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diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_S.L.Gupta,_Sanjeev_Gupta/Chapter2_1.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_S.L.Gupta,_Sanjeev_Gupta/Chapter2_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..72d3a4a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_S.L.Gupta,_Sanjeev_Gupta/Chapter2_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1256 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# 2: Crystal Structure " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2.1, Page number 27" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "volume density is 1249.04 kg/m**3\n", + "answer in the book is wrong\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration \n", + "M=28; #atomic weight of Si\n", + "N=6.023*10**23; #avagadro number\n", + "a=5.3*10**-10; #lattice constant(m)\n", + "n=4;\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "V=a**3; #volume(m**3)\n", + "m=M/(N*10**3); #mass(kg)\n", + "rho=n*m/V; #volume density(kg/m**3)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"volume density is\",round(rho,2),\"kg/m**3\"\n", + "print \"answer in the book is wrong\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2.2, Page number 27" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "number of atoms per unit cell is 2\n", + "the lattice is BCC\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration \n", + "M=55.85; #atomic weight\n", + "N=6.023*10**23; #avagadro number\n", + "a=2.9*10**-8; #lattice constant(m)\n", + "rho=7.87; #volume density(gm/cc)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "n=rho*N*a**3/M; #number of atoms per unit cell\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"number of atoms per unit cell is\",int(n)\n", + "print \"the lattice is BCC\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2.3, Page number 28" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "number of unit cells is 5.019 *10**22\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration \n", + "M=120; #atomic mass\n", + "N=6.023*10**23; #avagadro number\n", + "n=2;\n", + "g=20; #mass(gm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "u=n*M/N; \n", + "nu=g/u; #number of unit cells\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"number of unit cells is\",round(nu/10**22,3),\"*10**22\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2.4, Page number 33" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "miller indices are ( 2 1 0 )\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from fractions import gcd\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "a=1;\n", + "b=2;\n", + "c=float(\"inf\"); #intercepts\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "lcm=a*b/gcd(a,b);\n", + "h=int(lcm/a);\n", + "k=int(lcm/b);\n", + "l=int(lcm/c); #miller indices\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"miller indices are (\",h,k,l,\")\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2.5, Page number 33" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "miller indices are ( 3 2 1 )\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from fractions import gcd\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "a=2;\n", + "b=3;\n", + "c=6; #intercepts\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "lcm_ab=a*b/gcd(a,b); #lcm of a and b\n", + "lcm=lcm_ab*c/gcd(lcm_ab,c); #lcm of a,b and c\n", + "h=int(lcm/a);\n", + "k=int(lcm/b);\n", + "l=int(lcm/c); #miller indices\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"miller indices are (\",h,k,l,\")\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2.6, Page number 33" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "miller indices are ( 3 4 0 )\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from fractions import gcd\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "a=4;\n", + "b=3;\n", + "c=float(\"inf\"); #intercepts\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "lcm=a*b/gcd(a,b);\n", + "h=int(lcm/a);\n", + "k=int(lcm/b);\n", + "l=int(lcm/c); #miller indices\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"miller indices are (\",h,k,l,\")\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2.7, Page number 33" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "ratio of intercepts is 6 -2 3\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from fractions import gcd\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "h=1;\n", + "k=-3;\n", + "l=2; #miller indices\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "lcm_hk=h*k/gcd(h,k); #lcm of h and k\n", + "lcm=lcm_hk*l/gcd(lcm_hk,l); #lcm of h,k and l\n", + "l1=int(lcm/h);\n", + "l2=int(lcm/k);\n", + "l3=int(lcm/l); #intercepts\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"ratio of intercepts is\",l1,l2,l3" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2.8, Page number 34" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 23, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "intercept on Y axis is 1.2 angstrom\n", + "intercept on Z axis is 4.0 angstrom\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration \n", + "a=1.2;\n", + "b=1.8;\n", + "c=2.0; #crystal primitives\n", + "x=2;\n", + "y=3;\n", + "z=1; #intercepts \n", + "h=1.2; #intercept on X axis\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "h1=a/x;\n", + "k1=b/y;\n", + "l1=c/z;\n", + "k=h*h1/k1; #intercept on Y axis\n", + "l=h*l1/h1; #intercept on Z-axis\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"intercept on Y axis is\",k,\"angstrom\"\n", + "print \"intercept on Z axis is\",l,\"angstrom\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2.9, Page number 39" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "interplanar spacing in 1st plane is 1.762 angstrom\n", + "interplanar spacing in 2nd plane is 1.246 angstrom\n", + "interplanar spacing in 3rd plane is 2.0347 angstrom\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration \n", + "r=1.246; #atomic radius(angstrom)\n", + "h1=2; #intercept on X axis\n", + "k1=0; #intercept on Y axis\n", + "l1=0; #intercept on Z-axis\n", + "h2=2; #intercept on X axis\n", + "k2=2; #intercept on Y axis\n", + "l2=0; #intercept on Z-axis\n", + "h3=1; #intercept on X axis\n", + "k3=1; #intercept on Y axis\n", + "l3=1; #intercept on Z-axis\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "a=2*math.sqrt(2)*r; #lattice constant\n", + "d1=a/math.sqrt(h1**2+k1**2+l1**2); #interplanar spacing in 1st plane(angstrom)\n", + "d2=a/math.sqrt(h2**2+k2**2+l2**2); #interplanar spacing in 2nd plane(angstrom)\n", + "d3=a/math.sqrt(h3**2+k3**2+l3**2); #interplanar spacing in 3rd plane(angstrom)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"interplanar spacing in 1st plane is\",round(d1,3),\"angstrom\"\n", + "print \"interplanar spacing in 2nd plane is\",d2,\"angstrom\"\n", + "print \"interplanar spacing in 3rd plane is\",round(d3,4),\"angstrom\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2.10, Page number 39" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 32, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "interplanar spacing in 1st plane is a/math.sqrt( 2 ) angstrom\n", + "interplanar spacing in 2nd plane is a/math.sqrt( 2 ) angstrom\n", + "interplanar spacing in 3rd plane is a/math.sqrt( 6 ) angstrom\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration \n", + "h1=0; #intercept on X axis\n", + "k1=1; #intercept on Y axis\n", + "l1=1; #intercept on Z-axis\n", + "h2=1; #intercept on X axis\n", + "k2=0; #intercept on Y axis\n", + "l2=1; #intercept on Z-axis\n", + "h3=1; #intercept on X axis\n", + "k3=1; #intercept on Y axis\n", + "l3=2; #intercept on Z-axis\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "d1=h1**2+k1**2+l1**2; #interplanar spacing in 1st plane(angstrom)\n", + "d2=h2**2+k2**2+l2**2; #interplanar spacing in 2nd plane(angstrom)\n", + "d3=h3**2+k3**2+l3**2; #interplanar spacing in 3rd plane(angstrom)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"interplanar spacing in 1st plane is a/math.sqrt(\",d1,\") angstrom\"\n", + "print \"interplanar spacing in 2nd plane is a/math.sqrt(\",d2,\") angstrom\"\n", + "print \"interplanar spacing in 3rd plane is a/math.sqrt(\",d3,\") angstrom\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2.11, Page number 40" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 35, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "interplanar spacing is 1.12 angstrom\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration \n", + "a=4.2; #lattice constant(angstrom)\n", + "h=3; #intercept on X axis\n", + "k=2; #intercept on Y axis\n", + "l=1; #intercept on Z-axis\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "d=a/math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2); #interplanar spacing(angstrom)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"interplanar spacing is\",round(d,2),\"angstrom\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2.12, Page number 40" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "miller indices in 1st case are ( 1 1 1 )\n", + "miller indices in 2nd case are ( 3 2 1 )\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from fractions import gcd\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "a1=1;\n", + "b1=1;\n", + "c1=1; #intercepts in 1st case\n", + "a2=2;\n", + "b2=3;\n", + "c2=6; #intercepts in 2nd case\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "lcm_a1b1=a1*b1/gcd(a1,b1); #lcm of a1 and b1\n", + "lcm1=lcm_ab*c1/gcd(lcm_a1b1,c1); #lcm of a1,b1 and c1\n", + "h1=int(lcm1/a1);\n", + "k1=int(lcm1/b1);\n", + "l1=int(lcm1/c1); #miller indices in 1st case\n", + "lcm_a2b2=a2*b2/gcd(a2,b2); #lcm of a2 and b2\n", + "lcm2=lcm_a2b2*c2/gcd(lcm_a2b2,c2); #lcm of a2,b2 and c2\n", + "h2=int(lcm2/a2);\n", + "k2=int(lcm2/b2);\n", + "l2=int(lcm2/c2); #miller indices in 2nd case\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"miller indices in 1st case are (\",h1,k1,l1,\")\"\n", + "print \"miller indices in 2nd case are (\",h2,k2,l2,\")\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2.14, Page number 47" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 38, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "density of crystal is 8.929 gm/cm**3\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration \n", + "M=63.5; #atomic weight(gm/mol)\n", + "N=6.023*10**23; #avagadro number\n", + "r=1.278*10**-8; #atomic radius(cm)\n", + "n=4;\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "m=M/N; #mass(g)\n", + "a=4*r/math.sqrt(2); #lattice constant(cm)\n", + "V=a**3; #volume(m**3)\n", + "rho=n*m/V; #density of crystal(g/cm**3)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"density of crystal is\",round(rho,3),\"gm/cm**3\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2.15, Page number 47" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 40, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "minimum radius is 0.155 r\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration \n", + "r=1; #assume\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "a=4*r/math.sqrt(3); #lattice constant\n", + "R=(a-(2*r))/2; #minimum radius \n", + "\n", + "#Result\"\n", + "print \"minimum radius is\",round(R,3),\"r\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2.16, Page number 48" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 41, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "maximum radius is 0.414 r\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration \n", + "r=1; #assume\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "a=4*r/math.sqrt(2); #lattice constant\n", + "R=(a/2)-r; #maximum radius \n", + "\n", + "#Result\"\n", + "print \"maximum radius is\",round(R,3),\"r\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2.17, Page number 48" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 44, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "percent volume change is 0.5 %\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration \n", + "r1=1.258*10**-10; #atomic radius(m)\n", + "r2=1.292*10**-10; #atomic radius(m)\n", + "n1=2;\n", + "n2=4;\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "a1=4*r1/math.sqrt(3); #lattice constant(m)\n", + "V1=a1**3/n1; #volume(m**3)\n", + "a2=2*math.sqrt(2)*r2; #lattice constant(m)\n", + "V2=a2**3/n2; #volume(m**3)\n", + "V=(V1-V2)*100/V1; #percent volume change\n", + "\n", + "#Result\"\n", + "print \"percent volume change is\",round(V,1),\"%\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2.18, Page number 51" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 47, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "number of atoms is 1.77 *10**29\n", + "density of diamond is 3535.7 kg/m**3\n", + "answer in the book is wrong\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration \n", + "a=0.356*10**-9; #cube edge(m)\n", + "M=12.01; #atomic weight\n", + "N=6.023*10**26; #avagadro number\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "n=8/a**3; #number of atoms\n", + "m=M/N; #mass(kg)\n", + "rho=m*n; #density of diamond(kg/m**3)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\"\n", + "print \"number of atoms is\",round(n/10**29,2),\"*10**29\"\n", + "print \"density of diamond is\",round(rho,1),\"kg/m**3\"\n", + "print \"answer in the book is wrong\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2.19, Page number 54 Theoritical" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2.20, Page number 55" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 50, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "volume of unit cell is 9.356 *10**-29 m**3\n", + "density of zinc is 6960 kg/m**3\n", + "answer in the book is wrong\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration \n", + "a=0.27*10**-9; #lattice constant(m)\n", + "c=0.494*10**-9; #height of cell(m)\n", + "M=65.37; #atomic weight\n", + "N=6.023*10**26; #avagadro number\n", + "n=6; #number of atoms\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "V=3*math.sqrt(3)*a**2*c/2; #volume of unit cell(m**3)\n", + "rho=n*M/(N*V); #density of zinc(kg/m**3)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\"\n", + "print \"volume of unit cell is\",round(V*10**29,3),\"*10**-29 m**3\"\n", + "print \"density of zinc is\",int(rho),\"kg/m**3\"\n", + "print \"answer in the book is wrong\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2.21, Page number 57" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 54, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "density of Si is 2.33 gm/cm**3\n", + "density of GaAs is 5.324 gm/cm**3\n", + "answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration \n", + "a1=5.43*10**-8; #lattice constant(cm)\n", + "M1=28.1; #atomic weight\n", + "N=6.023*10**23; #avagadro number\n", + "n1=8; #number of atoms\n", + "a2=5.65*10**-8; #lattice constant(cm)\n", + "M2=144.6; #atomic weight\n", + "n2=4; #number of atoms\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "rho1=n1*M1/(N*a1**3); #density of Si(gm/cm**3)\n", + "rho2=n2*M2/(N*a2**3); #density of GaAs(gm/cm**3)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\"\n", + "print \"density of Si is\",round(rho1,2),\"gm/cm**3\"\n", + "print \"density of GaAs is\",round(rho2,3),\"gm/cm**3\"\n", + "print \"answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2.22, Page number 58" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "lattice constant is 4 angstrom\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration \n", + "rho=6250; #density(kg/m**3)\n", + "M=60.2; #molecular weight\n", + "N=6.02*10**26; #avagadro number\n", + "n=4; #number of atoms\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "a=(n*M/(rho*N))**(1/3); #lattice constant(m)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"lattice constant is\",int(a*10**10),\"angstrom\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2.23, Page number 58" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "density of copper is 8938 kg/m**3\n", + "answer in the book is wrong\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "r=1.278*10**-8; #atomic radius(cm)\n", + "M=63.54; #molecular weight\n", + "N=6.02*10**23; #avagadro number\n", + "n=4; #number of atoms\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "a=4*r/math.sqrt(2); #lattice constant(cm)\n", + "rho=n*M*10**3/(N*a**3); #density(kg/m**3)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"density of copper is\",int(rho),\"kg/m**3\"\n", + "print \"answer in the book is wrong\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2.24, Page number 58" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "lattice constant is 2.867 angstrom\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "rho=7870; #density(kg/m**3)\n", + "M=55.8; #molecular weight\n", + "N=6.02*10**26; #avagadro number\n", + "n=2; #number of atoms\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "a=(n*M/(rho*N))**(1/3); #lattice constant(m)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"lattice constant is\",round(a*10**10,3),\"angstrom\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2.25, Page number 59" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 14, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "radius of atom is 1.414 angstrom\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "rho=6.23; #density(gm/cc)\n", + "M=60; #molecular weight\n", + "N=6.023*10**23; #avagadro number\n", + "n=4; #number of atoms\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "a=(n*M/(rho*N))**(1/3); #lattice constant(cm)\n", + "r=a*math.sqrt(2)*10**8/4; #radius of atom(angstrom)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"radius of atom is\",round(r,3),\"angstrom\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2.26, Page number 59" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "distance between ions is 3.8 angstrom\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "rho=2.48; #density(gm/cc)\n", + "M=58; #molecular weight\n", + "N=6.023*10**23; #avagadro number\n", + "n=4; #number of atoms\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "a=(n*M/(rho*N))**(1/3); #lattice constant(cm)\n", + "r=a*math.sqrt(2)*10**8/4; #radius of atom(angstrom)\n", + "d=2*r; #distance between ions(angstrom)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"distance between ions is\",round(d,1),\"angstrom\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2.27, Page number 59" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 19, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "distance between ions is 2.55 angstrom\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "rho=8.96; #density(gm/cc)\n", + "M=63.5; #molecular weight\n", + "N=6.02*10**23; #avagadro number\n", + "n=4; #number of atoms\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "a=(n*M/(rho*N))**(1/3); #lattice constant(cm)\n", + "d=a/math.sqrt(2)*10**8; #distance between ions(angstrom)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"distance between ions is\",round(d,2),\"angstrom\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2.28, Page number 60" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "packing factor is 0.68\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "rho=5.96; #density(gm/cc)\n", + "M=50; #molecular weight\n", + "N=6.023*10**23; #avagadro number\n", + "n=2; #number of atoms\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "a=(n*M/(rho*N))**(1/3); #lattice constant(cm)\n", + "r=a*math.sqrt(3)/4; #radius of atom(angstrom)\n", + "pf=n*(4/3)*math.pi*r**3/a**3; #packing factor\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"packing factor is\",round(pf,2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2.29, Page number 61" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 28, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "packing fraction is 68 %\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "a=1; #assume\n", + "n=2; #number of atoms\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "r=a*math.sqrt(3)/4; #radius of atom\n", + "V=4*math.pi*r**3/3; #volume\n", + "f=n*V*100/a**3; #packing fraction\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"packing fraction is\",int(f),\"%\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example number 2.30, Page number 61" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "lattice constant is 3.22 angstrom\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "Vd=3*10**22; #density(gm/cc)\n", + "n=8*(1/8); #number of atoms\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "a=(n/Vd)**(1/3); #lattice constant(cm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"lattice constant is\",round(a*10**8,2),\"angstrom\"" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.11" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} |