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diff --git a/ELECTRICAL_ENGINEERING_MATERIALS_by_R.K.Shukla/Chapter8_2.ipynb b/ELECTRICAL_ENGINEERING_MATERIALS_by_R.K.Shukla/Chapter8_2.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d31fdb5a --- /dev/null +++ b/ELECTRICAL_ENGINEERING_MATERIALS_by_R.K.Shukla/Chapter8_2.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,909 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Chapter 8:Mechanism of Conduction in Semiconductors"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8.1,Page No:8.13"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Kinetic Energy = 0.1 eV\n",
+ "Momentum of electrons = 4.5e-26 kg m/s\n",
+ "Momentum of holes = 4.4e-26 kg m/s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "Ephoton = 1.5; # energy of photon in eV\n",
+ "Eg = 1.4; # energy gap in eV\n",
+ "m = 9.1*10**-31; # mass of electron in kg\n",
+ "e = 1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron in coulombs\n",
+ "me_GaAs = 0.07; #times of electro mass in kilograms\n",
+ "mh_GaAs = 0.068; #times of electro mass in kilograms\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Calculations\n",
+ "Eke = Ephoton - Eg; #energy on eV\n",
+ "pe = math.sqrt(2*m*me_GaAs*Eke*e) # momentum of electrons in kg m/s\n",
+ "ph = math.sqrt(2*m*mh_GaAs*Eke*e) # momentum of electrons in kg m/s\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Result\n",
+ "print'Kinetic Energy = %3.1f'%Eke,'eV';\n",
+ "print'Momentum of electrons = %3.1e'%pe,'kg m/s';\n",
+ "print'Momentum of holes = %3.1e'%ph,'kg m/s';\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8.2,Page No:8.27"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Thermal equilibrium hole concentration = 1.15e+16 cm**-3\n",
+ "Note: Calculation mistake in textbook Nv is not multiplied by exponentiation\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "T1 = 300; # temperature in kelvin\n",
+ "nv = 1.04*10**19; #in cm**-3\n",
+ "T2 = 400; #temperature in K\n",
+ "fl = 0.25; #fermi level position in eV\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "Nv = (1.04*10**19)*(T2/float(T1))**(3/float(2)); #Nv at 400 k in cm**-3\n",
+ "kT = (0.0259)*(T2/float(T1)); #kT in eV\n",
+ "po = Nv*math.exp(-(fl)/float(kT)); #hole oncentration in cm**-3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Result\n",
+ "print'Thermal equilibrium hole concentration = %3.2e '%po,'cm**-3';\n",
+ "print'Note: Calculation mistake in textbook Nv is not multiplied by exponentiation';"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8.3,Page No:8.27"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Intrinsic Carrier Concentration at 300K = 1.95e+06 cm**-3\n",
+ "Intrinsic Carrier Concentration at 300K = 3.34e+10 cm**-3\n",
+ " Note : Calculation mistake in textbook in finding carrier conc. at 450K\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "Nc = 3.8*10**17; #constant in cm**-3\n",
+ "Nv = 6.5*10**18; #constant in cm**-3\n",
+ "Eg = 1.42; # band gap energy in eV\n",
+ "KT1 = 0.03885; # kt value at 450K\n",
+ "T1 = 300; #temperature in K\n",
+ "T2 = 450; #temperature in K\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# calculation\n",
+ "n1i = math.sqrt(Nc*Nv*math.exp(-Eg/float(0.0259))); #intrinsic carrier concentration in cm**-3\n",
+ "n2i = math.sqrt(Nc*Nv*((T2/float(T1))**3) *math.exp(-Eg/float(KT1))); # intrinsic carrier conc at 450K in cm**-3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Result\n",
+ "print'Intrinsic Carrier Concentration at 300K = %3.2e'%n1i,'cm**-3';\n",
+ "print'Intrinsic Carrier Concentration at 300K = %3.2e'%n2i,'cm**-3';\n",
+ "print' Note : Calculation mistake in textbook in finding carrier conc. at 450K';"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8.4,Page No:8.28"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The position of Fermi level with respect to middle of the bandgap is -12.7 meV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "mh = 0.56; #masses interms of m0\n",
+ "me = 1.08; #masses interms of m0\n",
+ "t = 27; #temperature in °C\n",
+ "k = 8.62*10**-5;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Calculations\n",
+ "T = t+273; #temperature in K\n",
+ "fl = (3/float(4))*k*T*math.log(mh/float(me)); #position of fermi level in eV\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print'The position of Fermi level with respect to middle of the bandgap is %3.1f'%(fl*10**3),'meV';\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8.5,Page No:8.30"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Donor binding energy = 0.0052 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "mo = 9.11*10**-31; #mass of electron inkilograms\n",
+ "e = 1.6*10**-19; # charge of electron in coulombs\n",
+ "er = 13.2; #relative permitivity in F/m\n",
+ "eo = 8.85*10**-12; # permitivity in F/m\n",
+ "h = 6.63*10**-34; # plancks constant J.s\n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Calculations\n",
+ "me = 0.067*mo; \n",
+ "E = (me*(e**4))/float((8*(eo*er)**2)*(h**2)*e); #energy in eV \n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Result\n",
+ "print'Donor binding energy = %3.4f'%E,'eV';"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8.6,Page No:8.30"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Equlibrium hole concentration = 2.25e+03 cm**-3\n",
+ "Position of fermi energy level = 0.177 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "no = 10**17; # doping carrier conc\n",
+ "ni = 1.5*10**10; #intrinsic concentration\n",
+ "kT = 0.0259\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "po = (ni**2)/float(no); #Equlibrium hole concentration in cm**-3\n",
+ "fl = kT*math.log10(no/float(ni)); #Position of fermi energy level in eV\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print'Equlibrium hole concentration = %3.2e'%po,'cm**-3';\n",
+ "print'Position of fermi energy level = %3.3f'%fl,'eV';\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8.7,Page No:8.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "electrical conductivity of pure silicon =2.39e+03 ohm**-1.m**-1\n",
+ "Note:calculation mistake in electrical conductivity,and units of conductivity\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "k = 8.62*10**-5; #in eV/K\n",
+ "Eg = 1.10; #energy in eV\n",
+ "t1 = 200; #temperature in °C\n",
+ "t2 = 27; #temperature in °C\n",
+ "psi = 2.3*10**3;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Calculations\n",
+ "# sigma = sigmao*exp(-Eg/(2kT))\n",
+ "# k = sigma_473/sigma_300;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "t3 = t1+273; #temperature in K\n",
+ "t4 = t2+273; #temperature in K\n",
+ "k1 = math.exp((-Eg)/float(2*k*t3)); #electrical conductivity in cm**-1.m**-1\n",
+ "k2 = math.exp((-Eg)/float(2*k*t4)); #lectrical conductivity in cm**-1.m**-1\n",
+ "k = k1/float(k2);\n",
+ "pm = k/float(psi);\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print'electrical conductivity of pure silicon =%3.2e'%k,'ohm**-1.m**-1';\n",
+ "print'Note:calculation mistake in electrical conductivity,and units of conductivity';\n",
+ " "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8.8,Page No:8.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Resistivity = 0.5 Ω-m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "ni = 2.5*10**19; # carrier density in per m**3\n",
+ "q = 1.6*10**-19; # charge of electron in coulombs\n",
+ "un = 0.35; #mobility of electrons in m**2/V-s\n",
+ "up = 0.15; #mobility of electrons in m**2/V-s\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Calculations\n",
+ "sigma = ni*q*(un + up); #conductivity in per Ω-m\n",
+ "p = 1/float(sigma); #resistivity in Ω-m\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Result\n",
+ "print'Resistivity = %3.1f'%p,'Ω-m';"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8.9,Page No:8.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Intrinsic Carrier Concentration = 1.04e+16 m**-3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "p = 3.16*10**3; # resistivity Ω-m\n",
+ "e = 1.6*10**-19; # charge of electron in coulombs\n",
+ "ue = 0.14; #mobility of electrons in m**2/V-s\n",
+ "uh = 0.05; #mobility of holes in m**2/V-s\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Calculations\n",
+ "\n",
+ "n = 1/float((p*e)*(ue + uh)); #carrier density in m**-3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Result\n",
+ "print'Intrinsic Carrier Concentration = %3.2e'%n,'m**-3';\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8.10,Page No:8.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The factor by which the majority conc. is more than the intrinsic carrier conc = 2942\n",
+ "Hole concentration = 5.1e+15 m**-3\n",
+ "Conductivity = 2542 ohm**-1 m**-1\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "p = 5.32*10**3; #density of germanium\n",
+ "Nav = 6.023*10**26; # Avagadros number\n",
+ "AW = 72.59; # atomic wt\n",
+ "ni = 1.5*10**19; # carrier density\n",
+ "ue = 0.36;\n",
+ "uh = 0.18;\n",
+ "e = 1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# calculations\n",
+ "N = (p*Nav)/float(AW); # no of germanium atoms per unit volume\n",
+ "Nd = N*10**-6 ; # no of pentavalent impurity atoms/m**3\n",
+ "f = Nd/float(ni);\n",
+ "nh = (ni**2)/float(Nd); # hole concentration\n",
+ "sigma = e*((Nd*ue)+(nh*uh));\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print'The factor by which the majority conc. is more than the intrinsic carrier conc = %d'%f;\n",
+ "print'Hole concentration = %3.1e'%nh,'m**-3';\n",
+ "print'Conductivity = %d'%sigma,'ohm**-1 m**-1';\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8.11,Page No:8.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Carrier Density = 3.1e+21 m**-3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "p = 5*10**-3; # resistivity in Ω-m\n",
+ "ue = 0.3; # electron mobility m**2/volt-s\n",
+ "uh = 0.1; # hole mobility m**2/volt-s\n",
+ "e = 1.6*10**-19 # charge of electron in coulombs\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# calculations\n",
+ "sigma = 1/float(p); # conductivity in per Ω -m\n",
+ "n = sigma/float(e*(ue + uh)); # carrier density per m**3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print'Carrier Density = %3.1e'%n,'m**-3';\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8.12,Page No:8.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 12,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Drift velocity = 10 m/s\n",
+ " time = 1e-05 s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "Jd = 500; # current density A/m**2\n",
+ "p = 0.05; # resistivity in Ω-m\n",
+ "l = 100*10**-6; # travel length m\n",
+ "ue = 0.4; # electron mobility m**2/Vs\n",
+ "e = 1.6*10**-19; # charge of electron in coulombs\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Calculations\n",
+ "ne = 1/float(p*e*ue); #in per m**3\n",
+ "vd = Jd/float(ne*e); #drift velocity in m/s\n",
+ "t = l/float(vd); #time teken in s\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print'Drift velocity = %d'%vd,'m/s';\n",
+ "print' time = %3.0e'%t,'s';\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8.13,Page No:8.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "temperature rise is of = 5.91 K\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#psi1 is increased by 30%, psi1/ps2 is 130/100\n",
+ "a = 1.3; #ratio of psi1/psi2\n",
+ "K = 8.82*10**-5; #constant in eV/K\n",
+ "Eg = 0.719; #band gap in eV/K\n",
+ "T = 300; #temperature in K\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "d=1/float((1/float(T))-((2*K/float(Eg))*math.log(1.3)));\n",
+ "dT=d-T; #temperature rise in K\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print'temperature rise is of = %3.2f'%dT,'K';\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8.14,Page No:8.39"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 14,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Conductivity of the compensated p-type semiconductor is 0.492\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "v = 5; # voltage in volts\n",
+ "r = 10; # resistance in k-ohm\n",
+ "J = 60; # current density in A/cm**2\n",
+ "E = 100; # electric field in V.m**-1\n",
+ "Nd = 5*10**15; # in cm**-3\n",
+ "up = 410; # approx hole mobility cm**2/V-s\n",
+ "Na = 1.25*10**16; # approx in cm**-3\n",
+ "e = 1.6*10**-19; # charge of electron in coulombs\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "I = v/float(r); # total current A\n",
+ "A = I/float(J); # cross sectional area cm**2\n",
+ "L = v/float(E) # length of resistor cm\n",
+ "sigma = L/float(r*A); #conductivity in (Ω-cm)**-1\n",
+ "sigma_comp = e*up*(Na - Nd); #conductivity in (Ω-cm)**-1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Result\n",
+ "print'Conductivity of the compensated p-type semiconductor is %3.3f'%sigma_comp;"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8.15,Page No:8.39"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Diffusion Current Density = 120 A/cm**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "e = 1.6*10**-19; # charge of electron in coulombs\n",
+ "Dn = 250; # electron diffusion co-efficient cm**2/s\n",
+ "n1 = 10**18; # electron conc. in cm**-3\n",
+ "n2 = 7*10**17; # electron conc. in cm**-3\n",
+ "dx = 0.10; # distance in cm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Calculations\n",
+ "Jdiff = e*Dn*((n1-n2)/float(dx)); #diffusion current density A/cm**2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print'Diffusion Current Density = %d '%Jdiff,'A/cm**2';"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8.16,Page No:8.43"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 16,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Wavelength at which Ge starts to absorb light = 16550 Å\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Variable declaration\n",
+ "e = 1.6*10**-19; # charge of electron in coulombs\n",
+ "Eg = 0.75; #bandgap energy eV\n",
+ "c = 3*10**8; # velocity of light in m\n",
+ "h = 6.62*10**-34; # plancks constant in J.s\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Calculations\n",
+ "lamda = (h*c)/float(Eg*e); # wavelength in Å\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print'Wavelength at which Ge starts to absorb light = %d '%(lamda*10**10),'Å';\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8.17,Page No:8.43"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 17,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "cutoff wavelength =0.92 um\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "# import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "Eg = 1.35*1.6*10**-19; #energy in eV\n",
+ "h = 6.63*10**-34; #plancks constant in J.s\n",
+ "c = 3*10**8; #velocity in m\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "lamda = (h*c)/float(Eg); #wavelength in m\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print'cutoff wavelength =%3.2f '%(lamda*10**6),'um';\n",
+ " "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8.18,Page No:8.43"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "bandgap energy = 0.701 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "h = 6.62*10**-34 # plancks constant J.s\n",
+ "c = 3*10**8; # velocity of light in m\n",
+ "lamda = 1771*10**-9; # wavelengthg in m\n",
+ "e = 1.6*10**-19 # charge of electron in coulombs\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Calculations\n",
+ "Eg = (h*c)/float(lamda*e); #bandgap energy eV\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print'bandgap energy = %3.3f'%Eg,'eV';"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8.19,Page No:8.45"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 19,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Hall Voltage = 5.6 mV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "Nd = 10**21; # donar density per in m**3\n",
+ "H = 0.6; # magnetic field in T\n",
+ "J = 500; # current density A/m**2\n",
+ "d = 3*10**-3; # width in m\n",
+ "e = 1.6*10**-19 # charge of electron coulombs\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "Ey = (J*H)/float(Nd*e); # field in V/m \n",
+ "vh = Ey*d; # hall voltage V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print'Hall Voltage = %3.1f '%(vh*10**3),'mV';"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8.20,Page No:8.46"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 20,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Current density = 2304 Ampere/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "e = 1.6*10**-19; # charge of electron in coulomb\n",
+ "Rh = -0.0125; # hall co-efficient\n",
+ "ue = 0.36; # electron mobility\n",
+ "E = 80; # electric field\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Calculations\n",
+ "n = -1/float(Rh*e);\n",
+ "J = n*e*ue*E # current density in Ampere/m**2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Result\n",
+ "print'Current density = %d '%J,'Ampere/m**2';\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8.21,Page No:8.46"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 21,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Hall angle = 1.1740 °\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "p = 0.00893; # resistivity in ohm-m \n",
+ "Hz = 0.5; # field in weber/m**2\n",
+ "Rh = 3.66*10**-4; # hall co-efficient hall coefficient in m**3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Calculations\n",
+ "\n",
+ "u = Rh/float(p); #mobility of charge cerrier in m**2*(V**-1)*s**-1\n",
+ "theta_h = (math.atan(u*Hz))*(180/float(math.pi)); # hall angle in degrees\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Result\n",
+ "print'Hall angle = %3.4f '%theta_h,'°';"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.6"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
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