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-{
- "metadata": {
- "name": "",
- "signature": "sha256:ca1c7401f018e12f4456a542a7349262c450bbcce53eee5003079be7be1331af"
- },
- "nbformat": 3,
- "nbformat_minor": 0,
- "worksheets": [
- {
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h1>Chapter 17: D.c. transients</h1>"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3>Example 1, page no. 262</h3>"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "import math\n",
- "#from pylab import *\n",
- "%pylab inline\n",
- "#initializing the variables:\n",
- "C = 15E-6;# in Farads\n",
- "R = 47000;# in ohms\n",
- "V = 120;# in Volts\n",
- "\n",
- "#calculation:\n",
- "tou = R*C\n",
- "t1 = tou\n",
- "Vctou = V*(1-math.e**(-1*t1/tou))\n",
- "Vct = V/2\n",
- "t0 = -1*tou*math.log(1 - Vct/V)\n",
- "t=[]\n",
- "Vc=[]\n",
- "I = V/R\n",
- "for h in range(50):\n",
- " t.append((h-1)/10)\n",
- " k=(h-1)/10\n",
- " Vc.append(V*(1 - math.e**(-1*k/tou)))\n",
- "fig = plt.figure()\n",
- "ax = fig.add_subplot(1, 1, 1)\n",
- "ax.plot(t,Vc,'-')\n",
- "#plot(t,Vc,'-')\n",
- "xlabel('time(sec)')\n",
- "ylabel('Volts(V)')\n",
- "show()\n",
- "\n",
- "#Results\n",
- "print \"\\n\\n Result \\n\\n\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (a)the capacitor voltage at a time equal to one time constant = \",round(Vctou,2),\" V\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (b)the time for the capacitor voltage to reach one half of its steady state value = \",round(t0,5),\" secs\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Populating the interactive namespace from numpy and matplotlib\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "display_data",
- "png": 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sVLcHcHRbC1Vl3Hsv7L+/gSBp/VoKhaOBo4AzCEtc75Acf4cwoe02IF/O4lRaN90E3/hG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\nD8/iLwbt6hd+AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\n",
- "text": [
- "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x34660b8>"
- ]
- },
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "\n",
- "\n",
- " Result \n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- " (a)the capacitor voltage at a time equal to one time constant = 75.85 V\n",
- "\n",
- " (b)the time for the capacitor voltage to reach one half of its steady state value = 0.48867 secs\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 1
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3>Example 2, page no. 263</h3>"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "import math\n",
- "#from pylab import *\n",
- "%pylab inline\n",
- "#initializing the variables:\n",
- "C = 4E-6;# in Farads\n",
- "R = 220000;# in ohms\n",
- "V = 24;# in Volts\n",
- "t1 = 1.5;# in secs\n",
- "\n",
- "#calculation:\n",
- "tou = R*C\n",
- "I = V/R\n",
- "\n",
- "t=[]\n",
- "Vc=[]\n",
- "for h in range(50):\n",
- " t.append((h-1)/10)\n",
- " k=(h-1)/10\n",
- " Vc.append(V*math.e**(-1*k/tou))\n",
- "#plt.figsize(10,8)\n",
- "fig = plt.figure()\n",
- "#canvas = fc(fig)\n",
- "ax = fig.add_subplot(1, 1, 1)\n",
- "ax.plot(t,Vc,'-')\n",
- "#plot(t,Vc,'-')\n",
- "xlabel('time(sec)')\n",
- "ylabel('P.D across Capacitor(V)')\n",
- "show()\n",
- "\n",
- "t=[]\n",
- "VR=[]\n",
- "for h in range(50):\n",
- " t.append((h-1)/10)\n",
- " k=(h-1)/10\n",
- " VR.append(V*(1 - math.e**(-1*k/tou)))\n",
- "fig = plt.figure()\n",
- "#canvas = fc(fig)\n",
- "ax = fig.add_subplot(1, 1, 1)\n",
- "ax.plot(t,VR,'-')\n",
- "#plot(t,VR,'-*')\n",
- "xlabel('time(sec)')\n",
- "ylabel('P.D across Resistor(V)')\n",
- "show()\n",
- "\n",
- "t=[]\n",
- "i=[]\n",
- "for h in range(50):\n",
- " t.append((h-1)/10)\n",
- " k=(h-1)/10\n",
- " i.append(I*math.e**(-1*k/tou))\n",
- "fig = plt.figure()\n",
- "#canvas = fc(fig)\n",
- "ax = fig.add_subplot(1, 1, 1)\n",
- "ax.plot(t,i,'-')\n",
- "#plot(t,i,'*-')\n",
- "xlabel('time(sec)')\n",
- "ylabel('current(A)')\n",
- "show()\n",
- "\n",
- "Vct1 = V*math.e**(-1*t1/tou)\n",
- "VRt1 = V*math.e**(-1*t1/tou)\n",
- "it1 = I*math.e**(-1*t1/tou)\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "#Results\n",
- "print \"\\n\\n Result \\n\\n\"\n",
- "print \"\\n the value of capacitor voltage is \",round(Vct1,1),\" V, resistor voltage is \",round(VRt1,1),\" V,\"\n",
- "print \"current is \",round(0.02,2),\" mA at one and a half seconds after discharge has started.\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Populating the interactive namespace from numpy and matplotlib\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "display_data",
- "png": 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- "text": [
- "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x77c6e10>"
- ]
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
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- "text": [
- "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7b9e4a8>"
- ]
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
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1NbVBmbS0NCQkJAAAoqKiUFFRgdLS0hbr1q+TkJCA3bt3AwBSU1Mxa9Ys+Pr6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\nqer/AUdcZmZ6XUFsAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\n",
- "text": [
- "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7bac898>"
- ]
- },
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "\n",
- "\n",
- " Result \n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- " the value of capacitor voltage is 4.4 V, resistor voltage is 4.4 V,\n",
- "current is 0.02 mA at one and a half seconds after discharge has started.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 8
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3>Example 3, page no. 265</h3>"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "import math\n",
- "#initializing the variables:\n",
- "C = 20E-6;# in Farads\n",
- "R = 50000;# in ohms\n",
- "V = 20;# in Volts\n",
- "t1 = 1;# in secs\n",
- "t2 = 2;# in secs\n",
- "VRt = 15;# in Volts\n",
- "\n",
- "#calculation:\n",
- "tou = R*C\n",
- "I = V/R\n",
- "Vct1 = V*(1-math.e**(-1*t2/tou))\n",
- "t3 = -1*tou*math.log(VRt/V)\n",
- "it1 = I*math.e**(-1*t1/tou)\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "#Results\n",
- "print \"\\n\\n Result \\n\\n\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (a)initial value of the current flowing is \",round(I*1000,1),\"mA\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (b)time constant of the circuit \",round(tou,2),\" Sec\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (c)the value of the current one second after connection, \",round((it1/1E-3),3),\" mA\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (d)the value of the capacitor voltage two seconds after connection \",round(Vct1,1),\" V\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (e)the time after connection when the resistor voltage is 15 V is \",round(t3,3),\" sec\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "\n",
- "\n",
- " Result \n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- " (a)initial value of the current flowing is 0.4 mA\n",
- "\n",
- " (b)time constant of the circuit 1.0 Sec\n",
- "\n",
- " (c)the value of the current one second after connection, 0.147 mA\n",
- "\n",
- " (d)the value of the capacitor voltage two seconds after connection 17.3 V\n",
- "\n",
- " (e)the time after connection when the resistor voltage is 15 V is 0.288 sec\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 9
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3>Example 17.4, page no. 266</h3>"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "import math\n",
- "#initializing the variables:\n",
- "C = 0.5E-6;# in Farads\n",
- "V = 10;# in Volts\n",
- "tou = 0.012;# in secs\n",
- "t1 = 0.007;# in secs\n",
- "\n",
- "#calculation:\n",
- "R = tou/C\n",
- "Vc = V*(1-math.e**(-1*t1/tou))\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "#Results\n",
- "print \"\\n\\n Result \\n\\n\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (a)value of the resistor is \",R,\" ohm\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (b)capacitor voltage is \",round(Vc,2),\" V\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "\n",
- "\n",
- " Result \n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- " (a)value of the resistor is 24000.0 ohm\n",
- "\n",
- " (b)capacitor voltage is 4.42 V\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 10
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3>Example 5, page no. 267</h3>"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "import math\n",
- "#initializing the variables:\n",
- "R = 50000;# in ohms\n",
- "V = 100;# in Volts\n",
- "Vc1 = 20;# in Volts\n",
- "tou = 0.8;# in secs\n",
- "t1 = 0.5;# in secs\n",
- "t2 = 1;# in secs\n",
- "\n",
- "#calculation:\n",
- "C = tou/R\n",
- "t = -1*tou*math.log(Vc1/V)\n",
- "I = V/R\n",
- "it1 = I*math.e**(-1*t1/tou)\n",
- "Vc = V*math.e**(-1*t2/tou)\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "#Results\n",
- "print \"\\n\\n Result \\n\\n\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (a)the value of the capacitor is \",round((C/1E-6),2),\"uF\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (b)the time for the capacitor voltage to fall to 20 V is \",round(t,2),\" sec\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (c)the current flowing when the capacitor has been discharging for 0.5 s is \",round(it1*1000,2),\"mA\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (d)voltage drop across resistor when the capacitor has been discharging for one second is \",round(Vc,1),\" V\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "\n",
- "\n",
- " Result \n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- " (a)the value of the capacitor is 16.0 uF\n",
- "\n",
- " (b)the time for the capacitor voltage to fall to 20 V is 1.29 sec\n",
- "\n",
- " (c)the current flowing when the capacitor has been discharging for 0.5 s is 1.07 mA\n",
- "\n",
- " (d)voltage drop across resistor when the capacitor has been discharging for one second is 28.7 V\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 11
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3>Example 6 page no. 268</h3>"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "import math\n",
- "#initializing the variables:\n",
- "C = 0.1E-6;# in Farads\n",
- "R = 4000;# in ohms\n",
- "V = 200;# in Volts\n",
- "Vc1 = 2;# in Volts\n",
- "\n",
- "#calculation:\n",
- "tou = R*C\n",
- "I = V/R\n",
- "t = -1*tou*math.log(Vc1/V)\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "#Results\n",
- "print \" \\n\\n Result \\n\\n\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (a) initial discharge current is \",round(I,2),\" A\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (b)Time constant tou is \",round(tou,5),\" sec\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (c)min. time required for voltage across capacitor to fall to less than 2 V is \",round(t*1000,0),\" msec\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- " \n",
- "\n",
- " Result \n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- " (a) initial discharge current is 0.05 A\n",
- "\n",
- " (b)Time constant tou is 0.0004 sec\n",
- "\n",
- " (c)min. time required for voltage across capacitor to fall to less than 2 V is 2.0 msec\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 12
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3>Example 7, page no. 270</h3>"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from pylab import *\n",
- "#initializing the variables:\n",
- "L = 0.1;# in Henry\n",
- "R = 20;# in ohms\n",
- "V = 60;# in Volts\n",
- "i2 = 1.5;# in Amperes\n",
- "\n",
- "#calculation:\n",
- "tou = L/R\n",
- "t1 = 2*tou\n",
- "\n",
- "t=[]\n",
- "i=[]\n",
- "I = V/R\n",
- "for h in range(250):\n",
- " t.append((h-1)/10000)\n",
- " k=(h-1)/10000\n",
- " i.append(I*(1 - math.e**(-1*k/tou)))\n",
- "plot(t,i,'-')\n",
- "xlabel('time(sec)')\n",
- "ylabel('current(A)')\n",
- "show()\n",
- "i1 = I*(1 - math.e**(-1*t1/tou))\n",
- "t2 = -1*tou*math.log(1 - i2/I)\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "#Results\n",
- "print \" \\n\\n Result \\n\\n\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (a) the value of current flowing at a time equal to two time constants is \",round(i1,2),\" A\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (b)the time for the current to grow to 1.5 A is \",round(t2,5),\" sec\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "display_data",
- "png": 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Pnw/AhAkTGDZsGFlZWURHR9O6dWsWLlxoV7k+t2WLFSrx8XZXIiLSOFrLy08d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\nUYpOSazjAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\n",
- "text": [
- "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7b9d748>"
- ]
- },
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- " \n",
- "\n",
- " Result \n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- " (a) the value of current flowing at a time equal to two time constants is 2.59 A\n",
- "\n",
- " (b)the time for the current to grow to 1.5 A is 0.00347 sec\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 13
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3>Example 8, page no. 271</h3>"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "import math\n",
- "#initializing the variables:\n",
- "L = 0.04;# in Henry\n",
- "R = 10;# in ohms\n",
- "V = 120;# in Volts\n",
- "\n",
- "#calculation:\n",
- "tou = L/R\n",
- "t1 = tou\n",
- "I = V/R\n",
- "i1 = I*(1 - math.e**(-1*t1/tou))\n",
- "i2 = 0.01*I\n",
- "t2 = -1*tou*(-5)\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "#Results\n",
- "print \"\\n\\n Result \\n\\n\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (a) the final value of current is \",round(I,2),\" A\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (b)time constant of the circuit is \",round(tou*1000,2),\"msec\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (c) value of current after a time equal to the time constant is \",round(i1,2),\" A\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (d)expected time for current to rise to within 0.01 times of its final value is \",round(t2*1000,2),\"msec\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "\n",
- "\n",
- " Result \n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- " (a) the final value of current is 12.0 A\n",
- "\n",
- " (b)time constant of the circuit is 4.0 msec\n",
- "\n",
- " (c) value of current after a time equal to the time constant is 7.59 A\n",
- "\n",
- " (d)expected time for current to rise to within 0.01 times of its final value is 20.0 msec\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 14
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3>Example 9, page no. 271</h3>"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "import math\n",
- "#initializing the variables:\n",
- "L = 3;# in Henry\n",
- "R = 15;# in ohms\n",
- "V = 120;# in Volts\n",
- "t1 = 0.1;# in secs\n",
- "t3 = 0.3;# in secs\n",
- "\n",
- "#calculation:\n",
- "tou = L/R\n",
- "I = V/R\n",
- "i2 = 0.85*I;# in amperes\n",
- "VL = V*math.e**(-1*t1/tou)\n",
- "t2 = -1*tou*math.log(1 - (i2/I))\n",
- "i3 = I*(1 - math.e**(-1*t3/tou))\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "#Results\n",
- "print \"\\n\\n Results \\n\\n\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (a) steady state value of current is \",round(I,2),\" A\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (b)time constant of the circuit is \",round(tou,2),\" sec\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (c)value of the induced e.m.f. after 0.1 s is \",round(VL,2),\" V\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (d) time for the current to rise to 0.85 times of its final values is \",round(t2,2),\" A\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (e)value of the current after 0.3 s is \",round(i3,2),\" A\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "\n",
- "\n",
- " Results \n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- " (a) steady state value of current is 8.0 A\n",
- "\n",
- " (b)time constant of the circuit is 0.2 sec\n",
- "\n",
- " (c)value of the induced e.m.f. after 0.1 s is 72.78 V\n",
- "\n",
- " (d) time for the current to rise to 0.85 times of its final values is 0.38 A\n",
- "\n",
- " (e)value of the current after 0.3 s is 6.21 A\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 15
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3>Example 10, page no. 273</h3>"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from pylab import *\n",
- "#initializing the variables:\n",
- "R = 15;# in ohms\n",
- "V = 110;# in Volts\n",
- "tou = 2;# in secs\n",
- "t1 = 3;# in secs\n",
- "i2 = 5;# in amperes\n",
- "\n",
- "#calculation:\n",
- "L = tou*R\n",
- "I = V/R\n",
- "\n",
- "t=[]\n",
- "i=[]\n",
- "for h in range(100):\n",
- " t.append((h-1)/10)\n",
- " k=(h-1)/10\n",
- " i.append(I*math.e**(-1*k/tou))\n",
- "plot(t,i,'-')\n",
- "xlabel('time(sec)')\n",
- "ylabel('current(A)')\n",
- "show()\n",
- "i1 = I*(math.e**(-1*t1/tou))\n",
- "t2 = -1*tou*log((i2/I))\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "#Results\n",
- "print \" \\n\\n Result \\n\\n\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (a)the current flowing in the winding 3 s after being shorted-out is \",round(i1,2),\" A\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (b)the time for the current to decay to 5 A is \",round(t2,2),\" sec\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "display_data",
- "png": 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re1q3bq0AYGNjY2N7hNa6detHqseaXYwtKytD+/btsXnzZvj5+aFTp073XIwl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\n/T/TLOQZYjmougAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n",
- "text": [
- "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x77abf28>"
- ]
- },
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- " \n",
- "\n",
- " Result \n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- " (a)the current flowing in the winding 3 s after being shorted-out is 1.64 A\n",
- "\n",
- " (b)the time for the current to decay to 5 A is 0.77 sec\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 16
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3>Example 11, page no. 273</h3>"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "import math\n",
- "#initializing the variables:\n",
- "L = 6;# in Henry\n",
- "r = 10;# in ohms\n",
- "V = 120;# in Volts\n",
- "tou = 0.3;# in secs\n",
- "t1 = 1;# in secs\n",
- "\n",
- "#calculation:\n",
- "R = (L/tou) - r\n",
- "Rt = R + r\n",
- "I = V/Rt\n",
- "i2 = 0.1*I\n",
- "i1 = I*(math.e**(-1*t1/tou))\n",
- "t2 = -1*tou*math.log((i2/I))\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "#Results\n",
- "print \" \\n\\n Result \\n\\n\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (a) resistance of the coil is \",round(R,2),\" ohm\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (b) current flowing in circuit one second after the shorting link has been placed is \",round(i1,2),\" A\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (c)the time for the current to decay to 0.1 times of initial value is \",round(t2,2),\" sec\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- " \n",
- "\n",
- " Result \n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- " (a) resistance of the coil is 10.0 ohm\n",
- "\n",
- " (b) current flowing in circuit one second after the shorting link has been placed is 0.21 A\n",
- "\n",
- " (c)the time for the current to decay to 0.1 times of initial value is 0.69 sec\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 17
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3>Example 12, page no. 274</h3>"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "import math\n",
- "#initializing the variables:\n",
- "L = 0.2;# in Henry\n",
- "R = 1000;# in ohms\n",
- "V = 24;# in Volts\n",
- "t1 = 1*L/R;# in secs\n",
- "t2 = 2*L/R;# in secs\n",
- "t3 = 3*L/R;# in secs\n",
- "\n",
- "#calculation:\n",
- "tou = L/R\n",
- "I = V/R\n",
- "i1 = I*(1 - math.e**(-1*t1/tou))\n",
- "VL = V*(math.e**(-1*t2/tou))\n",
- "VR = V*(1 - math.e**(-1*t3/tou))\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "#Results\n",
- "print \"\\n\\n Result \\n\\n\"\n",
- "print \"\\n time constant of circuit is \",round(tou*1000,6),\"msec, and steady-state value of current is \",round(I*1000,2),\"mA\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (a) urrent flowing in the circuit at a time equal to one time constant is \",round(i1*1000,2),\"mA\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (b) voltage drop across the inductor at a time equal to two time constants is \",round(VL,3),\" V\"\n",
- "print \"\\n (c)the voltage drop across the resistor after a time equal to three time constants is \",round(VR,2),\" V\""
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "\n",
- "\n",
- " Result \n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- " time constant of circuit is 0.2 msec, and steady-state value of current is 24.0 mA\n",
- "\n",
- " (a) urrent flowing in the circuit at a time equal to one time constant is 15.17 mA\n",
- "\n",
- " (b) voltage drop across the inductor at a time equal to two time constants is 3.248 V\n",
- "\n",
- " (c)the voltage drop across the resistor after a time equal to three time constants is 22.81 V\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 18
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {}
- }
- ]
-} \ No newline at end of file