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+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "#Chapter 1:INTERFERENCE AND DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "##Example number 1.1, Page number 1.35"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 18,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "The fringe width beta= 0.2945 mm\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "D=1                    #Distance in metre\n",
+    "lamda=589*10**-9       #nm to metres\n",
+    "d=2*10**-3             #mm to metre\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "beta=(D*lamda)/d\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print\"The fringe width beta=\",round(beta*10**3,4),\"mm\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "##Example number 1.2, Page number 1.35"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Thickness of glass plate= 3.27 micron.\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "N=3               #position\n",
+    "lamda=5450*10**-10      #Wawelength in Armstrong to metre\n",
+    "mu=1.5\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "t=(N*lamda)/(mu-1)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print\"Thickness of glass plate=\",round(t*10**6,2),\"micron.\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "##Example number 1.3, Page number 1.36"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 18,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Total number of lines n the grating= 9539.0\n",
+      "#Answer varies due to rounding of number\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "w=0.02      \n",
+    "n=1\n",
+    "lamda=6.56*10**-7\n",
+    "theta=(18+(14/60))*math.pi/180\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "N=(w*math.sin(theta))/(n*lamda)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print\"Total number of lines n the grating=\",round(N)\n",
+    "print\"#Answer varies due to rounding of number\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "##Example number 1.4, Page number 1.36"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 7,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "t= 11.786 micron\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "lamda=5893*10**-10           #Angstroms to mts\n",
+    "x=4*10**-2\n",
+    "beta=1*10**-3\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "t=(lamda*x)/(2*beta)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print\"t=\",round(t*10**6,3),\"micron\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "##Example number 1.6, Page number 1.36"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 9,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "The minimum thickness of coating,t= 996.4 Angstroms\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "lamda=5500\n",
+    "nf=1.38\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "t=lamda/(4*nf)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print\"The minimum thickness of coating,t=\",round(t,1),\"Angstroms\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "##Example number 1.7, Page number 1.37"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Wavelength,lamda= 5448.0 *10**-10 m\n",
+      "#Answer varies due to rounding of number\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "beta=0.00227     #distance between adjascent green lines\n",
+    "D=2.5             \n",
+    "d=0.0006        #distance between narrow slits\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "lamda=(beta*d)/D\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print\"Wavelength,lamda=\",round(lamda*10**10),\"*10**-10 m\"\n",
+    "print\"#Answer varies due to rounding of number\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "##Example number 1.8, Page number 1.37"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 36,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Smallest thickness of plate,t= 3927.0 *10**-10 m\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "lamda=5890*10**-10\n",
+    "mu=1.5\n",
+    "theta=60*math.pi/180     #Converting in to degrees\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "cos=math.cos(theta)\n",
+    "t=(lamda)/(2*mu*(math.cos(theta)))\n",
+    "         \n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print\"Smallest thickness of plate,t=\",round(t*10**10),\"*10**-10 m\"\n"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "##Example number 1.9, Page number 1.37"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Refractive index,mu = 1.31\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "R=1\n",
+    "n=5\n",
+    "lamda=5.895*10**-7\n",
+    "dn=0.003\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "mu=(4*R*n*lamda)/(dn**2)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print\"Refractive index,mu =\",mu "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "##Example number 1.10, Page number 1.38"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "N = 327.4\n",
+      "The number of rulings needed is 328. This is the minimum requirement.\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "lamda=5893;\n",
+    "n=3\n",
+    "d_lamda=6\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "N=(lamda)/(n*d_lamda)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print\"N =\",round(N,1)\n",
+    "print\"The number of rulings needed is 328. This is the minimum requirement.\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "##Example number 1.11, Page number 1.38"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 41,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Smallest angular separation of two stars = 2.642 *10**-7 radian\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "lamda=5.5*10**-7\n",
+    "d=2.54\n",
+    "x=1.22\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "dtheta=(x*lamda)/d\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print\"Smallest angular separation of two stars =\",round(dtheta*10**7,3),\"*10**-7 radian\" "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "##Example number 1.12, Page number 1.38"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 49,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Slit width value, a= 13000.0 Angstroms = 1.3 micron\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "lamda=6500\n",
+    "theta=30*math.pi/180\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "a=lamda/math.sin(theta)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print\"Slit width value, a=\",a,\"Angstroms =\",round(a*10**-4,1),\"micron\"\n"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "##Example number 1.13, Page number 1.38"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "r= 2.0 /1\n",
+      "Hence the ratio of the amplitudes= 2:1\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "a2=1\n",
+    "a1=2*a2\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "r=a1/a2\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print\"r=\",r,\"/1\"   #r = r/1 = r:1\n",
+    "print\"Hence the ratio of the amplitudes= 2:1\"\n"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "##Example number 1.14, Page number 1.39"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 73,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "a= 2.0 *10**-4 m = 0.2 mm\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "theta=5*10**-3/2\n",
+    "lamda=5*10**-7\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "a=(lamda)/theta\n",
+    "\n",
+    "print\"a=\",round(a*10**4),\"*10**-4 m\",\"=\",a*10**3,\"mm\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "##Example number 1.15, Page number 1.39"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 76,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "mu-1= 0.4\n",
+      "Refractive index, mu= 1.4\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "N=20\n",
+    "lamda=5000*10**-10       #Angstroms to meters\n",
+    "t=2.5*10**-5\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "mu_1=(N*lamda)/t\n",
+    "mu=1+(mu_1)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print\"mu-1=\",mu_1\n",
+    "print\"Refractive index, mu=\",mu"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "##Example number 1.16, Page number 1.39"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 79,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      " Maximum number of orders= 3.0\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "theta=90*math.pi/180    #theta=90 degrees to get maximum number of orders assume\n",
+    "lamda=5890*10**-10\n",
+    "aplusb=2*10**-6       #micro mts to mts \n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "n=(aplusb*math.sin(theta))/lamda\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print\"Maximum number of orders=\",round(n)\n"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 2",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python2"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 2
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+   "version": "2.7.9"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}