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diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_(Volume-2)_by_S.K._Gupta/chapter7_1.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_(Volume-2)_by_S.K._Gupta/chapter7_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..871de61f --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_(Volume-2)_by_S.K._Gupta/chapter7_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,503 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:6f3332c2cf8866e9257d8f3e11193b59b2e8f54645aa9a7c58a49b95bb6e6cc9"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter7:SUPERCONDUCTIVITY"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Eg1:pg-272"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "Tc=3.7 #critical temperature in K\n",
+ "Hc_0=0.0306 #critical magnetic field in Tesla at 0K\n",
+ "T=2 #temperature in K\n",
+ "Hc=Hc_0*(1-(T/Tc)**2)\n",
+ "print\"Critical field at 2 K is \",round(Hc,4),\"Tesla\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Critical field at 2 K is 0.0217 Tesla\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Eg2:pg-272"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "Tc=7.2 #transition temperature in K\n",
+ "T=5 #temperature in K\n",
+ "Hc_T=3.3e4 #critical magnetic field at 5K in A/m\n",
+ "Hc_0=Hc_T/(1-(T/Tc)**2)\n",
+ "print\"Maximum value of H at 0 K is \",\"{:.2e}\".format(Hc_0),\"A/m\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Maximum value of H at 0 K is 6.37e+04 A/m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 3
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Eg3:pg-273"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "Tc=7.2 #critical temperature in K\n",
+ "Hc_0=1 #let,critical magnetic field at 0K\n",
+ "Hc_T=0.1*Hc_0 #critical magnetic field at T Kelvin\n",
+ "T=sqrt(1-Hc_T/Hc_0)*Tc\n",
+ "print\"Temperature is \",round(T,2),\"K\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Temperature is 6.83 K\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 3
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Eg4:pg-273"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "T=4.2 #temperature in K\n",
+ "Hc_0=0.0803 #critical magnetic field at 0K in Wb/m**2\n",
+ "Tc=7.2 #critical temperature for Pb in K\n",
+ "Hc_T=Hc_0*(1-(T/Tc)**2)\n",
+ "print\"Critical field at 4.2 K is \",round(Hc_T,5),\"Tesla\"#answer is wrong in book"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Critical field at 4.2 K is 0.05298 Tesla\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 4
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Eg5:pg-273"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "Hc_T=105e3 #critical magnetic field at T Kelvin in A/m\n",
+ "Hc_0=150e3 #critical magnetic field at 0K in A/m\n",
+ "Tc=9.2 #critical temperature in K\n",
+ "T=sqrt(1-Hc_T/Hc_0)*Tc\n",
+ "print\"Temperature is \",round(T,2),\"K\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Temperature is 5.04 K\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 5
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Eg6:pg-274"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "Hc_T=1e5 #critical magnetic field at 8K in A/m\n",
+ "T=8 #temperature in K\n",
+ "Hc_0=2e5 #critical magnetic field at 0K in A/m\n",
+ "Tc=T/sqrt(1-Hc_T/Hc_0)\n",
+ "print\"Transition temperature is \",round(Tc,1),\"K\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Transition temperature is 11.3 K\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 6
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Eg7:pg-274"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "Tc=7.26 #critical temperature in K\n",
+ "Hc_0=8e5 #critical magnetic field at 0K in A/m\n",
+ "Hc_T=4e4 #critical magnetic field at T kelvin in A/m\n",
+ "T=sqrt(1-Hc_T/Hc_0)*Tc\n",
+ "print\"T =\",round(T,2),\"K\",\"\\nThe temperature of the metal should be held below\",round(T,2),\"K\" "
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "T = 7.08 K \n",
+ "The temperature of the metal should be held below 7.08 K\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 7
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Eg8:pg-275"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "T1=14 #temperature in K\n",
+ "T2=12 #temperature in K\n",
+ "T=4.2 #temperature in K\n",
+ "Hc_T1=0.176 #critical magnetic field at temperature T1\n",
+ "Hc_T2=0.528 #critical magnetic field at temperature T2\n",
+ "Tc=sqrt((Hc_T2*T1**2-Hc_T1*T2**2)/(Hc_T2-Hc_T1))\n",
+ "Tc=int(Tc*10)/10. #rounding off\n",
+ "Hc_0=Hc_T1/(1-(T1/Tc)**2)\n",
+ "Hc_T=Hc_0*(1-(T/Tc)**2)\n",
+ "print\"Transition temperature is \",Tc,\"K\"\n",
+ "print\"Critical field at 0 K is \",round(Hc_0,3),\"Tesla\"\n",
+ "print\"Critical field at 4.2 K is \",round(Hc_T,2),\"Tesla\"\n",
+ "#answers in book are wrong because value of T2 is taken as 13K in calculation which is wrong."
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Transition temperature is 14.8 K\n",
+ "Critical field at 0 K is 1.673 Tesla\n",
+ "Critical field at 4.2 K is 1.54 Tesla\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 8
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Eg9:pg-275"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "D=1.0 #diameter of Pb wire in mm\n",
+ "Bc=0.0548 #in Tesla\n",
+ "mu_0=4*math.pi*1e-7 #absolute permeability of air in N/A**2\n",
+ "Ic=math.pi*D*1e-3*Bc/mu_0\n",
+ "print\"Current is \",int(Ic),\"amp\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Current is 137 amp\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 9
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Eg10:pg-276"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "Hc_0=6.5e3 #critical magnetic field at 0K in A/m\n",
+ "Tc=7.18 #critical temperature in K\n",
+ "Hc_T=4.5e3 #critical magnetic field at T Kelvin in A/m\n",
+ "T=sqrt(1-Hc_T/Hc_0)*Tc\n",
+ "print\"Temperature is \",round(T,2),\"K\"\n",
+ "D=2 #diameter of the lead wire in mm\n",
+ "r=D/2 \n",
+ "Ic=2*math.pi*r*1e-3*Hc_T\n",
+ "Jc=Ic/(math.pi*(r*1e-3)**2)\n",
+ "print\"Critical current density is \",\"{:.1e}\".format(Jc),\"A/m**2\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Temperature is 3.98 K\n",
+ "Critical current density is 9.0e+06 A/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 10
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Eg11:pg-281"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "T=3.5 #temperature in K\n",
+ "lamda_T=750 #penetration depth of Hg at 3.5K in Angstrom\n",
+ "Tc=4.153 #critical temperature in K\n",
+ "lamda_0=lamda_T*sqrt(round(1-(T/Tc)**4,3))\n",
+ "print\"Penetration depth at 0 K is\",round(lamda_0,1),\"Angstrom\"#answer is wrong in book because of calculation mistake "
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Penetration depth at 0 K is 528.2 Angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 11
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Eg12:pg-281"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "m=9.1e-31 #mass of electron kg\n",
+ "mu_0=12.56e-7 #absolute permeability of air in N/A**2\n",
+ "e=1.6e-19 #charge of electron in coulomb\n",
+ "ns=1e28 #number of super electrons per meter cube\n",
+ "lamda_0=sqrt(m/(mu_0*ns*e**2))\n",
+ "lamda_0=round(lamda_0,9)*1e10\n",
+ "print\"Penetration depth at 0 K is \",int(lamda_0),\"Angstrom\"\n",
+ "Tc=3 #critical temperature in K\n",
+ "T=1. #temperature in K\n",
+ "lamda_T=lamda_0/sqrt(1-(T/Tc)**4)\n",
+ "print\"Penetration depth at 1 K is \",int(lamda_T),\"Angstrom\"\n",
+ "#in book lamda(at 3K) is printed,which is wrong. Correct notation is lamda(at 1K)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Penetration depth at 0 K is 530 Angstrom\n",
+ "Penetration depth at 1 K is 533 Angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 12
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Eg13:pg-286"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "Tc=9.25 #critical temperature in K\n",
+ "T=0 #temperature in K\n",
+ "Kb=1.38e-23 #Boltzmann's constant in J/K\n",
+ "Eg=3.53*Kb*Tc/(1.6e-19)\n",
+ "h=6.63e-34 #planck constant joule-sec\n",
+ "c=3e8 #speed of light in m/sec\n",
+ "print\"Energy gap Eg is \",round(Eg*1e3,2),\"meV\"\n",
+ "lamda_min=h*c/round(Eg*1.6e-19,23)\n",
+ "print\"Minimum photon wavelength is \",\"{:.2e}\".format(lamda_min),\"m\"\n",
+ "print\" This wavelength lie in the far-infrared region of electromagnetic radiations.\"\n",
+ "v=round(Eg*1.6e-19,23)/h\n",
+ "print\"Frequency needed is \",\"{:.2e}\".format(v),\"s**-1\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Energy gap Eg is 2.82 meV\n",
+ "Minimum photon wavelength is 4.42e-04 m\n",
+ " This wavelength lie in the far-infrared region of electromagnetic radiations.\n",
+ "Frequency needed is 6.79e+11 s**-1\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 13
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Eg14:pg-286"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "M=200.59 #average atomic mass of Hg in amu\n",
+ "m=204 #mass of isotope in amu\n",
+ "T=4.153 #temperature in K\n",
+ "t=4.118 #temperature in K\n",
+ "dM=m-M\n",
+ "dTc=t-T\n",
+ "alpha=-(M*dTc/(dM*T))\n",
+ "print\"Isotope effect coefficient is \",round(alpha,3)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Isotope effect coefficient is 0.496\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 1
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file |