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-{
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "# Chapter 12 - Nozzles"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 1: pg 361"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 1,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Example 12.1\n",
- " (a) The throat area is (mm^2) = 255.0\n",
- " (b) The exit area is (mm^2) = 344.0\n",
- " (c) The Mach number at exit is = 1.49\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#pg 361\n",
- "print('Example 12.1');\n",
- "\n",
- "# aim : To determine the\n",
- "# (a) throat area\n",
- "# (b) exit area\n",
- "# (c) Mach number at exit\n",
- "from math import sqrt\n",
- "# Given values\n",
- "P1 = 3.5;# inlet pressure of air, [MN/m**2]\n",
- "T1 = 273+500;# inlet temperature of air, [MN/m**2]\n",
- "P2 = .7;# exit pressure, [MN/m**2]\n",
- "m_dot = 1.3;# flow rate of air, [kg/s]\n",
- "Gamma = 1.4;# heat capacity ratio\n",
- "R = .287;# [kJ/kg K]\n",
- "\n",
- "# solution\n",
- "# given expansion may be considered to be adiabatic and to follow the law PV**Gamma=constant\n",
- "# using ideal gas law\n",
- "v1 = R*T1/P1*10**-3;# [m**3/kg]\n",
- "Pt = P1*(2/(Gamma+1))**(Gamma/(Gamma-1));# critical pressure, [MN/m**2]\n",
- "\n",
- "# velocity at throat is\n",
- "Ct = sqrt(2*Gamma/(Gamma-1)*P1*10**6*v1*(1-(Pt/P1)**(((Gamma-1)/Gamma))));# [m/s]\n",
- "vt = v1*(P1/Pt)**(1/Gamma);# [m**3/kg]\n",
- "# using m_dot/At=Ct/vt\n",
- "At = m_dot*vt/Ct*10**6;# throat area, [mm**2]\n",
- "print ' (a) The throat area is (mm^2) = ',round(At)\n",
- "\n",
- "# (b)\n",
- "# at exit\n",
- "C2 = sqrt(2*Gamma/(Gamma-1)*P1*10**6*v1*(1-(P2/P1)**(((Gamma-1)/Gamma))));# [m/s]\n",
- "v2 = v1*(P1/P2)**(1/Gamma);# [m**3/kg]\n",
- "A2 = m_dot*v2/C2*10**6;# exit area, [mm**2]\n",
- "\n",
- "print ' (b) The exit area is (mm^2) = ',round(A2)\n",
- "\n",
- "# (c)\n",
- "M = C2/Ct;\n",
- "print ' (c) The Mach number at exit is = ',round(M,2)\n",
- "\n",
- "# End\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 2: pg 362"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 1,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Example 12.2\n",
- " The increase in pressure is (MN/m^2) = 2.44\n",
- " Increase in temperature is (K) = 358.0\n",
- " Increase in internal energy is (kJ/kg) = 257.0\n",
- "there is minor variation in result due to rounding off error\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#pg 362\n",
- "print('Example 12.2');\n",
- "\n",
- "# aim : To determine the increases in pressure, temperature and internal energy per kg of air\n",
- "\n",
- "# Given values\n",
- "T1 = 273.;# [K]\n",
- "P1 = 140.;# [kN/m**2]\n",
- "C1 = 900.;# [m/s]\n",
- "C2 = 300.;# [m/s]\n",
- "cp = 1.006;# [kJ/kg K]\n",
- "cv =.717;# [kJ/kg K]\n",
- "\n",
- "# solution\n",
- "R = cp-cv;# [kJ/kg K]\n",
- "Gamma = cp/cv;# heat capacity ratio\n",
- "# for frictionless adiabatic flow, (C2**2-C1**2)/2=Gamma/(Gamma-1)*R*(T1-T2)\n",
- "\n",
- "T2 =T1-((C2**2-C1**2)*(Gamma-1)/(2*Gamma*R))*10**-3; # [K]\n",
- "T_inc = T2-T1;# increase in temperature [K]\n",
- "\n",
- "P2 = P1*(T2/T1)**(Gamma/(Gamma-1));# [MN/m**2]\n",
- "P_inc = (P2-P1)*10**-3;# increase in pressure,[MN/m**2]\n",
- "\n",
- "U_inc = cv*(T2-T1);# Increase in internal energy per kg,[kJ/kg]\n",
- "#results\n",
- "print ' The increase in pressure is (MN/m^2) = ',round(P_inc,2)\n",
- "print ' Increase in temperature is (K) = ',round(T_inc)\n",
- "print ' Increase in internal energy is (kJ/kg) = ',round(U_inc)\n",
- "\n",
- "print 'there is minor variation in result due to rounding off error'\n",
- "\n",
- "# End\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 3: pg 364"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 3,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Example 12.3\n",
- " (a) The throat area is (mm^2) = 2888.0\n",
- " The exit area is (mm^2) = 4282.0\n",
- " (b) The Degree of undercooling at exit is (C) = 10.3\n",
- " There is some rounding mistake in the book so answer is not matching\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#pg 364\n",
- "print('Example 12.3');\n",
- "from math import sqrt\n",
- "# aim : To determine the \n",
- "# (a) throat and exit areas\n",
- "# (b) degree of undercooling at exit\n",
- "# Given values\n",
- "P1 = 2.;# inlet pressure of air, [MN/m**2]\n",
- "T1 = 273.+325;# inlet temperature of air, [MN/m**2]\n",
- "P2 = .36;# exit pressure, [MN/m**2]\n",
- "m_dot = 7.5;# flow rate of air, [kg/s]\n",
- "n = 1.3;# polytropic index\n",
- "\n",
- "# solution\n",
- "# (a)\n",
- "# using steam table\n",
- "v1 = .132;# [m**3/kg]\n",
- "# given expansion following law PV**n=constant\n",
- "\n",
- "Pt = P1*(2/(n+1))**(n/(n-1));# critical pressure, [MN/m**2]\n",
- "\n",
- "#velocity at throat is\n",
- "Ct = sqrt(2*n/(n-1)*P1*10**6*v1*(1-(Pt/P1)**(((n-1)/n))));# [m/s]\n",
- "vt = v1*(P1/Pt)**(1/n);# [m**3/kg]\n",
- "# using m_dot/At=Ct/vt\n",
- "At = m_dot*vt/Ct*10**6;# throat area, [mm**2]\n",
- "print ' (a) The throat area is (mm^2) = ',round(At)\n",
- "\n",
- "# at exit\n",
- "C2 = sqrt(2*n/(n-1)*P1*10**6*v1*(1-(P2/P1)**(((n-1)/n))));# [m/s]\n",
- "v2 = v1*(P1/P2)**(1/n);# [m**3/kg]\n",
- "A2 = m_dot*v2/C2*10**6;# exit area, [mm**2]\n",
- "\n",
- "print ' The exit area is (mm^2) = ',round(A2)\n",
- "\n",
- "# (b)\n",
- "T2 = T1*(P2/P1)**((n-1)/n);#outlet temperature, [K]\n",
- "t2 = T2-273;#[C]\n",
- "# at exit pressure saturation temperature is\n",
- "ts = 139.9;# saturation temperature,[C]\n",
- "Doc = ts-t2;# Degree of undercooling,[C]\n",
- "print ' (b) The Degree of undercooling at exit is (C) = ',round(Doc,1)\n",
- "\n",
- "print' There is some rounding mistake in the book so answer is not matching'\n",
- "\n",
- "# End\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 4: pg 365"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 4,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Example 12.4\n",
- " (a) The throat velocity is (m/s) = 548.0\n",
- " The exit velocity is (m/s) = 800.0\n",
- " (b) The throat area is (mm^2) = 3213.0\n",
- " The throat area is (mm^2) = 6050.0\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#pg 365\n",
- "print('Example 12.4');\n",
- "from math import sqrt\n",
- "# aim : To determine the \n",
- "# (a) throat and exit velocities\n",
- "# (b) throat and exit areas\n",
- "\n",
- "# Given values\n",
- "P1 = 2.2;# inlet pressure, [MN/m^2]\n",
- "T1 = 273+260;# inlet temperature, [K]\n",
- "P2 = .4;# exit pressure,[MN/m^2]\n",
- "eff = .85;# efficiency of the nozzle after throat\n",
- "m_dot = 11;# steam flow rate in the nozzle, [kg/s]\n",
- "\n",
- "# solution\n",
- "# (a)\n",
- "# assuming steam is following same law as previous question 12.3\n",
- "Pt = .546*P1;# critical pressure,[MN/m^2]\n",
- "# from Fig. 12.6\n",
- "h1 = 2940;# [kJ/kg]\n",
- "ht = 2790;# [kJ/kg]\n",
- "\n",
- "Ct = sqrt(2*(h1-ht)*10**3);# [m/s]\n",
- "\n",
- "# again from Fig. 12.6\n",
- "h2_prime = 2590;# [kJ/kg]\n",
- "# using eff = (ht-h2)/(ht-h2_prime)\n",
- "\n",
- "h2 = ht-eff*(ht-h2_prime); # [kJ/kg]\n",
- "\n",
- "C2 = sqrt(2*(h1-h2)*10**3);# [m/s]\n",
- "\n",
- "# (b)\n",
- "# from chart\n",
- "vt = .16;# [m^3/kg]\n",
- "v2 = .44;# [m^3/kg]\n",
- "# using m_dot*v=A*C\n",
- "At = m_dot*vt/Ct*10**6;# throat area, [mm^2]\n",
- "\n",
- "A2 = m_dot*v2/C2*10**6;# throat area, [mm^2]\n",
- "#results\n",
- "print ' (a) The throat velocity is (m/s) = ',round(Ct)\n",
- "print ' The exit velocity is (m/s) = ',C2\n",
- "print ' (b) The throat area is (mm^2) = ',round(At)\n",
- "print ' The throat area is (mm^2) = ',A2\n",
- "\n",
- "# End\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 2",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python2"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 2
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
- "version": "2.7.11"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
generated by cgit (git 2.34.1) at 2025-06-23 06:32:11 +0000