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+{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": ""
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter 4: Lasers and Holography"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.1, Page 4.23"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "from math import exp\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Given \n",
+ "l = 5.5e-7 # wavelength of light in meter\n",
+ "c = 3e+8 # speed of light in m/sec\n",
+ "h = 6.63e-34 # Planck constant in j/sec\n",
+ "e = 1.6e-19 # charge on electron in coulomb \n",
+ "k = 8.62e-5 # Boltzmann constant in eV/K\n",
+ "T = 300 # temperature in kelvin\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "delta_E = (h * c) / (l * e) # calculation for energy difference \n",
+ "r = exp(-delta_E / (k * T)) # calculation for ratio of population of upper level to the lower energy level\n",
+ "T_ = (delta_E / (k * 0.693)) # calculation for temperature for the second condition\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Ratio of population of upper level to the lower energy level = %.1e. \\nTemperature for the second condition = %.f K. \"%(r,T_)\n",
+ "#Incorrect answer in the textbook"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Ratio of population of upper level to the lower energy level = 1.1e-38. \n",
+ "Temperature for the second condition = 37837 K. \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.2, Page 4.24"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "from math import pi\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Given \n",
+ "lambda1 = 6.328e-7 # wavelength of light in first case in meter\n",
+ "lambda2 =2e-7 # wavelength of light in second case in meter\n",
+ "r1 = 2.3e-4 # the radius of internal beam of laser in first case in meter\n",
+ "r2 = 2.4e-3 # the radius of internal beam of laser in second case in meter\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "theta1 = lambda1 / (pi * r1) # calculation for beam divergence angle in first case\n",
+ "theta2 = lambda2 / (pi * r2) # calculation for beam divergence angle in second case\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Beam divergence angle in first case = %.2e radian. \\nBeam divergence angle in second case = %.2e radian. \"%(theta1,theta2)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Beam divergence angle in first case = 8.76e-04 radian. \n",
+ "Beam divergence angle in second case = 2.65e-05 radian. \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 3
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.3, Page 4.25"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "from math import pi,ceil\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Given \n",
+ "l = 6.0*10**-2 # length of laser in meter\n",
+ "D = 1.0*10**-2 # diameter of laser in meter\n",
+ "L = 6.944e-7 # wavelength of light in meter\n",
+ "d = 3700 # density of aluminium oxide in kg/meter cube\n",
+ "Na = 6e+23 # Avogadro number\n",
+ "M = 0.102 # molar mass of aluminium oxide in kg/meter cube\n",
+ "h = 4.1e-15 # Planck constant in eV-sec\n",
+ "c = 3e+8 # speed of light in meter/sec\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "v = (pi * (D**2) * l) / 4 # calculation for volume \n",
+ "N = (2 * Na * d * v) / M # calculation for no. of aluminium ions\n",
+ "N_ = N / 3500 # calculation for the no. of chromium ions\n",
+ "E = (h * c) / L # calculation for the energy of stimulated emission photon \n",
+ "Et = N_ * E * (1.6e-19) # calculation for total energy\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Total energy = %.f J\"%(ceil(Et))"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Total energy = 17 J\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 11
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.4, Page 4.26"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "from math import pi\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Given \n",
+ "p = 4e-3 # energy of laser pulse in meter\n",
+ "r = 1.5e-5 # radius of spot in meter\n",
+ "t = 1e-9 # pulse length in time in sec\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "p_ = p / t# calculation for power in watt\n",
+ "I = p_ / (pi * r**2)# calculation for power per unit area delivered by the laser\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Power per unit area delivered by the laser = %.1e watt/square meter\"%I"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Power per unit area delivered by the laser = 5.7e+15 watt/square meter\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 12
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.5, Page 4.26"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Given \n",
+ "D = 5e-3 # diameter of laser in meter\n",
+ "l = 7.2e-7 # wavelength of light in meter\n",
+ "d = 4e8 # distance at moon from earth in meter\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "r = (D / 2) # calculation for radius\n",
+ "theta = (0.637 * l) / r # calculation for angular spread\n",
+ "areal_spread = (d * theta)**2 # calculation for areal spread\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Angular spread = %.3e radian ,\\nAreal spread = %.2e square meter\"%(theta,areal_spread)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Angular spread = 1.835e-04 radian ,\n",
+ "Areal spread = 5.38e+09 square meter\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 14
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.6, Page 4.27\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Given \n",
+ "D = 5.0e-3 # diameter of laser in meter\n",
+ "l = 6.943e-7 # wavelength of light in meter\n",
+ "f =0.1 # focal length in meter\n",
+ "P = 0.1 # power of laser in watt\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "r = (D / 2)# calculation for \n",
+ "theta = (0.637 * l) / r# calculation for angular spread\n",
+ "areal_spread = (f * theta)**2# calculation for areal spread\n",
+ "I = P / areal_spread# calculation for intensity\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Areal spread = %.3e square meter,\\nIntensity = %.3e watt/square meter\"%(areal_spread,I)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Areal spread = 3.130e-10 square meter,\n",
+ "Intensity = 3.195e+08 watt/square meter\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 15
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.7, Page 4.28"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "# Given \n",
+ "tou = 1e-10 # coherence time in sec\n",
+ "l = 5.4e-7 # wavelength of light in meter\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "delta_v = 1 / tou \n",
+ "v_ = (3e+8) / l # calculation for frequency\n",
+ "d = delta_v / v_ # calculation for degree of non-monochromaticity\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Degree of non-monochromaticity = %f \"%d"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Degree of non-monochromaticity = 0.000018 \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 9
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+} \ No newline at end of file
generated by cgit (git 2.34.1) at 2025-04-06 06:27:00 +0000