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diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter8_1.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter8_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a1ee2e2e --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter8_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,691 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#8: Semiconductors"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.1, Page number 8.55"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 41,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "resistivity is 0.41667 ohm m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "ni=2.5*10**19; #intrinsic concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "mewn=0.4; #mobility of electrons(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "mewp=0.2; #mobility of holes(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sigma_i=ni*e*(mewn+mewp);\n",
+ "rhoi=1/sigma_i; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"resistivity is\",round(rhoi,5),\"ohm m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.2, Page number 8.56"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 42,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "number of donor atoms is 8.333 *10**19 per m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mewn=0.3; #mobility of electrons(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "rho=0.25; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=1/(rho*e*mewn); #number of donor atoms(per m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"number of donor atoms is\",round(n/10**19,3),\"*10**19 per m**3\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.3, Page number 8.56"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 43,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "diffusion coefficient of electrons is 54.34 *10**-4 m**2/s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mewn=0.21; #mobility of electrons(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "Kb=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "T=300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Dn=mewn*Kb*T/e; #diffusion coefficient of electrons(m**2/s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"diffusion coefficient of electrons is\",round(Dn*10**4,2),\"*10**-4 m**2/s\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.4, Page number 8.56"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 44,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "carrier concentration is 19.4 *10**21 per m**3\n",
+ "#mobility of holes is 0.03788 m**2/Vs\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Rh=3.22*10**-4; #hall coefficient(m**3/C)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "rho=8.5*10**-3; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "p=1/(Rh*e); #carrier concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "mewp=Rh/rho; #mobility of holes(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"carrier concentration is\",round(p/10**21,1),\"*10**21 per m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"#mobility of holes is\",round(mewp,5),\"m**2/Vs\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.5, Page number 8.57"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 45,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "intrinsic concentration is 556.25 *10**16 per m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mewe=0.36; #mobility of electrons(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "mewh=0.17; #mobility of holes(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "rhoi=2.12; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "ni=1/(rhoi*e*(mewe+mewh)); #intrinsic concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"intrinsic concentration is\",round(ni/10**16,2),\"*10**16 per m**3\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.6, Page number 8.57"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 48,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "resistivity is 0.449 ohm m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mewe=0.39; #mobility of electrons(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "mewh=0.19; #mobility of holes(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "ni=2.4*10**19; #intrinsic concentration(per m**3) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "rhoi=1/(ni*e*(mewe+mewh)); #resistivity(ohm m) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"resistivity is\",round(rhoi,3),\"ohm m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.7, Page number 8.57"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 49,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "conductivity is 0.439 *10**-3 per ohm m\n",
+ "hole concentration is 2.25 *10**9 per m**3\n",
+ "conductivity is 2.16 *10**3 per ohm m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mewe=0.135; #mobility of electrons(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "mewh=0.048; #mobility of holes(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "ni=1.5*10**16; #intrinsic concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "Nd=10**23; #doping concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sigma=ni*e*(mewe+mewh); #conductivity(per ohm m) \n",
+ "p=ni**2/Nd; #hole concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "sigman=Nd*e*mewe; #conductivity(per ohm m) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"conductivity is\",round(sigma*10**3,3),\"*10**-3 per ohm m\"\n",
+ "print \"hole concentration is\",p/10**9,\"*10**9 per m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"conductivity is\",sigman/10**3,\"*10**3 per ohm m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.8, Page number 8.58"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 50,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "carrier concentration is 1.7 *10**22 per m**3\n",
+ "#mobility of holes is 4.099 *10**-2 m**2/Vs\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Rh=3.66*10**-4; #hall coefficient(m**3/C)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "rhoh=8.93*10**-3; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "p=1/(Rh*e); #carrier concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "mewp=Rh/rhoh; #mobility of holes(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"carrier concentration is\",round(p/10**22,1),\"*10**22 per m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"#mobility of holes is\",round(mewp*10**2,3),\"*10**-2 m**2/Vs\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.9, Page number 8.58"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 51,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "conductivity is 4.32 *10**-4 per ohm m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mewe=0.13; #mobility of electrons(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "mewh=0.05; #mobility of holes(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "ni=1.5*10**16; #intrinsic concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sigma=ni*e*(mewe+mewh); #conductivity(per ohm m) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"conductivity is\",sigma*10**4,\"*10**-4 per ohm m\" "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.10, Page number 8.58"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 52,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "conductivity is 11.2 per ohm m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mewe=0.14; #mobility of electrons(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "mewh=0.05; #mobility of holes(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "ni=1.5*10**16; #intrinsic concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "A=28.09; #atomic weight\n",
+ "D=2.33*10**3; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "Na=6.025*10**26; #avagadro number\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N=Na*D/A; #number of atoms(per m**3)\n",
+ "n=N/10**8; #electron concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "p=ni**2/n; #hole concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "sigma=e*((n*mewe)+(p*mewh)); #conductivity(per ohm m) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"conductivity is\",round(sigma,1),\"per ohm m\" "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.11, Page number 8.59"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 53,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "resistivity is 4.13 *10**-4 per ohm m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mewe=0.36; #mobility of electrons(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "mewh=0.18; #mobility of holes(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "ni=2.5*10**19; #intrinsic concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "N=4.2*10**28; #avagadro number\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=N/10**6; #electron concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "p=ni**2/n; #hole concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "rhoi=1/(e*((n*mewe)+(p*mewh))); #resistivity(per ohm m) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"resistivity is\",round(rhoi*10**4,2),\"*10**-4 per ohm m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.12, Page number 8.60"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 54,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "hole concentration is 1.2 *10**9 per m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "np=2.4*10**9; #carrier concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "N=4.2*10**28; #avagadro number\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "p=np/2; #hole concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"hole concentration is\",p/10**9,\"*10**9 per m**3\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.13, Page number 8.60"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 55,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "density of donor atoms is 8.92 *10**19 electrons/m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mewn=0.35; #mobility of electrons(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19;\n",
+ "rho=0.2; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=1/(rho*e*mewn); #density of donor atoms\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"density of donor atoms is\",round(n/10**19,2),\"*10**19 electrons/m**3\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.14, Page number 8.60"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 56,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "energy gap is 0.573 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Kb=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "T1=300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "T2=320; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "rho1=5; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "rho2=2.5; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Eg=2*Kb*math.log(rho1/rho2)/((1/T1)-(1/T2)); #energy gap(J)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"energy gap is\",round(Eg/e,3),\"eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.15, Page number 8.61"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 57,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "diffusion coefficient is 4.92 *10**-3 m**2/sec\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Kb=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "T=300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "mewe=0.19; #mobility of electrons(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Dn=mewe*Kb*T/e; #diffusion coefficient(m**2/sec)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"diffusion coefficient is\",round(Dn*10**3,2),\"*10**-3 m**2/sec\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.16, Page number 8.61"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 59,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "energy gap is 1.04 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Kb=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "T1=293; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "T2=305; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "rho1=4.5; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "rho2=2.0; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Eg=2*Kb*math.log(rho1/rho2)/((1/T1)-(1/T2)); #energy gap(J)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"energy gap is\",round(Eg/e,2),\"eV\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
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