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diff --git a/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch10.ipynb b/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch10.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..5d434dbb --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics/ch10.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,665 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:1a81913d8f306ac03dbac9653a74d59c865e73e675c11ff3c8d84de998d79d37" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 10 : Properties of Pure Substance - Water" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.1 Page No : 333" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "m = 1.5 \t\t\t#kg \t\t\t#mass of wet steam\n", + "mf = 0.08*m \t\t\t#kg \t\t\t#mass of liquid in wet steam\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "x = (m-mf)/m \t\t\t#dryness fraction of mixture\n", + "print \"Dryness fraction of mixture = %.2f\"%(x)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Dryness fraction of mixture = 0.92\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.2 Page No : 333" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "x = 0.85 \t\t\t#quality of steam\n", + "print \"The ratio of mass of saturated liquid to saturated steam = %.5f\"%((1-x)/x)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The ratio of mass of saturated liquid to saturated steam = 0.17647\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.3 Page No : 350" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "p1 = 200. \t\t\t#kPa \t\t\t#initial pressure\n", + "t1 = 100. \t\t\t#\u00b0C \t\t\t#initial temperature\n", + "ts = 120.23 \t\t\t#\u00b0C \t\t\t#saturated steam temperature\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#From steam table\n", + "v1 = 0.001044 \t\t\t#m**3/kg \t\t\t#volume per kilogram of water \n", + "h1 = 419 \t\t\t#kJ/kg \t\t\t#enthalpy per kilogram of water\n", + "s1 = 1.3068 \t\t\t#kJ/kg \t\t\t#entropy per kilogram of water\n", + "u1 = h1-p1*v1 \t\t\t#kJ/kg \t\t\t#internal energy per kilogram of water\n", + "print \"Volume per kilogram of water = %.6f m**3/kg\"%(v1)\n", + "print \"Enthalpy per kilogram of water = %.1f kJ/kg\"%(h1)\n", + "print \"Entropy per kilogram of water = %.4f kJ/kgK\"%(s1)\n", + "print \"Internal energy per kilogram of water = %.1f kJ/kg\"%(u1)\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Volume per kilogram of water = 0.001044 m**3/kg\n", + "Enthalpy per kilogram of water = 419.0 kJ/kg\n", + "Entropy per kilogram of water = 1.3068 kJ/kgK\n", + "Internal energy per kilogram of water = 418.8 kJ/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.4 Page No : 350" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "p1 = 500. \t\t\t#kPa \t\t\t#initial pressure\n", + "s1 = 1.3625 \t\t\t#initial entropy\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#Using Method 2:\n", + "Ts = 424.28 \t\t\t#K \t\t\t#temperature at 500kPa\n", + "sf = 1.8606 \t\t\t#kJ/kgK \t\t\t#entropy at 500kPa\n", + "Cwat = 4.189 \t\t\t#kJ/kgK \t\t\t#specific heat of water\n", + "T1 = round((math.exp((sf-s1)/Cwat)/Ts)**-1) \t\t\t#K\n", + "print \"Temperature = %.2f \u00b0C\"%(T1-273)\n", + "v1 = 0.001 \t\t\t#m**3/kg \t\t\t#volume per kg water\n", + "h1 = (640.21 - Cwat*(151.86-T1+273)) \t\t\t# kJ/kg \t\t\t#Enthalpy per kg water\n", + "u1 = h1 - p1*v1 \t\t\t#kJ/kg \t\t\t#internal energy per kg water\n", + "print \"Volume per kg water = %f m**3/kg\"%(v1)\n", + "print \"Enthalpy per kg water = %.1f kJ/kg\"%(h1)\n", + "print \"Internal energy per kg water = %.1f kJ/kg\"%(u1)\n", + "\n", + "# note : rounding off error. please check." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Temperature = 104.00 \u00b0C\n", + "Volume per kg water = 0.001000 m**3/kg\n", + "Enthalpy per kg water = 439.7 kJ/kg\n", + "Internal energy per kg water = 439.2 kJ/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.5 Page No : 353" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "t = 50. \t\t\t#\u00b0C \t\t\t#temperature of water\n", + "h = 209.31 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#From saturated property table\n", + "p = 12.35 \t\t\t#kPa\n", + "v = 0.001012 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "u = h - p*v \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "s = 0.7037 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "print \"Pressure = %.2f kPa\"%(p)\n", + "print \"Volume per kg water = %.6f m**3/kg\"%(v)\n", + "print \"Internal energy per kg water = %.1f kJ/kg\"%(u)\n", + "print \"Entropy per kg water = %.4f kJ/kgK\"%(s)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Pressure = 12.35 kPa\n", + "Volume per kg water = 0.001012 m**3/kg\n", + "Internal energy per kg water = 209.3 kJ/kg\n", + "Entropy per kg water = 0.7037 kJ/kgK\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.6 Page No : 353" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "p = 12. \t\t\t#bar \t\t\t#pressure of steam leaving boiler\n", + "h = 2705. \t\t\t#kJ/kg \t\t\t#Enthalpy of steam\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#From pressure based saturated property table, at p = 12bar\n", + "hf = 798.64 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "hg = 2784.8 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "x = (h-hf)/(hg-hf) \t\t\t#Dryness fraction\n", + "v = (1-x)*0.001139 + (x)*0.1633 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "s = (1-x)*2.2165 + (x)*6.5233 \t\t\t#m**3/kgK\n", + "u = h - p*v*100 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "print \"Volume per kg water = %.4f m**3/kg\"%(v)\n", + "print \"Internal energy per kg water = %.0f kJ/kg\"%(u)\n", + "print \"Entropy per kg water = %.3f kJ/kgK\"%(s)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Volume per kg water = 0.1568 m**3/kg\n", + "Internal energy per kg water = 2517 kJ/kg\n", + "Entropy per kg water = 6.350 kJ/kgK\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.7 Page No : 354" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "p = 15 \t\t\t#bar\n", + "u = 2594.5 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#From saturated steam table based on pressure at p = 15 bar\n", + "hf = 844.87 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "hg = 2792.1 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "vf = 0.001154 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "vg = 0.13177 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "uf = hf-100*p*vf \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "ug = hg-100*p*vg \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "if u-ug<0.1 :\n", + " print \"Temperature = %.2f \u00b0C\"%(198.32)\n", + " print \"Volume per kg water = %.5f m**3/kg\"%(vg)\n", + " print \"Enthalpy per kg water = %.1f kJ/kg\"%(hg)\n", + " print \"Internal energy per kg water = %.1f kJ/kg\"%(ug)\n", + " print \"Entropy per kg water = %.4f kJ/kgK\"%(6.4448)\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Temperature = 198.32 \u00b0C\n", + "Volume per kg water = 0.13177 m**3/kg\n", + "Enthalpy per kg water = 2792.1 kJ/kg\n", + "Internal energy per kg water = 2594.4 kJ/kg\n", + "Entropy per kg water = 6.4448 kJ/kgK\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.8 Page No : 355" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "# Variables\n", + "p = 10e6 \t\t\t#Pa\n", + "t = 550. \t\t\t#\u00b0C\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#From superheated property table\n", + "v_500 = 0.03279 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "v_600 = 0.03837 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "v_550 = v_500 + (v_500-v_600)/(500-600)*(550-500) \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "h_500 = 3373.6 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_600 = 3625.3 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h_550 = h_500 + (h_500-h_600)/(500-600)*(550-500) \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "s_500 = 6.5965 \t\t\t#kJ/kgK\n", + "s_600 = 6.9028 \t\t\t#kJ/kgK\n", + "s_550 = s_500 + (s_500-s_600)/(500-600)*(550-500) \t\t\t#kJ/kgK\n", + "print \"Volume per kg water = %.6f m**3/kg\"%(v_550)\n", + "print \"Enthalpy per kg water = %.1f kJ/kg\"%(h_550)\n", + "print \"Entropy per kg water = %.4f kJ/kgK\"%(s_550)\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Volume per kg water = 0.035580 m**3/kg\n", + "Enthalpy per kg water = 3499.4 kJ/kg\n", + "Entropy per kg water = 6.7496 kJ/kgK\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.9 Page No : 355" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "t = 250. \t\t\t#\u00b0C \n", + "h = 2855.8 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "#From superheated property table\n", + "p = 3e6 \t\t\t#Pa\n", + "v = 0.07058 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "s = 6.2871 \t\t\t#kJ/kgK\n", + "u = h - p*v*.001 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "print \"Pressure = %.1f MPa\"%(p*1e-6)\n", + "print \"Volume per kilogram of water = %.5f m**3/kg\"%(v)\n", + "print \"Enthalpy per kilogram of water = %.1f kJ/kg\"%(h)\n", + "print \"Entropy per kilogram of water = %.4f kJ/kgK\"%(s)\n", + "print \"Internal energy per kilogram of water = %.0f kJ/kg\"%(u)\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Pressure = 3.0 MPa\n", + "Volume per kilogram of water = 0.07058 m**3/kg\n", + "Enthalpy per kilogram of water = 2855.8 kJ/kg\n", + "Entropy per kilogram of water = 6.2871 kJ/kgK\n", + "Internal energy per kilogram of water = 2644 kJ/kg\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.10 Page No : 359" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "# variables\n", + "p = 2. \t\t\t#bar\n", + "m = 0.16 \t\t\t#kg\n", + "V = 0.1 \t\t\t#m**3\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#refereing to the saturation temperature corresponding to 2bar\n", + "v = V/m \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "vf = 0.001061 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "vg = 0.8857 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "print 'Specific volume at saturated liquid phase vf) = %.6f m**3/kg '%(vf)\n", + "print 'Specific volume at saturated vapor phase vg) = %.6f m**3/kg '%(vg)\n", + " \n", + "if v<vg and v>vf :\n", + " print 'The temperature of the steam must be equal to saturation temperature corresponding to 2 bar'\n", + " print \"Temperature of steam = %.2f \u00b0C\"%(120.23)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Specific volume at saturated liquid phase vf) = 0.001061 m**3/kg \n", + "Specific volume at saturated vapor phase vg) = 0.885700 m**3/kg \n", + "The temperature of the steam must be equal to saturation temperature corresponding to 2 bar\n", + "Temperature of steam = 120.23 \u00b0C\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 10 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.11 Page No : 360" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "p1 = 2. \t\t\t#bar\n", + "v1 = 0.624 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "t = 120.23 \t\t\t#\u00b0C\n", + "m = 0.16 \t\t\t#kg\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "vf = 0.001061 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "vg = 0.8857 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "x1 = (v1-vf)/(vg-vf) \t\t\t#Dryness fraction\n", + "hf = 504.68 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "hg = 2706.6 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h1 = (1-x1)*hf + x1*hg \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "u1 = h1 - p1*v1*100\t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "v2 = v1 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "vf = 0.001044 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "vg = 1.673 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "x2 = (v1-vf)/(vg-vf) \t\t\t#Dryness fraction\n", + "hf = 419. \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "hg = 2676. \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h2 = (1-x2)*hf + x2*hg \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "p2 = 1.010325 \t\t\t#bar\n", + "u2 = h2 - (p2*100)*v2 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "print \"Heat rejected from steam = %.1f kJ\"%(m*(u2-u1))\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Heat rejected from steam = -117.4 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 9 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.12 Page No : 361" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "m =0.1 \t\t\t#kg\n", + "p1 = 10. \t\t\t#bar \n", + "p2 = 1. \t\t\t#bar\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#From saturated steam table\n", + "v1 = 0.1944 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "v2 = (p1/p2)**(1/1.3)*v1 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "W = m*(p1*v1-p2*v2)*100/(1.3-1) \t\t\t#kJ\n", + "print \"Work during expansion process = %.2f kJ\"%(W)\n", + "h1 = 2778.1 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "u1 = (h1 - p1*v1*100) \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "vf = 0.001043 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "vg = 1.694 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "x2 = (v2-vf)/(vg-vf) \t\t\t#Dryness fraction\n", + "hf = 417.33 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "hg = 2675.5 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h2 = (1-x2)*hf + x2*hg \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "u2 = h2 - p2*v2*100 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "print \"Heat rejected from steam = %.2f kJ\"%(W+m*(u2-u1))\n", + "\n", + "# note : rounding off error" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Work during expansion process = 26.71 kJ\n", + "Heat rejected from steam = -49.07 kJ\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 11 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.13 Page No : 362" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "# Variables\n", + "p1 = 10. \t\t\t#bar\n", + "t1 = 300. \t\t\t#\u00b0C\n", + "V1 = 50. \t\t\t#m/s\n", + "p2 = 1. \t\t\t#bar\n", + "m = 1.2 \t\t\t#kg/s\n", + "\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "\t\t\t#From superheated steam table\n", + "h1 = 3051.2 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "s1 = 7.1228 \t\t\t#kJ/kgK\n", + "p2 = 1 \t\t\t#bar\n", + "s2 = s1 \t\t\t#kJ/kgK\n", + "\n", + "sf = 1.3025 \t\t\t#kJ/kgK\n", + "sg = 7.3593 \t\t\t#kJ/kgK\n", + "x2 = (s2-sf)/(sg-sf) \t\t\t#Dryness fraction\n", + "hf = 417.44 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "hg = 2675.5 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h2 = (1-x2)*hf + x2*hg \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "vf = 0.001043 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "vg = 1.694 \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "v2 = (1-x2)*vf + x2*vg \t\t\t#m**3/kg\n", + "V2 = (2*(1000*(h1-h2))+V1**2)**0.5 \t\t\t#m/s\n", + "A2 = m*v2/V2*10000\t\t\t#cm**3\n", + "print \"The exit area of the nozzle = %.1f cm**2\"%(A2)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The exit area of the nozzle = 20.3 cm**2\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.14 Page No : 363" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Variables\n", + "m1 = 0.2 \t\t\t#kg/s\n", + "p = 4. \t\t\t#bar\n", + "\t\t\t\n", + "# Calculations and Results\n", + "#From superheated steam table\n", + "h1 = 2752.8 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h2 = 209.31 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "h3 = 604.73 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n", + "\n", + "m2 = (m1*h1-m1*h3)/(h3-h2) \t\t\t#kg/s\n", + "print \"The flow rate of feed water into the heater = %.3f kg/s\"%(m2)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The flow rate of feed water into the heater = 1.086 kg/s\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 14 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
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