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Diffstat (limited to 'Engineering_Physics/Chapter11_1.ipynb')
| -rw-r--r-- | Engineering_Physics/Chapter11_1.ipynb | 210 |
1 files changed, 189 insertions, 21 deletions
diff --git a/Engineering_Physics/Chapter11_1.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics/Chapter11_1.ipynb index 733fe6b7..d9dc8a6d 100644 --- a/Engineering_Physics/Chapter11_1.ipynb +++ b/Engineering_Physics/Chapter11_1.ipynb @@ -1,6 +1,7 @@ { "metadata": { - "name": "Chapter11" + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:9d08f8379ee15c99ce5ad85c8c37d7ad2a3a702f52e1db068a113b3963c85435" }, "nbformat": 3, "nbformat_minor": 0, @@ -11,25 +12,55 @@ "cell_type": "heading", "level": 1, "metadata": {}, - "source": "11: Lasers" + "source": [ + "11: Lasers" + ] }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, - "source": "Example number 11.1, Page number 249" + "source": [ + "Example number 11.1, Page number 249" + ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, - "input": "#To calculate the ratio of spontaneous emission to stimulated emission for visible and microwave region\n\n#importing modules\nimport math\nfrom __future__ import division\n\n#Variable declaration\nh = 6.626*10**-34; #Planck's constant(Js)\nc = 3*10**8; #Speed of light in free space(m/s)\nk = 1.38*10**-23; #Boltzmann constant(J/K)\nT = 300; #Temperature at absolute scale(K)\nlamda1 = 5500; #Wavelength of visible light(A)\nlamda2 = 10**-2; #Wavelength of microwave(m)\n\n#Calculation\nlamda1 = lamda1*10**-10; #Wavelength of visible light(m)\nrate_ratio = math.exp(h*c/(lamda1*k*T))-1; #Ratio of spontaneous emission to stimulated emission\nrate_ratio1 = math.exp(h*c/(lamda2*k*T))-1; #Ratio of spontaneous emission to stimulated emission\nrate_ratio1 = math.ceil(rate_ratio1*10**5)/10**5; #rounding off the value of rate_ratio1 to 5 decimals\n\n#Result\nprint \"The ratio of spontaneous emission to stimulated emission for visible region is\",rate_ratio\nprint \"The ratio of spontaneous emission to stimulated emission for microwave region is\", rate_ratio1", + "input": [ + " \n", + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "h = 6.626*10**-34; #Planck's constant(Js)\n", + "c = 3*10**8; #Speed of light in free space(m/s)\n", + "k = 1.38*10**-23; #Boltzmann constant(J/K)\n", + "T = 300; #Temperature at absolute scale(K)\n", + "lamda1 = 5500; #Wavelength of visible light(A)\n", + "lamda2 = 10**-2; #Wavelength of microwave(m)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "lamda1 = lamda1*10**-10; #Wavelength of visible light(m)\n", + "rate_ratio = math.exp(h*c/(lamda1*k*T))-1; #Ratio of spontaneous emission to stimulated emission\n", + "rate_ratio1 = math.exp(h*c/(lamda2*k*T))-1; #Ratio of spontaneous emission to stimulated emission\n", + "rate_ratio1 = math.ceil(rate_ratio1*10**5)/10**5; #rounding off the value of rate_ratio1 to 5 decimals\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"The ratio of spontaneous emission to stimulated emission for visible region is\",rate_ratio\n", + "print \"The ratio of spontaneous emission to stimulated emission for microwave region is\", rate_ratio1" + ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", - "text": "The ratio of spontaneous emission to stimulated emission for visible region is 8.19422217477e+37\nThe ratio of spontaneous emission to stimulated emission for microwave region is 0.00482\n" + "text": [ + "The ratio of spontaneous emission to stimulated emission for visible region is 8.19422217477e+37\n", + "The ratio of spontaneous emission to stimulated emission for microwave region is 0.00482\n" + ] } ], "prompt_number": 3 @@ -38,19 +69,44 @@ "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, - "source": "Example number 11.2, Page number 250" + "source": [ + "Example number 11.2, Page number 250" + ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, - "input": "#To calculate the energy of excited state\n\n#importing modules\nimport math\nfrom __future__ import division\n\n#Variable declaration\ne = 1.6*10**-19; #Energy equivalent of 1 eV(J/eV)\nh = 6.626*10**-34; #Planck's constant(Js)\nc = 3*10**8; #Speed of light in free space(m/s)\nlamda = 690; #Wavelength of laser light(nm)\nE_lower = 30.5; #Energy of lower state(eV)\n\n#Calculation\nlamda = lamda*10**-9; #Wavelength of laser light(m)\nE = h*c/lamda; #Energy of the laser light(J)\nE = E/e; #Energy of the laser light(eV)\nE_ex = E_lower + E; #Energy of excited state of laser system(eV)\nE_ex = math.ceil(E_ex*10**2)/10**2; #rounding off the value of E_ex to 2 decimals\n\n#Result\nprint \"The energy of excited state of laser system is\",E_ex, \"eV\"", + "input": [ + " \n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "e = 1.6*10**-19; #Energy equivalent of 1 eV(J/eV)\n", + "h = 6.626*10**-34; #Planck's constant(Js)\n", + "c = 3*10**8; #Speed of light in free space(m/s)\n", + "lamda = 690; #Wavelength of laser light(nm)\n", + "E_lower = 30.5; #Energy of lower state(eV)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "lamda = lamda*10**-9; #Wavelength of laser light(m)\n", + "E = h*c/lamda; #Energy of the laser light(J)\n", + "E = E/e; #Energy of the laser light(eV)\n", + "E_ex = E_lower + E; #Energy of excited state of laser system(eV)\n", + "E_ex = math.ceil(E_ex*10**2)/10**2; #rounding off the value of E_ex to 2 decimals\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"The energy of excited state of laser system is\",E_ex, \"eV\"" + ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", - "text": "The energy of excited state of laser system is 32.31 eV\n" + "text": [ + "The energy of excited state of laser system is 32.31 eV\n" + ] } ], "prompt_number": 4 @@ -59,19 +115,43 @@ "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, - "source": "Example number 11.3, Page number 250" + "source": [ + "Example number 11.3, Page number 250" + ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, - "input": "#To determine the condition under which stimulated emission equals spontaneous emission\n\n#importing modules\nimport math\nfrom __future__ import division\nimport numpy as np\n\n#Variable declaration\nh = 6.626*10**-34; #Planck's constant(Js)\nk = 1.38*10**-23; #Boltzmann constant(J/K)\n\n#Calculation\n#Stimulated Emission = Spontaneous Emission <=> exp(h*f/(k*T))-1 = 1 i.e.\n#f/T = log(2)*k/h = A\nA = np.log(2)*k/h; #Frequency per unit temperature(Hz/K)\nA = A/10**10;\nA = math.ceil(A*10**3)/10**3; #rounding off the value of A to 3 decimals\n\n#Result\nprint \"The stimulated emission equals spontaneous emission iff f/T =\",A,\"*10**10 Hz/k\"", + "input": [ + " \n", + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "import numpy as np\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "h = 6.626*10**-34; #Planck's constant(Js)\n", + "k = 1.38*10**-23; #Boltzmann constant(J/K)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "#Stimulated Emission = Spontaneous Emission <=> exp(h*f/(k*T))-1 = 1 i.e.\n", + "#f/T = log(2)*k/h = A\n", + "A = np.log(2)*k/h; #Frequency per unit temperature(Hz/K)\n", + "A = A/10**10;\n", + "A = math.ceil(A*10**3)/10**3; #rounding off the value of A to 3 decimals\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"The stimulated emission equals spontaneous emission iff f/T =\",A,\"*10**10 Hz/k\"" + ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", - "text": "The stimulated emission equals spontaneous emission iff f/T = 1.444 *10**10 Hz/k\n" + "text": [ + "The stimulated emission equals spontaneous emission iff f/T = 1.444 *10**10 Hz/k\n" + ] } ], "prompt_number": 7 @@ -80,19 +160,50 @@ "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, - "source": "Example number 11.4, Page number 250" + "source": [ + "Example number 11.4, Page number 250" + ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, - "input": "#To calculate the area of the spot and intensity at the focus \n\n#importing modules\nimport math\nfrom __future__ import division\n\n#Variable declaration\nlamda = 500; #Wavelength of laser light(nm)\nf = 15; #Focal length of the lens(cm)\nd = 2; #Diameter of the aperture of source(cm)\nP = 5; #Power of the laser(mW)\n\n#Calculation\nP = P*10**-3; #Power of the laser(W)\nlamda = lamda*10**-9; #Wavelength of laser light(m)\nd = d*10**-2; #Diameter of the aperture of source(m)\nf = f*10**-2; #Focal length of the lens(m)\na = d/2; #Radius of the aperture of source(m)\nA = math.pi*lamda**2*f**2/a**2; #Area of the spot at the focal plane, metre square\nI = P/A; #Intensity at the focus(W/m**2)\nI = I/10**7;\nI = math.ceil(I*10**4)/10**4; #rounding off the value of I to 1 decimal\n\n#Result\nprint \"The area of the spot at the focal plane is\",A, \"m**2\"\nprint \"The intensity at the focus is\",I,\"*10**7 W/m**2\"", + "input": [ + " \n", + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "lamda = 500; #Wavelength of laser light(nm)\n", + "f = 15; #Focal length of the lens(cm)\n", + "d = 2; #Diameter of the aperture of source(cm)\n", + "P = 5; #Power of the laser(mW)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "P = P*10**-3; #Power of the laser(W)\n", + "lamda = lamda*10**-9; #Wavelength of laser light(m)\n", + "d = d*10**-2; #Diameter of the aperture of source(m)\n", + "f = f*10**-2; #Focal length of the lens(m)\n", + "a = d/2; #Radius of the aperture of source(m)\n", + "A = math.pi*lamda**2*f**2/a**2; #Area of the spot at the focal plane, metre square\n", + "I = P/A; #Intensity at the focus(W/m**2)\n", + "I = I/10**7;\n", + "I = math.ceil(I*10**4)/10**4; #rounding off the value of I to 1 decimal\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"The area of the spot at the focal plane is\",A, \"m**2\"\n", + "print \"The intensity at the focus is\",I,\"*10**7 W/m**2\"" + ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", - "text": "The area of the spot at the focal plane is 1.76714586764e-10 m**2\nThe intensity at the focus is 2.8295 *10**7 W/m**2\n" + "text": [ + "The area of the spot at the focal plane is 1.76714586764e-10 m**2\n", + "The intensity at the focus is 2.8295 *10**7 W/m**2\n" + ] } ], "prompt_number": 14 @@ -101,19 +212,47 @@ "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, - "source": "Example number 11.5, Page number 251" + "source": [ + "Example number 11.5, Page number 251" + ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, - "input": "#To calculate the energy released per pulse and number of photons\n\n#importing modules\nimport math\nfrom __future__ import division\n\n#Variable declaration\nh = 6.626*10**-34; #Planck's constant(Js)\nc = 3*10**8; #Speed of light in free space(m/s)\nlamda = 1064; #Wavelength of laser light(nm)\nP = 0.8; #Average power output per laser pulse(W)\ndt = 25; #Pulse width of laser(ms)\n\n#Calculation\ndt = dt*10**-3; #Pulse width of laser(s)\nlamda = lamda*10**-9; #Wavelength of laser light(m)\nE = P*dt; #Energy released per pulse(J)\nE1 = E*10**3;\nN = E/(h*c/lamda); #Number of photons in a pulse\n\n#Result\nprint \"The energy released per pulse is\",E1,\"*10**-3 J\"\nprint \"The number of photons in a pulse is\", N\n", + "input": [ + " \n", + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "h = 6.626*10**-34; #Planck's constant(Js)\n", + "c = 3*10**8; #Speed of light in free space(m/s)\n", + "lamda = 1064; #Wavelength of laser light(nm)\n", + "P = 0.8; #Average power output per laser pulse(W)\n", + "dt = 25; #Pulse width of laser(ms)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "dt = dt*10**-3; #Pulse width of laser(s)\n", + "lamda = lamda*10**-9; #Wavelength of laser light(m)\n", + "E = P*dt; #Energy released per pulse(J)\n", + "E1 = E*10**3;\n", + "N = E/(h*c/lamda); #Number of photons in a pulse\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"The energy released per pulse is\",E1,\"*10**-3 J\"\n", + "print \"The number of photons in a pulse is\", N\n" + ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", - "text": "The energy released per pulse is 20.0 *10**-3 J\nThe number of photons in a pulse is 1.07053023443e+17\n" + "text": [ + "The energy released per pulse is 20.0 *10**-3 J\n", + "The number of photons in a pulse is 1.07053023443e+17\n" + ] } ], "prompt_number": 17 @@ -122,19 +261,48 @@ "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, - "source": "Example number 11.6, Page number 251" + "source": [ + "Example number 11.6, Page number 251" + ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, - "input": "#To calculate the angular spread and diameter of the beam\n\n#importing modules\nimport math\nfrom __future__ import division\n\n#Variable declaration\nlamda = 693; #Wavelength of laser beam(nm)\nD = 3; #Diameter of laser beam(mm)\nd = 300; #Height of a satellite above the surface of earth(km)\n\n#Calculation\nD = D*10**-3; #Diameter of laser beam(m)\nlamda = lamda*10**-9; #Wavelength of laser beam(m)\nd = d*10**3; #Height of a satellite above the surface of earth(m)\nd_theta = 1.22*lamda/D; #Angular spread of laser beam(rad)\ndtheta = d_theta*10**4;\ndtheta = math.ceil(dtheta*10**2)/10**2; #rounding off the value of dtheta to 2 decimals\na = d_theta*d; #Diameter of the beam on the satellite(m)\na = math.ceil(a*10)/10; #rounding off the value of a to 1 decimal\n\n#Result\nprint \"The height of a satellite above the surface of earth is\",dtheta,\"*10**-4 rad\"\nprint \"The diameter of the beam on the satellite is\",a, \"m\"\n", + "input": [ + " \n", + "#importing modules\n", + "import math\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Variable declaration\n", + "lamda = 693; #Wavelength of laser beam(nm)\n", + "D = 3; #Diameter of laser beam(mm)\n", + "d = 300; #Height of a satellite above the surface of earth(km)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "D = D*10**-3; #Diameter of laser beam(m)\n", + "lamda = lamda*10**-9; #Wavelength of laser beam(m)\n", + "d = d*10**3; #Height of a satellite above the surface of earth(m)\n", + "d_theta = 1.22*lamda/D; #Angular spread of laser beam(rad)\n", + "dtheta = d_theta*10**4;\n", + "dtheta = math.ceil(dtheta*10**2)/10**2; #rounding off the value of dtheta to 2 decimals\n", + "a = d_theta*d; #Diameter of the beam on the satellite(m)\n", + "a = math.ceil(a*10)/10; #rounding off the value of a to 1 decimal\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"The height of a satellite above the surface of earth is\",dtheta,\"*10**-4 rad\"\n", + "print \"The diameter of the beam on the satellite is\",a, \"m\"\n" + ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", - "text": "The height of a satellite above the surface of earth is 2.82 *10**-4 rad\nThe diameter of the beam on the satellite is 84.6 m\n" + "text": [ + "The height of a satellite above the surface of earth is 2.82 *10**-4 rad\n", + "The diameter of the beam on the satellite is 84.6 m\n" + ] } ], "prompt_number": 25 @@ -142,7 +310,7 @@ { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, - "input": "", + "input": [], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [] |