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+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:56795fefbe7b62ddb8818924d3943a71c60bd075d0e3f1778fec6ffb47c8906e"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "3: Polarization, Laser and Holography"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example number 3.1, Page number 103"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "#importing modules\n",
+      "import math\n",
+      "from __future__ import division\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "x = 5;        #distance of 1st minimum(mm)\n",
+      "D = 2;        #distance between lens and screen(m)\n",
+      "a = 0.2;      #width of slit(mm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculation\n",
+      "x = x*10**-3;        #distance of 1st minimum(m)\n",
+      "a = a*10**-3;        #width of slit(m)\n",
+      "lamda = a*x/D;         #wavelength of light(m)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Result\n",
+      "print \"wavelength of light is\",lamda,\"m\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "wavelength of light is 5e-07 m\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 1
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example number 3.2, Page number 103"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "#importing modules\n",
+      "import math\n",
+      "from __future__ import division\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "a = 0.2;       #width of slit(mm)\n",
+      "lamda = 5*10**-7;       #wavelength(m)\n",
+      "f = 50;        #focal length(cm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculation\n",
+      "a = a*10**-3;        #width of slit(m)\n",
+      "f = f*10**-2;        #focal length(m)\n",
+      "theta_1 = lamda/a;        #angular diffraction correcponding to 1st minima(radian)\n",
+      "theta_2 = 2*lamda/a;          #angular diffraction correcponding to 2nd minima(radian)\n",
+      "x = f*(theta_2-theta_1);       #separation between 1st and second minima(m)\n",
+      "x = x*10**2;\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Result\n",
+      "print \"distance between first two minima on the screen is\",x,\"*10**-3 m\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "distance between first two minima on the screen is 0.125 *10**-3 m\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 8
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example number 3.3, Page number 104"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "#importing modules\n",
+      "import math\n",
+      "from __future__ import division\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "a = 0.16;       #1st slit width(mm)\n",
+      "b = 0.8;        #2nd slit width(mm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculation\n",
+      "nbym = (a+b)/a;       #condition for missing orders\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Result\n",
+      "print \"n = \",nbym,\"m\"\n",
+      "print \"n = \",nbym,\",\",2*nbym,\",\",3*nbym,\"etc for m = 1,2,3...\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "n =  6.0 m\n",
+        "n =  6.0 , 12.0 , 18.0 etc for m = 1,2,3...\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 13
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example number 3.4, Page number 104"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "#importing modules\n",
+      "import math\n",
+      "from __future__ import division\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "n = 2;      #second order\n",
+      "theta = 30;     #angle of diffraction(degrees)\n",
+      "lamda = 5*10**-5;      #wavelength(cm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculation\n",
+      "theta = theta*math.pi/180;      #angle of diffraction(radian)\n",
+      "aplusb = n*lamda/math.sin(theta);\n",
+      "N = 1/aplusb;        #number of lines(per cm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Result\n",
+      "print \"number of lines on the grating surface is\",N,\"per cm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "number of lines on the grating surface is 5000.0 per cm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 14
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example number 3.5, Page number 105"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "#importing modules\n",
+      "import math\n",
+      "from __future__ import division\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "aplusb = 1.5*10**-6;       #grating element(m)\n",
+      "lamda = 550;         #wavelength(nm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculation\n",
+      "lamda = lamda*10**-9;        #wavelength(m)\n",
+      "n = aplusb/lamda;         #maximum possible order\n",
+      "n = math.ceil(n*10**3)/10**3;   #rounding off to 3 decimals\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Result\n",
+      "print \"maximum possible order is\",n,\". third and higher orders are not possible\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "maximum possible order is 2.728 . third and higher orders are not possible\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 19
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example number 3.6, Page number 105"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "#importing modules\n",
+      "import math\n",
+      "from __future__ import division\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "dlamda = 0.6;      #difference in wavelength(nm)\n",
+      "lamda = 589.3;     #wavelength(nm)\n",
+      "n = 1;         #first order\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculation\n",
+      "N = lamda/(n*dlamda);         #number of lines on grating\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Result\n",
+      "print \"number of lines on grating is\",int(N)"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "number of lines on grating is 982\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 21
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
+\ No newline at end of file