diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta')
_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(88).png?id=3c5945f0aaf1d2d1f84e43ead6676aa497c9c4f8){kind=link}
_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(89).png?id=3c5945f0aaf1d2d1f84e43ead6676aa497c9c4f8){kind=link}
_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(90).png?id=3c5945f0aaf1d2d1f84e43ead6676aa497c9c4f8){kind=link}
16 files changed, 0 insertions, 10401 deletions
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter1.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter1.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index d34682ed..00000000 --- a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter1.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,111 +0,0 @@ -{
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "# Chapter 1 , Introductory Concepts"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 1.4 , Page Number 23"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 1,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Equivalent voltage source is 100.0 V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "IS = 4.0 #Current (in Ampere)\n",
- "Rin = 25.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Voc = IS * Rin #Voltage (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Equivalent voltage source is \",Voc,\" V.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 1.5 , Page Number 23"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 2,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Current in 28 ohm resistor is 2.0 A.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "R1 = 4.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = 8.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RS = 28.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "V1 = 40.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
- "V2 = 40.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Rnet = R1 + R2 + RS #Net resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Vnet = V1 + V2 #Net voltage (in volts) \n",
- "I = Vnet / Rnet #Current (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Current in 28 ohm resistor is \",I,\" A.\""
- ]
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 2",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python2"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 2
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
- "version": "2.7.10"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter10.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter10.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index ff782990..00000000 --- a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter10.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,934 +0,0 @@ -{
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "#Chapter 10 , Field Effect Transistors"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 10.1 , Page Number 344"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 1,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Gate-to-source resistance : 100.0 Mega-ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VGS = 10.0 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "IG = 0.1 * 10**-6 #Gate current (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "RGS = VGS/IG #Gate-to-source resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Gate-to-source resistance : \",RGS*10**-6,\"Mega-ohm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 10.2 , Page Number 344"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 2,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "AC drain resistance of the JFET : 12.5 kilo-ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "dVDS = 1.5 #Change in drain-source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "dID = 120.0 * 10**-6 #Change in drain current (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "rd = dVDS/dID #AC drain resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"AC drain resistance of the JFET : \",rd*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 10.3 , Page Number 344"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 3,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Transconductance : 2000.0 micro-siemens.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "dID = 0.3 * 10**-3 #Change in drain current (in Ampere)\n",
- "dVGS = 0.15 #Changein gate-to-source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "gm = dID/dVGS #Transconductance (in siemen) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Transconductance : \",gm*10**6,\"micro-siemens.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 10.4 , Page Number 345"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 7,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "AC drain resistance : 35.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "Transconductance : 2.8 mA/V.\n",
- "Amplification factor : 98.0 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "dVDS = 7.0 #Change in drain-source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "dID1 = 0.2 * 10**-3 #Change in drain current1 (in Ampere)\n",
- "dID2 = -0.7 * 10**-3 #Change in drain current2 (in Ampere)\n",
- "dVGS = -0.25 #Changein gate-to-source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "rd = dVDS/dID1 #AC drain resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "gm = dID2/dVGS #Transconductance (in Ampere per volt)\n",
- "u = rd*gm #Amplification factor\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"AC drain resistance : \",rd*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Transconductance : \",gm*10**3,\"mA/V.\"\n",
- "print \"Amplification factor : \",u,\".\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 10.5 , Page Number 345"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 9,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Transconductance : 2.22 mA/V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "IDSS = 10.0 * 10**-3 #Drain-source saturation current (in Ampere)\n",
- "Vp = -4.5 #Pinch-off voltage (in volts)\n",
- "IDS = 2.5 * 10**-3 #Drain-source voltage (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "VGS = Vp*(1-(IDS/IDSS)**0.5) #Gate-to-source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "gm = -2*IDSS/Vp*(1- VGS/Vp) #Transconductance (in Ampere per volt) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Transconductance : \",round(gm*10**3,2),\"mA/V.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 10.6 , Page Number 345"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 11,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "VGSoff : -2.0 mV.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "gm = 10.0 * 10**-3 #Transconductance (in siemens)\n",
- "IDSS = 10.0 * 10**-6 #Drain-source saturation current (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "VGSoff = (-2*IDSS)/gm #Gate-to-source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"VGSoff : \",VGSoff*10**3,\"mV.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 10.7 , Page Number 345"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 14,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Minimum value of VDS : -4.0 V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "Vp = -4.0 #Pinch-off voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VGS = -2.0 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "IDSS = 10.0 * 10**-3 #Drain-source saturation current (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "ID = IDSS*(1 - VGS/Vp)**2 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VDSmin = Vp #Minimum drain-source voltage (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Minimum value of VDS : \",VDSmin,\"V.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 10.8 , Page Number 346"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 20,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "ID : 3.8667 mA.\n",
- "gmo : 5.8 mS.\n",
- "gm : 3.867 mS.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "IDSS = 8.7 * 10**-3 #Drain-source saturation current (in Ampere)\n",
- "Vp = -3.0 #Pinch-off voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VGS = -1.0 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "ID = IDSS*(1 - VGS/Vp)**2 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n",
- "gmo = -2*IDSS/Vp #Transconductance for VGS = 0 (in Ampere per volt) \n",
- "gm = gmo*(1 - VGS/Vp) #Transconductance (in Ampere per volt)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"ID : \",round(ID*10**3,4),\"mA.\"\n",
- "print \"gmo : \",round(gmo*10**3,1),\"mS.\"\n",
- "print \"gm : \",round(gm*10**3,3),\"mS.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 10.9 , Page Number 346"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 21,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "ID : 2.1 mA.\n",
- "gmo : 5.6 mS.\n",
- "gm : 2.8 mS.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "IDSS = 8.4 * 10**-3 #Drain-source saturation current (in Ampere)\n",
- "Vp = -3.0 #Pinch-off voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VGS = -1.5 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "ID = IDSS*(1 - VGS/Vp)**2 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n",
- "gmo = -2*IDSS/Vp #Transconductance for VGS = 0 (in Ampere per volt) \n",
- "gm = gmo*(1 - VGS/Vp) #Transconductance (in Ampere per volt)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"ID : \",round(ID*10**3,4),\"mA.\"\n",
- "print \"gmo : \",round(gmo*10**3,1),\"mS.\"\n",
- "print \"gm : \",round(gm*10**3,3),\"mS.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 10.10 , Page Number 346"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 24,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "VGS : -1.902 V.\n",
- "gm : 2.31 mS.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "Vp = -4.5 #Pinch-off voltage (in volts)\n",
- "IDSS = 9.0 * 10**-3 #Drain-source saturation current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IDS = 3.0 * 10**-3 #Drain-source current (in Ampere) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "VGS = Vp*(1-(IDS/IDSS)**0.5) #Gate-to-source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "gm = -2*IDSS/Vp*(1 - VGS/Vp) #Transconductance (in Ampere per volt) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"VGS : \",round(VGS,3),\"V.\"\n",
- "print \"gm : \",round(gm*10**3,2),\"mS.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 10.11 , Page Number 349"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 26,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Drain-source voltage : 6.2 V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VGG = 1.5 #Gate supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VDD = 15.0 #Drain supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RD = 1.5 * 10**3 #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RG = 2.0 * 10**6 #Gate resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "IDSS = 15.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current in saturation (in Ampere)\n",
- "Vp = -4.0 #Pinch-off voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VS = 0.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "VGS = -VGG #Gate-to-source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "ID = IDSS*(1 - VGS/Vp)**2 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VD = VDD - ID*RD #Drain voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VDS = VD - VS #Drain-to-source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Drain-source voltage : \",round(VDS,1),\"V.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 10.12 , Page Number 349"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 35,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "ID = 3.0 mA.\n",
- "VDS = -7.5 V.\n",
- "VD = -7.5 V.\n",
- "VG = -3.0 V.\n",
- "VS = 0 V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VGS = VGG = -3.0 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "IDSS = 12.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current in saturation (in Ampere)\n",
- "Vp = -6.0 #pinch-off voltage (in volts) \n",
- "VDD = 3.0 #Drain voltage (in volts) \n",
- "RD = 3.5 * 10**3 #Drain resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "ID = IDSS*(1 - VGS/Vp)**2 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VDS = VDD - ID*RD #Drain-source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VD = VDS #Drain voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VG = VGG #Gate voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VS = 0 #Source voltage (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"ID = \",ID*10**3,\"mA.\"\n",
- "print \"VDS = \",VDS,\"V.\" \n",
- "print \"VD = \",VD,\"V.\" \n",
- "print \"VG = \",VG,\"V.\" \n",
- "print \"VS = \",VS,\"V.\" \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation error in the value of VDS and VD in the book."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 10.13 , Page Number 350"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 36,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Drain-source voltage : 18.2 V.\n",
- "Gate-source voltage : -0.8 V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VDD = 25.0 #Drain Supply (in volts)\n",
- "RD = 3.0 * 10**3 #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RS = 400.0 #Source resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "ID = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current (in Ampere) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "VDS = VDD - ID*(RD + RS) #Drain-source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VGS = -ID*RS #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Drain-source voltage : \",VDS,\"V.\"\n",
- "print \"Gate-source voltage : \",VGS,\"V.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 10.14 , Page Number 350"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 46,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "RS : 2.5 kilo-ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VDD = 25.0 #Drain voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RG1 = 1.2 * 10**6 #Gate1 resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RG2 = 0.6 * 10**6 #Gate2 resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "ID = 4.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VDS = 8.0 #Drain-source voltage (in volts) \n",
- "Vp = -4.0 #Pinch-off voltage (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "VGS = Vp*(1 - (ID/IDSS)**0.5) #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VG = VDD*RG2/(RG1 + RG2) #Gate voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RS = (VG - VGS)/ID #Source voltage (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"RS : \",round(RS*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 10.15 , Page Number 350"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 52,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Drain current at operating point : 4.46 mA.\n",
- "Since , value of ID at operating point is almost equal to previously computed value of Id. Therefore , FET is operated in pinch-off region.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "Vp = -2.0 #pinch-off voltage (in volts)\n",
- "IDSS = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current in saturation (in Ampere)\n",
- "RL = 910.0 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RF = 2.29 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "R1 = 12.0 * 10**6 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = 8.57 * 10**6 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
- "VDD = 24.0 #Drain supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "VG = VDD*R2/(R1 + R2) #Gate voltage (in volts)\n",
- "ID = 4.46 * 10**-3 #Drain current (in Ampere) \n",
- "VGS = VG - ID*RF #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "ID1 = (VG - VGS)/RF #Drain current at operating point (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Drain current at operating point : \",round(ID1*10**3,3),\"mA.\"\n",
- "print \"Since , value of ID at operating point is almost equal to previously computed value of Id. Therefore , FET is operated in pinch-off region.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 10.16 , Page Number 353"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 55,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Voltage gain : -30.0 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "gm = 2500.0 * 10**-6 #Transconductance (in siemens)\n",
- "RL = 12.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "A = -gm*RL #Voltage gain \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Voltage gain : \",A,\".\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 10.17 , Page Number 353"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 57,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "VOltage gain : -59.9 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "gm = 4000.0 * 10**-6 #Transconductance (in siemens)\n",
- "RL = 15.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RD = 10.0 * 10**6 #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "A = -gm*RD*RL/(RD + RL) #Voltage gain\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"VOltage gain : \",round(A,1),\".\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 10.18 , Page Number 353"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 62,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "RD : 5.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "RS : 1.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "Av : -20.0 .\n",
- "Rin : 500.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "Rout : 4.0 kilo-ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VGS = -1.0 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VDS = 4.0 #Drain-source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "IDS = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Drain-source current (in Ampere)\n",
- "gm = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Transconductance (in siemens)\n",
- "RDS = 20.0 * 10**3 #Drain-source resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RG = 500.0 * 10**3 #Gate resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "VDD = 10.0 #Drain supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "RS = abs(VGS/IDS) #Source resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RD = (VDD - VDS)/IDS - RS #Drain resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "Av = -gm*(RD*RDS/(RD + RDS)) #Voltage gain\n",
- "Rin = RG #Input impedance (in ohm)\n",
- "Rout = RD*RDS/(RD + RDS) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"RD : \",RD*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"RS : \",RS*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Av : \",Av,\".\"\n",
- "print \"Rin : \",Rin*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Rout : \",Rout*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 10.19 , Page Number 355"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 64,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Input impedance : 1.33 Mega-ohm.\n",
- "Output impedance : 345.0 ohm.\n",
- "Voltage gain : 0.85 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "RL = 25.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RS = 2.5 * 10**3 #Source Resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "R1 = 4.0 * 10**6 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = 2.0 * 10**6 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
- "gm = 2500.0 * 10**-6 #Transconductance (in siemens)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Zin = R1*R2/(R1 + R2) #Input impedance (in ohm)\n",
- "Zout = RS*1/gm/(RS + 1/gm) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n",
- "Av = gm*RS*RL/(RS + RL)/(1 + gm*(RS*RL)/(RS + RL)) #Voltage gain\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Input impedance : \",round(Zin*10**-6,2),\"Mega-ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Output impedance : \",round(Zout),\"ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Voltage gain : \",round(Av,2),\".\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 10.20 , Page Number 369"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 69,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Drain current : 1.25 mA.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "IDon = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current in on state (in Ampere)\n",
- "VGS = 8.0 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VGST = 4.0 #Gate-source T voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VGS1 = 6.0 #Gate-source voltage1 (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "K = IDon/(VGS - VGST)**2 #K (in Ampere per volt-square) \n",
- "ID = K*(VGS1 - VGST)**2 #Drain current (in Ampere) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Drain current : \",round(ID*10**3,2),\"mA.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 10.21 , Page Number 369"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 83,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "VGS : 6.0 V.\n",
- "ID : 0.001 A.\n",
- "VDS : 9.0 V.\n",
- "Av : 12.0 .\n",
- "Vout : 0.96 V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "IDon = 4.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current in on state (in Ampere)\n",
- "VGS = 8.0 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VGST = 4.0 #Gate-source T voltage (in volts)\n",
- "gm = 2000.0 * 10**-6 #Transconductance (in siemens)\n",
- "VDD = 15.0 #Drain supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RD = 6.0 * 10**3 #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RD2 = 40.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RD1 = 60.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "VGS = VDD/(RD1 + RD2)*RD2 #Gate-source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "K = IDon/4**2 #K (in Ampere per volt-square)\n",
- "ID = K*(VGS - VGST)**2 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VDS = VDD - ID*RD #Drain-source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "Av = gm*RD #Voltage gain\n",
- "Vout = Av*0.08 #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"VGS : \",VGS,\"V.\"\n",
- "print \"ID : \",ID,\"A.\"\n",
- "print \"VDS : \",abs(VDS),\"V.\"\n",
- "print \"Av : \",Av,\".\"\n",
- "print \"Vout : \",Vout,\"V.\""
- ]
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 2",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python2"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 2
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
- "version": "2.7.10"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter13.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter13.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 273bc5aa..00000000 --- a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter13.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,844 +0,0 @@ -{
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "#Chapter 13 , Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 13.1 , Page Number 481"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 1,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "CMRR : 80.0 db.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "Ad = 100.0 #Differential mode gain\n",
- "Acm = 0.01 #Common-mode gain\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "CMRR = Ad/Acm #CMRR\n",
- "CMRR1 = 20*math.log10(CMRR) #CMRR (in db)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"CMRR : \",CMRR1,\"db.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 13.2 , Page Number 481"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 2,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Common mode gain : 10.0 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "Ad = 1.0 * 10**5 #Differential mode gain\n",
- "CMRR = 1.0 * 10**4 #CMRR\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Acm = Ad/CMRR #Common-mode gain\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Common mode gain : \",Acm,\".\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 13.3 , Page Number 482"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 4,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Output voltage : 2.537125 V.\n",
- "Percentage error : 1.4633 %.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "V1 = 745.0 * 10**-6 #Input voltage1 (in volts)\n",
- "V2 = 740.0 * 10**-6 #Input voltage2 (in volts)\n",
- "Vcm = (V1 + V2)/2 #Commonn mode signal (in volts)\n",
- "Vd = V1 - V2 #Differential voltage (in volts)\n",
- "Ad = 5 * 10**5 #Differential voltage gain\n",
- "CMRR = 1.0 * 10**4 #CMRR\n",
- " \n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Vout = Ad*Vd*(1 + 1/CMRR*Vcm/Vd) #output voltage (in volts)\n",
- "error = Vout - Ad*Vd #Error voltage (in volts)\n",
- "Percerror = error/Vout*100 #Percentage error\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Output voltage :\",round(Vout,6),\"V.\"\n",
- "print \"Percentage error : \",round(Percerror,4),\"%.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 13.4 , Page Number 483"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 5,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Output voltage : + (or) - 5.0 V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "A = 200000.0 #Open loop voltage gain\n",
- "Vd = 25.0 * 10**-6 #Input differential voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Vout = A*Vd #output voltage (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Output voltage : + (or) - \",Vout,\"V.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 13.5 , Page Number 486"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 6,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Rf : 27.0 kilo-ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "Af = 10.0 #Voltage gain\n",
- "R1 = 3.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Rf = (Af - 1)*R1 #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Rf : \",Rf*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 13.6 , Page Number 486"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 8,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Maximum closed loop voltage gain 51.0 .\n",
- "Minimum closed loop voltage gain 1.0 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "R1 = 2.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "Rfmin = 0.0 #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "Rfmax = 100.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Afmin = 1 + Rfmin/R1 #Minimum voltage gain\n",
- "Afmax = 1 + Rfmax/R1 #Maximum voltage gain \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Maximum closed loop voltage gain\",Afmax,\".\"\n",
- "print \"Minimum closed loop voltage gain\",Afmin,\".\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 13.7 , Page Number 488"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 10,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Voltage gain : -100.0 .\n",
- "Input resistance : 5.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "Output resistance : 0 ohm.\n",
- "Output voltage : -10.0 V.\n",
- "Input current : 0.02 mA.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "R1 = 5.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "Rf = 500.0 * 10**3 #Feedback resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Vin = 0.1 #Input voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Af = -Rf/R1 #Voltage gain\n",
- "Rin = R1 #Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Rout = 0 #Output resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Vout = Af*Vin #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
- "Iin = Vin/R1 #Input current (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Voltage gain : \",Af,\".\"\n",
- "print \"Input resistance : \",Rin*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Output resistance : \",Rout,\"ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Output voltage : \",Vout,\"V.\"\n",
- "print \"Input current : \",Iin*10**3,\"mA.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 13.8 , Page Number 488"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 11,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "O/P voltage when switch is open : -2.0 V.\n",
- "O/P voltage when switch is closed : -2.0 V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "Rf = 2.0 * 10**3 #Feedback resistance when S is open (in ohm)\n",
- "Vin = 1.0 #Input voltage when S is open (in volts)\n",
- "R1 = 1.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = R3 = 1.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Vout = -Vin*Rf/R1 #Output voltage when S is open (in volts)\n",
- "Af = -(R3 + R2)/R1 #gain\n",
- "Vout1 = Af*Vin #Output voltage when S is closed (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"O/P voltage when switch is open : \",Vout,\"V.\"\n",
- "print \"O/P voltage when switch is closed : \",Vout1,\"V.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 13.9 , Page Number 489"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 14,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Voltage gain : -1.0 .\n",
- "Current gain : 1 .\n",
- "Power gain : 1.0 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "Rf = 1.0 * 10**6 #Feedback resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Ri = 1.0 * 10**6 #Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Vi = 1 #Input voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Vo = -Rf/Ri*Vi #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
- "Av = Vo/Vi #Voltage gain \n",
- "Ai = 1 #Current gain\n",
- "Ap = abs(Av*Ai) #Power gain \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Voltage gain : \",Av,\".\"\n",
- "print \"Current gain : \",Ai,\".\"\n",
- "print \"Power gain : \",Ap,\".\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 13.13 , Page Number 492"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 15,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Amplifier gain when S is open : 1.0 .\n",
- "Amplifier gain when S is closed : -2.0 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "Rf = 20.0 * 10**3 #Feedback resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "R1 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Aoffnoninv = 1 + Rf/R1 #Amplifier gain when S open and non inverted\n",
- "Aoffinv = -Rf/R1 #Amplifier gain when S open and inverted\n",
- "Aoff = Aoffinv + Aoffnoninv #Amplifier gain when S open\n",
- "Aon = -Rf/R1 #Amplifier gain when S is closed \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Amplifier gain when S is open : \",Aoff,\".\"\n",
- "print \"Amplifier gain when S is closed : \",Aon,\".\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 13.14 , Page Number 494"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 16,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "R1 : 100.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "R3 : 10.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "R3 : 1.0 kilo-ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "Rf = 100.0 #Feedback resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "R1 = Rf #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = Rf/10 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
- "R3 = Rf/100 #Resistance3 (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"R1 : \",R1,\"kilo-ohm.\\nR3 : \",R2,\"kilo-ohm.\\nR3 : \",R3,\"kilo-ohm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 13.15 , Page Number 494"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 22,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Output voltage : 13.0 V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "Rf = 12.0 * 10**3 #Feedback resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "R1 = 12.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = 2.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
- "R3 = 3.0 * 10**3 #Resistance3 (in ohm)\n",
- "Vi1 = 9.0 #Input voltage1 (in volts)\n",
- "Vi2 = -3.0 #Input voltage2 (in volts)\n",
- "Vi3 = -1.0 #Input voltage3 (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Vout = -Rf*(Vi1/R1 + Vi2/R2 + Vi3/R3) #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Output voltage : \",Vout,\"V.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 13.16 , Page Number 495"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 23,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "R1 : 6.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "R3 : 3.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "R3 : 2.0 kilo-ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "Rf = 6.0 #Feedback resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "R1 = Rf #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = Rf/2 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
- "R3 = Rf/3 #Resistance3 (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"R1 : \",R1,\"kilo-ohm.\\nR3 : \",R2,\"kilo-ohm.\\nR3 : \",R3,\"kilo-ohm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 13.17 , Page Number 495"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 25,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Rf : 40.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "R2 : 13.33 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "R1 : 20.0 kilo-ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "R3 = 10.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Rf = 4*R3 #Feedback resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = Rf/3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
- "R1 = Rf/2 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Rf : \",Rf,\"kilo-ohm.\\nR2 : \",round(R2,2),\"kilo-ohm.\\nR1 : \",R1,\"kilo-ohm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 13.18 , Page Number 495"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 26,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Output voltage : 1.0 V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "V1 = 2.0 #Voltage1 (in volts)\n",
- "V2 = -1.0 #Voltage2 (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Vs1 = V1*(1.0/2/(1+1.0/2)) #I/P at non-inverting I/P terminal (in volts)\n",
- "V1o = Vs1*(1 + 2/1) #O/P voltage1 (in volts)\n",
- "Vs2 = V2*(1.0/2/(1+1.0/2)) #I/P voltage2 (in volts)\n",
- "V2o = Vs2*(1 + 2/1) #O/P voltage2 (in volts)\n",
- "Vout = V1o + V2o #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Output voltage : \",Vout,\"V.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 13.19 , Page Number 496"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 27,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Feedback resistor : 100.0 kilo-ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "R = 10.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Rf = 10*R #feedback resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Feedback resistor : \",Rf,\"kilo-ohm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 13.20 , Page Number 498"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 29,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "-10.0\n",
- "Output voltage : 0.0113(cos(4000*t)-1) mV.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "C = 2.0 * 10**-6 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n",
- "R = 50.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "scale_factor = -1/(C*R) #Scale factor (in second)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Output voltage : 0.0113(cos(4000*t)-1) mV.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 13.21 , Page Number 499"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 30,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Output voltage : 13.56*cos(4000*math.pi*t).\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "C = 2.0 * 10**-6 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n",
- "R = 50.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "f = 2.0 * 10**3 #Frequency (in Hertz)\n",
- "Vpeak = 10.0 * 10**-6 #Peak voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "scale_factor = (C*R) #Scale factor (in second)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Output voltage : 13.56*cos(4000*math.pi*t).\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 13.22 , Page Number 505"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 31,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Input bias current : 8.75 micro-Ampere.\n",
- "Input offset current : 2.5 micro-Ampere.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "IB1 = 10.0 * 10**-6 #Base current1 (in Ampere)\n",
- "IB2 = 7.5 * 10**-6 #Base current2 (in Ampere) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Iinbias = (IB1 + IB2)/2 #Input bias current (in Ampere)\n",
- "Iinoffset = IB1 - IB2 #Input offset current (in Ampere) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Input bias current : \",round(Iinbias*10**6,2),\"micro-Ampere.\"\n",
- "print \"Input offset current : \",round(Iinoffset*10**6,2),\"micro-Ampere.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 13.23 , Page Number 505"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 32,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Slew rate : 5.0 V/micro-second.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "dVout = 20.0 #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
- "dt = 4.0 #time (in micro-seconds) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "SR = dVout/dt #Slew rate (in volt per micro-second)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Slew rate : \",SR,\" V/micro-second.\""
- ]
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 2",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python2"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 2
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
- "version": "2.7.10"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter14.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter14.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index e1196f92..00000000 --- a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter14.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,196 +0,0 @@ -{
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "#Chapter 14 , Electronics Instruments"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 14.1 , Page Number 516"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 2,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Value of shunt resistance required for the instrument : 0.0500025 ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "Im = 50.0 * 10**-6 #Full scale deflection current (in Ampere) \n",
- "Rm = 1.0 * 10**3 #Instrument resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "I = 1.0 #Total current to be measured (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "RS = Rm/(1/Im - 1) #Resistance of ammeter shunt required (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Value of shunt resistance required for the instrument : \",round(RS,7),\"ohm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 14.2 , Page Number 518"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 4,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Required series resistance 99900.0 ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "Im = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Full scale deflection current (in Ampere) \n",
- "Rm = 1.0 * 10**2 #Instrument resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "V = 100.0 #Voltage to be measured (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "R = V/Im - Rm #Required series resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Required series resistance \",R,\"ohm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 14.3 , Page Number 528"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 8,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Resolution for full scale of range 1 V : 0.001 V.\n",
- "Resolution for full scale of range 10 V : 0.01 V.\n",
- "Total possible error : 0.015 V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "num = 3.0 #Number of full digits on display\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "R = 1/10**num #Resolution\n",
- "V1 = 1 * R #Resolution for full scale of range 1 V (in volts) \n",
- "V10 = 10 * R #Resolution for full scale of range 10 V (in volts)\n",
- "dig = 5.0 * 1/10**3 #Least significant digit\n",
- "toterror = 0.5/100 * 2 + dig #total possible error (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Resolution for full scale of range 1 V :\",V1,\"V.\"\n",
- "print \"Resolution for full scale of range 10 V : \",V10,\"V.\"\n",
- "print \"Total possible error : \",round(toterror,3),\"V.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 14.4 , Page Number 528"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 9,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Resolution of 1 V range is 0.0001 V.\n",
- "Any reading upto 4th decimal can be displayed.\n",
- "Hence 0.5243 will be displayed as 0.5243.\n",
- "Resolution of 10 V range is 0.001 V.\n",
- "Any reading upto 3rd decimal can be displayed.\n",
- "Hence 0.5243 will be displayed as 0.524 instead of 0.5243.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "num = 4.0 #Number of full digits on display\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "R = 1/10**num #Resolution\n",
- "V1 = 1 * R #Resolution for full scale of range 1 V (in volts) \n",
- "V10 = 10 * R #Resolution for full scale of range 10 V (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Resolution of 1 V range is \",V1,\"V.\\nAny reading upto 4th decimal can be displayed.\\nHence 0.5243 will be displayed as 0.5243.\"\n",
- "print \"Resolution of 10 V range is \",V10,\"V.\\nAny reading upto 3rd decimal can be displayed.\\nHence 0.5243 will be displayed as 0.524 instead of 0.5243.\""
- ]
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 2",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python2"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 2
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
- "version": "2.7.10"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter15.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter15.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 242a7d17..00000000 --- a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter15.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,394 +0,0 @@ -{
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "#Chapter 15 , Cathode Ray Oscilloscope"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 15.1 , Page Number 537"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 15,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Deflection sensitivity : 0.167 mm/V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "l = 25.0 * 10**-3 #Length of plates (in meter)\n",
- "d = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Distance between plates (in meter)\n",
- "S = 0.20 #Distance between screen and centre of plates (in meter) \n",
- "Va = 3000.0 #Accelerating voltage (in volts)\n",
- "tracelen = 0.1 #Trace length (in meter)\n",
- "y = tracelen/2 #vertical distance (in meter)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Vd = 2*d*Va*y/(l*S) #Deflecting voltage (in volts)\n",
- "Vrms = Vd/2**0.5 #RMS value of voltage (in volts)\n",
- "defsen = l*S/(2*d*Va) #Deflection sensitivity (in meter per volt)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Deflection sensitivity : \",round(defsen * 10**3,3),\"mm/V.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 15.2 , Page Number 537"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 14,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Maximum velocity of electrons : 18.75 e+6 m/s.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "Va = 1000.0 #Accelerating voltage (in volts)\n",
- "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
- "m = 9.1 * 10**-31 #Mass of electron (in kilogram) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "v = (2*Va*e/m)**0.5 #Maximum velocity of electrons (in meter per second) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Maximum velocity of electrons : \",round(v*10**-6,2),\"e+6 m/s.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 15.3 , Page Number 538"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 11,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Applied voltage : 100.0 V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "defsen = 0.05 * 10**-3 #Deflection Sensitivity (in meter per volt)\n",
- "spotdef = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Deflection factor (in volt per meter)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "V = spotdef/defsen #Applied voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Applied voltage : \",V,\"V.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 15.4 , Page Number 538"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 10,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Deflection sensitivity : 0.1667 mm/V.\n",
- "Deflection factor : 6.0 V/mm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "l = 20.0 * 10**-3 #Length of plates (in meter)\n",
- "d = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Distance between plates (in meter)\n",
- "S = 0.25 #Distance between screen and centre of plates (in meter) \n",
- "Va = 3000.0 #Accelerating voltage (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "defsen = l*S/(2*d*Va) #Deflection Sensitivity (in meter per volt)\n",
- "deffact = 1/defsen #Deflection factor (in volt per meter)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Deflection sensitivity : \",round(defsen*10**3,4),\"mm/V.\"\n",
- "print \"Deflection factor : \",deffact*10**-3,\"V/mm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 15.6 , Page Number 549"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 6,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Ratio of freqency of vertical and horizontal signals : 1.5 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "tangv = 3.0 #Positive of Y - peak to vertical line\n",
- "tangh = 2.0 #Positive of X - peak to horizontal line \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "ratio = tangv/tangh #Ratio of freq. of vertical and horizontal signals \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Ratio of freqency of vertical and horizontal signals : \",ratio,\".\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 15.7 , Page Number 549"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 5,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Frequency of vertical input : 7500.0 Hz.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "fx = 3.0 * 10**3 #Frequency of horizontal input (in Hertz)\n",
- "tangv = 2.5 #Positive of Y - peak to vertical line\n",
- "tangh = 1.0 #Positive of X - peak to horizontal line \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "fy = fx*tangv/tangh #Frequency of vertical input (in Hertz)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Frequency of vertical input : \",fy,\"Hz.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 15.8 , Page Number 549"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 3,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Frequency of vertical input : 2500.0 Hz.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "fx = 1000.0 #Frequency of horizontal input (in Hertz)\n",
- "tangv = 2.0 #Points of tangency to vertical line\n",
- "tangh = 5.0 #Points of tangency to horizontal line \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "fy = fx*tangh/tangv #Frequency of vertical input (in Hertz)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Frequency of vertical input : \",fy,\"Hz.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 15.9 , Page Number 549"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 2,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Mark to Space ratio : 0.25 .\n",
- "Pulse frequency : 50.0 kHz.\n",
- "Magnitude of pulse voltage : 0.43 V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "div = 1.0 #One division = one cm (in cm)\n",
- "mark = 0.4 #One mark (in cm)\n",
- "space = 1.6 #One space (in cm)\n",
- "Amp = 2.15 #Amplitude \n",
- "Ampctrl = 0.2 #Signal amplitude control (in volt per division) \n",
- "tbctrlset = 10.0 * 10**-6 #Time based control setting (in seconds)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "MtoS = mark/space #Mark to space ratio\n",
- "T = (space + mark)*tbctrlset #Pulse time period (in seconds)\n",
- "f = 1/T #Pulse frequency (in Hertz)\n",
- "Vp = Amp * Ampctrl #Magnitude of pulse voltage (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Mark to Space ratio : \",round(MtoS,2),\".\"\n",
- "print \"Pulse frequency : \",(f*10**-3),\"kHz.\"\n",
- "print \"Magnitude of pulse voltage : \",Vp,\"V.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 15.10 , Page Number 550"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 1,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "RMS value of ac voltage : 17.678 V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "L = 10 #Length of trace (in cm)\n",
- "S = 5 #Deflection sensitivty (in volt per cm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Vpktopk = L*S #Voltage peak-to-peak (in volts)\n",
- "Vpeak = Vpktopk/2 #Peak value of voltage (in volts)\n",
- "Vrms = Vpeak/2**0.5 #RMS of peak value (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"RMS value of ac voltage : \",round(Vrms,3),\"V.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Slight variations due to higher precision."
- ]
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 2",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python2"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 2
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
- "version": "2.7.10"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter2.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter2.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 45a48172..00000000 --- a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter2.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,81 +0,0 @@ -{
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "#Chapter 2 , Energy Levels and Electron Emission"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 2.1 , Page Number 33 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 4,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- " Emission current is 0.0166 A.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "phi = 3.4 #Voltage (in electron-volt)\n",
- "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
- "A = 6.0 * 10**4 #Emission constant (in Ampere per meter-square per kelvin-square)\n",
- "T = 2000.0 #Temperature (in kelvin)\n",
- "l = 40.0 * 10**-3 #Length (in meter)\n",
- "D = 0.2 * 10**-3 #Diameter (in meter)\n",
- "k = 1.38 * 10**-23 #Boltzmann constant (in meter-square kilogram per second-square per kelvin)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "b = phi * e /k #Constant \n",
- "Js = A*T**2*math.exp(-b/T) #Emission current density (in Ampere per meter-square)\n",
- "S = math.pi * D * l #Emitting surface (in meter-square)\n",
- "I = Js * S #Emission current (in Ampere) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Emission current is \",round(I,4),\" A.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
- ]
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 2",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python2"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 2
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
- "version": "2.7.10"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter3.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter3.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 170ae72b..00000000 --- a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter3.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1099 +0,0 @@ -{
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "# Chapter 3 , Semiconductor Physics"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 3.1 , Page Number 54"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 3,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Velocity of electron at fermi level is 859007.52 m/s.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "m = 9.107 * 10**-31 #Mass of electron (in kilogram)\n",
- "E = 2.1 #Energy associated (in electon-volt)\n",
- "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "E = E * e #Energy associated (in Joules)\n",
- "v = (2 * E / m)**0.5 #Velocity of electron (in meter per second)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Velocity of electron at fermi level is \",round(v,2),\" m/s.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 3.2 , Page Number 63 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 4,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Drift velocity is 0.0003 m/s.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "J = 2.4 * 10**6 #Current Density (in Ampere per meter-square) \n",
- "n = 5.0 * 10**28 #Electron density \n",
- "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "v = J / (e * n) #Drift velocity (in meter per second) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Drift velocity is \",v,\" m/s.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 3.3 , Page Number 64"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 5,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Magnitude of current is 0.24 A.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "n = 10**24 #Electron density \n",
- "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
- "v = 1.5 * 10**-2 #Drift velocity (in meter per second)\n",
- "A = 1.0 * 10**-4 #Area of cross-section (in meter-square)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "I = e * n * v * A #Current (in Ampere) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Magnitude of current is \",I,\" A.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 3.4 , Page Number 64"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 4,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Concentration of electrons is 4.44600943977e+16 /cm**3.\n",
- "Concentration of holes is 14057550000.0 \\cm**3.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "p = 0.039 #Resistivity of doped material (in ohm-centimeter)\n",
- "e = 1.602 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
- "ue = 3600.0 #Carrier mobility (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n",
- "ni = 2.5 * 10**13 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "sign = 1/p #Conductivity (in per ohm-centimeter)\n",
- "ND = sign /(e * ue) #Concentration of donor atoms (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
- "n = ND #Concentration of electron (per cubic-centimeter)\n",
- "p = ni**2 / n #Concentration of hole (per cubic-centimeter)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Concentration of electrons is \",n,\" /cm**3.\\nConcentration of holes is \",p,\" \\cm**3.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 3.5 , Page Number 64 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 9,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Resulting donor concentration is 50000000000000000 /cm**3.\n",
- "Resulting mobile electron concentration is 50000000000000000 /cm**3.\n",
- "Resulting hole concentration is 4205.0 /cm**3.\n",
- "Conductivity of doped silicon sample is 10.413 (ohm-cm)**-1.\n",
- "Resistivity is 0.096033803899 ohm-cm and Resistance is 1920.67607798 ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "N = 5.0 * 10**22 #Number of silicon atoms (per cubic-centimeter)\n",
- "N1 = 10**-6 #Donor impurity \n",
- "ni = 1.45 * 10**10 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter) \n",
- "l = 0.5 #Length (in centimeter)\n",
- "A = (50.0 * 10**-4)**2 #Area of cross-section (in centimeter-square)\n",
- "ue = 1300.0 #Mobility of electron (in ) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "ND = 5 * 10**16 #Donor concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
- "n = ND #Mobile electron concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
- "p = ni**2 / ND #Hole concentration (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n",
- "sig = n * e * ue #Conductivity of doped silicon sample (in per ohm-cetimeter)\n",
- "p1 = 1/sig #Resistivity (in ohm-centimeter)\n",
- "R = p1 * l / A #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Resulting donor concentration is \",ND,\" /cm**3.\\nResulting mobile electron concentration is \",n,\" /cm**3.\\nResulting hole concentration is \",p,\" /cm**3.\"\n",
- "print \"Conductivity of doped silicon sample is \",sig,\" (ohm-cm)**-1.\\nResistivity is \",p1,\" ohm-cm and Resistance is \",R,\" ohm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 3.6 , Page Number 65 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 10,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Ratio of electron to hole concentration is 1e+12 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "ni = 1.4 * 10**18 #intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
- "ND = 1.4 * 10**24 #Donor concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
- "n = ND #Concentration of electrons (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "p = ni**2 / ND #Concentration of holes (in per cubic-centime) \n",
- "ratio = n / p #Ratio of electron to hole concentration \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Ratio of electron to hole concentration is \",ratio,\".\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 3.7 , Page Number 65"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 12,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Relaxation time is 4.004e-14 s.\n",
- "Resistivity of conductor is 1.53066222571e-08 ohm-meter.\n",
- "Velocity of electrons with fermi energy is 1390706.99073 m/s.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "Ef = 5.5 #Fermi energy (in electron-volt)\n",
- "ue = 7.04 * 10**-3 #Mobility of electrons (in meter-square per volt-second)\n",
- "n = 5.8 * 10**28 #Concentration of electrons (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
- "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
- "m = 9.1 * 10**-31 #Mass of electron (in kilogram) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "tau = ue * m / e #Relaxation time (in seconds)\n",
- "p = 1 / (n * e * ue) #Resistivity (in ohm-meter) \n",
- "vf = (2 * Ef * e / m)**0.5 #Velocity of electron with fermi energy (in meter per second)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Relaxation time is \",tau,\" s.\\nResistivity of conductor is \",p,\"ohm-meter.\\nVelocity of electrons with fermi energy is \",vf,\" m/s.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 3.8 , Page Number 68"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 14,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Conductivity is 0.0224 (ohm-cm)**-1.\n",
- "Resistivity is 44.64 ohm-cm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "ni = 2.5 * 10**13 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
- "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
- "uh = 1800.0 #Mobility of holes (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
- "ue = 3800.0 #Mobility of electrons (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "sigi = ni * e * (ue + uh) #Conductivity (in per ohm-centimeter)\n",
- "pi = 1/sigi #Resistivity (in ohm-centimeter)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Conductivity is \",sigi,\" (ohm-cm)**-1.\\nResistivity is \",round(pi,2),\" ohm-cm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 3.9 , Page Number 68 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 1,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Density of electrons is 2.29273661042e+19 /m**3.\n",
- "Drift velocity of electrons is 3900.0 m/s.\n",
- "Drift velocity of holes is 1900.0 m/s.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "pi = 0.47 #intrinsic resistivity (in ohm-meter)\n",
- "ue = 0.39 #Electron mobility (in meter-square per volt-second)\n",
- "uh = 0.19 #Hole mobility (in meter-square per volt-second)\n",
- "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
- "E = 10**4 #Electric field (in volt per meter)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "sigi = 1 / pi #Conductivity (in per ohm-meter)\n",
- "ni = sigi/(e * (ue + uh)) #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n",
- "vn = ue * E #Drift velocity of electrons (in meter per second)\n",
- "vh = uh * E #Drift velocity of holes (in meter per second) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Density of electrons is \",ni,\" /m**3.\\nDrift velocity of electrons is \",vn,\" m/s.\\nDrift velocity of holes is \",vh,\" m/s.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 3.10 , Page Number 69 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 2,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Conductivity of intrinsic silicon is 4.2e-06 /ohm-cm.\n",
- "Conductivity of P type silicon is 72.0 ohm-cm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "ni = 1.5 * 10**10 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
- "uh = 450.0 #mobility of holes (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n",
- "ue = 1300.0 #mobility of electrons (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n",
- "NA = 10**18 #Doping level (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "sigi = ni * e * (ue + uh) #Conductivity of silicon (in per ohm-centimeter)\n",
- "sigp = e * NA * uh #COnductivity of P-type silicon (in per ohm-centimeter)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Conductivity of intrinsic silicon is \",sigi,\" /ohm-cm.\\nConductivity of P type silicon is \",sigp,\" ohm-cm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 3.11 , Page Number 69 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 5,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Conductivity of intrinsic semiconductor is 0.0224 /ohm-cm.\n",
- "Conductivity of N-type semiconductor is 2.68 /ohm-cm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "ni = 2.5 * 10**13 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
- "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
- "uh = 1800.0 #mobility of holes (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n",
- "ue = 3800.0 #mobility of electrons (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n",
- "ND = 4.41 * 10**22 * 10**-7 #Number of Germanium atoms (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "sigi = ni * e * (uh + ue) #Intrinsic concentration (in per ohm-centimeter)\n",
- "n = ND #Concentration of electrons (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
- "p = ni**2 / ND #Concentration of holes (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
- "sign = e * ND * ue #Conductivity of N-type germanium semiconductor (in per ohm-meter)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Conductivity of intrinsic semiconductor is \",sigi,\" /ohm-cm.\\nConductivity of N-type semiconductor is \",round(sign,2),\" /ohm-cm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 3.12 , Page Number 69"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 11,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Electron drift velocity is 152.0 m/s.\n",
- "Holes drift velocity is 72.0 m/s.\n",
- "Intrinsic conductivity of Ge is 2.24 /ohm-m.\n",
- "Total current is 5.376 mA.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "V = 10.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
- "l = 0.025 #Length (in meter)\n",
- "uh = 0.18 #mobility of holes (in meter-square per volt-second)\n",
- "ue = 0.38 #mobility of electrons (in meter-square per volt-second)\n",
- "ni = 2.5 * 10**19 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-imeter)\n",
- "a = 4.0 * 1.5 *10**-6 #Area of cross-section (in meter-square)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "E = V / l #Electric field (in volt per meter)\n",
- "ve = ue * E #Drift velocity of electrons (in meter per second)\n",
- "vh = uh * E #Drift velocity of holes (in meter per second)\n",
- "sigi = ni * e * (ue + uh) #Conductivity of intrinsic semiconductor (in per ohm-meter)\n",
- "I = sigi * E * a #Total current (in Ampere) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Electron drift velocity is \",ve,\" m/s.\\nHoles drift velocity is \",vh,\" m/s.\\nIntrinsic conductivity of Ge is \",sigi,\" /ohm-m.\\nTotal current is \",I * 10**3,\" mA.\" "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 3.13 , Page Number 70 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 13,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Diffusion constant of electron is 93.0 cm**2/s.\n",
- "Diffusion constant of holes is 43.9875 cm**2/s.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "ni = 2.5 * 10**13 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n",
- "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
- "uh = 1700.0 #mobility of holes (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n",
- "ue = 3600.0 #mobility of electrons (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n",
- "k = 1.38 * 10**-23 #Boltzmann constant (in Joule per kelvin)\n",
- "T = 300.0 #Temperature (in kelvin)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "De = ue * k * T / e #Diffusion constant of electrons (in centimeter-square per second)\n",
- "Dh = uh * k * T / e #Diffusion constant of holes (in centimeter-square per second)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Diffusion constant of electron is \",round(De),\" cm**2/s.\\nDiffusion constant of holes is \",Dh,\" cm**2/s.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Slight variation in Dh due to higher precision."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 3.14 , Page Number 72"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 15,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Mobility of charge carriers is 4e-08 m**2/V-s.\n",
- "Density of charge carriers is 1.73611111111e+22 /m**3.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "p = 9.0 * 10**3 #Resistivity (in ohm-meter)\n",
- "RH = 3.6 * 10**-4 #Hall coefficient (in cubic-meter per Coulomb) \n",
- "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "sig = 1/p #Conductivity (in per ohm-meter)\n",
- "P = 1/ RH #Charge density (in Coulomb per cubic meter)\n",
- "n = P / e #Density of charge carriers (in per cubic-meter)\n",
- "u = sig * RH #Mobility (in meter-square per volt-second)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Mobility of charge carriers is \",u,\" m**2/V-s.\\nDensity of charge carriers is \",n,\" /m**3.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 3.15 , Page Number 73"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 18,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "The current density in the specimen is 2482.76 A/m**2\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "E = 100.0 #Electric field (in volt per meter)\n",
- "RH = 0.0145 #Hall coefficient (in cubic-meter per Coulomb)\n",
- "un = 0.36 #Mobility of electrons (in meter-square per volt-second)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "n = 1/(e * RH) #Concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n",
- "J = n * e * un * E #Current density (in Ampere per cubic-meter) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"The current density in the specimen is \",round(J,2),\" A/m**2\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 3.16 , Page Number 73"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 20,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Hall coefficient is 0.00027 m**3/C.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "p = 9.0 * 10**-3 #Resistivity (in ohm-meter)\n",
- "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
- "u = 0.03 #Mobility of carrier ion (in meter-square per volt-second)\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "sig = 1/p #Conductivity (in per ohm-meter)\n",
- "RH = u / sig #Hall coefficient (in cubic-meter per Coulomb) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Hall coefficient is \",RH,\" m**3/C.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 3.17 , Page Number 73"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 6,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- " Hall coefficient is 0.0003049 m**3/C.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "p = 9.0 * 10**3 #Resistivity (in ohm-meter)\n",
- "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
- "n = 2.05 * 10**22 #Charge carrier density (in per cubic-meter) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "RH = 1/(n * e) #Hall coefficient (in cubic-meter per Coulomb) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Hall coefficient is \",round(RH,7),\" m**3/C.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 3.18 , Page Number 73"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 26,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Hall voltage is 76.0 mV.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "Ex = 5.0 * 10**2 #Applied Electric field (in volt per meter)\n",
- "ue = 3800.0 * 10**-4 #Mobility of electron (in meter-square per volt-second) \n",
- "Bz = 0.1 #Magnetic flux density (in Weber per meter-square) \n",
- "d = 4.0 * 10**-3 #width (in meter) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "v = ue * Ex #Drift velocity (in meter per second)\n",
- "VH = Bz * v * d #Hall voltage (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Hall voltage is \",VH * 10**3,\" mV.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 3.19 , Page Number 74"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 30,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Mobility of holes is 0.075 m**2/V-s.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "p = 200.0 * 10 #Bar resistivity (in ohm-meter) \n",
- "VH = 50.0 * 10**-3 #Hall voltage (in volts)\n",
- "BZ = 0.1 #Magnetic flux density (in Weber per meter-square) \n",
- "w = 3.0 * 10**-3 #width (in meter)\n",
- "d = w #length (in meter)\n",
- "I = 10.0 * 10**-6 #Current (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "RH = VH * w / (BZ * I) #Hall coefficient (in cubic-meter per Coulomb)\n",
- "uh = RH / p #Mobility of holes (in meter-square per volt-second) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Mobility of holes is \",uh,\" m**2/V-s.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 3.20 , Page Number 74"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 33,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Hall voltage is 3.0 mV.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "ND = 1.0 * 10**21 #Concentration of donor atoms (in per cubic-meter)\n",
- "BZ = 0.2 #Magnetic field density (in Tesla)\n",
- "J = 600.0 #Current density (in Ampere per meter-square)\n",
- "n = ND #Concentration of electrons (in per cubic-meter)\n",
- "d = 4.0 * 10**-3 #Length (in meter) \n",
- "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "VH = BZ * J * d / (n * e) #Hall voltage (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Hall voltage is \",VH * 10**3,\" mV.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 3.21 , Page Number 82 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 37,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "New position of Fermi level is 0.328 eV\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "T = 300.0 #Temperature (in kelvin)\n",
- "Ec_Ef = 0.3 #Energy level (in electron-volt) \n",
- "T1 = 273 + 55 #New temperature (in kelvin)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "logencbyND = Ec_Ef/T #Value of loge(nc / ND)\n",
- "Ec_Ef1 = T1 * logencbyND #New position of Fermi level (in electron-volt) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"New position of Fermi level is \",Ec_Ef1,\" eV\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Unit in the book should be eV instead of V."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 3.22 , Page Number 83"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 41,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Potential barrier is 0.19 eV.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "ND = NA = 8.0 * 10**14 #Concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n",
- "ni = 2.0 * 10**13 #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n",
- "k = 8.61 * 10**-5 #Boltzmann constant (in electron-volt per kelvin)\n",
- "T = 300.0 #Temperature (in kelvin)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Vo = k * T * math.log(ND * NA/ni**2)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Potential barrier is \",round(Vo,2),\" eV.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Unit in the book should be eV instead of V."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 3.23 , Page Number 83"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 44,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "R1 is 250.0 ohm.\n",
- "R2 is 40.0 ohm.\n",
- "R3 is 10.0 Mega-ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "ID1 = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Diode current1 (in Ampere)\n",
- "VD1 = 0.5 #Diode voltage1 (in volts)\n",
- "ID2 = 20.0 * 10**-3 #Diode current2 (in Ampere)\n",
- "VD2 = 0.8 #Diode voltage2 (in volts)\n",
- "ID3 = -1.0 * 10**-6 #Diode current3 (in Ampere)\n",
- "VD3 = -10.0 #Diode voltage3 (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "R1 = VD1 / ID1 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = VD2 / ID2 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
- "R3 = VD3 / ID3 #Resistance3 (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"R1 is \",R1,\" ohm.\\nR2 is \",R2,\" ohm.\\nR3 is \",R3 * 10**-6,\" Mega-ohm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 3.24 , Page Number 83"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 9,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Fraction of the total number of electrons in the conduction band at 300 K is 8.85 e-7 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "k = 8.61 * 10**-5 #Boltzmann constant (in electron-volt per kelvin)\n",
- "T = 300.0 #Temperature (in kelvin)\n",
- "EG = 0.72 #Energy band gap (in electron-volt) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "EF = 1.0/2 * EG #Fermi level (in electron-volt)\n",
- "ncbyn = 1/(1 + math.exp((EG-EF)/(k*T))) #Ratio\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Fraction of the total number of electrons in the conduction band at 300 K is \",round(ncbyn*pow(10,7),2),\"e-7 .\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 3.25 , Page Number 83"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 1,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Since electron concentration 5.32 e+16 is more than hole concentration 1.33 e+16 .Therefore , Si is of n-type.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "Ao = 4.83 * 10**21 #Constant\n",
- "T = 300.0 #Temperature (in kelvin)\n",
- "EG = 1.1 #Energy level (in electron-volt)\n",
- "kT = 0.026 #Product of k and T (in electron-volt)\n",
- "ND = 5.0 * 10**15 #Donor concentration (in per cubic-meter) \n",
- "NA = 2.0 * 10**16 #Acceptor concentration (in per cubic-meter) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "ni = Ao * T**1.5 * math.exp(-EG/(2*kT)) #Intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n",
- "h = ni**2 / NA #Hole concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n",
- "n = ni**2 / ND #Electron concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Since electron concentration\",round(n*10**-16,2),\"e+16 is more than hole concentration \",round(h*10**-16,2),\"e+16 .Therefore , Si is of n-type.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Slight variations due to higher precision."
- ]
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 2",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python2"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 2
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
- "version": "2.7.10"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter4.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter4.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 3a80267f..00000000 --- a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter4.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,878 +0,0 @@ -{
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "# Chapter 4 , Junction Diode"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 4.1 , Page Number 103 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 3,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Current flowing through Germanium diode is 15.0 micro-A.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "Io = 0.15 * 10**-6 #Peak reverse biased current (in Ampere)\n",
- "V = 0.12 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VT = 26.0 * 10**-3 #Volt-equivalent of temperature (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "I = Io * (math.exp(V/VT)-1) #Current flowing (in Ampere) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Current flowing through Germanium diode is \",round(I * 10**6),\" micro-A.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 4.2 , Page Number 103 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 9,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Forward Voltage = 0.43 V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "I = 10 * 10**-3 #Forward biased current (in Ampere)\n",
- "Io = 2.5 * 10**-6 #Peak reverse biased current (in Ampere)\n",
- "nVT = 2*26.0 * 10**-3 #Volt-equivalent of temperature (in volts)\n",
- "n = 2 #For Silicon\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "V = nVT*math.log(I/Io + 1) #Forward Voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Forward Voltage = \",round(V,2),\"V.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 4.3 , Page Number 103 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 4,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Reverse saturation current density is 0.16 micro Ampere.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "ND = 10**21 #Donor concentration (in per cubic meter)\n",
- "NA = 10**22 #Acceptor concentration (in per cubic meter)\n",
- "De = 3.4 * 10**-3 #Diffusion constant for electron (in meter square per second)\n",
- "Dh = 1.2 * 10**-3 #Diffusion constant for holes (in meter square per second)\n",
- "Le = 7.1 * 10**-4 #Diffusion length for electrons (in meter)\n",
- "Lh = 3.5 * 10**-4 #Diffusion length for holes (in meter)\n",
- "ni = 1.6 * 10**16 #intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n",
- "e = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Io_by_A = (Dh/(Lh*ND) + De/(Le*NA))*e*ni**2 #Reverse saturation current density (in Ampere per meter-square)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Reverse saturation current density is \",round(Io_by_A * 10**6,2),\"micro Ampere.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 4.4 , Page Number 107 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 5,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Dynamic resistance = 12.5 ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "I = 2 * 10**-3 #Forward current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VT = 25 * 10**-3 #Volt equivalent of temperature (in Volts)\n",
- "n = 1 #eeta for the given semiconductor\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "r = n*VT/I #Dynamic resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Dynamic resistance = \",r,\" ohm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 4.5 , Page Number 107 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 11,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "A.C. resistance = 11.86 ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VT = 26.0 * 10**-3 #Volt equivalent of temperature (in Volts)\n",
- "V = 200 * 10**-3 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
- "Io = 1.0 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n",
- "n = 1 #For Germanium\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "r = n*VT/(Io*math.exp(V/(n*VT)))\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"A.C. resistance = \",round(r,2),\"ohm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 4.6 , Page Number 108 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 8,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Current flowing through the circuit is 0.043 A.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "Vo = 0.7 #Barrier potential (in volts)\n",
- "V = 5 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
- "R = 100 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "I = (V-Vo)/R #Current flowing through circuit (in Ampere) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Current flowing through the circuit is \",I,\"A.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 4.7 , Page Number 109"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 15,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Voltage drop across 7 ohm resistance is 13.6 V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "Vo = 0.7 #Barrier potential (in volts)\n",
- "V = 15 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
- "R = 7.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "I = (V-2*Vo)/R #Current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VA = I * R #Voltage drop (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Voltage drop across 7 ohm resistance is \",VA,\" V.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 4.8 , Page Number 109"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 18,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Voltage drop = 14.7 V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "V = 15 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
- "Vo = 0.3 #Voltage across parallel connection (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "VA = V - Vo #Voltage drop (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Voltage drop = \",VA,\" V.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 4.9 , Page Number 110"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 36,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Current flowing is 62.5 mA.\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.text.Annotation at 0x4deeef0>"
- ]
- },
- "execution_count": 36,
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "execute_result"
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYEAAAEZCAYAAABxbJkKAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\n",
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x4a3f310>"
- ]
- },
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "display_data"
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "import numpy\n",
- "%matplotlib inline\n",
- "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,annotate\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VS = 10.0 #Supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RL = 160 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "I = VS / RL #Current (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Current flowing is \",I * 10**3,\" mA.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Graph\n",
- "\n",
- "x = numpy.linspace(0,10)\n",
- "plot(x,62.5 -62.5/10*x,'b')\n",
- "title(\"VI Characteristics\")\n",
- "xlabel(\"Diode Voltage , v in volts\")\n",
- "ylabel(\"Diode Forward Current , I in A\")\n",
- "annotate(\"Load Line\",xy=(5,35))"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 4.11 , Page Number 120"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 24,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Temperature coefficient is -0.0533 %.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "V25 = 5 #Initial voltage at 25 degree celsius (in volts)\n",
- "V100 = 4.8 #Voltage at 100 degree celsius (in volts)\n",
- "t1 = 25 #Temperature (in celsius)\n",
- "t2 = 100 #Temperature (in celsius)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "dVZ = V100 - V25 #Change in zener voltage (in volts)\n",
- "dt = t2 - t1 #Change in temperature (in celsius)\n",
- "tc = dVZ/(V25*dt) #Temperature coefficient\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Temperature coefficient is \",round(tc*100,4),\"%.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 4.12 , Page Number 123"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 39,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Output Voltage = 8 V.\n",
- "Voltage across Rs = 12 V.\n",
- "Current through series resistance = 0 A.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "Vs = 12 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "Vout = VZ = 8 #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VRs = VS - Vout #Voltage across resistance in series (in volts)\n",
- "RL = 10 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "Rs = 5 * 10**3 #Resistance in series (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IL = Vout/RL #Load current (in Ampere)\n",
- "Is = (Vs-Vout)/Rs #Current through series resistance (in Ampere)\n",
- "IZ = Is - IL #Current through zener diode (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Output Voltage = \",Vout,\" V.\"\n",
- "print \"Voltage across Rs = \",Vs,\" V.\"\n",
- "print \"Current through series resistance = \",IZ,\" A.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 4.13 , Page Number 123"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 43,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Maximum value of zener diode current is 9.0 mA.\n",
- "Minimum value of zener diode current is 1.0 mA.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "Vout = VZ = 50 #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RL = 10.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "VSmax = 120 #Maximum voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RS = 5.0 * 10**3 #Resistance in series (in ohm)\n",
- "VSmin = 80 #Minimum voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IL = Vout / RL #Load current (in Ampere)\n",
- "ISmax = (VSmax - Vout)/RS #Maximum series current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IZmax = ISmax - IL #Maximum zener current (in Ampere)\n",
- "ISmin = (VSmin - Vout)/RS #Minumum series current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IZmin = ISmin - IL #Minimum zener current (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Maximum value of zener diode current is \",IZmax * 10**3,\" mA.\\nMinimum value of zener diode current is \",IZmin * 10**3,\" mA.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 4.14 , Page Number 123"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 46,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Series resistance is 192.3 ohm.\n",
- "When the load current will decrease and become 10 mA, the zener current will increase and become 6 + 10 i.e. 16 mA. Thus the current through the series resistance RS will remain unchanged as 6 + 20 i.e. 26 mA. Thus voltage drop in series resistance RS will remain constant. Consequently the output voltage (Vout = VS - IS*RS) will also remain constant.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "IZK = 6 * 10**-3 #Minimum zener current (in Ampere)\n",
- "ILmax = 20.0 * 10**-3 #Maximum load current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VS = 20 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "Vout = 15 #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "RS = (VS - Vout)/(IZK + ILmax) #Series resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Series resistance is \",round(RS,1),\" ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"When the load current will decrease and become 10 mA, the zener current will increase and become 6 + 10 i.e. 16 mA. Thus the current through the series resistance RS will remain unchanged as 6 + 20 i.e. 26 mA. Thus voltage drop in series resistance RS will remain constant. Consequently the output voltage (Vout = VS - IS*RS) will also remain constant.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 4.15 , Page Number 124"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 50,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "The output voltage is 50.0 V.\n",
- "Voltage drop across RS is 70.0 V.\n",
- "Current through zener is 9.0 mA.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VL = VZ = 50.0 #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VS = 120.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RL = 10.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RS = 5.0 * 10**3 #Resistance in series (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "VRS = VS - VZ #Voltage across resistance in series (in volts)\n",
- "IL = VL/RL #Load current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IS = VRS / RS #Current through resistance in series (in Ampere)\n",
- "IZ = IS - IL #Current through zener diode (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"The output voltage is \",VL,\" V.\"\n",
- "print \"Voltage drop across RS is \",VRS,\" V.\"\n",
- "print \"Current through zener is \",IZ * 10**3,\" mA.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 4.16 , Page Number 124"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 54,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "VL = 8.73 V.\n",
- "IZ = 0 A.\n",
- "PZ = 0.0 W.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VS = 16.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RL = 1.2 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RS = 1.0 * 10**3 #Resistance in series (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "VL = VS * RL/(RS + RL) #Voltage across load (in volts)\n",
- "IZ = 0 #Current through zener diode (in Ampere) \n",
- "PZ = VZ*IZ #Power across zener diode (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"VL = \",round(VL,2),\" V.\"\n",
- "print \"IZ = \",IZ,\" A.\"\n",
- "print \"PZ = \",PZ,\" W.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 4.17 , Page Number 124"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 60,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "VL1 = 15.0 V.\n",
- "IL1 = 47.62 \n",
- "IZ1 = 0 A.\n",
- "IR1 = 47.62 A.\n",
- "VL2 = 3.7 V.\n",
- "IL2 = 74.07 A.\n",
- "IZ2 = 0 A.\n",
- "IR2 = 74.07 A.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "Vin = 20 #input voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RS = 220.0 #Series resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "VZ = 10 #Zener voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RL1 = 200 #Load resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "RL2 = 50 #Load resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
- "PZmax = 400 * 10**-3 #Power (in watt)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "VL1 = Vin*RL1/(RS + RL1) #Voltage across load1 (in volts)\n",
- "IL1 =IR=Vin/(RS + RL1) #Load1 current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IZ1 = 0 #Zener current 1 (in Ampere)\n",
- "VL2 = Vin*RL2/(RS + RL2) #Voltage across load2 (in volts)\n",
- "IL2 =IR=Vin/(RS + RL2) #Load2 current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IZ2 = 0 #Zener current 2 (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"VL1 = \",round(V,2),\" V.\"\n",
- "print \"IL1 = \",round(IL1*10**3,2),\"\"\n",
- "print \"IZ1 = \",IZ1,\" A.\"\n",
- "print \"IR1 = \",round(IL1*10**3,2),\" A.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"VL2 = \",round(VL2,1),\" V.\"\n",
- "print \"IL2 = \",round(IL2*10**3,2),\" A.\"\n",
- "print \"IZ2 = \",IZ2,\" A.\"\n",
- "print \"IR2 = \",round(IL2*10**3,2),\" A.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 4.18 , Page Number 125"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 61,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Voltage drop across 5 kilo-ohm resistor is 50 V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VS = 100 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VL = VZ = 50 #Voltage across load (in volts)\n",
- "V = 10.0/(10 + 5) #Voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "VR = VS - VL #Voltage across resistance using KVL (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Voltage drop across 5 kilo-ohm resistor is \",VR,\" V.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 4.19 , Page Number 125"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 68,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Ri for minimum voltage is 25.0 ohm.\n",
- "Ri for maximum voltage is 25.0 ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "V = 12 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
- "R = 120 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "VDCmin = 15 #Minimum dc voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VZ = 12 #Zener voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VDCmax = 19.5 #Maximum dc voltage (in volts)\n",
- "IZmin = 20 * 10**-3 #Minimum current through zener (in Ampere) \n",
- "IL = 100 * 10**-3 #Current through load (in Ampere)\n",
- "IZmax = 200 * 10**-3 #Maximum current through zener (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "VSmin = VDCmin - VZ #Minimum voltage across Ri (in volts)\n",
- "VSmax = VDCmax - VZ #Maximum voltage across Ri (in volts)\n",
- "ISmin = IZmin + IL #Minimum current through Ri (in Ampere)\n",
- "Rimin = VSmin/ISmin #Resistance Ri1 (in ohm)\n",
- "ISmax = IZmax + IL #Minimum current through Ri (in Ampere)\n",
- "Rimax =VSmax/ISmax #Resistance Ri2 (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Ri for minimum voltage is \",Rimin,\" ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Ri for maximum voltage is \",Rimax,\" ohm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 4.20 , Page Number 126 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 78,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Range of RL : From 250.0 ohm to 1.25 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "Range of IL : From 8.0 mA to 40.0 mA.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "Vi = 50.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
- "R = 1.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "VZ = 10.0 #Voltage across zener (in volts)\n",
- "IZmax = 32.0 * 10**-3 #Maximum current across zener (in Ampere)\n",
- "IZmin = 0.0 #Minimum current across zener (in Ampere) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IR = (Vi - VZ)/R #Supply current (in Ampere)\n",
- "ILmax = IR - IZmin #Maximum load current (in Ampere)\n",
- "RLmin = VZ/ILmax #Minimum corresponding load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "ILmin = IR - IZmax #Minimum load current (in Ampere) \n",
- "RLmax = VZ/ILmin #Maximum corresponding load resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Range of RL : From \",RLmin,\"ohm to \",RLmax*10**-3,\" kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Range of IL : From \",ILmin* 10**3,\" mA to \",ILmax*10**3,\" mA.\""
- ]
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 2",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python2"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 2
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
- "version": "2.7.10"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter5.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter5.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 8ce58f25..00000000 --- a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter5.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1355 +0,0 @@ -{
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "#Chapter 5 , Diode Applications - DC Power Supplies and Waveshaping Circuits "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 5.1 , Page Number 140"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 3,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Idc = 1.957 A.\n",
- "Irms = 3.074 A.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables \n",
- "\n",
- "VSrms = 10 #Supply voltage\n",
- "VSmax = 10* 2**0.5 #Peak value of supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RF = 0.3 #Forward resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RL = 2 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Imax = VSmax/(RL + RF) #Peak value of current in load (in Ampere)\n",
- "Idc = Imax/math.pi #DC ouput current (in Ampere)\n",
- "Irms = Imax/2 #RMS value of output current (in Ampere) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Idc = \",round(Idc,3),\" A.\"\n",
- "print \"Irms = \",round(Irms,3),\" A.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 5.2 , Page Number 141"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 2,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Imax = 148.156 mA.\n",
- "Idc = 47.16 mA.\n",
- "Irms = 74.078 mA.\n",
- "PIV = 311.127 V.\n",
- "Load output voltage = 94.32 V.\n",
- "DC output power = 4.448 W.\n",
- "AC input power = 11.524 W.\n",
- "Ripple factor = 1.21 .\n",
- "Transformer utilisation factor = 0.2724 .\n",
- "Rectification efficiency = 38.6 %.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables \n",
- "\n",
- "VSrms = 220.0 #Supply voltage\n",
- "VSmax = 220.0 * 2**0.5 #Peak value of supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RF = 100.0 #Forward resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RL = 2.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Imax = VSmax/(RL + RF) #Maximum value of current (in Ampere)\n",
- "Idc = Imax/math.pi #DC ouput current (in Ampere)\n",
- "Irms = Imax/2 #RMS value of output current (in Ampere) \n",
- "PIV = VSmax #Peak inverse voltage (in volts)\n",
- "Vdc = Idc*RL #Load output voltage (in volts)\n",
- "Pdc = Idc**2 * RL #DC output power (in watt)\n",
- "Pac = Imax**2/4*(RF + RL) #AC input power (in watt)\n",
- "gamma = ((Irms/Idc)**2 - 1)**.5 #Ripple factor \n",
- "TUF = 0.286/(1 + RF/RL) #Transformer utilisation factor\n",
- "eeta = Pdc/Pac * 100 #Rectification efficiency\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Imax = \",round(Imax * 10**3,3),\" mA.\\nIdc = \",round(Idc * 10**3,2),\" mA.\\nIrms = \",round(Irms * 10**3,3),\" mA.\"\n",
- "print \"PIV = \",round(PIV,3),\" V.\"\n",
- "print \"Load output voltage = \",round(Vdc,2),\" V.\"\n",
- "print \"DC output power = \",round(Pdc,3),\" W.\\nAC input power = \",round(Pac,3),\" W.\"\n",
- "print \"Ripple factor = \",round(gamma,2),\".\"\n",
- "print \"Transformer utilisation factor = \",round(TUF,4),\".\"\n",
- "print \"Rectification efficiency = \",round(eeta,1),\"%.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 5.3 , Page Number 141"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 13,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Percentage voltage regulation : 4.76 %.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables \n",
- "\n",
- "VNL = 44.0 #No load voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VFL = 42.0 #Full load voltage (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Reg = (VNL - VFL)/VFL * 100 #Percentage voltage regulation \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Percentage voltage regulation : \",round(Reg,2),\" %.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 5.4 , Page Number 141"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 1,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "DC output voltage : 4.4 V.\n",
- "PIV : 17.0 V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables \n",
- "\n",
- "RF = 10 #Forward resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "IL = 100 * 10**-3 #Load current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VSrms = 12 #RMS value of supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VSmax = 12 * 2**0.5 #Maximum value of supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "Idc = 0.1 #DC current (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Vdc = VSmax/math.pi - Idc*RF #DC output voltage (in volts)\n",
- "PIV = VSmax #Peak inverse voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"DC output voltage : \",round(Vdc,1),\" V.\"\n",
- "print \"PIV : \",round(PIV),\" V.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 5.5 , Page Number 146 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 19,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Peak value of current : 0.109 A.\n",
- "Average value of current : 0.0694 A.\n",
- "RMS value of current : 0.077 A.\n",
- "Ripple factor : 0.483 .\n",
- "Efficiency of rectifier : 73.82 %.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables \n",
- "\n",
- "VSmax = 60.0 #Maximum value of supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RF = 50.0 #Forward resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RL = 500.0 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Imax = VSmax/(RL + RF) #Peak current (in Ampere)\n",
- "Idc = 2*Imax/math.pi #Average current (in Ampere)\n",
- "Irms = Imax/2**0.5 #RMS value of current (in Ampere)\n",
- "r = ((Irms/Idc)**2 - 1)**0.5 #Ripple factor \n",
- "n = 0.812/(1 + RF/RL)*100 #Efficiency of rectifier \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Peak value of current : \",round(Imax,3),\" A.\\nAverage value of current : \",round(Idc,4),\" A.\\nRMS value of current : \",round(Irms,3),\" A.\"\n",
- "print \"Ripple factor : \",round(r,3),\".\"\n",
- "print \"Efficiency of rectifier : \",round(n,2),\"%.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 5.6 , Page Number 147"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 4,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "DC output voltage : 10.8 V.\n",
- "DC load current : 108.0 mA.\n",
- "PIV rating required : 33.94 V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math \n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables \n",
- "\n",
- "VSmax = 12 * 2**0.5 #Peak value of supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RL = 100.0 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Idc = 2*VSmax/(RL*math.pi) #Average current (in Ampere)\n",
- "Vdc = Idc * RL #Average voltage (in volts)\n",
- "PIV = 2*VSmax #Peak inverse voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"DC output voltage : \",round(Vdc,1),\" V.\"\n",
- "print \"DC load current : \",round(Idc * 10**3),\" mA.\"\n",
- "print \"PIV rating required : \",round(PIV,2),\" V.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 5.7 , Page Number 153 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 8,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Output DC voltage : 25.46 V.\n",
- "Ripple fator : 0.0149 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables \n",
- "\n",
- "VLmax = VSmax = 40.0 #Peak value of supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "f = 50 #Frequency (in Hertz) \n",
- "w = 2*math.pi*50 #Angular frequency (in rad/sec)\n",
- "L = 2.0 #Inductance (in Henry)\n",
- "C = 40 * 10**-6 #Capacitance (in Farad) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Vdc = 2*VSmax/math.pi #Average voltage (in bolts)\n",
- "r = 1/(6*2**0.5*w**2*L*C) #Ripple factor\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Output DC voltage : \",round(Vdc,2),\"V.\"\n",
- "print \"Ripple fator : \",round(r,4),\".\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 5.8 , Page Number 161"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 9,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Peak output voltage : 14.3 V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables \n",
- "\n",
- "Vo = 0.7 #Barrier potential (in volts)\n",
- "Vinpeak = 15 #Peak input voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Voutpeak = Vinpeak - Vo #Peak output voltage (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Peak output voltage : \",Voutpeak,\" V.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 5.9 , Page Number 161"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 11,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Output voltage (rms value) : 1.27 V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables \n",
- "\n",
- "R1 = 2.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = 1.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
- "Vinpeak = 10 #peak input voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "RL = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Voutpeak = Vinpeak*RL/(R2+RL) #Peak voltage across load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Vrms = Voutpeak/math.pi #RMS value of output voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Output voltage (rms value) : \",round(Vrms,2),\" V.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 5.10 , Page Number 162 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 29,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Voutpeak : 8.0 V.\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x6186270>"
- ]
- },
- "execution_count": 29,
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "execute_result"
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAXUAAAEZCAYAAABoy7XpAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\n",
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x702b130>"
- ]
- },
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "display_data"
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "import numpy\n",
- "%matplotlib inline\n",
- "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables \n",
- "\n",
- "R1 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
- "Vinpeak = 20 #peak input voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "RL = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Voutpeak = Vinpeak*RL/(R2+RL) #Peak voltage across load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Voutpeak : \",Voutpeak,\"V.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Graph\n",
- "\n",
- "x = numpy.linspace(0,math.pi,100)\n",
- "y = numpy.sin(x)\n",
- "plot(x,8*y,'b')\n",
- "ylim(0,9)\n",
- "xlim(0,math.pi)\n",
- "title(\"Output Waveform\")\n",
- "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n",
- "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 5.11 , Page Number 162"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 15,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Peak output voltage : 10.0 V.\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x6dc1210>"
- ]
- },
- "execution_count": 15,
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "execute_result"
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYMAAAEZCAYAAAB1mUk3AAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\nICIiqBiIiAjw/wCL3MAebnEQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\n",
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7504050>"
- ]
- },
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "display_data"
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "import numpy\n",
- "%matplotlib inline\n",
- "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables \n",
- "\n",
- "Vinpeak = 12.0 #Peak input voltage (in volts)\n",
- "Vo = 0.7 #Barrier potential (in volts)\n",
- "RS = 500 #Series resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RL = 2.5 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Voutpeak = Vinpeak*RL/(RS+RL) #Peak output voltage (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Peak output voltage : \",Voutpeak,\" V.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Graph\n",
- "\n",
- "x = numpy.linspace(0,math.pi,100)\n",
- "x1 = numpy.linspace(math.pi,2*math.pi,100)\n",
- "x2 = numpy.linspace(math.pi,2*math.pi,100)\n",
- "x3=numpy.linspace(0,8,100)\n",
- "y2 = numpy.sin(x2)\n",
- "y = numpy.sin(x)\n",
- "plot(x,8*y,'b')\n",
- "plot(x1,-0.7+x1-x1,'b')\n",
- "plot(x2,12*y2,'--')\n",
- "plot(x3,0+x3-x3,'k')\n",
- "ylim(-13,9)\n",
- "xlim(0,2*math.pi+1)\n",
- "title(\"Output Waveform\")\n",
- "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n",
- "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 5.12 , Page Number 163 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 20,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "PIV of diode : 5 V.\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x7d41190>"
- ]
- },
- "execution_count": 20,
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "execute_result"
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAXUAAAEZCAYAAABoy7XpAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\n",
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7cb4d50>"
- ]
- },
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "display_data"
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "import numpy\n",
- "%matplotlib inline\n",
- "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables \n",
- "\n",
- "Vi = 10 #Input voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Vo = Vi * 1.0/2 #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
- "Vdc = 0.636 * Vo #DC output voltage (in volts)\n",
- "PIV = 5 #Peak inverse voltage (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"PIV of diode : \",PIV,\"V.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Graph\n",
- "\n",
- "x = numpy.linspace(0,math.pi,100)\n",
- "y = numpy.sin(x)\n",
- "x1 = numpy.linspace(math.pi,2*math.pi,100)\n",
- "y1 = numpy.sin(x1)\n",
- "ylim(0,8)\n",
- "xlim(0,2*math.pi)\n",
- "plot(x,5*(y),'b')\n",
- "plot(x1,-5*(y1),'b')\n",
- "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n",
- "plot(x1,0+x1-x1,'k')\n",
- "plot(x,5+x-x,'--',color='g')\n",
- "plot(x1,5+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n",
- "title(\"Output Waveform\")\n",
- "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n",
- "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 5.13 , Page Number 164"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 32,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "PIV rating of diode : 200 V.\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x802a9d0>"
- ]
- },
- "execution_count": 32,
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "execute_result"
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYEAAAEZCAYAAABxbJkKAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz\nAAALEgAACxIB0t1+/AAAIABJREFUeJzt3Xm8XPP9x/HXJxJq32KLhlQqtSu/8hOKq0hrjWoRGvtO\nKa0l8UOitQRtSaUSuyArWoJSgkjTEA1BKgjaiIiENCGRhOQmn98fnzM1ubk3mXvvzJyZe97PxyOP\nzJw5c87nzr1zPue7m7sjIiLZ1CrtAEREJD1KAiIiGaYkICKSYUoCIiIZpiQgIpJhSgIiIhmmJCCS\nMLN7zew3acdRKcxsLzN718zmmdnhaccjpaEkICtkZieZ2UQzm29mH5vZrWa2biPeP8XMflDEeBo8\nnpltbmaLzWyrel77s5nduJLDe/IPM6sxsw+bH3HjmdlfzeySvOebm9nSBrZtXMJQfg38wd3XdvcR\nJTyPpEhJQBpkZr8C+gC/AtYB9gC2BJ4xszYFHsYBK2JYDR7P3T8CngWOz99uZhsABwH3FnD8Ysba\nVC8A++Q93wd4u55tk939kxLGsQUwqSlvNLNVihyLlIiSgNTLzNYBegM/d/en3X2Ju38AHA10ALon\n+y1ThZJ/B21m9xMXkseSKoWLzKxDcgd7upl9ZGbTk2RDU45XT+gDqZMEgG7Am+7+pplta2ajzGyO\nmf3TzA6rs6+b2RrAk0C75DxzzWxTM9vdzF5M3jvdzG7JT4Zm1sXM3jGzz8zsj2b2gpmdmvf6KWY2\nycxmm9lTZrZFAx//34C98p5/H7gZ+F7etr2B0clx+5rZVDP73MzGm9n3k+3tzGyBma2fF8MuZvZp\n7iLdUExm9j6wVfJZzzWzNsnxRpjZf5JqotPyjtvbzB4ys/vN7HPgpORzvtrM/p58jiPMrK2ZDUpi\nfdnMtmzgM5AyURKQhuwJfAP4U/5Gd58P/AU4MLcp+bccdz8emAocmlQp/Dbv5Rrg20AX4FIz27+Z\nx8t5BGhrZvkX0eOBgckF+zHgKWAj4DxgkJl1ytvX3H0B8CNgenKeddx9BlAL/ALYEOgM7A+cA2Bm\nbYEHgUuBDYB3kn1y1UtdgZ7Aj4G2xIV+SH0/J/AysJqZ7Zw83wd4BnjPzL6bt2103v47A+sDg4EH\nzWxVd58OvAj8JO/YxwEPuvuSFcXk7h35+rNex90XA0OTbZsBPwWuNbP98o59eHLsdYFBybajiRuG\nzYGOSTx3JZ/RW0CvBj4DKRMlAWlIW2CWuy+t57UZxIUwpylVKFe5+0J3/ydwD3BsM48HgLsvJC7G\nJwCY2dbArsTFcQ9gTXfv4+617v488HidczcYg7u/6u4vu/vSpFR0O7Bv8vLBwD/d/ZHk9T8Qn1PO\nWcB17v5O8pleB3zXzNrXc56vgHHAvklV1rru/m/iIr1Psm1botoIdx/k7nOS8/4eWA34TnK4wbmf\nz8wMOCbZ1qiYkm17Ape6+yJ3fx24M/c5J8bm2g7c/UsiAd7j7v9297lE6Wqyuz/n7kuI39Muy33y\nUlZKAtKQWcQddX1/I5slrzdHfqPrVKBdM4+XbyBwlJmtRpQCnnL3Wck56jb2flDouc2sk5k9btFA\n/jlwDV8nw3bAtDpvyX++JdA3qUqaA/wn2b55A6cbTdztfx/4e7JtTN62D909V012UVKl81ly7HWJ\nJA5RkutsZpsm713q7mOaEFM7YHZSEsyZWmffuj8/wMy8x18Cn9R5vla9P72UjZKANORF4CuWrUrA\nzNYiqkqeTTbNB9bI22XTOsdpaJraLeo8/qiZx8v3d2A20BX4GZEUAKYD7ZM74pwt886df/z6ztOf\naCj9dlLl8X98/R2aDnwzt2Nyjm/mvXcqcIa7r5/3b013f6mBn2E0Ue+fX+0zlmgr2IekFGBmewMX\nA0e5+3ruvj7wOUlJxt3nAE8TJYDjWLYKqjExTQc2SH7/OVuw7IV/Zb8bTVlcgZQEpF7u/jlwFXCL\nmf0waRjsAAwn7qbvT3Z9DTjYzNZP7jYvqHOomURdcF2Xm9nqZrY9cBIwrJnHy4/dgfuAG4i74seS\nl14CFgCXJD9PDXAoUdcNceHMJYiZwIYWDeQ5awHzgAVmtg1wdt5rfwF2NLOuZtYaOJdlE9gA4DIz\n2w7AzNY1s6NW8GO8SNTxdyeqgXIX9FnJtlxiWJtoq5hlZqua2ZVET658g4ETiYQ+OG97wTElpY6x\nwHVmtpqZ7QScAjywgp8Blq1Wq4SeV1KHkoA0yN1vBC4DfkvcXb5EVJ/snzQUQiSD14EpRIPrUJa9\n47uOuODPMbNf5m1/AXgPGAnc6O4jm3m8uu4D2gPDcrEm/x9GdBf9FOgHHO/uk3M/cu5c7v42cdf8\nr6TnzKbARcTd9FyiPWBo3v6zgKOIxDOLqLMfT5SmcPdHgOuBoUlV0kTghw0FnzROjwfaJO0mOaOJ\nRu1cEngq+Tc5+cwWEnf4+UYQjfAfu/vEvHM0KiaibaEDUSr4E3Cluz+XOxz13+l7ncd191HpIGVW\nqkVlkoak+4CNiV/07e7+h6RRaxhRDJ8CHO3unyXv6UncXSwBznf3p0sSnKQmKU38C2jdQKNzi5C0\npXwIHOfuL6Qdj0hDSlkSWAxc6O7bE70yzjWzbYEewDPu3omoV+4BkBRJjwG2I+qcb22gUVKkIlmM\nE1gvaZC+LNncUJ2/SEUo2UXW3We4+2vJ4y+IPsGbE32Jcw11A4EjksddgSHuvtjdpxBVBbuXKj5J\nVUutAuhM/N1+ChwCHJF09xSpWK3LcZKkCmAXou/zJu6e6zY2E9gkedyOZe+aptFw9zmpUkmCb5FT\nCrj7VURjukjVKHl1S9Kl7GHgF+4+L/+1pBfHiu4KW+odo4hIRShpSSAZpv8wcH/SEwFgpplt6u4z\nzGwzvh488hHRmyPnmyzbfzt3TCUGEZEmcPfluumWrCSQDJa5C5jk7jfnvTSC6LNM8v8jedu7JX2d\nvwVsTcyJshx31796/vXq1Sv1GCr1nz4bfTZZ/2waUsqSwF7EoJY3zGxCsq0nMTXxcIvZFacQE0zh\n7pPMbDgxIrMWOMdXFLmIiDRbyZKAx/wkDZU0DmjgPdcC15YqJhERWZb64bcgNTU1aYdQsfTZNEyf\nTcOy8NmUbMRwqZiZaolERBrJzPByNgyLiEjlUxIQEckwJQERkQxTEhARyTAlARGRDFMSEBHJMCUB\nEZEMUxIQEckwJQERkQxTEhARyTAlARGRDFMSEBHJMCUBEZEMUxIQEckwJQERkQxTEhARyTAlARGR\nDFMSEBHJMCUBEZEMUxIQEckwJQERkQxTEhARyTAlARGRDFMSEBHJMCUBEZEMUxIQEckwJQERkQxT\nEhARyTAlARGRDFMSEBHJMCUBEZEMUxIQEckwJQERkQxTEhARyTAlARGRDFMSEBHJMCUBEZEMUxIQ\nEckwJQERkQxTEhARyTAlARGRDFMSEBHJMCUBEZEMUxIQEckwJQERkQwraRIws7vNbKaZTczb1tvM\nppnZhOTfQXmv9TSzd83sbTPrUsrYREQEzN1Ld3CzvYEvgPvcfcdkWy9gnrv/vs6+2wGDgd2AzYGR\nQCd3X1pnPy9lzCIiLZGZ4e5Wd3tJSwLu/jdgTn3x1LOtKzDE3Re7+xTgPWD3EoYnIpJ5abUJnGdm\nr5vZXWa2XrKtHTAtb59pRIlARERKpHUK5+wP/Dp5/Bvgd8CpDexbb71P7969//u4pqaGmpqa4kUn\nItICjBo1ilGjRq10v5K2CQCYWQfgsVybQEOvmVkPAHfvk7z2FNDL3cfVeY/aBEREGimVNoEGAtks\n7+mPgVzPoRFANzNb1cy+BWwNvFzu+EREsqSk1UFmNgTYF2hrZh8CvYAaM/suUdXzb+BMAHefZGbD\ngUlALXCObvlFREqr5NVBxabqIBGRxquY6iAREakcSgIiIhmmJCAikmFKAiIiGaYkICKSYUoCIiIZ\npiQgIpJhSgIiIhmmJCAikmFKAiIiGaYkICKSYUoCIiIZpiQgIpJhSgIiIhmmJCAikmFKAiIiGaYk\nICKSYUoCIiIZpiQgIpJhSgIiIhmmJCAikmFKAiIiGaYkICKSYUoCIiIZpiQgIpJhSgIiIhmmJCAi\nkmFKAiIiGaYkICKSYUoCIiIZpiQgIpJhSgIiIhmmJCAikmFKAiIiGaYkICKSYQUnATP7npmtVspg\nRESkvApKAma2GfAicFRpwxERkXIyd1/5TmY9gY5AR3ffr+RRrTgWLyRmERH5mpnh7lZ3+0pLAmZm\nwPFAD2A1M+tYgvhERCQFhVQH1QBvufssYCBwakkjEhGRsikkCZwK3J08HgocbWbqVSQi0gKs8GJu\nZusDewBPArj758BLwCGlD01EREqtoIbhSqKGYRGRxmtyw3Cdg5xRvJBERCRtja3bP7skUYiISCrU\nwCsikmGFjBPYKu/p4fVsExGRKlVISeDh3AN3/zB5+GAhBzezu81spplNzNu2gZk9Y2aTzexpM1sv\n77WeZvaumb1tZl0K/SFERKRpGkwCZratmf0EWNfMjjSznyT/nwR8o8Dj3wP8qM62HsAz7t4JeDZ5\njpltBxwDbJe851aNRxARKa3WK3itE3AYsG7yf8484PRCDu7ufzOzDnU2Hw7smzweCIwiEkFXYIi7\nLwammNl7wO7EuAQRESmBBpOAuz8KPGpmnd39xSKecxN3n5k8nglskjxux7IX/GnA5kU8r4iI1LGi\nkkDOGXXGBziAu5/S3JO7u5vZikZ+1fta7969//u4pqaGmpqa5oYiItKijBo1ilGjRq10v5WOGDaz\nn/L1xXh14MfAdHc/r5BAkuqgx9x9x+T520CNu89I1il43t23MbMeAO7eJ9nvKaCXu4+rczyNGBYR\naaSGRgyvtCTg7g/VOdBg4O/NiGUEcCJwffL/I3nbB5vZ74lqoK2Bl5txHhERWYlCqoPq6gRsVMiO\nZjaEaARua2YfAlcCfYDhZnYqMAU4GsDdJ5nZcGASUAuco1t+EZHSKqQ66Au+rg5yojG3h7s/3PC7\nSkfVQSIijdec6qC1ShOSiIikraDqIDPrCuxDlARecPfHShqViIiURSHVQX2A3YBBgAHdgPHu3rP0\n4dUbj6qDREQaqaHqoEKSwETgu+6+JHm+CvBarstnuSkJiIg0XnMWlXFgvbzn69HAIC4REakuhbQJ\nXAe8amajkuf7kkz6JiIi1a3B6iAzuxUY7O5jzKwd0S7gwD/c/eMyxlg3LlUHiYg0UlO6iE4GbkwS\nwDBihs8JpQpQRETKr5CG4Q5Ej6BjgDWAwURCmFzq4BqIRyUBEZFGanLvoDoH2YVYKGZHd1+liPE1\nJgYlARGRRmpy7yAza21mhycTxz0FvA0cWYIYy+66665j++23Z8cdd+S4447jq6++AmD27NkceOCB\ndOrUiS5duvDZZ58t996OHTsyefKyhaELLriAG264oSyxi4gUw4qWl+xiZncDHxEriT0OfM/duyUL\nzlS1KVOmcMcdd/Dqq68yceJElixZwtChQwHo06cPBx54IJMnT2b//fenT58+y72/W7du/90fYOnS\npTz88MMce+yxZfsZRESaa0UlgR7Ai8C27n6Yuw8Gqv7in7POOuvQpk0bFixYQG1tLQsWLGDzzWMh\nsxEjRnDiiScCcOKJJ/LII48s9/5jjz2WYcOG/ff56NGj2XLLLWnfvn15fgARkSJoMAm4+w/c/Q53\nn523ebn6pGq1wQYb8Ktf/YotttiCdu3ase6663LAAQcAMHPmTDbZJFa93GSTTZg5c+Zy799hhx1o\n1aoVb7zxBgBDhw7luOOOK98PICJSBIWMGM53R0miSMH777/PzTffzJQpU5g+fTrz589n0KBBy+1n\nZpjVn/uOPfZYhg4dypIlS3j00Uc56qijSh22iEhRNSoJuPutpQqk3MaPH8+ee+7JhhtuSOvWrTny\nyCMZO3YsEHf/M2bMAODjjz9m4403rvcY3bp1Y/jw4YwcOZKddtqJjTYqaK0dEZGK0diSQIuxzTbb\n8NJLL7Fw4ULcnZEjR7LddtsBcPjhhzNw4EAABg4cyBFHHFHvMbbaaivatm1Ljx49VBUkIlWpUeME\nKkExxwnccMMNDBw4kFatWrHrrrty55130qZNG2bPns3RRx/N1KlT6dChA8OHD2e99dar9xh9+/al\nZ8+ezJw5k7XXXrvgc8+cCY89BqNGwcSJ8OGHsGABrLoqbLopbLst7LUXHHZYPJbK4Q7/+Ac8+SS8\n+CK88w58+inU1sLaa8OWW8Iuu8APfgAHHwzrrpt2xJJv3jx46il49ll49VWYMgXmzoVVVoGNNoKt\nt4Y99oCDDor/W7WQW+WiDBarBGbm9F5+e699e9G7ZvkXeo/qzVUvXFUx+588sDf3Tll+/4t368VV\n+/Vm0SKYPj0Sw+jR8MgjsNlmcMEFcMwx0Lopq0JLUSxYAHfeCf36xYXh8MPh+9+H7baDTTaJ383c\nufCvf8Err8Bf/wp/+xt07QoXXww77JD2T5Bt77wDN94IDz8MnTtDly6w227QsWMk6iVL4JNP4K23\n4O9/hxEj4nd+zjlw5pmR4KtZQ0kAd6+qfxFy9Zk0yb1LF/eOHd0HDHD/4ovC3ldb6/744+777OP+\nne+4P/FEaeOU5S1Z4n733e7t2rn/+MfuY8a4L11a2Hs//dT9uuvcN93UvXt3948+Km2ssryZM91P\nPdV9o43cr7rKfcaMwt63dKn7yy+7H3OM+yabuPfvH9/HapVcO5e/pta3sZL/VVsSqK11v/pq9w03\ndL/5ZvdFi5p2nKVLIwF07OjerZv77NnFjVPqN2WK+777uu+2m/u4cU0/zty57j17urdt637PPYUn\nEWmeoUPdN97Y/cIL3efMafpxJkxw32sv986d3d99t3jxlZOSQApmzIgLyH77uU+dWpxjLljgfv75\n7ltsEXcpUjojRsTdY58+xbsDfP119x12cD/uuMJLg9J4CxfG3X+nTu7/+EdxjrlkiXvfvpHIhw0r\nzjHLSUmgzF5/PS7UV1xRmiLkww/HBWro0OIfO+uWLo0qnG9+033s2OIff/589xNOcP/ud92nTSv+\n8bNu5kz3PfZwP+oo93nzin/8V15x79DB/fLLq6tEpyRQRi+8EBfoIUNKe57XX3dv3z6qmaQ4lixx\nP/dc9513Lu0FeulS92uvjRuFd94p3Xmy5t//dv/2t0t/gZ4503333d1PPtl98eLSnaeYGkoCVdk7\nqJJjfu656MUzZAgks1CU1AcfwIEHwimnQA8t+tksS5fCaafBu+/C44+Xp2vn3XfD5ZfDyJHRy0ia\n7v33o1vuRRfBeeeV/nzz58OPfwwbbAAPPFD5PfdaVBfRSo15zJj4o3joIdh33/Kdd/p0qKmBs8+G\nCy8s33lbEvf4/N56C/7yF1hzzfKd+4EH4NJL4YUX4NvfLt95W5KpU2GffaBnz+jOWS5ffhldgDfe\nGAYOrOwxBU1eT0AKM3Ei/OQnMHhweRMAQLt2cSd5881w333lPXdLceWV0bf/8cfLmwAAuneHXr2i\n33oyW4k0wn/+E5/d+eeXNwEAfOMb8Oc/x4CzX/6yvOcuFpUEimD69BhZeP31kOZyAm+9FSWCIUOi\nWCyFufPO+N2NHRsjRtPy619/PYq83ImoWn31VVS7du4Maa7n9NlnMcL/jDPgF79IL44VUXVQiSxc\nGHf+XbvC//1f2tHEBeSYY2LEo6oWVm70aDjqqBjZ26lTurG4w0knxd/UsGHQwOS1knCPtrB582D4\n8PSrYj74IJLR3XfDj36Ubiz1URIoAXc4+eSoFxwypHK+tP37x9QG48bBWmulHU3lmjYtpg24775o\nXK8EX34ZpbmuXaN+Wxp2yy1Rihs7tnJKTmPGwJFHxpxSHTumHc2ylARK4I47oG/fuNhWyh8hfH2H\ntGhRNDpWSnKqJIsWfV2Cq7ReVbnkNGiQqvUa8tJLMXfTSy/BVlulHc2y+vWL5PTii7D66mlH8zUl\ngSKbODG+oGPGwHe+k3Y0y1u4EHbfPSaeO/XUtKOpPJdcApMmxSRhaVcj1GfkSDjxRJgwIXqeyNfm\nzIlZWvv2jSReadyhWzfYcEO4tYJWYFESKKKFC+F734sLSbIUcUWaNCm6zY0ZA9tsk3Y0leOZZ6Ia\n77XXoG3btKNp2GWXRYxPPKHSXI47HH10zKz7hz+kHU3DPv8cdt0Vfvvb6DZeCZQEiugXv4j1ACqp\nHaAh/fvDXXdF0bRNm7SjSd/s2bDTTnDvveUZzNccixfDnntG1d7ZZ6cdTWW4777oBTR+fHTPrGRj\nx0b7wGuvxRohaVMSKJLnn4fjj4c33oiRgpXOHQ45JLqwXnll2tGk72c/i26gN9+cdiSFeeed6Ho4\nblzlNTSW27RpcXf99NPw3e+mHU1hLr88rhWPPpr+DaOSQBF88UXcRfbrFytGVYuPPoo61GeegZ13\nTjua9DzySFThvfYarLFG2tEU7qabIvbnn6/M9otycI/v3F57xYW1WixaFI38F10UN49pUhIoggsu\niOqEahyVe/fd0Uj10kuVP8dJKXz2GWy/PQwdCnvvnXY0jbN0aaxgdsIJcNZZaUeTjvvvh9/9Lpb1\nrLZqzVdeiQQ2cWK6jfxKAs308svRJe3NN6PVv9q4Rx34IYdU7/D25jjzzLiL7t8/7UiaZtKk6NL6\n+usxTUiWzJoVCfyJJ6JDRjW6+OKYWWDQoPRiUBJohtra6G554YXpF+ma4913Y0TjhAnQvn3a0ZTP\n2LExKnjSpOpe9P3yy2Hy5BgdmyWnnALrrFM97Tj1mT8/Etkdd6Q3MFETyDVD//6w3nox0Vc123rr\nmGI3SzON1tZGz5rf/a66EwDEtCS5Beyz4u9/j7as3/wm7UiaZ801oy3x3HNjvqNKoiSwEjNnxsRe\n/fql37pfDJdeGiWBp59OO5LyGDAgxgIcc0zakTTf6qvHAKnzz6+8C0kp1NbGRfO3v4W11047muY7\n9NAYr/P736cdybJUHbQSp50Wd5C/+13ZTllyI0ZEMnjjjeprZGuMWbNioZbnn4+ieEtx6KHRPnDx\nxWlHUlr9+8dEes8/3zJuwAD+9a/oLfTGG7D55uU9t9oEmuDVV6Mh9e23q78qIZ97zHJ48MGVO+1t\nMZxzTvSEquSRpU0xeXIMInvzTdhkk7SjKY05c+Ku+emnW1635ssuizEP5e5lqCTQSO4xm+PPfhZz\nhLc0kybFz/f229Ux6K2x3nwT9tuv5f58F10UUyjfdlvakZTGr34V43Ja4s83b17MN/boo1EqKBcl\ngUZ65BG44ooYWLTKKiU/XSrOPjuG3t90U9qRFN/BB8dqUxdckHYkpTFnTlxInnsOdtgh7WiK6/33\n4X//t2WXdO68M0oCL7xQvqouJYFGqK2NOuS+fStzcYhi+eSTqDN/+eXKm463OZ59NsYFTJoEq66a\ndjSl07dvVJc88UTakRTXMcfAjjtW18jgxlqyJKa+uPrq8s2Eqi6ijXDXXdGP/oc/TDuS0tp442gT\naElftqVLY2qIa69t2QkAYvTwW2/FanItxT/+EbPetvRuzKusEkua9ugRN51pSi0JmNkUM3vDzCaY\n2cvJtg3M7Bkzm2xmT5vZeuWOa8GC6BLap0/L6ZGwIhdeGBeRCRPSjqQ4Hnwwfm8//WnakZTeaqvF\nneSll0YbVkvQo0dMdFhJizSVykEHRXXXwIHpxpFmScCBGnffxd13T7b1AJ5x907As8nzsrrlluh5\nUa3D0xtrrbWit0IlrI/cXLW10Y5z3XXZmWitW7dYknLEiLQjab5nn4WpU2OEcBaYxd/qVVfF7zAt\naX9V6t5rHw7k8uJA4IhyBvP55zEw5de/LudZ03f66VF/PmZM2pE0z8CB8M1vVv46AcXUqhVcc01U\n6S1dmnY0TeceNyK/+U3LHrtSV+fO0TaQZi+otEsCI81svJmdnmzbxN1nJo9nAmXtG3DTTdGrZNtt\ny3nW9K22WhTBr7gi7UiabtGiuIBcfXU2qvHyHXJIVJ9U85xCTzwRVbFHH512JOX3m99E9fOCBemc\nP7XeQWa2mbt/bGYbAc8A5wEj3H39vH1mu/sGdd7nvXr1+u/zmpoaampqmh3P7NnQqVN2F++orY3k\nd9tt1bm4+YAB0e/6ySfTjiQdzzwT80K9+Wb1dWl2h//5n7gJqZSlGMvtqKNikspijgIfNWoUo/J6\nDVx11VWV20XUzHoBXwCnE+0EM8xsM+B5d9+mzr4l6SJ65ZWx+MpddxX90FXj/vuj//KoUdV1N/3V\nVzE53oMPRv/yLHKP9aTPOisGOFaTRx+F3r1jhH41/d0V0z//GdWY779fukbxiuoiamZrmNnayeM1\ngS7ARGAEkFu6/UTgkXLEM2cO/PGPLaNxtDmOPRY+/jjmaqkm99wTA6aymgAgLp69e0d71pIlaUdT\nOPdoGO3VK7sJAOLvd999Y+GnckulJGBm3wL+nDxtDQxy9+vMbANgOLAFMAU42t0/q/PeopcEeveO\nXgl3313Uw1algQNjEfZqSQSLFkUpYNiwWEc5y9xjBbKf/zwSejV47LGoBpowIdtJAKI0cOCBURoo\nxfKnGjHcgLlzow3gxRfh298u2mGr1uLFMR3BfffFBaXS3XVXJICsTI29Mk89FfPuTJxY+d1k3aP0\ndskl2RjXUYgjj4wSQSkmdqyo6qBKcuutMceMEkBo0yYG7FxzTdqRrFxtbfSzbkkjnpvrhz+Mu8hH\nH007kpUbOTImiTvyyLQjqRyXXw433lje9SIynQQWLIgl63r2TDuSynLiiXEn+coraUeyYg8+CJtt\nFg2iEsxi8N8111T+KOJrronvXqWXWMpp111j3qRyTjOd6Y//rruiHrmlzcLYXKutFlMVX3dd2pE0\nzD3iUwJfXteusHBhdButVGPHwgcfxIhnWdZll8W8QuVq4M9sEli8OFYL00WkfqefDqNHxwImlejJ\nJ+MO8qCD0o6k8rRqFfMJXX992pE07Prro098lkYHF2rvvWHTTeHhh8tzvswmgWHDYvrkLHcrXJE1\n14z1XW9FXO1GAAAON0lEQVS4Ie1I6tenT7RdZL1HSUOOPRbeey+mCa80b74ZgzJPPjntSCpXjx7x\nN16OKr1MJgH3uLhdcknakVS2n/8c/vSnGDtQSV58MZbnU4+ShrVpA7/8ZWUm8RtvjNHNq6+ediSV\n6+CDo/vzyJGlP1cmk8Bf/xp3kC19vYDm2nDDGH1aaWv03nhjXOBat047ksp26qmxctV776Udydem\nTYsZT885J+1IKlurVtEud+ONpT9XJscJ7L8/nHQSHH98cWJqyf7975hWe8oUWHvttKOJNorvfz/i\nysKc8811xRUwaxb07592JOGSS+IO9+ab046k8i1aFFXWjz8eM402lwaLJSZMgMMOi4uIGqUKc/TR\nscZCJazXe/bZsNFG2Zvuu6lmzIiJAd99F9q2TTeWuXPhW9+KrscdOqQbS7W4/voYSXz//c0/lpJA\nont32Hnn4s7W19KNGxfrvr73XrpVMLNmxUyvb73VchcgL4XTToMtt0x/qvCbboq/paFD042jmnz2\nWZQG3ngj1spoDiUBoj5yp53gX/+C9cq+cGV123tvOP/8mPI2LVdfHdVSd96ZXgzV6M03Y4bKKVNi\nDEgaamtjVP7w4TFlshTuggvgG9+I3kLNoWkjgH794IQTlACa4pe/hN//Pr3zf/VVzPTa0hcgL4Xt\nt4/S75Ah6cXw5z/HnawSQOOdf37c+HzxRWmOn5kkMH9+fJDnn592JNXp8MPhk0+ie2Yahg6NUtz2\n26dz/mp34YVRHZNWwf+mm5TAm2qrrWJSuXvvLc3xM5ME7rsv5pjZaqu0I6lOq6wSCbRv3/Kf2z16\nk+gi0nRdusQo+byFpspm3LgYa3JEWVcMb1kuvDC6apdiHelMJIGlS+PiVQm9W6rZySfHfDRTp5b3\nvKNHw5dfxoVMmsYs/v5vuqn85+7bNwaHVduyl5Vkr71gnXXgL38p/rEzkQSefjpGJ+69d9qRVLd1\n1omxFeXuc963b5RCNNtk83TvHtV5779fvnNOnx5rHJx6avnO2RKZxRoDpRi4mYneQQcfHL1aNFdJ\n8733HnTuHKWBcgz7nzIlBqt98IEGhxVDjx7RyF6uEsEVV8Tyrf36led8LdlXX8X4imefhe22a/z7\nM9tFNDfCdOrU6GYlzXfYYTFd8Wmnlf5cF18cbQK//W3pz5UFU6fCLruUZwT4l1/G+ITRo2O1Omm+\n3r1jAOCAAY1/b2a7iPbrF9MiKwEUz3nnwS23lL6nyfz5sYi85pkpni22gJqa8ixaMmxYTHegBFA8\nZ54Zn+tnn61830K16CQwbx488EBMNSDFc8ABUTT9299Ke55Bg2K6CvXoKq7zzoubo1Imcfe4UTjv\nvNKdI4s22yzW0LjnnuIds0Ungfvui8nimjvcWpbVqlVMM33LLaU7h3tcqHQRKb599415s0o5TfG4\ncdEWoEV/iu+882LgZLG6i7bYJJC7iPz852lH0jKdcEI0UH30UWmOP2ZMzKJ4wAGlOX6WmcX34o9/\nLN05+vWLRYnULbT49tgD1l03psQvhhabBJ57LiY70yLkpbHOOnDccXDbbaU5fu4iopXDSuNnP4vq\nvClTin/smTPhiSfUG69Uckm8WD2uWmzvoCOPhAMPVHtAKU2aFNVtH3wAq65avON+/HF0gZsyJe54\npDQuvDC6+V57bXGPe801MVW7JvornYULo5F/3LjC28wy1UX0ww9jwqwPPqiMhVBasv32ix4L3boV\n75hXXRXd4CplIZSWavLkGEA5dWrxZhetrY01A0aMiK6oUjq56fALXX0sU11Eb789qiqUAErv3HOL\nW7e8eHH8/tQttPQ6dYqbpQcfLN4xH388OmIoAZTe2WfHpHILFzbvOC0uCSxaFMVQXUTKo2vXWJ9h\n4sTiHG/ECOjYEXbcsTjHkxU755zilrhuvTVuDKT0ttoKdtst1mhojhaXBP78Z9hmm6YNq5bGa9Mm\nBuMV60Jy661K4OV06KFRHfTaa80/1rvvxnF++tPmH0sKc8458Z1pjhaXBPr3V2NwuZ1+eixYMm9e\n847z9tuxCtaRRxYnLlm51q3hjDOKk8QHDIgeQRqdXz4HHRS9sV55penHaFENw7neKlOnahH5cvvJ\nT6I31llnNf0YF1wAa6xR/N4qsmK53lgffBBdf5ti4UJo3x5eflkjvMvt2mujN9Ydd6x4v0w0DA8Y\nEFPWKgGU31lnxd1kU+8pFiyA+++Pu1Ipr802i0F599/f9GMMHx7100oA5XfKKfDQQ02fT6jFJIH5\n82OumdNPTzuSbNp//7iQv/RS094/bFiMhOzQoahhSYHOPjtuopqaxAcMaF4pUJpu001jwaUHHmja\n+1tMEhg2LCYb23LLtCPJplatYrxAU6a4hRh5rLac9Oy3X/SsGzu28e997TWYNg0OOaT4cUlhzjqr\n6Um8xSSBAQN0EUnbSSfBo4/Cf/7TuPdNmBArUGmysfSYRRJvSgPxbbdFCbx16+LHJYWpqYmBemPG\nNP69LSIJvPpqtJD/8IdpR5JtbdtGl8PGzlWfu4hosrF0nXhiDPZqTBKfNw+GDtXykWnLJfGmzOXV\nIpLAbbdFg6IuIuk766z4fRRaLJ03LxoVdRFJ34YbxqpxAwcW/p4hQ+IudPPNSxaWFCiXxGfNatz7\nqj4JzJ0bF5FTTkk7EgHYa6+oFnjhhcL2Hzw4LiLt2pU0LClQY5P4bbfFHaikb4MN4PDDG5fEoQUk\ngcGD4Qc/iG5ukj6zKJUVUix1j/3Uq6Ry7LlndLEuJImPHx8Lx3TpUvq4pDBnnhlzbzWmgbiqk0Du\nIqI7kcpy/PHw5JPw6acr3m/8+OjbrIVjKkdj6pZzbTmtqvoq0rI0JonnVPWvb/x4+PxzXUQqzfrr\nwxFHrLxYqotIZerefeVJfO7cGKCkhWMqS1MaiKv665drENZFpPKsrFg6dy48/LAuIpUol8Tvvbfh\nfQYNigGCm25atrCkQIWWxHOq9vKZu4icdFLakUh99tgjFioZNar+1wcPjhKcLiKVaUVJXNWwlW29\n9QoriedUbRLQnUhlW1EDce4ionmCKtcee8RsoM8/v/xr48fHTdj++5c/LilM7rtXSANxVSYB3YlU\nh+OPh6eeWr5YmmvL0UWkcuWSeH0zU95+u6phK13nzpHEGyqJ56vKX6PuRKpDrlhat2759tvVIFwN\n6msgzjUIqxq2sjWmq3ZVfg1vvx1OO00XkWqQu5vMFUvVq6R6rL9+LB+aPw3IkCExLkfVsJWve/f6\nS+J1Vdxl1Mx+ZGZvm9m7ZnZpffs89JBGCFeLzp1h1VW/7rc8eLDacqpJfgOxqmGrS31JvD4VlQTM\nbBWgH/AjYDvgWDPbtu5+uhOp36hCKgDLLL9Y6v51fXK5VeJnUylW9Nl07hyDj0aNiiUM58zJ1ric\nav+7OeOMlY8grqgkAOwOvOfuU9x9MTAU6Fp3Jy0cU79K/YPN9Vt+9tn0LiKV+tlUghV9NvkNxFms\nhq32v5s994y5vEaPbnifSpsBfHPgw7zn04D/rbuT5iqpLuuvHxNbXXGFGoSrUffu8bszg7feSjsa\naYxcEr/99ob3qbSvY0HTHukiUn26d49FyNWrpPpssAFsu20sJK+JGqvP8cfDE080/Lp5UxcVLQEz\n2wPo7e4/Sp73BJa6+/V5+1ROwCIiVcTdre62SksCrYF3gP2B6cDLwLHurkKoiEgJVFSbgLvXmtnP\ngb8CqwB3KQGIiJRORZUERESkvKqmibWQQWRZZWbtzex5M3vTzP5pZuenHVMlMbNVzGyCmT2WdiyV\nxMzWM7OHzOwtM5uUtMlJwsx6Jt+piWY22MxWSzumUqiKJFDoILIMWwxc6O7bA3sA5+rzWcYvgEkU\n2PssQ/oCf3H3bYGdAFW9JsysA3A6sKu770hUT3dLM6ZSqYokQIGDyLLK3We4+2vJ4y+IL7OWbgfM\n7JvAwcCdwHI9I7LKzNYF9nb3uyHa49z985TDqiRziZurNZIOK2sAH6UbUmlUSxKobxDZ5inFUtGS\nO5hdgHHpRlIxbgIuBpamHUiF+RbwqZndY2avmtkdZrZG2kFVCnefDfwOmEr0VPzM3UemG1VpVEsS\nUDG+AGa2FvAQ8IukRJBpZnYo8Im7T0ClgLpaA7sCt7r7rsB8oEe6IVUOM+sIXAB0IErVa5nZz1IN\nqkSqJQl8BLTPe96eKA1IwszaAA8DD7j7I2nHUyH2BA43s38DQ4AfmNlK5lTMjGnANHf/R/L8ISIp\nSPgeMNbd/+PutcCfiL+nFqdaksB4YGsz62BmqwLHACNSjqlimJkBdwGT3P3mtOOpFO5+mbu3d/dv\nEY16z7n7CWnHVQncfQbwoZl1SjYdALyZYkiV5m1gDzNbPfl+HUB0LmhxKmqwWEM0iGyl9gK6A2+Y\n2YRkW093fyrFmCqRqhWXdR4wKLmxeh/QUj8Jd389KTWOJ9qTXgVWMA1b9dJgMRGRDKuW6iARESkB\nJQERkQxTEhARyTAlARGRDFMSEBHJMCUBEZEMUxIQKYCZrWtmZ6cdh0ixKQmIFGZ94JxCdjSzdcxM\n3y2pCvpDFSlMH6BjsjjN9SvZd2/gbTPrZWbtV7KvSKo0YlikAGa2JfB4ssBIIftvCBwPnAjMIOZ2\nejRZD0OkYigJiBQgWafhsUKTQJ33dgbuBha5+85FDk2kWVQdJNJMZnZOUk30qpltlrd9OzO7ERgI\n/A04LbUgRRqgkoBIAZLqnVfcvUMB++4K/JGYffJOYJi7LyhthCJNoyQgUiAzG0QsyP4Xd790Bftt\nA7i7v1O24ESaSElARCTD1CYgIpJhSgIiIhmmJCAikmFKAiIiGaYkICKSYUoCIiIZpiQgIpJhSgIi\nIhn2/7EYzCDf36DyAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\n",
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x86934f0>"
- ]
- },
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "display_data"
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "import numpy\n",
- "%matplotlib inline\n",
- "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables \n",
- "\n",
- "Vimax = 200 #Peak input voltage (in volts)\n",
- "R = 10 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RL = 4 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Iimax = Vimax/R #Peak input current (in Ampere) \n",
- "VLmax = Iimax * RL #Peak voltage across load (in volts) \n",
- "PIV = 200 #Peak inverse voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"PIV rating of diode :\",PIV,\"V.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Graph\n",
- "\n",
- "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,math.pi,100)\n",
- "x2 = numpy.linspace(math.pi,2*math.pi,100)\n",
- "x3 = numpy.linspace(2*math.pi,3*math.pi,100)\n",
- "y1 = numpy.sin(x1)\n",
- "y2 = numpy.sin(x2)\n",
- "y3 = numpy.sin(x3)\n",
- "plot(x1,80*(y1),'b')\n",
- "plot(x2,(-1)*80*(y2),'b')\n",
- "plot(x3,80*(y3),'b')\n",
- "plot(x1/2,80+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n",
- "xlim(0,3*math.pi)\n",
- "ylim(0,200)\n",
- "annotate('80 V',xy=(0.5 ,80))\n",
- "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n",
- "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n",
- "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 5.14 , Page Number 165 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 33,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "During positive half , Output voltage Vo = 2 V when Vi < 2 V.\n",
- "Output voltage Vo = Vi when Vi > 2 V.\n",
- "During negative half , Output voltage Vo = 2 V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables \n",
- "\n",
- "Vo = 2 #Output voltage when Vi < 2 V (in volts)\n",
- "#Vo1 = Vi #Output voltage when Vi > 2 V (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Vo = 2 #Output voltage during negative half (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"During positive half , Output voltage Vo = 2 V when Vi < 2 V.\\nOutput voltage Vo = Vi when Vi > 2 V.\"\n",
- "print \"During negative half , Output voltage Vo = 2 V.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 5.15 , Page Number 166 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 38,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "During positive half , Output voltage : 5.0 V.\n",
- "During negative half , Output voltage : -10 V.\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "text/plain": [
- "(-12, 10)"
- ]
- },
- "execution_count": 38,
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "execute_result"
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYUAAAEZCAYAAAB4hzlwAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\nAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n",
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x8939390>"
- ]
- },
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "display_data"
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "import numpy\n",
- "%matplotlib inline\n",
- "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables \n",
- "\n",
- "Vi = 10 #Input voltage (in volts)\n",
- "V1 = 2.5 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
- "Rnet = 3 * 10**3 #Net resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "R1 = 2.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = 1.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "I = (Vi - V1)/Rnet #Current (in Ampere)\n",
- "Vo = I * (R2) + 2.5 #Output voltage positive half (in volts)\n",
- "Voneg = -Vi #Output voltage negative half (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"During positive half , Output voltage : \",Vo,\"V.\"\n",
- "print \"During negative half , Output voltage : \",Voneg,\"V.\" \n",
- "\n",
- "#Graph\n",
- "\n",
- "x = numpy.linspace(0,9,100) \n",
- "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,3,100)\n",
- "x2 = numpy.linspace(3,6,100)\n",
- "x3 = numpy.linspace(6,9,100)\n",
- "y1 = numpy.linspace(-10,5,100)\n",
- "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n",
- "plot(x1,-10+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n",
- "plot(x1,5-x1+x1,'b')\n",
- "plot(x2,-10+x2-x2,'b')\n",
- "plot(x3,5+x3-x3,'b')\n",
- "plot(3+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n",
- "plot(6+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n",
- "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n",
- "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n",
- "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")\n",
- "xlim(0,9)\n",
- "ylim(-12,10)"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 5.16 , Page Number 166"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 39,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "During positive half , peak voltage : 12 V.\n",
- "During negative half , peak voltage : -8 V.\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x9864710>"
- ]
- },
- "execution_count": 39,
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "execute_result"
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYMAAAEZCAYAAAB1mUk3AAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\nRK5CYII=\n",
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x8f02ef0>"
- ]
- },
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "display_data"
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "import numpy\n",
- "%matplotlib inline\n",
- "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables \n",
- "\n",
- "V1 = 12 #Voltage1 (in volts)\n",
- "V2 = 8 #Voltage2 (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Vopos = V1 #Peak Output voltage during positive half (in volts)\n",
- "Voneg = -V2 #Peak Output voltage during negative half (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"During positive half , peak voltage : \",Vopos,\"V.\\nDuring negative half , peak voltage : \",Voneg,\"V.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Graph \n",
- "\n",
- "x = numpy.linspace(0,24,100)\n",
- "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,2,100)\n",
- "x2 = numpy.linspace(2,6,100)\n",
- "x3 = numpy.linspace(6,8,100)\n",
- "x4 = numpy.linspace(8,8+8.0/6,100)\n",
- "x5 = numpy.linspace(8+8.0/6,12+8.0/6,100)\n",
- "x6 = numpy.linspace(12+8.0/6,12+2*8.0/6,100)\n",
- "x7 = numpy.linspace(12+2*8.0/6,14+2*8.0/6,100)\n",
- "x8 = numpy.linspace(14+2*8.0/6,18+2*8.0/6,100)\n",
- "x9 = numpy.linspace(18+2*8.0/6,20+2*8.0/6,100)\n",
- "x10 = numpy.linspace(0,8+8.0/6,100)\n",
- "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n",
- "plot(x1,6*x1,'b')\n",
- "plot(x2,12-x2+x2,'b')\n",
- "plot(x3,12-6*(x3-6),'b')\n",
- "plot(x4,-6*(x4-8),'b')\n",
- "plot(x5,-8+x5-x5,'b')\n",
- "plot(x6,-8+6*(x6-(12+8.0/6)))\n",
- "plot(x7,6*(x7-(12+2*8.0/6)),'b')\n",
- "plot(x8,12-x8+x8,'b')\n",
- "plot(x9,12-6*(x9-(18+2*8.0/6)),'b')\n",
- "plot(x10,-8+x10-x10,'--',color='g')\n",
- "plot(x1,12+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n",
- "ylim(-20,15)\n",
- "xlim(0,20+2*8.0/6)\n",
- "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n",
- "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n",
- "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 5.17 , Page Number 167 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 44,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Following is the output wave generated when Vinmax is changed to 60 V.\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x9d5c490>"
- ]
- },
- "execution_count": 44,
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "execute_result"
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYgAAAEZCAYAAACNebLAAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\nBU7NAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\n",
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x9582910>"
- ]
- },
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "display_data"
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "import numpy\n",
- "%matplotlib inline\n",
- "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables \n",
- "\n",
- "Vinmax1 = 25 #Peak input voltage1 (in volts)\n",
- "Vinmax2 = 60 #Peak input voltage2 (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Voutmax1 = 20 #Peak output voltage1 (in volts)\n",
- "Voutmax2 = 10 #Peak output voltage2 (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Following is the output wave generated when Vinmax is changed to 60 V.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Graph\n",
- "\n",
- "x = numpy.linspace(0,24,100)\n",
- "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,2,100)\n",
- "x2 = numpy.linspace(2,6,100)\n",
- "x3 = numpy.linspace(6,8,100)\n",
- "x4 = numpy.linspace(8,10,100)\n",
- "x5 = numpy.linspace(10,14,100)\n",
- "x6 = numpy.linspace(14,16,100)\n",
- "x7 = numpy.linspace(0,10,100)\n",
- "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n",
- "plot(x1,10*x1,'b')\n",
- "plot(x2,20-x2+x2,'b')\n",
- "plot(x3,20-10*(x3-6),'b')\n",
- "plot(x4,-10*(x4-8),'b')\n",
- "plot(x5,-20+x5-x5,'b')\n",
- "plot(x6,-20+10*(x6-14))\n",
- "plot(x7,-20+x7-x7,'--',color='g')\n",
- "xlim(0,16)\n",
- "ylim(-22,22)\n",
- "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n",
- "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n",
- "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 5.18 , Page Number 168 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 60,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Output voltage Vout = Vin/2.\n",
- "Voutmax = 5.0 V.\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.text.Annotation at 0xa9b53f0>"
- ]
- },
- "execution_count": 60,
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "execute_result"
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAX8AAAEZCAYAAAB/6SUgAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\nQ7x1SgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n",
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0xafafd90>"
- ]
- },
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "display_data"
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "import numpy\n",
- "%matplotlib inline\n",
- "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables \n",
- "\n",
- "Vinmax = 10.0 #Peak input voltage (in volts)\n",
- "R1 = 5 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = 5 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Vout = Vinmax/(R1 + R2)*R2 #Output voltage (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Output voltage Vout = Vin/2.\"\n",
- "print \"Voutmax = \",Vout,'V.'\n",
- "\n",
- "#Graph\n",
- "\n",
- "x = numpy.linspace(0,12,100) \n",
- "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,3,100)\n",
- "x2 = numpy.linspace(3,6,100)\n",
- "x3 = numpy.linspace(6,9,100)\n",
- "y1 = numpy.linspace(-5,0,100)\n",
- "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n",
- "plot(x1,0-x1+x1,'b')\n",
- "plot(x2,-5+x2-x2,'b')\n",
- "plot(x3,0+x3-x3,'b')\n",
- "plot(3+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n",
- "plot(6+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n",
- "plot(9+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n",
- "plot(x2,-2+x2-x2,'--',color='g')\n",
- "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n",
- "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n",
- "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")\n",
- "xlim(0,9)\n",
- "ylim(-6,5)\n",
- "annotate('T/2',xy=(4.25,-2))"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 5.19 , Page Number 168 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 92,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "OUtput voltage lies in range : -8 V to +6 V.\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0xccf9450>"
- ]
- },
- "execution_count": 92,
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "execute_result"
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYkAAAEZCAYAAABiu9n+AAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\nRU5ErkJggg==\n",
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0xcbb18d0>"
- ]
- },
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "display_data"
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "import numpy\n",
- "%matplotlib inline\n",
- "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables \n",
- "\n",
- "Vinmax = 10 #Peak input voltage (in volts)\n",
- "V1 = 5.3 #Voltage source1 (in volts)\n",
- "V2 = 7.3 #Voltage source2 (in volts) \n",
- "R = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Vomax = 6 #Peak output voltage in positive half (in volts)\n",
- "Vomin = -8 #Peak output voltage in negative half (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"OUtput voltage lies in range : -8 V to +6 V.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Graph \n",
- "\n",
- "x = numpy.linspace(0,24,100)\n",
- "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,3,100)\n",
- "x2 = numpy.linspace(3,5,100)\n",
- "x3 = numpy.linspace(5,7,100)\n",
- "x4 = numpy.linspace(7,10,100)\n",
- "x5 = numpy.linspace(10,14,100)\n",
- "x6 = numpy.linspace(14,15,100)\n",
- "x7 = numpy.linspace(15,16,100)\n",
- "x8 = numpy.linspace(16,20,100)\n",
- "x9 = numpy.linspace(0,5,100)\n",
- "x10 = numpy.linspace(0,14,100)\n",
- "x11 = numpy.linspace(0,15,100)\n",
- "\n",
- "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n",
- "plot(x1,2*x1,'b')\n",
- "plot(x2,2*x2,'--',color='b')\n",
- "plot(x3,10-2*(x3-5),'--',color='b')\n",
- "plot(x4,6-2*(x4-7),'b')\n",
- "plot(x5,-2*(x5-10),'b')\n",
- "plot(x6,-8-2*(x6-14),'--',color='b')\n",
- "plot(x7,-10+2*(x7-15),'--',color='b')\n",
- "plot(x8,-8+2*(x8-16),'b')\n",
- "\n",
- "plot(x1,6-x1+x1,'--',color='g')\n",
- "plot(x2,6-x2+x2,'k')\n",
- "plot(x3,6-x3+x3,'k')\n",
- "plot(x6,-8-x6+x6,'k')\n",
- "plot(x7,-8-x7+x7,'k')\n",
- "plot(x9,10+x9-x9,'--',color='g')\n",
- "plot(x10,-8+x10-x10,'--',color='g')\n",
- "plot(x11,-10+x11-x11,'--',color='g')\n",
- "\n",
- "xlim(0,20)\n",
- "ylim(-12,12)\n",
- "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n",
- "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n",
- "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Example 5.20 , Page Number 173 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 98,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Output voltage in positive half : 35 V.\n",
- "Output voltage in negative half : -5 V.\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "text/plain": [
- "(-10, 40)"
- ]
- },
- "execution_count": 98,
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "execute_result"
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYUAAAEZCAYAAAB4hzlwAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\nGQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n",
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0xcbb1ad0>"
- ]
- },
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "display_data"
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "import numpy\n",
- "%matplotlib inline\n",
- "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables \n",
- "\n",
- "Vin = 20 #Input voltage (in volts)\n",
- "V1 = 5 #Battery voltage (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Voutp = (2*Vin - V1) #Output voltage in positive half (in volts)\n",
- "Voutn = 0 - V1 #Output voltage in negative half (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Output voltage in positive half : \",Voutp,\"V.\"\n",
- "print \"Output voltage in negative half :\",Voutn,\"V.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Graph\n",
- "\n",
- "x = numpy.linspace(0,9,100) \n",
- "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,3,100)\n",
- "x2 = numpy.linspace(3,6,100)\n",
- "x3 = numpy.linspace(6,9,100)\n",
- "y1 = numpy.linspace(-5,35,100)\n",
- "plot(x,0+x-x,'k')\n",
- "plot(x1,-10+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n",
- "plot(x1,35-x1+x1,'b')\n",
- "plot(x2,-5+x2-x2,'b')\n",
- "plot(x3,35+x3-x3,'b')\n",
- "plot(3+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n",
- "plot(6+y1-y1,y1,'b')\n",
- "title(\"Output Voltage Waveform\")\n",
- "xlabel(\"t ->\")\n",
- "ylabel(\"-Vout->\")\n",
- "xlim(0,9)\n",
- "ylim(-10,40)"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 2",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python2"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 2
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
- "version": "2.7.10"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter6.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter6.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 5c00d48c..00000000 --- a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter6.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1078 +0,0 @@ -{
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "#Chapter 6 , Bipolar Junction Trasistor"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 6.1 , Page Number 192"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 1,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Base current : 0.05 mA.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "IE = 10 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IC = 9.95 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Base current : \",IB * 10**3,\"mA.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 6.2 , Page Number 192 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 3,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Current gain (alphadc) : 0.995 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "IB = 0.5 * 10**-3 #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IC = 100.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IE = IB + IC #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
- "alphadc = IC/IE #Current amplification factor\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Current amplification factor (alphadc) : \",round(alphadc,3),\".\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 6.3 , Page Number 193 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 5,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Emitter current : 2.7 mA.\n",
- "Collector current : 2.65 mA.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "IB = 50 * 10**-6 #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "ICBO = 4 * 10**-6 #Collector-to-base leakage current (in Ampere)\n",
- "alphadc = 0.98 #Current amplification factor\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IC = (alphadc*IB + ICBO)/(1-alphadc) #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IE = IC + IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Emitter current : \",IE * 10**3,\" mA.\\nCollector current : \",IC * 10**3,\" mA.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 6.4 , Page Number 193 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 6,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Emitter current : 20.4 mA.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "IC = 20.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "beta = 50 #Current gain \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IE = IC + IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Emitter current : \",IE * 10**3,\"mA.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 6.5 , Page Number 194 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 7,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Emitter current : 1.0 mA.\n",
- "Current Amplification factor : 0.98 .\n",
- "Current gain factor : 49.0 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "IB = 20.0 * 10**-6 #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IC = 0.98 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IE = IB + IC #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
- "alphadc = IC/IE #Current amplification factor\n",
- "beta = IC/IB #Current gain\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Emitter current : \",IE*10**3,\"mA.\\nCurrent Amplification factor : \",alphadc,\".\\nCurrent gain factor : \",beta,\".\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 6.6 , Page Number 194 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 10,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Collector current : 1.09 mA.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "IB = 10 * 10**-6 #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "ICBO = 1.0 * 10**-6 #Collector-to-base leakage current (in Ampere)\n",
- "beta = 99 #Current amplification factor\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IC = beta*IB + (1 + beta)*ICBO #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Collector current : \",IC*10**3,\" mA.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 6.7 , Page Number 199 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 12,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Current amplification factor : 0.9697 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "IC = -6.4 #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
- "IE = 6.6 #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "alpha = -IC/IE #Current amplification factor \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Current amplification factor : \",round(alpha,4),\".\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 6.8 , Page Number 199 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 13,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Dynamic input resistance : 40.0 ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "dVEB = 200 * 10**-3 #Change in emitter voltage \n",
- "dIE = 5 * 10**-3 #Change in emitter current \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "rin = dVEB/dIE #Dynamic input resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Dynamic input resistance : \",rin,\" ohm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 6.9 , Page Number 199 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 14,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Base current : 30.0 micro-A.\n",
- "Collector current : 1.97 mA.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "ICO = 10 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IE = 2 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
- "alpha = 0.98 #Current amplification factor \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IC = alpha*IE + ICO #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Base current : \",IB * 10**6,\" micro-A.\\nCollector current : \",IC * 10**3,\" mA.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 6.10 , Page Number 199 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 17,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Current gain : 0.979 .\n",
- "Base current : 0.03 mA.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "IE = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IC = 1.97 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "ICBO = 12.5 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "alpha = (IC-ICBO)/IE #Current amplification factor\n",
- "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Current gain : \",round(alpha,3),\".\\nBase current : \",IB * 10**3,\"mA.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 6.11 , Page Number 199 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 20,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Base current : 0.03 mA.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "RL = 4.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "VL = 3 #Voltage drop across load (in volts)\n",
- "alpha = 0.96 #Current amplification factor\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IC = VL/RL #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IE = IC/alpha #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Base current : \",round(IB * 10**3,2),\"mA.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 6.12 , Page Number 204 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 22,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Current gain in CE configuration : 99.0 .\n",
- "Current gain in CB configuration : 0.988 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "alpha1 = 0.99 #Current gain1 in CB\n",
- "beta2 = 80.0 #Current gain2 in CE \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "beta1 = alpha1/(1-alpha1) #Current gain1 in CE \n",
- "alpha2 = beta2/(1 + beta2) #Current gain2 in CB\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Current gain in CE configuration : \",beta1,\".\\nCurrent gain in CB configuration : \",round(alpha2,3),\".\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 6.13 , Page Number 204 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 23,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Base current : 20.0 micro-A.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "RL = 1.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "VL = 1.2 #Voltage across load (in volts)\n",
- "beta = 60 #Current gain in CE \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IC = VL/RL #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Base current : \",IB * 10**6,\"micro-A.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 6.14 , Page Number 204 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 26,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "VCE : 9.2 V.\n",
- "Base current : 41.67 micro-A.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VCC = 10.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VL = 0.8 #Voltage drop across load (in volts)\n",
- "RL = 800 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "alpha = 0.96 #Current gain in CB\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "VCE = VCC - VL #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "IC = VL/RL #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "beta = alpha/(1-alpha) #Current gain in CE \n",
- "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"VCE : \",VCE,\"V.\"\n",
- "print \"Base current : \",round(IB * 10**6,2),\" micro-A.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 6.15 , Page Number 205 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 27,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Collector current : 11.28 mA.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "ICO = 10.0 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n",
- "alpha = 0.98 #Current gain in CB \n",
- "IB = 0.22 * 10**-3 #Base current (in Ampere) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IC = (alpha*IB + ICO)/(1-alpha) #Collector current (in Ampere) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Collector current : \",IC * 10**3,\"mA.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 6.16 , Page Number 205 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 29,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Dynamic input resistance : 250.0 ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "dVBE = 250 * 10**-3 #Change in base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "dIB = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Change in base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "rin = dVBE/dIB #Dynamic input resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Dynamic input resistance : \",rin,\" ohm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 6.17 , Page Number 205 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 31,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Dynamic output resistance : 6.25 kilo-ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "dVCE = 5 #Change in collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "dIC = 0.8 * 10**-3 #Change in base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "rout = dVCE/dIC #Dynamic output resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Dynamic output resistance : \",rout * 10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 6.18 , Page Number 209 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 43,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Operating point Q is ( 5.2 V , 0.6 mA.)\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x642f590>"
- ]
- },
- "execution_count": 43,
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "execute_result"
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAX4AAAEZCAYAAACQK04eAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\n",
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x6f3ec10>"
- ]
- },
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "display_data"
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "import numpy\n",
- "%matplotlib inline\n",
- "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VCC = 10.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RC = 8.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "IB = 15.0 * 10**-6 #Base current (in Ampere) \n",
- "beta = 40 #Current gain in CE\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IC = VCC/RC #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IC1 = beta * IB #Zero signal collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VCE = VCC - IC1*RC #Zero signal collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Operating point Q is (\",VCE,\"V ,\",IC1 * 10**3,\"mA.)\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Graph\n",
- "\n",
- "x = numpy.linspace(0,10,100)\n",
- "y1 = numpy.linspace(0,0.6,100)\n",
- "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,5.2,100)\n",
- "plot(x,1.25-1.25/10*x,'b')\n",
- "plot(x1,0.6+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n",
- "plot(5.2+y1-y1,y1,'--',color='g')\n",
- "annotate('Q',xy=(5.2,0.6))\n",
- "xlim(0,11)\n",
- "ylim(0,1.5)\n",
- "title(\"DC Load line\")\n",
- "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n",
- "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 6.19 , Page Number 210"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 48,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Operating point is ( 6.0 V, 1.2 mA ).\n",
- "Changed operating point is ( 3.0 V, 1.2 mA ).\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "IC = 1.2 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "RL = 5.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "VCC = 12.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "VCE = VCC - IC*RL #Zero signal collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RL1 = 7.5 * 10**3 #Changed load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "VCE1 = VCC - IC*RL1 #Changed zero signal collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Operating point is (\",VCE,\"V,\",IC*10**3,\"mA ).\"\n",
- "print \"Changed operating point is (\",VCE1,\"V,\",IC*10**3,\"mA ).\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 6.20 , Page Number 210 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 62,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "At cut-off point VCE : 20 V.\n",
- "At saturation point IC : 6.0 mA.\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x721b590>"
- ]
- },
- "execution_count": 62,
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "execute_result"
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYAAAAEZCAYAAACervI0AAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\nSUVORK5CYII=\n",
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x642f370>"
- ]
- },
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "display_data"
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "import numpy\n",
- "%matplotlib inline\n",
- "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "IC = 0 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VCE = VCC = 20 #Collector supply (in volts)\n",
- "RC = 3.3 * 10**3 #Resistance in collector branch (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "VCE1 = 0 #Saturation point collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "IC = VCC/RC #Collector current at saturation point (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"At cut-off point VCE :\",VCE,\"V.\"\n",
- "print \"At saturation point IC :\",round(IC * 10**3),\"mA.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Graph \n",
- "\n",
- "x = numpy.linspace(0,25,100)\n",
- "plot(x,6-6.0/20*x,'b')\n",
- "annotate('(0,6 mA)',xy=(0.5,6))\n",
- "annotate('(20 V,0)',xy=(20,0.5))\n",
- "xlim(0,25)\n",
- "ylim(0,10)\n",
- "title(\"DC Load line\")\n",
- "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n",
- "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 6.21 , Page Number 210 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 56,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "VC for the network : -4.482 V.\n",
- "VB for the network : 9.7 V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VCC = 0 #Collector supply (in volts) \n",
- "beta = 45.0 #Current gain in CE\n",
- "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-base voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VEE = 9 #Emitter supply (in volts) \n",
- "RB = 100 * 10**3 #Resistance in base branch (in ohm)\n",
- "RC = 1.2 * 10**3 #Resistance in collector branch (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IB = (VEE - VBE)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VC = VCC - IC * RC #Collector voltage (in volts) \n",
- "VB = VBE + VEE #Base voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"VC for the network :\",VC,\"V.\"\n",
- "print \"VB for the network :\",VB,\"V.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 6.22 , Page Number 211 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 64,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "IB : 0.0167 mA.\n",
- "IC : 1.96 mA.\n",
- "Since, beta * IB < IC , therefore , transistor is in saturation.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VCC = 10 #Collector supply (in volts)\n",
- "VBE = 0.8 #Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VCE = 0.2 #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "beta = hfe = 100 #Current gain in CE\n",
- "VBB = 5 #base supply (in volts)\n",
- "RB = 50 * 10**3 #Resistance in base branch (in ohm)\n",
- "RE = 2 * 10**3 #Resistance in emitter branch (in ohm)\n",
- "RC = 3 * 10**3 #Resistance in collector branch (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IB = (VBB - VBE)/(RB+(1+beta)*RE) #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IC = (VCC - VCE)/(RE + RC) #Collector current (in Ampere) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"IB : \",round(IB* 10**3,4),\"mA.\"\n",
- "print \"IC : \",IC* 10**3,\"mA.\"\n",
- "print \"Since, beta * IB < IC , therefore , transistor is in saturation.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 6.23 , Page Number 215 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 68,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Maximum level of collector current : 4.26 mA.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "Tf = 105 #Free air temp. (in Celsius degree)\n",
- "Tf1 = 80 #Temp. in excess of 25 degree celsius (in Celsius degree) \n",
- "df = 2.81 #derating factor (in milli-Watt per Celsius degree) \n",
- "VCE = 20 #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "Porig = 310.0 #Original maximum power dissipation (in milli-Watt) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Pcmax = Porig - Tf1 * df #Derated power dissipation (in milli-watt)\n",
- "ICmax = Pcmax/VCE #Device dissipation (in Ampere) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Maximum level of collector current : \",ICmax,\" mA.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation error in book."
- ]
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 2",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python2"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 2
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
- "version": "2.7.10"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter7.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter7.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 3d02cc6c..00000000 --- a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter7.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2175 +0,0 @@ -{
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "#Chapter 7 , Transistor Amplifiers , Biasing and Thermal Stabilization"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.1 , Page Number 230"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 4,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- " Maximum collector current that can be allowd during any part of the input signal is 3.0 mA.\n",
- "Minimum zero signal collector current required : 1.5 mA.\n",
- "Maximum base current 0.03 mA.\n",
- "Signal voltage (VBE) : 0.75 V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RC = 3.0 * 10**3 #Collector load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Vknee = 1 #Knee voltage for silicon transistor (in volts)\n",
- "beta = 100 #Current gain\n",
- "ICperVBE = 4.0 * 10**-3 #Change in IC per volt change in VBE (in Ampere per volt)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "VCmax = VCC - Vknee #Maximum voltage drop across resistance RC (in volts)\n",
- "ICmax = VCmax/RC #Maximum allowable collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "ICzero = ICmax/2 #Zero signal collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IBmax = ICmax/beta #Maximum base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VBE = ICmax/ICperVBE #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Maximum collector current that can be allowd during any part of the input signal is \",ICmax* 10**3,\"mA.\"\n",
- "print \"Minimum zero signal collector current required : \",ICzero*10**3,\"mA.\"\n",
- "print \"Maximum base current \",IBmax*10**3,\"mA.\"\n",
- "print \"Signal voltage (VBE) : \",VBE,\"V.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.2 , Page Number 232 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 7,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Following is the graph showing necessary details : \n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x63c07b0>"
- ]
- },
- "execution_count": 7,
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "execute_result"
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAXsAAAEZCAYAAAB2AoVaAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\nQmCC\n",
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x615d910>"
- ]
- },
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "display_data"
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "import numpy\n",
- "%matplotlib inline\n",
- "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RC = 2.0 * 10**3 #Collector load ressitance (in ohm)\n",
- "RE = 3.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "IC = 0 #Collector current at saturation point (in Ampere)\n",
- "VCE1 = 0 #Collector-to-emitter voltage at cut-off point (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "VCE = VCC - IC*(RC + RE) #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "IC1 = VCC/(RC + RE) #Cut-off point collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Following is the graph showing necessary details : \"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Graph\n",
- "\n",
- "x = numpy.linspace(0,20,100)\n",
- "y1 = numpy.linspace(0,2,100)\n",
- "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,10,100)\n",
- "plot(x,4-4.0/20*x,'b')\n",
- "plot(x1,2+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n",
- "plot(10+y1-y1,y1,'--',color='g')\n",
- "annotate('Q - POINT',xy=(10,2))\n",
- "xlim(0,30)\n",
- "ylim(0,6)\n",
- "title(\"DC Load line\")\n",
- "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n",
- "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.3 , Page Number 237"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 8,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Q-point will be ICQ = 0.6 mA and VCEQ = 3.0 V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VCC = 6 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VBE = 0 #Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RB = 1.0 * 10**6 #base resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE \n",
- "RC = 5 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IB = VCC/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VCE = VCC - IC*RC #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Q-point will be ICQ = \",IC * 10**3,\"mA and VCEQ = \",VCE,\"V.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.4 , Page Number 237 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 12,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Base current : 10.0 micro-A.\n",
- "Collector current : 1.0 mA.\n",
- "VC : 8.0 V.\n",
- "VB : 0.7 V.\n",
- "VCB : 7.3 V.\n",
- "Operating point is ICQ : 1.0 mA and VCEQ : 8.0 V.\n",
- "Stability factof : 101 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VCC = 12 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RB = 1130.0 * 10**3 #base resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE \n",
- "RC = 4 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IB = (VCC-VBE)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VCE = VCC - IC*RC #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VC = VCE #Collector voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VB = VBE #Base voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VCB = VC - VB #Collector-to-base voltage (in volts)\n",
- "S = beta + 1 #Stability factor \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Base current : \",IB*10**6,\"micro-A.\"\n",
- "print \"Collector current : \",IC * 10**3,\"mA.\"\n",
- "print \"VC : \",VC,\"V.\\nVB : \",VB,\"V.\\nVCB : \",VCB,\"V.\"\n",
- "print \"Operating point is ICQ : \",IC*10**3,\"mA and VCEQ : \",VC,\"V.\"\n",
- "print \"Stability factof : \",S,\".\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.5 , Page Number 237 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 14,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Stability factor : 31.37 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "dIC = 1.6 * 10**-3 #Change in collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "dt = 30 #Change in temperature (in Celsius degree)\n",
- "ICO = 1.7 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current change (in Ampere per Celsius-degree)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "dICO = dt*ICO #Change in reverse saturation current (in Ampere) \n",
- "S = dIC/dICO #Stability factor \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Stability factor : \",round(S,2),\".\"\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.6 , Page Number 237 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 17,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Base current : 28.2 micro-A.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VBB = 10.0 #Base supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VBE = 0.7 #Base-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RB = 330 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IB = (VBB - VBE)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Base current : \",round(IB*10**6,1),\"micro-A.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.7 , Page Number 238 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 24,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Cut-off point : (0, 6.06 mA).\n",
- "Saturation point : ( 20 V ,0).\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x6e21990>"
- ]
- },
- "execution_count": 24,
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "execute_result"
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYAAAAEZCAYAAACervI0AAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\nYII=\n",
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x62e3290>"
- ]
- },
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "display_data"
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "import numpy\n",
- "%matplotlib inline\n",
- "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RC = 3.3 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IC = VCC/RC #Collector current at cut-off point (in Ampere)\n",
- "VCE = 0 #Collector-to-emitter voltage at cut-off point (in volts) \n",
- "VCE1 = VCC #Collector-to-emitter voltage at saturation point (in volts)\n",
- "IC1 = 0 #Collector current at saturation point (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Cut-off point : (0,\",round(IC*10**3,2),\"mA).\"\n",
- "print \"Saturation point : (\",VCE1,\"V ,0).\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Graph\n",
- "\n",
- "x = numpy.linspace(0,20,100)\n",
- "plot(x,6-6.0/20*x,'b')\n",
- "xlim(0,30)\n",
- "ylim(0,10)\n",
- "title(\"DC Load line\")\n",
- "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n",
- "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.8 , Page Number 238 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 25,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Visualizing that VCE = 0.7 , we can say that transistor is just gone to saturation from active region (not well within saturation).\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RB = 1.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "VBE = 0.7 #Base-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IB = (VCC - VBE)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IC = beta *IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VCE = VCC - IC*RC #Collector-to-Emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Visualizing that VCE = 0.7 , we can say that transistor is just gone to saturation from active region (not well within saturation).\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.9 , Page Number 238 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 27,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Maximum value of RC for which transistor remains in saturation is 4.667 ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VBB = 5 #Base supply votlage (in volts)\n",
- "RB = 200 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "VBEsat = 0.8 #Base-to-emitter voltage in saturation state (in volts)\n",
- "VCEsat = 0.2 #Collector-to-emitter voltage in saturation state (in volts)\n",
- "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IB = (VBB-VBEsat)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "RC = (VCC - VCEsat)/IC #Collector resistance (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Maximum value of RC for which transistor remains in saturation is \",round(RC*10**-3,3),\"ohm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.10 , Page Number 239"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 29,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "IC : 1.98 mA.\n",
- "IB : 0.02 mA.\n",
- "VEE : 2.7 V.\n",
- "VCC : 8.92 V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "IE = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
- "alpha = 0.99 #Current gain in CB\n",
- "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
- "VCB = 1 #Collector-base voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RC = 4.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IC = alpha*IE #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in Ampere) \n",
- "VEE = IE*RE + VBE #Emitter supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VCC = IC*RC + VCB #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"IC : \",IC * 10**3,\"mA.\\nIB : \",IB * 10**3,\"mA.\\nVEE : \",VEE,\"V.\\nVCC : \",VCC,\"V.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Slight variation due to higher precision in the value of VCC."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.11 , Page Number 239 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 6,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "IB : 5.3 micro-A and IC : 0.54 mA at 25 Celsius degree.\n",
- "IB : 5.375 micro-A and IC : 0.6183 mA at 55 Celsius degree.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VCC = 30 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VBB = 6 #Base voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RB = 1.0 * 10**6 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "beta = 100 #Current gain in CB\n",
- "ICBO = 0.1 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere) \n",
- "dt = 55-25 #Change in temperature (in Celsius degree)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IB = (VBB - VBE)/RB #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IC = beta*IB + (beta+1)*ICBO #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "ICBO55 = ICBO * 2**(dt/10.0) #ICBO at 55 Celsius degree (in Ampere)\n",
- "VBE55 = 0.7 - 2.5*10**-3*dt #VBE at 55 Celsius degree (in Ampere)\n",
- "IB55 = (VBB - VBE55)/RB #Base current at 55 Celsius degree(in Ampere)\n",
- "IC55 = beta*IB55 + (beta+1)*ICBO55 #Collector current 55 Celsius degree (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"IB : \",round(IB * 10**6,1),\"micro-A and IC :\",round(IC*10**3,2),\"mA at 25 Celsius degree.\"\n",
- "print \"IB : \",round(IB55 * 10**6,3),\"micro-A and IC :\",round(IC55*10**3,4),\"mA at 55 Celsius degree.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Slight variation in IC55 due to higher precision."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.12 , Page Number 239 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 13,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Since , beta is very less than hfe , therefore it is in saturation region.\n",
- "VC : -2.3365 V.\n",
- "Minimum value of RB for which it operates in active region : 36.27 kilo-ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "hfe = 100 #Current gain in CE\n",
- "VBE = 0.8 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VBB = 3.0 #Base supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RB = 7.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RL = 500 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RC = 3.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n",
- "VCE = 1 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "# 7500IB + 500IC = 2.2 ----Eq. 1\n",
- "# 500IB + 2500IC = 9.0 ----Eq. 2\n",
- "IC = 2.55 #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
- "IB = 0.123 #Base current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
- "beta = IC/IB #Current gain in CB\n",
- "VC = -VCE - (IB + IC)*RL*10**-3 #Collector voltage in saturation (in volts)\n",
- "IBmax = IC/hfe #Maximum base current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
- "RB = (VBB - VBE - IC*RL*10**-3 )/IBmax #Base resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Since , beta is very less than hfe , therefore it is in saturation region.\"\n",
- "print \"VC :\",VC,\"V.\"\n",
- "print \"Minimum value of RB for which it operates in active region : \",round(RB,2),\" kilo-ohm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.13 , Page Number 242 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 16,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "R1 : 133.55 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "RC : 4.06 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "S : 18.65 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "R2 = 30.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "R1 = 133.55 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "alpha = 0.985 #Current gain in CB\n",
- "VCC = 16 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n",
- "VCE = 6 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "IE = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IC = alpha*IE #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "beta = alpha/(1-alpha) #Current gain in CE \n",
- "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "VBE = 0.2 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "RC = (VCC - VCE - IE*RE)/IC #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Vth = R2/(R1 + R2)*VCC #Voltage across R2 (in volts)\n",
- "Rth = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Thevenin's equivalence resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "S = (1+beta)/(1 + beta*RE/(Rth+RE)) #Stability factor \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"R1 : \",round(R1 * 10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"RC : \",round(RC * 10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"S : \",round(S,2),\".\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.14 , Page Number 243 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 20,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "IB : 0.04 mA.\n",
- "IE : 2.04 mA.\n",
- "Rth : 5.765 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "Vth : 3.4826 V.\n",
- "R1 : 33.1 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "R2 : 6.98 kilo-ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "beta = 50.0 #Current gain in CE\n",
- "VBE = 0.6 #Base-emitter voltage (in\n",
- "RC = 4.7 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n",
- "IC = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VCE = 8 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RE = 1.3 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "S = 5 #Stability factor\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IB = IC/beta #base current (in Ampere) \n",
- "IE = IB + IC #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
- "Rth = (S - 1)*RE/(1 -S/(1+beta)) #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Vth = IB * Rth + VBE + IE*RE #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n",
- "R1 = Rth * VCC/Vth #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = Vth * R1/(VCC - Vth) #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"IB : \",IB*10**3,\"mA.\"\n",
- "print \"IE : \",IE*10**3,\"mA.\"\n",
- "print \"Rth : \",round(Rth*10**-3,3),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Vth : \",round(Vth,4),\"V.\"\n",
- "print \"R1 :\",round(R1*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"R2 : \",round(R2*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.15 , Page Number 244 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 29,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "RC : 5.376 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "RE : 9.75 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "R1 : 248.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "R2 : 141.0 kilo-ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "dICbyIC = 10 #Percentage change in IC \n",
- "VBE25max = 0.7 #Max VBE at 25 degree Celsius (in volts)\n",
- "VBE25min = 0.6 #Min VBE at 25 degree Celsius (in volts)\n",
- "ICO25 = 5 * 10**-9 #Reverse saturation current at 25 degree celsius (in Ampere)\n",
- "ICO145 = 3 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current at 145 degree celsius (in Ampere)\n",
- "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VCE = 10 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "dIC = 5.0/100 * 0.6 #Change in collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
- "dICO = ICO145 - ICO25 #Change in reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n",
- "S = dIC/dICO #Stability factor\n",
- "dVBE = -2.5 * (145 - 25) #Change in VBE (in volts)\n",
- "SV = dIC/dVBE #SV\n",
- "beta = hfe = 400 #Current gain in CE\n",
- "#Rth + Re = 99750.6 \n",
- "#RE = 391.0/3609 * Rth\n",
- "RE = 9.75 #Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n",
- "Rth = 90 #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
- "dIC1 = S*ICO145 + SV*dVBE #Change in collector current1 (in milli-Ampere) \n",
- "IC = 0.6 + dIC1 #Collector current (in milli- Ampere) \n",
- "IE = IC + IC/beta #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
- "RC = (VCC - IE*RE - VCE)/IC #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "VBE = 0.65 #emitter-base voltage (in volts)\n",
- "Vth = IC/beta*Rth + VBE + IE*RE #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n",
- "R1 = Rth * VCC/Vth #Resistance1 (in kilo-ohm)\n",
- "R2 = Vth * R1/(VCC - Vth) #Resistance2 (in kilo-ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"RC : \",round(RC,3),\" kilo-ohm.\\nRE : \",RE,\" kilo-ohm.\\nR1 : \",round(R1),\" kilo-ohm.\\nR2 : \",round(R2),\" kilo-ohm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.16 , Page Number 245 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 30,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "R1 : 36.238 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "RC : 2.5 kilo-ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "hfe = 100 #Current gain in CE\n",
- "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-base voltage (in volts)\n",
- "ICO = 0 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IC = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VCE = 2.5 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
- "VCC = 5 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n",
- "R2 = 10 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "R1 = 36.238 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm) \n",
- "RC = (VCC - VCE)/IC #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"R1 : \",R1*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\\nRC : \",RC*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Printing mistake in the value of RC in book."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.17 , Page Number 245 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 41,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "VCE : 5.0 V.\n",
- "IE : 1.1 mA.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n",
- "R1 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = 2.2 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
- "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RC = 3.6 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "RB = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Vth = VCC*R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's voltage (in volts)\n",
- "IE = (Vth - VBE)/(RE - Rth/(beta + 1)) #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IC = beta*1.0/(beta + 1)*IE #Collector current (in Ampere) \n",
- "VCE = VCC - IC*RC - IE*RE #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"VCE : \",round(VCE),\"V.\\nIE : \",round(IE*10**3,2),\"mA.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Slight varaition due to higher precision."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.18 , Page Number 246 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 43,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "VC : -14.25 V.\n",
- "IB : -17.62 micro-A\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "beta = 200 #Current gain in CE\n",
- "R1 = 82.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = 16.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
- "VCC = -22 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RE = 750 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RC = 2.2 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "VBE = -0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Vth = VCC*R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n",
- "Rth = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "IB = (Vth - VBE)/(Rth +(beta+1)*RE)#Base current (in Ampere) \n",
- "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VC = VCC - IC*RC #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"VC : \",round(VC,2),\"V.\"\n",
- "print \"IB : \",round(IB * 10**6,2),\" micro-A\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.19 , Page Number 246"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 44,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "IB : 0.04 mA.\n",
- "IC : 2.0 mA.\n",
- "VCE : 14.0 V.\n",
- "VE : 2.0 V.\n",
- "VB : 2.8 V.\n",
- "VC : 16.0 V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VCC = 20 #collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "beta = 50 #Current gain in CE\n",
- "RB = 430.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RC = 2.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
- "IC = 2 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "VCE = VCC - IC*(RC+RE) #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
- "VC = VCC - RC*IC #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VE = VC - VCE #Emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "IB = 0.04 * 10**-3 #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IE = (1+beta)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VB = VCC - 430*10**3*IB #Base voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"IB : \",IB*10**3,\"mA.\\nIC : \",IC*10**3,\"mA.\\nVCE : \",VCE,\"V.\\nVE : \",VE,\"V.\\nVB : \",VB,\"V.\\nVC : \",VC,\"V.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.20 , Page Number 246 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 52,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Operating point will be ICQ : 2.23 mA , VCEQ : 8.85 V.\n",
- "Stability factor : 7.35 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "alpha = 0.985 #Current gain in CB\n",
- "R1 = 50.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
- "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RE = 2.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RC = 3.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Vth = VCC*R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n",
- "Rth = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "beta = alpha/(1-alpha) #Current gain in CE\n",
- "IB = (Vth - VBE)/(Rth +(beta+1)*RE)#Base current (in Ampere) \n",
- "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VCE = VCC - IC*(RE + RC) #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "S = (1 + beta)/(1 + beta*(RE/(Rth + RE))) #Stability factor\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Operating point will be ICQ : \",round(IC*10**3,2),\"mA , VCEQ : \",round(VCE,2),\"V.\"\n",
- "print \"Stability factor : \",round(S,2),\".\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.21 , Page Number 247 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 53,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "R1 : 81.54 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "R2 : 26.5 kilo-ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "RL = 1.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "RE = 200 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n",
- "VCC = 9 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "ICQ = 3.75 * 10**-3 #Q-point Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VCEQ = 4.5 #Q-point collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IB = ICQ/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IE = (1 + beta)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
- "Rth = 20.0 * 10**3 #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Vth = IB*Rth + VBE +IE*RE #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n",
- "R1 = Rth*VCC/Vth #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = R1*Vth/(VCC - Vth) #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"R1 : \",round(R1*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\\nR2 : \",round(R2*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.22 , Page Number 248 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 59,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Operating point , Q will be ICQ = 1.9 mA and VCEQ = 9.9 V.\n",
- "Stability factor : 8.62 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VCC = 22.5 #collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "beta = 55 #Current gain in CE\n",
- "RB = 430.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RC = 5.6 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "VBE = 0 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
- "IC = 2 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "R1 = 90 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = 10 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Rth = R1*R2/(R1+R2) #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "Vth = VCC * R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's eq. voltage (in volts)\n",
- "IB = (Vth - VBE)/(Rth +(beta + 1)*RE) #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IE = (beta + 1)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VCE = VCC - IC*RC - IE*RE #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "S = (1 + beta)/(1 + beta*RE/(Rth + RE)) #Stability factor\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Operating point , Q will be ICQ =\",round(IC*10**3,2),\"mA and VCEQ =\",VCE,\"V.\"\n",
- "print \"Stability factor : \",round(S,2),\".\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.23 , Page Number 248"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 69,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "beta : 153.4 .\n",
- "VCC : 17.6842 V.\n",
- "RB : 779.0 kilo-ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "RC = 2.7 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RE = 0.68 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "IB = 20.0 * 10**-6 #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VCE = 7.3 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VE = 2.1 #Emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IE = VE/RE #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
- "beta = IE/IB - 1 #Current gain in CE\n",
- "VCC = beta*IB*RC + VCE + IE*RE #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RB = (VCC - VE)/IB #Base resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"beta : \",round(beta,1),\".\\nVCC : \",round(VCC,4),\"V.\\nRB : \",round(RB*10**-3),\"kilo-ohm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.24 , Page Number 249"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 5,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "R1 : 45.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "R2 : 9.14 kilo-ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "beta=hfe = 100.0 #Current gain in CE\n",
- "VBE = .6 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "IC = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "S = 8 #Stability factor\n",
- "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "VCE = 5 #Collector-emitter resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IE = IC + IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
- "RC = (VCC - VCE - IE*RE)/IC #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Rth = RE*(beta*S/(1+beta-S) -1) #Thevenin's resistance(in ohm)\n",
- "Vth = IB*Rth + VBE + IE*RE #Thevenin's eq. voltage (in volts)\n",
- "R1 = Rth*VCC/Vth #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = (Vth*R1)/(VCC-Vth) #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"R1 : \",round(R1*10**-3),\"kilo-ohm.\\nR2 : \",round(R2*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.25 , Page Number 249"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 6,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "VCEQ : 3.2 V.\n",
- "ICQ : 1.8 mA.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n",
- "R1 = 2.2 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = 2.2 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
- "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "VCC = 5 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "VA = VCC * R2/(R1 + R2) #Voltage at A (in volts)\n",
- "IE = (VA - VBE)/RE #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VCEQ = VCC - IE*RE #Q-point VCE (in volts)\n",
- "ICQ = IE #Q-point IC (in Ampere) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"VCEQ : \",VCEQ,\"V.\"\n",
- "print \"ICQ : \",ICQ * 10**3,\"mA.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.26 , Page Number 250"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 15,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "VCEQ : 9.74 V.\n",
- "ICQ : 1.13 mA.\n",
- "IB : 11.3 micro-A.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "beta = 100 #current gain in CE \n",
- "VCC = 12 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "R1 = 15.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = 2.7 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
- "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RC = 1.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "VA = VCC*R2/(R1 + R2) #Potential at A (in volts)\n",
- "IE = (VA - VBE)/RE #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IC = IE #Collector current (in Ampere) \n",
- "VCEQ = VCC - IC*(RC + RE) #VCE at Q (in volts)\n",
- "ICQ = IE #IC at Q (in volts)\n",
- "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"VCEQ : \",round(VCEQ,2),\"V.\\nICQ : \",round(ICQ*10**3,2),\"mA.\"\n",
- "print \"IB : \",round(IB * 10**6,1),\"micro-A.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.27 , Page Number 250"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 18,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Operation point : ICQ = 1.955 mA , VCQ = 6.224 V.\n",
- "Stability factor : 7.54 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VCC = 16 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RC = 3.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RE = 2.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "R1 = 56.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
- "alpha = 0.985 #Current gain in CB \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "beta = alpha/(1-alpha) #Current gain in CE\n",
- "VBE = 0.3 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VB = VCC * R2/(R1 + R2) #Base voltage (in volts)\n",
- "IC = (VB - VBE)/RE #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VCE = VCC - IC*(RE + RC) #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "Rth = R1*R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "S = (1 + beta)*(1 + Rth/RE)/(1 + beta + Rth/RE) #Stability factor\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Operation point : ICQ = \",round(IC*10**3,3),\"mA , VCQ = \",round(VCE,3),\"V.\"\n",
- "print \"Stability factor : \",round(S,2),\".\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.28 , Page Number 251"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 21,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "0.002 8.95e-05 0.0018795 3192.33838787 20000.0 8.49\n",
- "R1 : 47.1 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "R2 : 34.75 kilo-ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RL = 4.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "VCE = 6.0 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "IC = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "beta=hfe = 20 #Current gain in CE\n",
- "ICO = 10 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IB = (IC - (1 + beta)*ICO)/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IC = beta*IB + (1 + beta)*ICO #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IE = (beta + 1)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
- "RE = (VCC - IC*RL - VCE)/IE #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Rth = 20.0 * 10**3 #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Vth = IB*Rth + VBE + IE*RE #Thevenin's eq. voltage (in volts)\n",
- "R1 = Rth*VCC/Vth #Resitance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = R1*Vth/(VCC - Vth) #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"R1 : \",round(R1*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\\nR2 : \",round(R2*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.29 , Page Number 252"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 26,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Following is the graph: \n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x637cf70>"
- ]
- },
- "execution_count": 26,
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "execute_result"
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYEAAAEZCAYAAABxbJkKAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\n",
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x5e39390>"
- ]
- },
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "display_data"
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "import numpy\n",
- "%matplotlib inline\n",
- "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "beta = 100\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "ICQ = 1.07 #Collector current at Q-point (in milli-Ampere)\n",
- "VCQ = 5.067 #Collector-emitter voltage at Q-point (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Following is the graph: \"\n",
- "\n",
- "x = numpy.linspace(0,5.07,100)\n",
- "y1 = numpy.linspace(0,1.07/2,100)\n",
- "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,5.067/2,100)\n",
- "plot(x,1.07-1.07/5.07*x,'b')\n",
- "plot(x1,1.07/2+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n",
- "plot(5.067/2+y1-y1,y1,'--',color='g')\n",
- "annotate('Q - POINT',xy=(5.067/2,1.07/2))\n",
- "xlim(0,6)\n",
- "ylim(0,1.1)\n",
- "title(\"DC Load line\")\n",
- "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n",
- "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.30 , Page Number 253"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 36,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Value of RB : 61.43 kilo-ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "beta = 50 #current gain in CE \n",
- "VCC = 12 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RB = 100.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RC = 2.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IB = (VCC - VBE)/(beta*RC + RB) #Base current (in Ampere) \n",
- "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VCE = VCC - IC*RC #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VCE1 = 5 #New collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
- "IC1 = (VCC - VCE1)/RC #Collector current1 (in Ampere)\n",
- "IB1 = IC1/beta #Base current1 (in Ampere)\n",
- "RB1 = (VCC - VBE - beta*IB1*RC)/IB1 #Base resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Value of RB :\",round(RB1*10**-3,2),\" kilo-ohm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.31 , Page Number 254"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 41,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "0.016 0.0158415841584 0.000158415841584\n",
- "Value of collector to base resistance : 25.25 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "Stability factor : 21.0 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "beta = 100.0 #Current gain in CE\n",
- "RC = 1.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "VCC = 20.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VBE = 0 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VCEQ = 4 #VCE at Q-point (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "I1C = (VCC - VCEQ)/RC #Collector current1 (in Ampere)\n",
- "IC = I1C/(1+1/beta) #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IB = I1C - IC #base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "RB = (VCEQ + VBE)/IB #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "S = (1 + beta)/(1 + beta*RC/(RB + RC)) #Stability factor\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Value of collector to base resistance :\",RB*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Stability factor :\",S,\".\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.32 , Page Number 254"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 16,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "ICQ : 2.475 mA , VCEQ : 4.95 V.\n",
- "Stability factor : 25.75 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables \n",
- "\n",
- "beta = 50 #Current gain in CB\n",
- "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RC = 2.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "VBE = 0 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RB = 100 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IB = VCC/(RB + (1 + beta)*RC) #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VCE = VCC - (IC + IB)*RC #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "ICQ = IC #IC at Q-point (in Ampere)\n",
- "S = (1 + beta)/(1 + beta*RC/(RC + RB)) #Stability factor\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"ICQ : \",round(ICQ * 10**3,3),\"mA , VCEQ : \",round(VCE,2),\"V.\"\n",
- "print \"Stability factor : \",round(S,2),\".\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.33 , Page Number 255"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 43,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Maximum collector current : 3.66 mA.\n",
- "Minimum collector current : 2.13 mA.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "betamax = 180 #Current gain max. in CE\n",
- "betamin = 60 #Current gain min. in CE\n",
- "VCC = 15 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RB = 250.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RC = 2.5 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "VBE = 0.7 #Base-collector voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "#IC = (VCC - VBE)/(RC + RC/beta + RB/beta) #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "ICmax = (VCC - VBE)/(RC + RC/betamax + RB/betamax) #Max. collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "ICmin = (VCC - VBE)/(RC + RC/betamin + RB/betamin) #Min. collector current (in Ampere) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Maximum collector current : \",round(ICmax*10**3,2),\"mA.\"\n",
- "print \"Minimum collector current : \",round(ICmin*10**3,2),\"mA.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.34 , Page Number 256"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 44,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "When beta increases due to temperature , VCE will decrease.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "beta = 90 #Current gain in CE\n",
- "VCC = 18 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RB = 510.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RC = 2.2 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "RE = 1.8 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "VBE = 0.7 #Base-collector voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IB = VCC/(RB + (1 + beta)*(RC+RE)) #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VCE = VCC - (IC + IB)*RC -IE*RE #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"When beta increases due to temperature , VCE will decrease.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.35 , Page Number 257"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 55,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Old ICQ : 1.06 mA and new ICQ : 1.2 mA.\n",
- "Old VCEQ : 3.65 V and new VCEQ : 2.85 V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "beta = 90.0 #Current gain in CE\n",
- "VCC = 10 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RB = 250.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RC = 4.7 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "RE = 1.2 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "VBE = 0.7 #Base-collector voltage (in volts)\n",
- "beta1 = 135 #New current gain in CE\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IC = (VCC-VBE)/((RE+RC)*(1/beta + 1) + RB/beta)#Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "ICQ = IC #Collector current at Q-point (in Ampere)\n",
- "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VCE = VCC - (IC + IB)*(RC+RE) #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VCEQ = VCE #Collector-emitter voltage at Q-point (in volts)\n",
- "ICQ1 = (VCC-VBE)/((RE+RC)*(1/beta1 + 1) + RB/beta1) #Collector current1 at Q-point (in Ampere)\n",
- "IB1 = ICQ1/beta #Base current1 (in Ampere) \n",
- "VCEQ1 = VCC - (ICQ1 + IB)*(RC+RE) #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Old ICQ :\",round(ICQ*10**3,2),\"mA and new ICQ :\",round(ICQ1*10**3,3),\"mA.\"\n",
- "print \"Old VCEQ :\",round(VCEQ,2),\"V and new VCEQ :\",round(VCEQ1,2),\"V.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.36 , Page Number 258"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 60,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Vo : 13.9 V.\n",
- "RF : 110.91 kilo-ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VCC = 15 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n",
- "IE = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
- "beta = 99 #Current gain in CE\n",
- "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "R1 = 17.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "RC = 1.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IB = (IE)/(beta + 1) #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IR1 = (VBE + IE*RE)/R1 #Current through R1 (in Ampere)\n",
- "IRF = IR1 + IB #Current through RF (in Ampere)\n",
- "I1C = IC + IRF #Current through RC (in Ampere)\n",
- "Vo = VCC - I1C*RC #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RF = (Vo - VBE - IE*RE)/IRF #Resistance RF (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Vo : \",round(Vo,1),\"V.\"\n",
- "print \"RF : \",round(RF*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation error in book for value of RF."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.37 , Page Number 258"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 65,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "R : 106.9 kilo-ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VCC = 24 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RC = 10.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RE = 270.0 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "VCE = 5 #Collector-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
- "beta = 45 #Current gain in CE\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IE = (VCC - VCE )/(RC + RE) #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IB = IE/(beta + 1) #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "RB = (VCC - VBE - IE*(RE + RC))/IB #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"R : \",round(RB*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.38 , Page Number 259"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 71,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Rth : 9989.0 ohm.\n",
- "IB : 20.0 micro-A.\n",
- "IE : 2.0 mA.\n",
- "Vth : 2.9 V.\n",
- "R1 : 68.4 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "R2 : 11.7 kilo-ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n",
- "IC = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere) \n",
- "S = 10 #Stability factor\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IE = IB + IC #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
- "Rth = beta*S*RE/(1 + beta - S) - RE #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Vth = IB*Rth + VBE + IE*RE #Thevenin's eq. voltage (in volts) \n",
- "R1 = Rth*VCC/Vth #Resitance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = R1*Vth/(VCC - Vth) #Resistance2 (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Rth : \",round(Rth),\"ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"IB : \",round(IB*10**6),\"micro-A.\"\n",
- "print \"IE : \",round(IC*10**3,2),\"mA.\"\n",
- "print \"Vth : \",round(Vth,1),\"V.\"\n",
- "print \"R1 : \",round(R1*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"R2 : \",round(R2*10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Slight variations due to higher precision."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.39 , Page Number 266"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 94,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Following is the graph of ac and dc load lines.\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x858b350>"
- ]
- },
- "execution_count": 94,
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "execute_result"
- },
- {
- "data": {
- "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAXsAAAEZCAYAAAB2AoVaAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\nBwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n",
- "text/plain": [
- "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x8721e70>"
- ]
- },
- "metadata": {},
- "output_type": "display_data"
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "import numpy\n",
- "%matplotlib inline\n",
- "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,ylim,xlim,annotate\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "RC = 3.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RL = 12.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "R1 = 16.0 * 10**3 #Resitance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = 4.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
- "RE = 2.0 * 10**3 #Emitter Resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "VCEcutoff = VCC = 20 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IC = VCC/(RC + RE) #Collector current(in Ampere) \n",
- "VE = VCC*R2/(R1 + R2) #Voltage across R2 (in volts)\n",
- "IE = VE/RE #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
- "ICQ = IE #IC at Q-point (in Ampere)\n",
- "VCEQ = VCC - ICQ*(RC + RE) #VCE at Q-point (in Ampere)\n",
- "Rac = RC*RL/(RC + RL) #AC resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "ICsat = ICQ + VCEQ/Rac #IC saturation (in Ampere)\n",
- "VCEoff = VCEQ + ICQ*Rac #VCE cut-off for ac load line (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Following is the graph of ac and dc load lines.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Graph\n",
- "\n",
- "x = numpy.linspace(0,20,100)\n",
- "x2 = numpy.linspace(0,14.8,100)\n",
- "y1 = numpy.linspace(0,2,100)\n",
- "x1 = numpy.linspace(0,10,100)\n",
- "plot(x,4-4/20.0*x,'b')\n",
- "plot(x2,6.17-6.17/14.8*x2,'r')\n",
- "plot(x1,2+x1-x1,'--',color='g')\n",
- "plot(10+y1-y1,y1,'--',color='g')\n",
- "annotate('Q',xy=(10,2.2))\n",
- "annotate('DC load line',xy=(14,1.3))\n",
- "annotate('AC load line',xy=(5.5,4))\n",
- "xlim(0,20)\n",
- "ylim(0,7)\n",
- "title(\"DC and AC Load lines\")\n",
- "xlabel(\"-VCE in Volts->\")\n",
- "ylabel(\"-IC in mA->\")"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.40 , Page Number 268"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 95,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Input resistance : 1.667 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "Current gain : 80.0 .\n",
- "AC load : 4.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "Voltage gain : 192.0 .\n",
- "Power gain : 15360.0 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "dVBE = 0.025 #Change in VBE (in volts)\n",
- "dIB = 15.0 * 10**-6 #Change in base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "dIC = 1.2 * 10**-3 #Change in collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "RC = 6.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RL = 12.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Rin = dVBE/dIB #Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "beta = dIC/dIB #Current gain in CE\n",
- "Rac = RC*RL/(RC+RL) #AC load (in ohm)\n",
- "Av = beta*Rac/Rin #Voltage gain \n",
- "Ap = beta*beta*Rac/Rin #Power gain \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Input resistance : \",round(Rin*10**-3,3),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Current gain : \",beta,\".\"\n",
- "print \"AC load : \",Rac*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Voltage gain : \",Av,\".\"\n",
- "print \"Power gain : \",Ap,\".\""
- ]
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 2",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python2"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 2
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
- "version": "2.7.10"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter8.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter8.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 6db881de..00000000 --- a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter8.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1134 +0,0 @@ -{
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "#Chapter 8 , Hybrid Parameteres and Transistor Amplifiers"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.1 , Page Number 285"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 1,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "hie : 1.1 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "hfe : 50.0 .\n",
- "hre : 0.00025 .\n",
- "hoe : 30.0 micro-S.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "IB1 = 20.0 *10**-6 #Base current with ac o/p shorted (in Ampere)\n",
- "IC1 = 1.0 *10**-3 #Collector current with ac o/p shorted (in Ampere)\n",
- "VBC1 = 22.0 * 10**-3 #Base-collector voltage with ac o/p shorted (in volts)\n",
- "VCE1 = 0 #Collector-emitter voltage wwith ac o/p shorted (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "IB2 = 0 #Base current with ac i/p open-circuited (in Ampere)\n",
- "VBE2 = 0.25 *10**-3 #Base-emitter voltage with ac i/p open-circuited (in volts)\n",
- "IC2 = 30.0 * 10**-6 #Collector current with ac i/p open-circuited (in Ampere) \n",
- "VCE2 = 1 #Collector-emitter voltage with ac i/p open-circuited (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "hie = VBC1/IB1 #hie (in ohm)\n",
- "hfe = IC1/IB1 #Current gain in CE\n",
- "hre = VBE2/VCE2 #hre \n",
- "hoe = IC2/VCE2 #hoe (in Siemen)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"hie : \",hie*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"hfe : \",hfe,\".\"\n",
- "print \"hre : \",hre,\".\"\n",
- "print \"hoe : \",hoe * 10**6,\"micro-S.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.2 , Page Number 290"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 3,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "hfb : -0.98 .\n",
- "hib : 16.27 ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "hfe = 50.0 #hfe\n",
- "hie = 0.83 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "hfb = -hfe/(1 + hfe) #Current gain\n",
- "hib = hie/(1 + hfe) #Input impedance (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"hfb : \",round(hfb,2),\".\\nhib : \",round(hib,2),\"ohm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.3 , Page Number 290"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 5,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "hic : 2600.0 ohm.\n",
- "hfc : -101 .\n",
- "hrc : 1.0 .\n",
- "hoc : 5e-06 S.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "hfe = 100 #hfe\n",
- "hre = 0.02 * 10**-2 #hre\n",
- "hoe = 5 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Siemens) \n",
- "hic = hie = 2600.0 #hie (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc \n",
- "hrc = 1 - hre #hrc\n",
- "hoc = hoe #hoe (in Siemens) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"hic :\",hic,\"ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"hfc :\",hfc,\".\"\n",
- "print \"hrc :\",round(hrc),\".\"\n",
- "print \"hoc :\",hoc,\"S.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.4 , Page Number 294 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 9,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Current gain : -19.6 .\n",
- "Input resistance : 1905.92 ohm.\n",
- "Voltage gain : -308.5 .\n",
- "Overall voltage gain : -235.0 .\n",
- "Overall current gain : -4.7 .\n",
- "Output conductance : 4.69846153846e-05 S.\n",
- "Output resistance : 21284.0 ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "hie = 2000.0 #hie (in ohm)\n",
- "hre = 1.6 * 10**-4 #hre\n",
- "hfe = 49 #Current gain \n",
- "hoe = 50 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Ampere per volt)\n",
- "RL = 30.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RS = 600.0 #Source resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Ai = - hfe/(1 + hoe*RL) #Current gain\n",
- "Rin = hie - hre*hfe/(hoe + 1/RL)#Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Av = -hfe/((hoe + 1/RL)*Rin) #Voltage gain \n",
- "Avs = Av*Rin/(Rin + RS) #Overall voltage gain \n",
- "Ais = Ai*RS/(Rin + RS) #Overall current gain\n",
- "Gout = hoe - hfe*hre/(hie + RS) #Output conductance (in Siemens)\n",
- "Rout = 1/Gout #Output resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Current gain :\",Ai,\".\"\n",
- "print \"Input resistance :\",Rin,\"ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Voltage gain :\",round(Av,1),\".\"\n",
- "print \"Overall voltage gain :\",round(Avs),\".\"\n",
- "print \"Overall current gain :\",round(Ais,1),\".\"\n",
- "print \"Output conductance :\",Gout,\"S.\"\n",
- "print \"Output resistance :\",round(Rout),\"ohm.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Slight variations due to higher precision."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.5 , Page Number 294 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 11,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Current gain : -48.78 .\n",
- "Input resistance : 1087.8 ohm.\n",
- "Voltage gain : -44.84 .\n",
- "Overall voltage gain : -23.36 .\n",
- "Overall current gain : -23.364 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "hie = 1.1 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n",
- "hre = 0.25 * 10**-3 #hre\n",
- "hfe = 50 #Current gain\n",
- "hoe = 25.0 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Siemens)\n",
- "RL = 1.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RS = 1.0 * 10**3 #Series resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Ai = - hfe/(1 + hoe*RL) #Current gain\n",
- "Rin = hie - hre*hfe/(hoe + 1/RL)#Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Av = -hfe/((hoe + 1/RL)*Rin) #Voltage gain \n",
- "Avs = Av*Rin/(Rin + RS) #Overall voltage gain \n",
- "Ais = Ai*RS/(Rin + RS) #Overall current gain\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Current gain :\",round(Ai,2),\".\"\n",
- "print \"Input resistance :\",round(Rin,1),\"ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Voltage gain :\",round(Av,2),\".\"\n",
- "print \"Overall voltage gain :\",round(Avs,2),\".\"\n",
- "print \"Overall current gain :\",round(Ais,3),\".\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.6 , Page Number 295 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 13,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Current gain : -100.0 .\n",
- "Input resistance : 1000.0 ohm.\n",
- "Voltage gain : -200.0 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "hie = 1.0 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n",
- "hfe = 100 #Current gain\n",
- "RL = 2.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "hre = hoe = 0 #hre \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Ai = - hfe/(1 + hoe*RL) #Current gain\n",
- "Rin = hie - hre*hfe/(hoe + 1/RL)#Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Av = -hfe/((hoe + 1/RL)*Rin) #Voltage gain \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Current gain :\",round(Ai,2),\".\"\n",
- "print \"Input resistance :\",round(Rin,1),\"ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Voltage gain :\",round(Av,2),\".\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.7 , Page Number 295 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 20,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Current gain : 0.979 .\n",
- "Input resistance : 24.47 ohm.\n",
- "Voltage gain : 48.02 .\n",
- "Overall voltage gain : 5.24 .\n",
- "Overall current gain : 0.873 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "RS = 200.0 #internal resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RL = 1200.0 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "hib = 24.0 #hib (in ohm)\n",
- "hrb = 4.0 * 10**-4 #hrb\n",
- "hfb = -0.98 #hfb\n",
- "hob = 0.6 * 10**-6 #hob (in Ampere per volt)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Ai = - hfb/(1 + hob*RL) #Current gain\n",
- "Rin = hib + hrb*Ai*RL #Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Av = Ai*RL/Rin #Voltage gain \n",
- "Avs = Av*Rin/(Rin + RS) #Overall voltage gain \n",
- "Ais = Ai*RS/(Rin + RS) #Overall current gain\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Current gain :\",round(Ai,3),\".\"\n",
- "print \"Input resistance :\",round(Rin,2),\"ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Voltage gain :\",round(Av,2),\".\"\n",
- "print \"Overall voltage gain :\",round(Avs,2),\".\"\n",
- "print \"Overall current gain :\",round(Ais,3),\".\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.8 , Page Number 296 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 29,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "hfe : 120.0 .\n",
- "hoe : 2.5e-05 S.\n",
- "hie : 2.5 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "Current amplification factor : 0.99 .\n",
- "hob : 2.06611570248e-07 .\n",
- "hib : 20.83 ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "IE = 1.2 * 10**-3 #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
- "beta = 120.0 #Current gain\n",
- "ro = 40.0 * 10**3 #O/p resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "hre = 0 #hre \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "hfe = beta #hfe\n",
- "hoe = 1/ro #hoe (in Siemen)\n",
- "hie = 25.0*10**-3/IE*beta #hie (in ohm)\n",
- "alpha = beta/(1 + beta) #Current gain in CB\n",
- "hob = hoe/(1 + beta) #hob (in Siemen) \n",
- "hib = 25 * 10**-3/IE #hib (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"hfe :\",hfe,\".\"\n",
- "print \"hoe :\",hoe,\"S.\"\n",
- "print \"hie :\",hie*10**-3,\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Current amplification factor :\",round(alpha,2),\".\"\n",
- "print \"hob :\",hob,\".\"\n",
- "print \"hib :\",round(hib,2),\"ohm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.9 , Page Number 296 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 33,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Current gain : 99.75 .\n",
- "Input resistance : 51864.074 ohm.\n",
- "Voltage gain : 0.9617 .\n",
- "Overall voltage gain : 0.9435 .\n",
- "Overall current gain : 1.887 .\n",
- "Output resistance : 29.69 ohm.\n",
- "Output conductance : 0.0337 Siemen.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "hic = hie = 2.0 * 10**3 #hic (in ohm)\n",
- "hfe = 100.0 #Current gain in CE\n",
- "hre = 2.5 * 10**-4 #hre\n",
- "hoe = 25.0 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Ampere per volt)\n",
- "RS = 1.0 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RL = 500.0 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc\n",
- "hrc = 1 - hre #hrc\n",
- "hoc = hoe #hoc (in Siemens)\n",
- "Ai = -hfc/(1 + hoc*RL) #Current gain\n",
- "Rin = hic - hrc*hfc/(hoc + 1/RL) #Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Av = -hfc/((hoc + 1/RL)*Rin) #Voltage gain\n",
- "Avs = Av*Rin/(Rin + RS) #Overall voltage gain\n",
- "Ais = Ai*RS/(Rin + RS) #Overall current gain\n",
- "Go = hoc -(hfc*hrc/(hic + RS)) #O/P conductance (in Siemens)\n",
- "Ro = 1/Go #O/P resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Current gain :\",round(Ai,2),\".\"\n",
- "print \"Input resistance :\",round(Rin,3),\"ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Voltage gain :\",round(Av,4),\".\"\n",
- "print \"Overall voltage gain :\",round(Avs,4),\".\"\n",
- "print \"Overall current gain :\",round(Ais,3),\".\"\n",
- "print \"Output resistance :\",round(Ro,2),\"ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Output conductance :\",round(Go,4),\"Siemen.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Slight variations due to higher precision."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.10 , Page Number 300"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 38,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Power gain : 826.0 .\n",
- "EMF E : 0.29 V.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "hie = 2.0 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n",
- "hoe = 25.0 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Siemens)\n",
- "hfe = 55.0 #Current gain in CE\n",
- "Pin = 10.0 * 10**-3 #Output power (in watt)\n",
- "RB = 80.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RC = 10.0 * 10**3 #Collector resitance (in ohm)\n",
- "RL = 10.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RS = 5.0 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Zb = hie #Zb (in ohm)\n",
- "Zin = RB #Impedance (in ohm)\n",
- "ZS = RS + Zin #Imput impedance (in ohm)\n",
- "Zout = RC/hoe*(1/(RC + 1/hoe)) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n",
- "Rac = Zout*RL/(Zout + RL) #AC load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Vout = -34.3*0.29 #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
- "Pout = Vout**2/RL #Output power (in watt) \n",
- "E = 0.29 #EMF (in volts)\n",
- "Ap = Pin/0.29**2*6.95*10**3 #Power gain\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Power gain : \",round(Ap),\".\"\n",
- "print \"EMF E : \",E,\"V.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.11 , Page Number 301 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 46,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Input impedance : 0.87 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "Output impedance : 1.9 kilo-ohm\n",
- "Current gain : -43.5 .\n",
- "Voltage gain : -100.0 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "hie = 1.0 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n",
- "hfe = 100.0 #Current gain \n",
- "R1 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = 10 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
- "hoe = 25.0 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Siemens)\n",
- "RC = 2* 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RL = 2* 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Zb = hie #Zb (in ohm) \n",
- "Zin = Zb*R1*R2/(Zb*R1 + Zb*R2 + R1*R2) #Input impedance (in ohm)\n",
- "Zout = 1/hoe*RC/(RC + 1/hoe) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n",
- "Av = -(RC*RL)/(RC + RL)*hfe/hie #Voltage gain\n",
- "RB = R1*R2/(R1 + R2) #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Ai = -hfe*RB*RC/((RC + RL)*(RB + Zb)) #Current gain\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Input impedance : \",round(Zin * 10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Output impedance : \",round(Zout * 10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm\"\n",
- "print \"Current gain : \",round(Ai,1),\".\"\n",
- "print \"Voltage gain : \",Av,\".\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.12 , Page Number 302 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 56,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Ai : -100.0 .\n",
- "Av : -9.597 .\n",
- "Avs : -4.19 .\n",
- "Rin : 7.74 kilo-ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "hie = 1100.0 #hie (in ohm)\n",
- "hre = 0 #hre\n",
- "hfe = 50.0 #Current gain \n",
- "hoe = 100.0 #hoe \n",
- "R1 = 100.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (n ohm)\n",
- "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RL = 5.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "RS = 10.0 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "RB = hie + (1 + hfe)*RE #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Rin = RB*R1*R2/((RB*R1 + RB*R2 + R1*R2)) #Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Ai = -hoe #Current gain\n",
- "Av = -hoe*RL/(hie + (1 + hfe)*RE) #Voltage gain\n",
- "Avs = Av * Rin/(Rin + RS) #Overall voltage gain\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Ai : \",Ai,\".\"\n",
- "print \"Av : \",round(Av,3),\".\"\n",
- "print \"Avs : \",round(Avs,2),\".\"\n",
- "print \"Rin : \",round(Rin*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.13 , Page Number 302 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 60,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Quiescent collector current : 1.0 mA.\n",
- "Small signal voltage gain : -40.63 .\n",
- "Maximum possible swing of collector current : 4.55 mA.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "RE = 100.0 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "RC = 1.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "VBE = 0.7 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RB = 420.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "beta = 100 #Current gain in CE\n",
- "VCC = 5.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IB = (VCC -VBE)/(RB + (beta + 1)*RE) #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "ICQ = beta * IB #Q-point collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IE = (beta + 1)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
- "r1e = 25.0*10**-3/IE #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "Rin = RB*(beta*r1e)/(RB + beta*r1e) #Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Rout = RC #Output resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Av = -ICQ/IB*Rout/Rin #Small signal voltage gain \n",
- "swing = VCC/(RC + RE) #Max. possible swing (in Ampere) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Quiescent collector current : \",round(ICQ*10**3,3),\"mA.\"\n",
- "print \"Small signal voltage gain : \",round(Av,2),\".\"\n",
- "print \"Maximum possible swing of collector current : \",round(swing*10**3,2),\"mA.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Slight variation due to high precision."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.14 , Page Number 303 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 9,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "1.20603015075e-05 0.00156783919598 0.00156783919598 0.00157989949749\n",
- "ICQ : 0.945 mA and VCEQ : 2.251 V.\n",
- "VCE when R2 is open circuited : -8.117 V.\n",
- "AV : -455.0 .\n",
- "Rin : 1.0 kilo-ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "beta = hfe = 130 #Current gain in CE\n",
- "R1 = 510.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = 510.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (n ohm)\n",
- "RE = 7.5 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RC = 9.1 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "VCC = 18.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VBE = 0 #Base-Emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "hie = 1.0 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Rth = R1*R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's eq. resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Vth = VCC * R2/(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's eq. voltage (in volts)\n",
- "IB = (Vth - VBE)/(Rth + (beta + 1)*RE) #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "IC = beta*IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "ICQ = IC #Q-point IC (in Ampere)\n",
- "IE = (beta + 1)*IB #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VCEQ = VCC - ICQ*RC - IE*RE #Q-point VCE (in Ampere) \n",
- "\n",
- "IB1 = (VCC - VBE)/(R1 + (beta + 1)*RE) #Base current1 (in Ampere)\n",
- "IC1 = beta*IB1 #Collector current1 (in Ampere) \n",
- "ICQ1 = IC1 #Q-point IC (in Ampere)\n",
- "IE1 = (beta + 1)*IB1 #Emitter current1 (in Ampere)\n",
- "VCEQ1 = VCC - ICQ1*RC - IE1*RE #Q-point VCE (in Ampere) \n",
- "\n",
- "Rin = (R1*R2*hie)/(R1*R2 + hie*R2 + hie*R1) #Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Av = -50/hie*RC #Voltage gain \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print IB1,IC1,ICQ1,IE1\n",
- "print \"ICQ : \",round(ICQ*10**3,3),\"mA and VCEQ : \",round(VCEQ,3),\"V.\"\n",
- "print \"VCE when R2 is open circuited : \",round(VCEQ1,3),\"V.\"\n",
- "print \"AV : \",round(Av,3),\".\"\n",
- "print \"Rin : \",round(Rin*10**-3,2),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Mistake in book for the value of hfe in calculation of Av."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.15 , Page Number 304 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 10,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Zin : 1.595 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "Zout : 4.296 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "Av : -323.125 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "hfe = 110 #Current gain in CE\n",
- "hie = 1.6 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n",
- "hre = 2 * 10**-4 #hre\n",
- "hoe = 20.0 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Ampere per volt) \n",
- "RB = 470.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RC = 4.7 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Zin = RB*hie/(RB + hie) #Input impedance (in ohm)\n",
- "Zout = RC*1/hoe/(RC + 1/hoe) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n",
- "Av = -RC*hfe/hie #Voltage gain \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Zin : \",round(Zin*10**-3,3),\" kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Zout : \",round(Zout*10**-3,3),\" kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Av : \",round(Av,3),\".\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.16 , Page Number 307 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 13,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Zin : 24.84 ohm.\n",
- "Zout : 7.97 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "Av : 134.4 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "hib = 25.0 #hie (in ohm)\n",
- "hfb = -0.98 #Current gain in CB \n",
- "hob = 0.5 * 10**-6 #hob (in Siemens) \n",
- "R1 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = 5.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (n ohm)\n",
- "RE = 4.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RL = 6.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "RC = 8.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "Zin = hib*RE/(hib + RE) #Input impedance (in ohm)\n",
- "Zout = RC*1/hob/(RC + 1/hob) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n",
- "Av = -(RC*RL)/(RC+RL)*hfb/hib #Voltage gain \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Zin : \",round(Zin,2),\" ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Zout : \",round(Zout*10**-3,2),\" kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Av : \",round(Av,3),\".\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.17 , Page Number 309 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 18,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Input impedance : 4.9 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "Outpur impedance : 28.0 ohm.\n",
- "Voltage gain : 1 .\n",
- "Current gain : 101.0 .\n",
- "Power gain : 101.0 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "hie = 2000.0 #hie (in ohm)\n",
- "hfe = 100.0 #Current gain \n",
- "R1 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (n ohm)\n",
- "RE = 5.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RL = 5.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "RS = 1.0 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "hic = hie #hic\n",
- "hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc\n",
- "Zb = hic - hfc*(RE*RL)/(RE + RL) #ZB (in ohm)\n",
- "Zin = Zb*R1*R2/(Zb*R1 + R1*R2 + Zb*R2)#Input impedance (in ohm)\n",
- "Ze = -(hic + (R1*R2*RS/(R1*R2 + R2*RS + R1*RS)))/hfc #Ze (in ohm)\n",
- "Zout = Ze*RE/(Ze + RE) #Output impedance (in ohm) \n",
- "Av = 1 #Coltage gain\n",
- "RB = R1*R2/(R1 + R2) #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Ai = -hfc #Current gain\n",
- "Ap = Ai #Power gain\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Input impedance : \",round(Zin * 10**-3,1),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Outpur impedance : \",round(Zout),\"ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Voltage gain : \",Av,\".\"\n",
- "print \"Current gain : \",Ai,\".\"\n",
- "print \"Power gain : \",Ap,\".\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.18 , Page Number 310 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 4,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Input impedance : 227.667 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "Voltage gain : 0.9956 .\n",
- "Current gain : 45.33 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "RL = 5.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "RS = 0.5 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm) \n",
- "hie = 1000.0 #hie (in ohm)\n",
- "hfe = 50.0 #Current gain \n",
- "hoe = 25.0 * 10**-6 #hor (in Siemens) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "hic = hie #hie (in ohm)\n",
- "hrc = 1 #hrc\n",
- "hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc \n",
- "hoc = hoe #hoe (in Siemens)\n",
- "Ai = -hfc/(1 + hoc*RL) #Current gain\n",
- "Ri = hic - hrc*hfc/(hoc + 1/RL) #Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "Av = Ai*RL/Ri #Voltage gain\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Input impedance : \",round(Ri * 10**-3,3),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Voltage gain : \",round(Av,4),\".\"\n",
- "print \"Current gain : \",round(Ai,2),\".\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.19 , Page Number 310"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 10,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Input impedance : 34.254 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "Outpur impedance : 21.1 ohm.\n",
- "Voltage gain : 0.9789 .\n",
- "Current gain : 33.53 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "VCC = 15.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts)\n",
- "RB = 100.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "hie = 1100.0 #hie (in ohm)\n",
- "hfe = 50 #hfe\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "hic = hie #hic (in ohm)\n",
- "hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc\n",
- "Zin = (hic - hfc*RE)*RB/((hic - hfc*RE) + RB) #Input impedance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "Zout = RE*(-hic/hfc)/(RE - hic/hfc) #Output impedance (in ohm)\n",
- "Av = -hfc*RE/(hic - hfc*RE) #Voltage gain\n",
- "Ai = Av*Zin/RE #Current gain \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Input impedance : \",round(Zin * 10**-3,3),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Outpur impedance : \",round(Zout,1),\"ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Voltage gain : \",round(Av,4),\".\"\n",
- "print \"Current gain : \",round(Ai,2),\".\"\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation mistake in the value of Zout in the book."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.20 , Page Number 311 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 13,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Zin : 1.0883 kilo-ohm.\n",
- "Av : 0.99 .\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "hre = hoe = 0 #hre\n",
- "hie = 1.0 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n",
- "hfe = 100.0 #hfe\n",
- "VCC = 5.0 #Collector supply voltage (in volts) \n",
- "R1 = 2.2 * 10**3 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n",
- "R2 = 2.2 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n",
- "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "hic = hie #hic (in ohm)\n",
- "hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc \n",
- "hrc = 1 - hre #hrc\n",
- "hoc = hoe = 0 #hoc\n",
- "Zin = (hic - hfc*RE)*R1*R2/(((hic - hfc*RE)*(R1+R2))+R1*R2) #Input impedance (in ohm)\n",
- "Av = -hfc*RE/(hic - hfc*RE) #Voltage gain \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Zin : \",round(Zin*10**-3,4),\"kilo-ohm.\"\n",
- "print \"Av : \",round(Av,2),\".\""
- ]
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 2",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python2"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 2
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
- "version": "2.7.10"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter9.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter9.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index d2bc7858..00000000 --- a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/chapter9.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,122 +0,0 @@ -{
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "#Chapter 9 , Regulated Power Supplies"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 9.1 , Page Number 328"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 3,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Breakdown voltage : 8.0 V.\n",
- "Resistor R : 206.0 ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "IC = IL = 1.2 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
- "Vout = 7.5 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VBE = 0.5 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "beta = 50.0 #Current gain\n",
- "VCC = 15.0 #Supply voltage (in volts) \n",
- "IZmin = 10.0 * 10**-3 #Minimum zener current (in Ampere) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "IB = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
- "VZ = Vout + VBE #Zener diode breakdown voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VR = VCC - VZ #Voltage drop in resistor R (in volts)\n",
- "IR = IB + IZmin #Current through R (in AMpere) \n",
- "R = VR/IR #Resistance R (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Breakdown voltage : \",VZ,\"V.\\nResistor R : \",round(R),\"ohm.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 9.2 , Page Number 328"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 4,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Breakdown voltage : 9.6 V.\n",
- "Series Resistor RSE : 37.5 ohm.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#Variables\n",
- "\n",
- "Vout = 10 #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VBE = 0.4 #Base-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
- "IL = 100.0 * 10**-3 #Load current (in Ampere)\n",
- "Vinmin = 11.25 #Min. input voltage (in volts)\n",
- "Vinmax = 13.75 #Max. input voltage (in volts)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "\n",
- "VZ = Vout - VBE #Zener breakdown voltage (in volts)\n",
- "VRSE = Vinmax - Vout #Max. voltage drop in series resistor (in volts)\n",
- "Imax = IL #Series resistor current (in Ampere)\n",
- "RSE = VRSE/Imax #Series resistor (in ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"Breakdown voltage : \",VZ,\"V.\\nSeries Resistor RSE : \",round(RSE,1),\"ohm.\""
- ]
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 2",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python2"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 2
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
- "version": "2.7.10"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(88).png b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(88).png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 90a3a1be..00000000 --- a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(88).png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(89).png b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(89).png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 8c90457c..00000000 --- a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(89).png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(90).png b/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(90).png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a4b6a0dd..00000000 --- a/Basic_Electronics_(Electronics_Engineering)_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(90).png +++ /dev/null |
_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(88).png?id=d4fdaaa0564be527ad6a83b727ea7ab4310ac840){kind=link}
_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(89).png?id=d4fdaaa0564be527ad6a83b727ea7ab4310ac840){kind=link}
_by_J.B.Gupta/screenshots/Screenshot_(90).png?id=d4fdaaa0564be527ad6a83b727ea7ab4310ac840){kind=link}