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+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Chapter 21: Gas Turbines And Propulsion Systems"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Ex21.1:pg-885"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "\n",
+ " Example 21.1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ " Power output = 581.68934348 kJ/kg,\n",
+ " The overall efficiency = 25.8717426718 percent\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "# Given that\n",
+ "r_c = 3.5 # Compression ratio\n",
+ "n_c = 0.85 # Efficiency of compressor\n",
+ "p1 = 1 # Pressure in bar\n",
+ "t1 = 300 # Temperature in K\n",
+ "t3 = 310 # Temperature at the exit of the intercooler in K\n",
+ "r_c_ = 3.5 # Compression ratio for high pressure compressor\n",
+ "n_c_ = 0.85 # Efficiency of H.P. compressor\n",
+ "e = 0.8 # Effectiveness of regenerator\n",
+ "n_t = 0.88 # Efficiency of H.P. tubine\n",
+ "t6 = 1100 # Temperature in H.P. tubine in K\n",
+ "t8 = 1050 # Temperature at the entrance of L.P. turbine in K\n",
+ "n_t_ = 0.88 # Efficiency of L.P. turbine\n",
+ "Cp = 1.005 # Heat capacity of air in kJ/kgK\n",
+ "Cp_ = 1.15 # Heat capacity of gases in kJ/kgK\n",
+ "gama = 1.4 # Heat capacity ratio for air\n",
+ "gama_ = 1.33 # Heat capacity ratio for gases\n",
+ "print \"\\n Example 21.1\\n\"\n",
+ "p2 = r_c*p1\n",
+ "p4 = p2*r_c_\n",
+ "t2_s = t1*((r_c)**((gama-1)/gama))\n",
+ "t2 = t1+((t2_s-t1)/n_c)\n",
+ "t4_s = t3*((r_c_)**((gama-1)/gama))\n",
+ "t4 = t3+((t4_s-t3)/n_c_)\n",
+ "Wc = Cp*((t2-t1)+(t4-t3))\n",
+ "t7 = t6 - (Wc/Cp_)\n",
+ "t7_s = t6 - (t6-t7)/n_t\n",
+ "r_p = (t6/t7_s)**(gama_/(gama_-1))\n",
+ "p7 = p4/r_p\n",
+ "t9_s = t8/((p7/p1)**((gama_-1)/gama_))\n",
+ "t9 = t8-(t8-t9_s)*n_t_\n",
+ "Wt_LP = Cp_*(t8-t9)\n",
+ "W_T = Wt_LP+Wc\n",
+ "Rw = Wt_LP/W_T\n",
+ "Q1 = (Cp_*t6-Cp*t4)+Cp_*(t8-t7)\n",
+ "n_plant = Wt_LP/Q1\n",
+ "print \"\\n Power output = \",W_T ,\" kJ/kg,\\n The overall efficiency = \",n_plant*100 ,\" percent\"\n",
+ "#The answers given in the book have round off error"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Ex21.2:pg-886"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 14,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "\n",
+ " Example 21.2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ " Flow velocity = -43.4235444397 m/s,\n",
+ " The blade angle at the root = -1.43579153344 degree,and at the tip = 1.21859133292 degree,\n",
+ " The degree of reaction at the root = 63.9551441794 percent, and at the tip = 26.0409057706 percent\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "# Given that\n",
+ "v_bm = 360 # Blade velocity at the mean diameter of a gas turbine stage in m/s\n",
+ "beta1 = 20 # Blade angle at inlet in degree\n",
+ "beta2 = 52 # Blade angle at exit in degree\n",
+ "r = 0.5 # Degree of reaction\n",
+ "Dm = 0.45 # Mean diameter of blade in m\n",
+ "h = 0.08 # Mean height of blade in m\n",
+ "print \"\\n Example 21.2\\n\"\n",
+ "v_f = v_bm/((math.tan(beta2))-math.tan(beta1))\n",
+ "r_r = (Dm/2)-h/2\n",
+ "r_t = Dm/2 +h/2\n",
+ "delta_v_wm = v_f*((math.tan(beta1))+(math.tan(beta2)))\n",
+ "v_br = v_bm*(r_r/(Dm/2))\n",
+ "delta_v_wr = delta_v_wm*v_bm/v_br\n",
+ "\n",
+ "v_bt = (r_t/(Dm/2))*v_bm\n",
+ "v_w_1m = v_f*(math.tan(beta2))\n",
+ "v_w_1t = v_w_1m*(Dm/2)/r_t\n",
+ "delta_v_wt = v_f*((math.tan(beta1))+(math.tan(beta2)))*v_bm/v_bt\n",
+ "v_w_1r = v_w_1m*((Dm/2)/r_r)\n",
+ "alpha_1r = math.atan(v_w_1r/v_f)\n",
+ "alpha_2r = math.atan((delta_v_wr-v_w_1r)/v_f)\n",
+ "beta_1r = math.atan((v_w_1r-v_br)/v_f)\n",
+ "beta_2r = math.atan((v_br+v_f*(math.tan(alpha_2r)))/v_f)\n",
+ "alpha_1t = math.atan(v_w_1t/v_f)\n",
+ "alpha_2t = math.atan((delta_v_wt-v_w_1t)/v_f)\n",
+ "beta_1t = math.atan((v_w_1t-v_bt)/v_f)\n",
+ "beta_2t = math.atan((v_bt+(v_f*math.tan(alpha_2t)))/v_f)\n",
+ "Rt = v_f*((math.tan(beta_2t))-(math.tan(beta_1t)))/(2*v_bt)\n",
+ "Rr = v_f*((math.tan(beta_2r))-(math.tan(beta_1r)))/(2*v_br)\n",
+ "print \"\\n Flow velocity = \",v_f ,\" m/s,\\n The blade angle at the root = \",alpha_1r ,\" degree,and at the tip = \",alpha_2r ,\" degree,\\n The degree of reaction at the root = \",Rt*100 ,\" percent, and at the tip = \",Rr*100 ,\" percent\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Ex21.3:pg-887"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "\n",
+ " Example 21.3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ " The blade angle at the inlet = 0.513725711568 degree,and at the exit = 1.1075454267 degree,\n",
+ " The overall efficiency of the turbine = 87.5152054946 percent\n",
+ " The stage efficiency = 85.2048267464 percent\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "# Given that\n",
+ "p1 = 8 # Pressure of entrance in bar\n",
+ "t1 = 1125 # Temperature of entrance in K\n",
+ "p2 = 1.5 # Pressure of exit in bar\n",
+ "n = 11 # No of stages\n",
+ "Vf = 110 # Axial velocity of flow in m/s\n",
+ "n_p = 0.85 # Polytropic efficiency \n",
+ "Vb = 140 # Mean velocity in m/s\n",
+ "gama = 1.33 # Heat capacity ratio for gases\n",
+ "Cp = 1.15 # Heat capacity of gases in kJ/kgK\n",
+ "r = 0.5 # Fraction of reaction\n",
+ "print \"\\n Example 21.3\\n\"\n",
+ "t2 = t1*((p2/p1)**((gama-1)*n_p/gama))\n",
+ "t2_s = t1*((p2/p1)**((gama-1)/gama))\n",
+ "n_s = (t1-t2)/(t1-t2_s)\n",
+ "Wt = Cp*(t1-t2)\n",
+ "Wt_s = Wt/n\n",
+ "V_w1 = (((Wt_s*1000)/Vb) + Vb)/2\n",
+ "alpha1 = math.atan(Vf/V_w1)\n",
+ "alpha2 = alpha1\n",
+ "beta1 = math.atan(Vf/(V_w1-Vb))\n",
+ "h_s = Wt_s\n",
+ "t_s = h_s/Cp\n",
+ "t1_ = t1-t_s\n",
+ "t1_s = t1*((t1_/t1)**(gama/((gama-1)*n_p)))**((gama-1)/gama)\n",
+ "n_st = (t1-t1_)/(t1-t1_s)\n",
+ "print \"\\n The blade angle at the inlet = \",alpha1 ,\" degree,and at the exit = \",beta1 ,\" degree,\\n The overall efficiency of the turbine = \",n_s*100 ,\" percent\\n The stage efficiency = \",n_st*100 ,\" percent\"\n",
+ "# The answers given in the book contain round off error."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Ex21.4:pg-889"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 16,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "\n",
+ " Example 21.4\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ " Total thrust developed = 6675.46374954 N,\n",
+ " The specific fuel consumption = 0.0236198761133 kg/kNs\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "# Given that\n",
+ "v = 800.0 # Speed of aircraft in km/h\n",
+ "h = 10700.0 # Height of aircraft in m\n",
+ "p0 = 0.24 # Pressure in bar\n",
+ "t0 = -50.0 # Temperature in degree centigrade\n",
+ "r_p = 10.0 # Compressor pressure ratio\n",
+ "t03 = 1093.0 # Max cycle temperature in K\n",
+ "n_ed = 0.9 # Entry duct efficiency\n",
+ "n_c = 0.9 # Isentropic efficiency of compressure\n",
+ "p_ = 0.14 # Stagnation pressure loss in combustion chamber in bar\n",
+ "cv = 43.3 # Calorific value of fuel in MJ/kg\n",
+ "n_C = 0.98 # Combustion efficiency\n",
+ "n_t = 0.92 # Isentropic efficiency of turbine\n",
+ "n_m = 0.98 # Mechanical efficiency of drive\n",
+ "n_j = 0.92 # Jet pipe efficiency\n",
+ "a = 0.08 # Nozzle outlet area in m**2\n",
+ "Cp = 1.005 # Heat capacity of air in kJ/kgK\n",
+ "gama = 1.4 # Ratio of heat capacities for air\n",
+ "Cp_ = 1.15 # Heat capacity for gases in kJ/kgK\n",
+ "gama_ = 1.333 # Ratio of heat capacities for gases\n",
+ "print \"\\n Example 21.4\\n\"\n",
+ "KE = (1/2)*(v*5/18)**2\n",
+ "tr = KE/(1000*Cp)\n",
+ "t01 = tr + (273+t0)\n",
+ "t01_s = (t0+273)+(n_ed*(t01-(t0+273)))\n",
+ "p01 = p0*((t01_s/(t0+273))**(gama/(gama-1)))\n",
+ "t02_s = t01*((r_p)**((gama-1)/gama))\n",
+ "t02 = (t01) + (t02_s-t01)/n_c\n",
+ "p02 = p01*r_p\n",
+ "p03 = p02-p_\n",
+ "t04 = t03 - (Cp*(t02-t01)/(Cp_*n_m))\n",
+ "t04_s = t03-(t03-t04)/n_t\n",
+ "p04 = p03/((t03/t04_s)**(gama_/(gama_-1)))\n",
+ "p_cr = p04*((2/(gama_+1))**(gama_/(gama_-1)))\n",
+ "t05 = t04*(2/(gama_+1))\n",
+ "t05_s = t04-((t04-t05)/n_j)\n",
+ "p05 = p04/((t04/t05_s)**(gama_/(gama_-1)))\n",
+ "R = Cp_*(gama_-1)/gama_\n",
+ "v5 = R*t05/(p05*100)\n",
+ "Vj = math.sqrt(gama_*R*1000*t05)\n",
+ "m = a*Vj/v5\n",
+ "Mt = m*(Vj-v*(5/18))\n",
+ "Pt = (p05-p0)*a*10**5\n",
+ "Tt = Mt+Pt\n",
+ "Q1 = m*(t03-t02)*Cp_\n",
+ "m_f = Q1/(cv*1000*n_C)\n",
+ "m_sf = m_f*1000/Tt\n",
+ "print \"\\n Total thrust developed = \",Tt ,\" N,\\n The specific fuel consumption = \",m_sf ,\" kg/kNs\"\n",
+ "# The answers given in the book contain round off error."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Ex21.5:pg-889"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "\n",
+ " Example 21.5\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ " Propulsive power = 9.1580625 MW,\n",
+ " Thrust power = 4402.35949174 kW,\n",
+ " Propulsive efficiency = 48.070860968 percent\n",
+ " Thermal efficiency = 36.63225 percent,\n",
+ " Overall efficiency = 17.609437967 percent \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "# Given that\n",
+ "v = 850.0 # Speed of turbojet in km/h\n",
+ "m = 50.0 # Air mass flow rate in kg/s\n",
+ "s = 200.0 # Entropy drop across the nozzle in kJ/kg\n",
+ "n_n = 0.9 # Nozzle efficiency\n",
+ "r = 80.0 # Air fuel ratio\n",
+ "cv = 40.0 # Heating value of fuel in MJ/kg\n",
+ "Cp = 1005.0 # Heat capacity of air in J/kgK\n",
+ "print \"\\n Example 21.5\\n\"\n",
+ "Vo = v*(5.0/18)\n",
+ "m_f = m/r\n",
+ "Ve = math.sqrt(2*Cp*s*n_n)\n",
+ "T = (m+m_f)*Ve-m*Vo\n",
+ "TP = T*Vo\n",
+ "PP = (1.0/2.0)*(m+m_f)*(Ve**2)-(1/2)*(m*Vo**2)\n",
+ "n_p = TP/PP\n",
+ "n_t = PP/(m_f*cv*1000000)\n",
+ "n = n_t*n_p\n",
+ "print \"\\n Propulsive power = \",PP*(10**-6) ,\" MW,\\n Thrust power = \",TP*(10**-3) ,\" kW,\\n Propulsive efficiency = \",n_p*100 ,\" percent\\n Thermal efficiency = \",n_t*100 ,\" percent,\\n Overall efficiency = \",n*100 ,\" percent \""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Ex21.6:pg-890"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 12,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "\n",
+ " Example 21.6\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ " Air-fuel ratio = 60.9221650764 ,\n",
+ " Thrust power of the propeller = 0.0 kJ/s ,\n",
+ " Thrust by the propeller = 0.0 kN,\n",
+ " Mass flow rate of air flowing through the compressor = 0.0 kg/s,\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "# Given that\n",
+ "p1 = 0.56 # Ambient pressure in bar\n",
+ "t1 = 260.0 # Ambient temperature in K\n",
+ "r_p = 6.0 # Pressure ratio of compressor\n",
+ "n_c = 0.85 # Efficiency of compressor\n",
+ "v = 360.0 # Speed of aircraft in km/h\n",
+ "d = 3.0 # Propeller diameter in m\n",
+ "n_p = 0.8 # Propeller efficiency\n",
+ "n_g = 0.95 # Gear reduction efficiency\n",
+ "r_e = 5.0 # Expansion ratio\n",
+ "n_t = 0.88 # Turbine efficiency\n",
+ "t3 = 1100.0 # Temperature at the entrance of turbine in K\n",
+ "n_n = 0.9 # Nozzle efficiency\n",
+ "cv = 40.0 # Calorific value in MJ/kg\n",
+ "print \"\\n Example 21.6\\n\"\n",
+ "gama = 1.4 # Heat capacities ratio for air\n",
+ "Vo = v*(5.0/18)\n",
+ "p2 = p1*r_p\n",
+ "t2_s = t1*((r_p)**(0.286))\n",
+ "t2 = t1+((t2_s-t1)/n_c)\n",
+ "Cp = 1.005 # The value of heat capacity of air as given in the book in kJ/kgK\n",
+ "Wc = Cp*(t2-t1)\n",
+ "m_f = (t3-t2)/((cv*1000/Cp)-t3)\n",
+ "m_a = 1.0/m_f\n",
+ "p3=p2\n",
+ "p4 = p3/r_e\n",
+ "t4_s = t3/((r_e)**(0.286))\n",
+ "t4 = t3-((t3-t4_s)*n_t)\n",
+ "Wt = (1+m_f)*(t3-t4)*Cp\n",
+ "Pp = Wt-Wc\n",
+ "p5 = p1\n",
+ "t5_s = t4/((p4/p5)**((gama-1)/gama))\n",
+ "Vj = sqrt(2*Cp*1000*(t4-t5_s)*n_n)\n",
+ "Ft = (1+m_f)*Vj-1*Vo\n",
+ "V = Vo/n_p\n",
+ "V4 = 2*V-Vo\n",
+ "Q = (math.pi/4)*(d**2)*V\n",
+ "Pt = (1/2)*(p1*(10**5)/(287*t1))*Q*((V4**2)-(Vo**2))/1000\n",
+ "PT = Pt/n_g\n",
+ "ma_c = PT/Pp\n",
+ "Fp = Pt*n_p/V\n",
+ "print \"\\n Air-fuel ratio = \",m_a ,\",\\n Thrust power of the propeller = \",Pt ,\" kJ/s ,\\n Thrust by the propeller = \",Fp ,\" kN,\\n Mass flow rate of air flowing through the compressor = \",ma_c ,\" kg/s,\"\n",
+ "# The answers are given in the book contain calculation error."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Ex21.7:pg-890"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 22,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "\n",
+ " Example 21.7\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ " Velocity attain by the rocket in 70 seconds = 1064.23747471 m/s ,\n",
+ " The maximum height that the rocket will attain = 86.1455071297 km\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from scipy import integrate \n",
+ "# Given that\n",
+ "m = 15000.0 # Initial mass of rocket in kg\n",
+ "m_b = 125.0 # Burning rate of propellent in kg/s\n",
+ "v = 2000.0 # Relative velocity of gases with respect to the rocket in m/s\n",
+ "T = 70.0 # Time in second\n",
+ "print \"\\n Example 21.7\\n\"\n",
+ "V = (-v*math.log(1-(m_b*T/m)))-(9.81*T)\n",
+ "h1,err = integrate.quad(lambda t:-v*math.log(1-(m_b*t/m))-9.81*t,0,T)\n",
+ "h2 = (V**2)/(2*9.81)\n",
+ "hmax = h2 + h1\n",
+ "print \"\\n Velocity attain by the rocket in 70 seconds = \",V ,\" m/s ,\\n The maximum height that the rocket will attain = \",hmax*0.001 ,\" km\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Ex21.8:pg-890"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "\n",
+ " Example 21.8\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ " Thrust produced = 218.178625017 kN,\n",
+ " Specific impulse = 3482.18007048 Ns/kg\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "\n",
+ "# Given that\n",
+ "Pc = 2.4 # Pressure in combustion chamber in MPa\n",
+ "Tc = 3170 # Temperature in combustion chamber in K\n",
+ "Pj = 55 # Atomospheric pressure in kPa\n",
+ "Pe = 85 # Pressure at the exit of nozzle in kPa\n",
+ "At = 0.06 # Area at the nozzle throat in m**2\n",
+ "n_n = 0.91 # Nozzle efficiency\n",
+ "Cd = 0.98 # Cofficient of discharge\n",
+ "gama = 1.25 # Heat capacities ratio for gases\n",
+ "R = 0.693 # Value of gas constant in kJ/kgK\n",
+ "theta = 12 # Half angle of divergence in degree\n",
+ "print \"\\n Example 21.8\\n\"\n",
+ "Vj = sqrt((2*gama*R*1000*Tc/(gama-1))*(1-(Pj/(Pc*1000))**((gama-1)/gama)))\n",
+ "Vj_act = ((1+cos(12))/2)*Vj*sqrt(n_n)\n",
+ "m = At*Pc*(10**6)*((gama/(R*1000*Tc))*(2/(gama+1))**((gama+1)/(gama-1)))**(1.0/2)\n",
+ "m_act = Cd*m\n",
+ "Ae = m/(Pe*Vj)\n",
+ "Ft = m*Vj+Ae*(Pe-Pj)*1000\n",
+ "SIm = Ft/m_act\n",
+ "print \"\\n Thrust produced = \",Ft*0.001 ,\" kN,\\n Specific impulse = \",SIm ,\" Ns/kg\"\n",
+ "# The answers are given in the book contain claculation error.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.11"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
generated by cgit (git 2.34.1) at 2025-04-01 03:52:22 +0000