+      "import math\n",
+      "from __future__ import division\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "delta_Ic=4.5-2;         #change in collector current(mA)\n",
+      "delta_Ib=80-40;         #change in base current(microA)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculation\n",
+      "delta_Ic=delta_Ic*10**-3;        #change in collector current(A)\n",
+      "delta_Ib=delta_Ib*10**-6;        #change in base current(A)\n",
+      "beta_AC=delta_Ic/delta_Ib;       #value of beta\n",
+      "alpha_AC=beta_AC/(1+beta_AC);    #value of alpha\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Result\n",
+      "print \"value of beta is\",beta_AC\n",
+      "print \"value of alpha is\",round(alpha_AC,4)"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "value of beta is 62.5\n",
+        "value of alpha is 0.9843\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 3
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example number 6.5, Page number 134"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "#importing modules\n",
+      "import math\n",
+      "from __future__ import division\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "IE=1;          #emitter current(mA)\n",
+      "Oc=0.04;       #output current(mA)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculation\n",
+      "IC=1-Oc;       #collector current(mA)\n",
+      "alpha=IC/IE;      #value of alpha\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Result\n",
+      "print \"current gain is\",alpha"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "current gain is 0.96\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 4
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example number 6.6, Page number 134"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "#importing modules\n",
+      "import math\n",
+      "from __future__ import division\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "alpha=0.96;         #current gain\n",
+      "R=1;          #resistance(K ohm)\n",
+      "V=1.5;              #voltage drop(V)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculation\n",
+      "IC=V/R;        #collector current(mA)\n",
+      "IE=IC/alpha;      #emitter current(mA)\n",
+      "IB=IE-IC;         #base current(mA)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Result\n",
+      "print \"base current is\",IB,\"mA\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "base current is 0.0625 mA\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 5
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
+\ No newline at end of file