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diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1a.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1a.ipynb deleted file mode 100755 index 1dc0f01d..00000000 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1a.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,314 +0,0 @@ -{
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "#Chapter 1(A):Bonding in Solids"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 1.1, Page number 1.14"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 3,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "-2*a/r**3 + 90*b/r**11\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "from sympy import *\n",
- "import numpy as np\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "n=1;\n",
- "m=9;\n",
- "a=Symbol('a')\n",
- "b=Symbol('b')\n",
- "r=Symbol('r')\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "y=(-a/(r**n))+(b/(r**m));\n",
- "y=diff(y,r);\n",
- "y=diff(y,r);\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print y\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 4,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "young's modulus is 157 GPa\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "a=7.68*10**-29; \n",
- "r0=2.5*10**-10; #radius(m)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "b=a*(r0**8)/9;\n",
- "y=((-2*a*r0**8)+(90*b))/r0**11; \n",
- "E=y/r0; #young's modulus(Pa)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"young's modulus is\",int(E/10**9),\"GPa\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 1.2, Page number 1.15"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 21,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Effective charge = 0.72 *10**-29 coulomb\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "\n",
- "#variable declarations\n",
- "d=((1.98)*10**-29)*1/3; #dipole moment\n",
- "b=(0.92); #bond length\n",
- "EC=d/(b*10**-10); #Effective charge\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Effective charge =\",round((EC*10**19),2),\"*10**-29 coulomb\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 1.3, Page number 1.15"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 3,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Cohesive energy = 668.9 *10**3 kJ/kmol\n",
- "#Answer varies due to rounding of numbers\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#variable declaration\n",
- "A=1.748 #Madelung Constant \n",
- "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro Number\n",
- "e=1.6*10**-19\n",
- "n=9.5\n",
- "r=(0.324*10**-9)*10**3\n",
- "E=8.85*10**-12\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "U=((N*A*(e)**2)/(4*math.pi*E*r))*(1-1/n) #Cohesive energy\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Cohesive energy =\",round(U/10**3,1),\"*10**3 kJ/kmol\"\n",
- "print \"#Answer varies due to rounding of numbers\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 1.4, Page number 1.15"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 4,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Coulomb energy = -2.88 eV\n",
- "Energy required = -1.88 eV\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "#variable declaration\n",
- "I=5; #Ionisation energy\n",
- "A=4; #Electron Affinity\n",
- "e=(1.6*10**-19)\n",
- "E=8.85*10**-12 #epsilon constant\n",
- "r=0.5*10**-19 #dist between A and B\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "C=-(e**2/(4*math.pi*E*r*e))/10**10 #Coulomb energy\n",
- "E_c=I-A+C #Energy required\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Coulomb energy =\",round(C,2),\"eV\"\n",
- "print \"Energy required =\",round(E_c,2),\"eV\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 1.5, Page number 1.16"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 5,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Energy required= 1.49 eV\n",
- "Distance of separation = 9.66 Angstrom\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#variable declaration\n",
- "I=5.14; #Ionization energy\n",
- "A=3.65; #Electron Affinity\n",
- "e=(1.6*10**-19);\n",
- "E=8.85*10**-12; \n",
- "#calculations\n",
- "E_c=I-A #Energy required\n",
- "r=e**2/(4*math.pi*E*E_c*e) #Distance of separation\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Energy required=\",E_c,\"eV\"\n",
- "print \"Distance of separation =\",round(r/10**-10,2),\"Angstrom\"\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 1.6, Page number 1.16"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 6,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Energy required= 1.49 eV\n",
- "Energy required = -6.1 eV\n",
- "Bond Energy = 4.61 eV\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#variable declaration \n",
- "I=5.14; #Ionization energy\n",
- "A=3.65; #Electron Affinity\n",
- "e=(1.6*10**-19);\n",
- "E=8.85*10**-12; \n",
- "r=236*10**-12;\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "E_c=I-A #Energy required\n",
- "C=-(e**2/(4*math.pi*E*r*e)) #Potentential energy in eV\n",
- "BE=-(E_c+C) #Bond Energy\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Energy required=\",E_c,\"eV\"\n",
- "print \"Energy required =\",round(C,1),\"eV\"\n",
- "print \"Bond Energy =\",round(BE,2),\"eV\"\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 2",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python2"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 2
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
- "version": "2.7.9"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1a_1.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1a_1.ipynb index 1f6dc249..1f6dc249 100644..100755 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1a_1.ipynb +++ b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1a_1.ipynb diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1b.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1b.ipynb deleted file mode 100755 index 0df96e78..00000000 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1b.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,313 +0,0 @@ -{
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "#Crystal Structures"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 1.1, Page number 1.36"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 6,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "a= 5.43 Angstorm\n",
- "density = 6.88 kg/m**3\n",
- "#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#variable declaration\n",
- "d=2.351 #bond lenght\n",
- "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro number\n",
- "n=8 #number of atoms in unit cell\n",
- "A=28.09 #Atomin mass of silicon\n",
- "m=6.02*10**26 #1mole\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "a=(4*d)/math.sqrt(3)\n",
- "p=(n*A)/((a*10**-10)*m) #density\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"a=\",round(a,2),\"Angstorm\"\n",
- "print \"density =\",round(p*10**16,2),\"kg/m**3\"\n",
- "print\"#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 1.2, Page number 1.36"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 12,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- " radius of largest sphere is 0.154700538379252*r\n",
- "maximum radius of sphere is 0.414213562373095*r\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- " import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "from sympy import *\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "r=Symbol('r')\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "a1=4*r/math.sqrt(3);\n",
- "R1=(a1/2)-r; #radius of largest sphere\n",
- "a2=4*r/math.sqrt(2);\n",
- "R2=(a2/2)-r; #maximum radius of sphere\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"radius of largest sphere is\",R1\n",
- "print \"maximum radius of sphere is\",R2 \n",
- " "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 1.3, Page number 1.37"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 1,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "a1= 2.905 Angstrom\n",
- "Unit cell volume =a1**3 = 24.521 *10**-30 m**3\n",
- "Volume occupied by one atom = 12.26 *10**-30 m**3\n",
- "a2= 3.654 Angstorm\n",
- "Unit cell volume =a2**3 = 48.8 *10**-30 m**3\n",
- "Volume occupied by one atom = 12.2 *10**-30 m**3\n",
- "Volume Change in % = 0.493\n",
- "Density Change in % = 0.5\n",
- "Thus the increase of density or the decrease of volume is about 0.5%\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#variable declaration\n",
- "r1=1.258 #Atomic radius of BCC\n",
- "r2=1.292 #Atomic radius of FCC\n",
- "\n",
- "#calculations\n",
- "a1=(4*r1)/math.sqrt(3) #in BCC\n",
- "b1=((a1)**3)*10**-30 #Unit cell volume\n",
- "v1=(b1)/2 #Volume occupied by one atom\n",
- "a2=2*math.sqrt(2)*r2 #in FCC\n",
- "b2=(a2)**3*10**-30 #Unit cell volume\n",
- "v2=(b2)/4 #Volume occupied by one atom \n",
- "v_c=((v1)-(v2))*100/(v1) #Volume Change in % \n",
- "d_c=((v1)-(v2))*100/(v2) #Density Change in %\n",
- "\n",
- "#Results\n",
- "print \"a1=\",round(a1,3),\"Angstrom\" \n",
- "print \"Unit cell volume =a1**3 =\",round((b1)/10**-30,3),\"*10**-30 m**3\"\n",
- "print \"Volume occupied by one atom =\",round(v1/10**-30,2),\"*10**-30 m**3\"\n",
- "print \"a2=\",round(a2,3),\"Angstorm\"\n",
- "print \"Unit cell volume =a2**3 =\",round((b2)/10**-30,3),\"*10**-30 m**3\"\n",
- "print \"Volume occupied by one atom =\",round(v2/10**-30,2),\"*10**-30 m**3\"\n",
- "print \"Volume Change in % =\",round(v_c,3)\n",
- "print \"Density Change in % =\",round(d_c,2)\n",
- "print \"Thus the increase of density or the decrease of volume is about 0.5%\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 1.4, Page number 1.38"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 13,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "a= 0.563 *10**-9 metre\n",
- "spacing between the nearest neighbouring ions = 0.2814 nm\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#variable declaration\n",
- "n=4 \n",
- "M=58.5 #Molecular wt. of NaCl\n",
- "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro number\n",
- "rho=2180 #density\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "a=((n*M)/(N*rho))**(1/3) \n",
- "s=a/2\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"a=\",round(a/10**-9,3),\"*10**-9 metre\"\n",
- "print \"spacing between the nearest neighbouring ions =\",round(s/10**-9,4),\"nm\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 1.5, Page number 1.38"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 14,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "lattice constant, a= 0.36 nm\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#variable declaration\n",
- "n=4 \n",
- "A=63.55 #Atomic wt. of NaCl\n",
- "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro number\n",
- "rho=8930 #density\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "a=((n*A)/(N*rho))**(1/3) #Lattice Constant\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"lattice constant, a=\",round(a*10**9,2),\"nm\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "##Example 1.6, Page number 1.39"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 16,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Density of iron = 8805.0 kg/m**-3\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "\n",
- "#variable declaration\n",
- "r=0.123 #Atomic radius\n",
- "n=4\n",
- "A=55.8 #Atomic wt\n",
- "a=2*math.sqrt(2) \n",
- "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro number\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "rho=(n*A)/((a*r*10**-9)**3*N)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Density of iron =\",round(rho),\"kg/m**-3\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "outputs": [],
- "source": []
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 2",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python2"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 2
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
- "version": "2.7.9"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1b_1.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1b_1.ipynb index 769473f9..769473f9 100644..100755 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1b_1.ipynb +++ b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_1b_1.ipynb diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_2.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_2.ipynb deleted file mode 100755 index c257bf8c..00000000 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_2.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,615 +0,0 @@ -{
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "#2: Crystal Planes and X-ray Diffraction"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 2.1, Page number 2.12"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 20,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "i)Number of atoms per unit area of (100)plane= 1/(4*R**2)\n",
- "ii)Number of atoms per unit area of (110)plane= 2.82842712474619*R**2\n",
- "iii)Number of atoms per unit area of (111)plane= 2.3094010767585*R**2\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "from sympy import *\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "R=Symbol('R')\n",
- "a=2*R\n",
- "\n",
- "#Results\n",
- "print\"i)Number of atoms per unit area of (100)plane=\",1/a**2\n",
- "print\"ii)Number of atoms per unit area of (110)plane=\",1/math.sqrt(2)*a**2\n",
- "print\"iii)Number of atoms per unit area of (111)plane=\",1/math.sqrt(3)*a**2"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 2.2, Page number 2.13"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 42,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "i)Surface area of the face ABCD = 13.0 *10**-14 mm**2\n",
- "ii)Surface area of plane (110) = 1.09 *10**13 atoms/mm**2\n",
- "iii)Surface area of pane(111)= 1.772 *10**13 atoms/mm**2\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "a=3.61*10**-7\n",
- "BC=math.sqrt(2)/2\n",
- "AD=(math.sqrt(6))/2\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"i)Surface area of the face ABCD =\",round(a**2*10**14),\"*10**-14 mm**2\"\n",
- "print\"ii)Surface area of plane (110) =\",round((2/(a*math.sqrt(2)*a)/10**13),2),\"*10**13 atoms/mm**2\"\n",
- "print\"iii)Surface area of pane(111)=\",round(2/(BC*AD*a**2)*10**-13,3),\"*10**13 atoms/mm**2\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 2.3, Page number 2.14"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 43,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "d1 = 1.0\n",
- "d2 = 0.707\n",
- "d3 = 0.577\n",
- "d1:d2:d3 = 1.0 : 0.707 : 0.577\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "h1=1\n",
- "k1=0\n",
- "l1=0\n",
- "h2=1\n",
- "k2=1\n",
- "l2=0\n",
- "h3=1\n",
- "k3=1\n",
- "l3=1\n",
- "a=1\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "d1=a/(math.sqrt(h1**2+k1**2+l1**2))\n",
- "d2=a/(math.sqrt(h2**2+k2**2+l2**2))\n",
- "d3=a/(math.sqrt(h3**2+k3**2+l3**2))\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"d1 =\",d1 \n",
- "print\"d2 =\",round(d2,3)\n",
- "print\"d3 =\",round(d3,3)\n",
- "print\"d1:d2:d3 =\",d1,\":\",round(d2,3),\":\",round(d3,3)"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 2.4, Page number 2.15"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 47,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "d(220) = 159.1 pm\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "h=2\n",
- "k=2\n",
- "l=0\n",
- "a=450\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "d=a/(math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2))\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"d(220) =\",round(d,1),\"pm\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 2.5, Page number 2.15"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 49,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "a = 3.615 Angstroms\n",
- "d = 2.087 Angstroms\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "a=3.615\n",
- "r=1.278\n",
- "h=1\n",
- "k=1\n",
- "l=1\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "a=(4*r)/math.sqrt(2)\n",
- "d=a/(math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2))\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"a =\",round(a,3),\"Angstroms\"\n",
- "print\"d =\",round(d,3),\"Angstroms\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 2.7, Page number 2.15"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 28,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "d = 1.45 *10**-10 m\n",
- "a = 4.1 *10**-10 m\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "n=1\n",
- "lamda=1.54\n",
- "theta=32*math.pi/180\n",
- "h=2\n",
- "k=2\n",
- "l=0\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "d=(n*lamda*10**-10)/(2*math.sin(theta)) #derived from 2dsin(theta)=n*l\n",
- "a=d*(math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2))\n",
- "\n",
- "#Results\n",
- "print\"d =\",round(d*10**10,2),\"*10**-10 m\"\n",
- "print\"a =\",round(a*10**10,1),\"*10**-10 m\"\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 2.8, Page number 2.16"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 50,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "i. d/n = 2.582 Angstroms\n",
- "ii. d/n = 1.824 Angstroms\n",
- "iii.d/n = 1.289 Angstroms\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "lamda=0.58\n",
- "theta1=6.45*math.pi/180\n",
- "theta2=9.15*math.pi/180\n",
- "theta3=13*math.pi/180\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "dbyn1=lamda/(2*(math.sin(theta1)))\n",
- "dbyn2=lamda/(2*math.sin(theta2))\n",
- "dbyn3=lamda/(2*math.sin(theta3))\n",
- " \n",
- "#Results\n",
- "print\"i. d/n =\",round(dbyn1,3),\"Angstroms\"\n",
- "print\"ii. d/n =\",round(dbyn2,3),\"Angstroms\"\n",
- "print\"iii.d/n =\",round(dbyn3,3),\"Angstroms\"\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 2.9, Page number 2.16"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 36,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "n = 1.53\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "d=1.18\n",
- "theta=90*math.pi/180\n",
- "lamda=1.540\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "n=(2*d*math.sin(theta))/lamda\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"n =\",round(n,2)"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 2.10, Page number 2.17"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 41,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "a = 3.51 Angstorms\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "lamda=0.58\n",
- "theta=9.5*math.pi/180\n",
- "n=1\n",
- "d=0.5 #d200=a/math.sqrt(2**2+0**2+0**2)=0.5a\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "a=n*lamda/(2*d*math.sin(theta)) #2*d*sin(theta)=n*lamda \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"a =\",round(a,2),\"Angstorms\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 2.11, Page number 2.17"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 17,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "sin(theta3) = 26 35.9387574495\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "lamda=0.842\n",
- "n1=1\n",
- "q=(8+(35/60))*(math.pi/180)\n",
- "n2=3\n",
- "d=1\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "#n*lamda=2*d*sin(theta)\n",
- "#n1*0.842=2*d*sin(q)\n",
- "#n3*0.842=2*d*sin(theta3)\n",
- "#Dividing both the eauations, we get\n",
- "#(n2*lamda)/(n1*lamda)=2*d*math.sin(theta3)/2*d*math.sin(q)\n",
- "theta3=math.asin((((n2*lamda)/(n1*lamda))*(2*d*math.sin(q)))/(2*d))\n",
- "d=theta3*180/math.pi;\n",
- "a_d=int(d);\n",
- "a_m=(d-int(d))*60\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"sin(theta3) =\",a_d,a_m\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 2.12, Page number 2.18"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 18,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "d = 2.22 Angstorms\n",
- "sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2) = 1.424\n",
- "Therefore, h**2+k**2+l**2 =sqrt(2)\n",
- "h =1, k=1\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "a=3.16\n",
- "lamda=1.54\n",
- "n=1\n",
- "theta=20.3*math.pi/180\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "d=(n*lamda)/(2*math.sin(theta))\n",
- "x=a/d #let math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2)=x\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"d =\",round(d,2),\"Angstorms\"\n",
- "print\"sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2) =\",round(x,3)\n",
- "print\"Therefore, h**2+k**2+l**2 =sqrt(2)\"\n",
- "print\"h =1, k=1\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 2.13, Page number 2.18"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 53,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "a = 4.09 Angstroms\n",
- "d = 2.36 Angstroms\n",
- "lamda = 1.552 Angstroms\n",
- "E = 8.0 *10**3 eV\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "## importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "n=4\n",
- "A=107.87\n",
- "rho=10500\n",
- "N=6.02*10**26\n",
- "h=1;\n",
- "k=1;\n",
- "l=1;\n",
- "H=6.625*10**-34\n",
- "e=1.6*10**-19\n",
- "theta=(19+(12/60))*math.pi/180\n",
- "C=3*10**8\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "a=((n*A)/(rho*N))**(1/3)*10**10\n",
- "d=a/math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2)\n",
- "lamda=2*d*math.sin(theta)\n",
- "E=(H*C)/(lamda*10**-10*e)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"a =\",round(a,2),\"Angstroms\"\n",
- "print\"d =\",round(d,2),\"Angstroms\"\n",
- "print\"lamda =\",round(lamda,3),\"Angstroms\"\n",
- "print\"E =\",round(E/10**3),\"*10**3 eV\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 2.14, Page number 2.19"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 72,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "d = 2.64 Angstorms\n",
- "sin(theta)= 0.288\n",
- "X = 7.554 cm\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "a=4.57\n",
- "h=1\n",
- "k=1\n",
- "l=1\n",
- "lamda=1.52\n",
- "twotheta=33.5*math.pi/180\n",
- "r=5 #radius\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "d=a/(h**2+k**2+l**2)**(1/2)\n",
- "sintheta=lamda/(2*d)\n",
- "X=r/math.tan(twotheta)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"d =\",round(d,2),\"Angstorms\"\n",
- "print\"sin(theta)=\",round(sintheta,3)\n",
- "print\"X =\",round(X,3),\"cm\""
- ]
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 2",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python2"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 2
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
- "version": "2.7.9"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_2_1.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_2_1.ipynb index 7ac8549d..7ac8549d 100644..100755 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_2_1.ipynb +++ b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_2_1.ipynb diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3a.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3a.ipynb deleted file mode 100755 index 6553b45b..00000000 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3a.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,215 +0,0 @@ -{
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "#3(A):Defects In Solids "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 3.1, Page number 3.17"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 13,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "at 0K, The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper is 0\n",
- "at 300K, The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper is 7.577 *10**5\n",
- "at 900K, The numb ber of vacancies per kilomole of copper is 6.502 *10**19\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "N=6.023*10**26\n",
- "deltaHv=120\n",
- "B=1.38*10**-23\n",
- "k=6.023*10**23\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "n0=0 # 0 in denominator\n",
- "n300=N*math.exp(-deltaHv*10**3/(k*B*300)) #The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper\n",
- "n900=N*math.exp(-(deltaHv*10**3)/(k*B*900))\n",
- "\n",
- "#Results\n",
- "print\"at 0K, The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper is\",n0\n",
- "print\"at 300K, The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper is\",round(n300/10**5,3),\"*10**5\"\n",
- "print\"at 900K, The numb ber of vacancies per kilomole of copper is\",round(n900/10**19,3),\"*10**19\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 3.2, Page number 3.16"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 16,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Fraction of vacancies at 1000 degrees C = 8.5 *10**-7\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "from sympy import *\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "F_500=1*10**-10\n",
- "delta_Hv=Symbol('delta_Hv')\n",
- "k=Symbol('k')\n",
- "T1=500+273\n",
- "T2=1000+273\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "lnx=math.log(F_500)*T1/T2;\n",
- "x=math.exp(round(lnx,2))\n",
- "\n",
- "print\"Fraction of vacancies at 1000 degrees C =\",round(x*10**7,1),\"*10**-7\" "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 3.3, Page number 3.17"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 18,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Volume of unit cell of NaCl = 1.794 *10**-28 m**3\n",
- "Total number of ion pairs 'N' =' 2.23 *10**28\n",
- "The concentration of Schottky defects per m**3 at 300K = 6.42 *10**11\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "a=(2*2.82*10**-10)\n",
- "delta_Hs=1.971*1.6*10**-19\n",
- "k=1.38*10**-23\n",
- "T=300\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "V=a**3 #Volume of unit cell of NaCl\n",
- "N=4/V #Total number of ion pairs\n",
- "n=N*math.e**-(delta_Hs/(2*k*T)) \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"Volume of unit cell of NaCl =\",round(V*10**28,3),\"*10**-28 m**3\"\n",
- "print\"Total number of ion pairs 'N' ='\",round(N/10**28,2),\"*10**28\"\n",
- "print\"The concentration of Schottky defects per m**3 at 300K =\",round(n/10**11,2),\"*10**11\"\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 3.4, Page number 3.18"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 36,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "The number that must be created on heating from 0 to 500K is n= 9.22 *10**12 per cm**3\n",
- "As one step is 2 Angstorms, 5*10**7 vacancies are required for 1cm\n",
- "The amount of climb down by the dislocation is 0.369 cm\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "N=6.023*10**23\n",
- "delta_Hv=1.6*10**-19\n",
- "k=1.38*10**-23\n",
- "T=500\n",
- "mv=5.55; #molar volume\n",
- "x=2*10**-8; #numbber of cm in 1 angstrom\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "n=N*math.exp(-delta_Hv/(k*T))/mv\n",
- "a=round(n/(5*10**7*10**6),4)*x;\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"The number that must be created on heating from 0 to 500K is n=\",round(n/10**12,2),\"*10**12 per cm**3\" #into cm**3\n",
- "print\"As one step is 2 Angstorms, 5*10**7 vacancies are required for 1cm\"\n",
- "print\"The amount of climb down by the dislocation is\",a*10**8,\"cm\""
- ]
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 2",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python2"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 2
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
- "version": "2.7.9"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3a_1.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3a_1.ipynb index ff712281..ff712281 100644..100755 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3a_1.ipynb +++ b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3a_1.ipynb diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3b.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3b.ipynb deleted file mode 100755 index 5fa9129c..00000000 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3b.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,414 +0,0 @@ -{
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "#3(B):Principles of Quantum Mechanics"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 3.1, Page number 3.41"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 11,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Velocity = 1.38 *10**6 m/s\n",
- "Wavelength = 0.00286 Angstorm\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "KE=10 #Kinetic Energy of neutron in keV\n",
- "m=1.675*10**-27\n",
- "h=6.625*10**-34\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "KE=10**4*1.6*10**-19 #in joule\n",
- "v=((2*KE)/m)**(1/2) #derived from KE=1/2*m*v**2\n",
- "lamda=h/(m*v)\n",
- "#Results\n",
- "print\"Velocity =\",round(v/10**6,2),\"*10**6 m/s\"\n",
- "print\"Wavelength =\",round(lamda*10**10,5),\"Angstorm\"\n",
- " "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 3.2, Page number 3.41"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 14,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Momentum 2.4133\n",
- "de Brolie wavelength = 2.73 *10**-11 m\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "E=2*1000*1.6*10**-19 #in joules\n",
- "m=9.1*10**-31\n",
- "h=6.6*10*10**-34\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "p=math.sqrt(2*m*E)\n",
- "lamda= h/p\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"Momentum\",round(p*10**23,4)\n",
- "print\"de Brolie wavelength =\",round(lamda*10**10,2),\"*10**-11 m\"\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 3.3, Page number 3.41"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 19,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "wavelength = 1.807 Angstorm\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "M=1.676*10**-27 #Mass of neutron\n",
- "m=0.025\n",
- "v=1.602*10**-19\n",
- "h=6.62*10**-34\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "mv=(2*m*v)**(1/2)\n",
- "lamda=h/(mv*M**(1/2))\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"wavelength =\",round(lamda*10**10,3),\"Angstorm\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 3.4, Page number 3.42"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 21,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Wavelength = 0.1226 Angstorm\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "V=10000\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "lamda=12.26/math.sqrt(V)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"Wavelength =\",lamda,\"Angstorm\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 3.5, Page number 3.42"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 7,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false,
- "scrolled": true
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "The permitted electron energies = 38.0 *n**2 eV\n",
- "E1= 38.0 eV\n",
- "E2= 151.0 eV\n",
- "E3= 339.0 eV\n",
- "#Answer varies due to rounding of numbers\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(coulomb)\n",
- "L=10**-10 #1Angstrom=10**-10 m\n",
- "n1=1;\n",
- "n2=2;\n",
- "n3=3;\n",
- "h=6.626*10**-34\n",
- "m=9.1*10**-31\n",
- "L=10**-10\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "E1=(h**2)/(8*m*L**2*e)\n",
- "E2=4*E1\n",
- "E3=9*E1\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"The permitted electron energies =\",round(E1),\"*n**2 eV\"\n",
- "print\"E1=\",round(E1),\"eV\"\n",
- "print\"E2=\",round(E2),\"eV\"\n",
- "print\"E3=\",round(E3),\"eV\"\n",
- "print\"#Answer varies due to rounding of numbers\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 3.6, Page number 3.42"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 9,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "si**2 delta(x)= 0.2\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "i=1*10**-10; #interval\n",
- "L=10*10**-10; #width\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "si2=2*i/L;\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"si**2 delta(x)=\",si2"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 3.7, Page number 3.43"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 13,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- " E1 = 1.81 *10**-37 Joule\n",
- "E2 = 3.62 *10**-37 Joule\n",
- "E2-E1 = 1.81 *10**-37 J\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "nx=1\n",
- "ny=1\n",
- "nz=1\n",
- "a=1\n",
- "h=6.63*10**-34\n",
- "m=9.1*10**-31\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "E1=h**2*(nx**2+ny**2+nz**2)/(8*m*a**2)\n",
- "E2=(h**2*6)/(8*m*a**2) #nx**2+ny**2+nz**2=6\n",
- "diff=E2-E1\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"E1 =\",round(E1*10**37,2),\"*10**-37 Joule\"\n",
- "print\"E2 =\",round(E2*10**37,2),\"*10**-37 Joule\"\n",
- "print\"E2-E1 =\",round(diff*10**37,2),\"*10**-37 J\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 3.8, Page number 3.43"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 7,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "E1 = 3.28 *10**-13 J\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "m=1.67*10**-27\n",
- "a=10**-14\n",
- "h=1.054*10**-34\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "E1=(1*math.pi*h)**2/(2*m*a**2)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"E1 =\",round(E1*10**13,2),\"*10**-13 J\"\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": true
- },
- "source": [
- "#Example number 3.9, Page number 3.44"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 13,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "a= 0.0158\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "from scipy.integrate import quad\n",
- "#Variable declarations\n",
- "k=1;\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "def zintg(x):\n",
- " return 2*k*math.exp(-2*k*x)\n",
- "a=quad(zintg,2/k,3/k)[0]\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"a=\",round(a,4)"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 2",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python2"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 2
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
- "version": "2.7.9"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3b_1.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3b_1.ipynb index 5fa9129c..5fa9129c 100644..100755 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3b_1.ipynb +++ b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_3b_1.ipynb diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_4.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_4.ipynb deleted file mode 100755 index 84e4acb8..00000000 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_4.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,478 +0,0 @@ -{
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "#4: Electron Theory of Metals"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 4.1, Page number 4.28"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 12,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "energy difference is 1.81 *10**-37 J\n",
- "3/2*k*T = E2 = 3.62 *10**-37 J\n",
- "T = 1.75 *10**-14 K\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
- "nx=ny=nz=1;\n",
- "n=6;\n",
- "a=1; #edge(m)\n",
- "h=6.63*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
- "k=1.38\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "E1=h**2*(nx**2+ny**2+nz**2)/(8*m*a**2);\n",
- "E2=h**2*n/(8*m*a**2);\n",
- "E=E2-E1; #energy difference(J)\n",
- "T=(2*E2*10**37)/(3*k*10**-23)\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"energy difference is\",round(E*10**37,2),\"*10**-37 J\"\n",
- "print \"3/2*k*T = E2 =\",round(E2*10**37,2),\"*10**-37 J\"\n",
- "print \"T =\",round(T/10**23,2),\"*10**-14 K\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 4.2, Page number 4.28"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 13,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "temperature is 1261 K\n",
- "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "y=1/100; #percentage of probability\n",
- "x=0.5*1.6*10**-19; #energy(J)\n",
- "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "xbykT=math.log((1/y)-1);\n",
- "T=x/(k*xbykT); #temperature(K)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"temperature is\",int(T),\"K\"\n",
- "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 4.3, Page number 4.29"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 4,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "fermi energy is 3.2 eV\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "d=970; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
- "Na=6.02*10**26; #avagadro number\n",
- "w=23; #atomic weight\n",
- "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
- "h=6.62*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "N=d*Na/w; #number of atoms/m**3\n",
- "x=h**2/(8*m);\n",
- "y=(3*N/math.pi)**(2/3);\n",
- "EF=x*y; #fermi energy(J)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"fermi energy is\",round(EF/(1.6*10**-19),1),\"eV\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 4.4, Page number 4.29"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 3,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "p(E) = 0.269\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "kT=1;\n",
- "E_EF=1;\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "p_E=1/(1+math.exp(E_EF/kT)) \n",
- " \n",
- "#Result \n",
- "print \"p(E) =\",round(p_E,3)"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 4.5, Page number 4.29"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 28,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "N = 2.4 *10**26 states\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "from scipy.integrate import quad \n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declarations\n",
- "m=9.1*10**-31\n",
- "h=6.626*10**-34\n",
- "Ef=3.1\n",
- "Ef1=Ef+0.02\n",
- "e=1.6*10**-19\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "def zintg(E):\n",
- " return math.pi*((8*m)**(3/2))*(E**(1/2)*e**(3/2))/(2*(h**3))\n",
- "N=quad(zintg,Ef,Ef1)[0]\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"N =\",round(N*10**-26,1),\"*10**26 states\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 4.6, Page number 4.30"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 1,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "n = 8.5 *10**28 /m**3\n",
- "The drift speed Vd = 36.6 *10**-5 m/s\n",
- "The mean free collision time Tc = 2.087 *10**-14 seconds\n",
- "Mean free path = 3.34 *10**-8 m(answer varies due to rounding off errors)\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "N=6.023*10**26 #Avagadro number\n",
- "D=8960 #density \n",
- "F_e=1 #no.of free electrons per atom \n",
- "W=63.54 #Atomic weight\n",
- "i=10\n",
- "e=1.602*10**-19\n",
- "m=9.1*10**-31\n",
- "rho=2*10**-8\n",
- "Cbar=1.6*10**6 #mean thermal velocity(m/s)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "n=(N*D*F_e)/W\n",
- "A=math.pi*0.08**2*10**-4\n",
- "Vd=i/(A*n*e) #Drift speed\n",
- "Tc=m/(n*(e**2)*rho)\n",
- "lamda=Tc*Cbar\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"n =\",round(n/10**28,1),\"*10**28 /m**3\"\n",
- "print\"The drift speed Vd =\",round(Vd*10**5,1),\"*10**-5 m/s\"\n",
- "print\"The mean free collision time Tc =\",round(Tc*10**14,3),\"*10**-14 seconds\"\n",
- "print\"Mean free path =\",round(lamda*10**8,2),\"*10**-8 m\"\"(answer varies due to rounding off errors)\" \n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 4.7, Page number 4.30"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 5,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "The mean free collision time = 4.8 *10**7 ohm**-1 m**-1\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "##Variable declaration\n",
- "n=8.5*10**28\n",
- "e=1.602*10**-19\n",
- "t=2*10**-14\n",
- "m=9.1*10**-31\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "Tc=n*(e**2)*t/m\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"The mean free collision time =\",round(Tc/10**7,1),\"*10**7 ohm**-1 m**-1\"\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 4.8, Page number 4.31"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 12,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Relaxation time = 4.0 *10**-14 second\n",
- "Mobility = 7.0 *10**-3 m**2/volt-s\n",
- "Drift Velocity= 0.7 m/s\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "e=1.6*10**-19\n",
- "E=1 #(V/m)\n",
- "rho=1.54*10**-8\n",
- "n=5.8*10**28\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "T=m/(rho*n*e**2)\n",
- "Me=(e*T)/m\n",
- "Vd=Me*E\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result \n",
- "print\"Relaxation time =\",round(T*10**14),\"*10**-14 second\"\n",
- "print\"Mobility =\",round(Me*10**3),\"*10**-3 m**2/volt-s\"\n",
- "print\"Drift Velocity=\",round(Vd*100,1),\"m/s\"\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 4.9, Page number 4.31"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 9,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Temperature coefficient of resistivity,a = 5.7\n",
- "rho_973 = 5.51 *10**-8 ohm-m\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "##Variable declaration\n",
- "rho_r=0\n",
- "T=300\n",
- "rho=1.7*10**-18\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations \n",
- "a=rho/T\n",
- "rho_973=a*973\n",
- "\n",
- "#Results\n",
- "print\"Temperature coefficient of resistivity,a =\",round(a*10**21,1)\n",
- "print\"rho_973 =\",round(rho_973*10**18,2),\"*10**-8 ohm-m\"\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 4.10, Page number 4.31"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 10,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Increase in resistivity in copper = 0.54 *10**-8 ohm m\n",
- "Total resistivity of copper alloy = 2.04 *10**-8 ohm m\n",
- "The resistivity of alloy at 3K = 0.54 *10**-8 ohm m\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "##Variable declaration\n",
- "rho1=1.2*10**-8\n",
- "p1=0.4\n",
- "rho2=0.12*10**-8\n",
- "p2=0.5\n",
- "rho3=1.5*10**-8\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "R=(rho1*p1)+(rho2*p2)\n",
- "R_c=R+rho3\n",
- "\n",
- "#Results\n",
- "print\"Increase in resistivity in copper =\",round(R*10**8,2),\"*10**-8 ohm m\"\n",
- "print\"Total resistivity of copper alloy =\",round(R_c*10**8,2),\"*10**-8 ohm m\"\n",
- "print\"The resistivity of alloy at 3K =\",round(R*10**8,2),\"*10**-8 ohm m\""
- ]
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 2",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python2"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 2
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
- "version": "2.7.9"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_4_1.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_4_1.ipynb index 84e4acb8..84e4acb8 100644..100755 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_4_1.ipynb +++ b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_4_1.ipynb diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5a.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5a.ipynb deleted file mode 100755 index 28d3f8c6..00000000 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5a.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,212 +0,0 @@ -{
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "#5(A): Dielectric Properties"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 5.1, Page number 5.27"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 40,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "insulation resistance is 0.85 *10**18 ohm\n",
- "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "rho=5*10**16; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
- "l=5*10**-2; #thickness(m)\n",
- "b=8*10**-2; #length(m)\n",
- "w=3*10**-2; #width(m)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "A=b*w; #area(m**2)\n",
- "Rv=rho*l/A; \n",
- "X=l+b; #length(m)\n",
- "Y=w; #perpendicular(m)\n",
- "Rs=Rv*X/Y; \n",
- "Ri=Rs*Rv/(Rs+Rv); #insulation resistance(ohm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"insulation resistance is\",round(Ri/10**18,2),\"*10**18 ohm\"\n",
- "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 5.2, Page number 5.28"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 42,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "polarisability of He is 0.185 *10**-40 farad m**2\n",
- "relative permittivity is 1.000056\n",
- "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "epsilon0=8.84*10**-12;\n",
- "R=0.55*10**-10; #radius(m)\n",
- "N=2.7*10**25; #number of atoms\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "alpha_e=4*math.pi*epsilon0*R**3; #polarisability of He(farad m**2)\n",
- "epsilonr=1+(N*alpha_e/epsilon0); #relative permittivity\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"polarisability of He is\",round(alpha_e*10**40,3),\"*10**-40 farad m**2\"\n",
- "print \"relative permittivity is\",round(epsilonr,6)\n",
- "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 5.3, Page number 5.28"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 43,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "field strength is 3.535 *10**7 V/m\n",
- "total dipole moment is 33.4 *10**-12 Cm\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "A=360*10**-4; #area(m**2)\n",
- "V=15; #voltage(V)\n",
- "C=6*10**-6; #capacitance(farad)\n",
- "epsilonr=8;\n",
- "epsilon0=8.84*10**-12;\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "E=V*C/(epsilon0*epsilonr*A); #field strength(V/m)\n",
- "dm=epsilon0*(epsilonr-1)*V*A; #total dipole moment(Cm)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"field strength is\",round(E/10**7,3),\"*10**7 V/m\"\n",
- "print \"total dipole moment is\",round(dm*10**12,1),\"*10**-12 Cm\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 5.4, Page number 5.29"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 45,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "the complex polarizability is (3.50379335033-0.0600074383321j) *10**-40 F-m**2\n",
- "answer cant be rouned off to 2 decimals as given in the textbook. Since it is a complex number and complex cant be converted to float\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "epsilonr=4.36; #dielectric constant\n",
- "t=2.8*10**-2; #loss tangent(t)\n",
- "N=4*10**28; #number of electrons\n",
- "epsilon0=8.84*10**-12; \n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "epsilon_r = epsilonr*t;\n",
- "epsilonstar = (complex(epsilonr,-epsilon_r));\n",
- "alphastar = (epsilonstar-1)/(epsilonstar+2);\n",
- "alpha_star = 3*epsilon0*alphastar/N; #complex polarizability(Fm**2)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"the complex polarizability is\",alpha_star*10**40,\"*10**-40 F-m**2\"\n",
- "print \"answer cant be rouned off to 2 decimals as given in the textbook. Since it is a complex number and complex cant be converted to float\""
- ]
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 2",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python2"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 2
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
- "version": "2.7.9"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5a_1.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5a_1.ipynb index 28d3f8c6..28d3f8c6 100644..100755 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5a_1.ipynb +++ b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5a_1.ipynb diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5b.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5b.ipynb deleted file mode 100755 index 0ada6386..00000000 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5b.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,288 +0,0 @@ -{
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "#5(B): Magnetic Properties"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 5.1, Page number 5.65"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 7,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "temperature rise is 8.43 K\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "El=10**-2*50; #energy loss(J)\n",
- "H=El*60; #heat produced(J)\n",
- "d=7.7*10**3; #iron rod(kg/m**3)\n",
- "s=0.462*10**-3; #specific heat(J/kg K)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "theta=H/(d*s); #temperature rise(K)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"temperature rise is\",round(theta,2),\"K\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 5.2, Page number 5.65"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 8,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "magnetic field at the centre is 14.0 weber/m**2\n",
- "dipole moment is 9.0 *10**-24 ampere/m**2\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n",
- "new=6.8*10**15; #frequency(revolutions per second)\n",
- "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
- "R=5.1*10**-11; #radius(m)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "i=round(e*new,4); #current(ampere)\n",
- "B=mew0*i/(2*R); #magnetic field at the centre(weber/m**2)\n",
- "A=math.pi*R**2;\n",
- "d=i*A; #dipole moment(ampere/m**2)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"magnetic field at the centre is\",round(B),\"weber/m**2\"\n",
- "print \"dipole moment is\",round(d*10**24),\"*10**-24 ampere/m**2\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 5.3, Page number 5.65"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 9,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "intensity of magnetisation is 5.0 ampere/m\n",
- "flux density in material is 1.257 weber/m**2\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "chi=0.5*10**-5; #magnetic susceptibility\n",
- "H=10**6; #field strength(ampere/m)\n",
- "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "I=chi*H; #intensity of magnetisation(ampere/m)\n",
- "B=mew0*(I+H); #flux density in material(weber/m**2)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"intensity of magnetisation is\",I,\"ampere/m\"\n",
- "print \"flux density in material is\",round(B,3),\"weber/m**2\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 5.4, Page number 5.65"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 10,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "number of Bohr magnetons is 2.22 bohr magneon/atom\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "B=9.27*10**-24; #bohr magneton(ampere m**2)\n",
- "a=2.86*10**-10; #edge(m)\n",
- "Is=1.76*10**6; #saturation value of magnetisation(ampere/m)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "N=2/a**3;\n",
- "mew_bar=Is/N; #number of Bohr magnetons(ampere m**2)\n",
- "mew_bar=mew_bar/B; #number of Bohr magnetons(bohr magneon/atom)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"number of Bohr magnetons is\",round(mew_bar,2),\"bohr magneon/atom\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 5.5, Page number 5.66"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 11,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "average magnetic moment is 2.79 *10**-3 bohr magneton/spin\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
- "H=9.27*10**-24; #bohr magneton(ampere m**2)\n",
- "beta=10**6; #field(ampere/m)\n",
- "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
- "T=303; #temperature(K)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "mm=mew0*H*beta/(k*T); #average magnetic moment(bohr magneton/spin)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"average magnetic moment is\",round(mm*10**3,2),\"*10**-3 bohr magneton/spin\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 5.6, Page number 5.66"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 13,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "hysteresis loss per cycle is 188.0 J/m**3\n",
- "hysteresis loss per second is 9400.0 watt/m**3\n",
- "power loss is 1.23 watt/kg\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "A=94; #area(m**2)\n",
- "vy=0.1; #value of length(weber/m**2)\n",
- "vx=20; #value of unit length\n",
- "n=50; #number of magnetization cycles\n",
- "d=7650; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "h=A*vy*vx; #hysteresis loss per cycle(J/m**3)\n",
- "hs=h*n; #hysteresis loss per second(watt/m**3)\n",
- "pl=hs/d; #power loss(watt/kg)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"hysteresis loss per cycle is\",h,\"J/m**3\"\n",
- "print \"hysteresis loss per second is\",hs,\"watt/m**3\"\n",
- "print \"power loss is\",round(pl,2),\"watt/kg\""
- ]
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 2",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python2"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 2
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
- "version": "2.7.9"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5b_1.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5b_1.ipynb index 0ada6386..0ada6386 100644..100755 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5b_1.ipynb +++ b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_5b_1.ipynb diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_6a.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_6a.ipynb deleted file mode 100755 index ad04957e..00000000 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_6a.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,774 +0,0 @@ -{
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "#6(A): Semiconductors"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 6.1, Page number 6.21"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 39,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "number of electron hole pairs is 2.32 *10**16 per cubic metre\n",
- "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "ni1=2.5*10**19; #number of electron hole pairs\n",
- "T1=300; #temperature(K)\n",
- "Eg1=0.72*1.6*10**-19; #energy gap(J)\n",
- "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
- "T2=310; #temperature(K)\n",
- "Eg2=1.12*1.6*10**-19; #energy gap(J)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "x1=-Eg1/(2*k*T1);\n",
- "y1=(T1**(3/2))*math.exp(x1);\n",
- "x2=-Eg2/(2*k*T2);\n",
- "y2=(T2**(3/2))*math.exp(x2);\n",
- "ni=ni1*(y2/y1); #number of electron hole pairs\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"number of electron hole pairs is\",round(ni/10**16,2),\"*10**16 per cubic metre\"\n",
- "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 6.2, Page number 6.22"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 41,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "intrinsic conductivity is 1.434 *10**4 ohm-1 m-1\n",
- "intrinsic resistivity is 0.697 *10**-4 ohm m\n",
- "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n",
- "number of germanium atoms per m**3 is 4.5 *10**28\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "w=72.6; #atomic weight\n",
- "d=5400; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
- "Na=6.025*10**26; #avagadro number\n",
- "mew_e=0.4; #mobility of electron(m**2/Vs)\n",
- "mew_h=0.2; #mobility of holes(m**2/Vs)\n",
- "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
- "m=9.108*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
- "ni=2.1*10**19; #number of electron hole pairs\n",
- "Eg=0.7; #band gap(eV)\n",
- "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
- "h=6.625*10**-34; #plancks constant\n",
- "T=300; #temperature(K)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "sigmab=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); #intrinsic conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n",
- "rhob=1/sigmab; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
- "n=Na*d/w; #number of germanium atoms per m**3\n",
- "p=n/10**5; #boron density\n",
- "sigma=p*e*mew_h;\n",
- "rho=1/sigma;\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"intrinsic conductivity is\",round(sigma/10**4,3),\"*10**4 ohm-1 m-1\"\n",
- "print \"intrinsic resistivity is\",round(rho*10**4,3),\"*10**-4 ohm m\"\n",
- "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\"\n",
- "print \"number of germanium atoms per m**3 is\",round(n/10**28,1),\"*10**28\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 6.3, Page number 6.23"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 44,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "charge carrier density is 2 *10**22 per m**3\n",
- "electron mobility is 0.035 m**2/Vs\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
- "RH=3.66*10**-4; #hall coefficient(m**3/coulomb)\n",
- "sigma=112; #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "ne=3*math.pi/(8*RH*e); #charge carrier density(per m**3)\n",
- "mew_e=sigma/(e*ne); #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"charge carrier density is\",int(ne/10**22),\"*10**22 per m**3\"\n",
- "print \"electron mobility is\",round(mew_e,3),\"m**2/Vs\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 6.4, Page number 6.24"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 45,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "intrinsic conductivity is 0.432 *10**-3 ohm-1 m-1 10.4\n",
- "conductivity during donor impurity is 10.4 ohm-1 m-1\n",
- "conductivity during acceptor impurity is 4 ohm-1 m-1\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "mew_e=0.13; #mobility of electron(m**2/Vs)\n",
- "mew_h=0.05; #mobility of holes(m**2/Vs)\n",
- "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
- "ni=1.5*10**16; #number of electron hole pairs\n",
- "N=5*10**28;\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "sigma1=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); #intrinsic conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n",
- "ND=N/10**8;\n",
- "n=ni**2/ND;\n",
- "sigma2=ND*e*mew_e; #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n",
- "sigma3=ND*e*mew_h; #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"intrinsic conductivity is\",round(sigma1*10**3,3),\"*10**-3 ohm-1 m-1\",sigma2\n",
- "print \"conductivity during donor impurity is\",sigma2,\"ohm-1 m-1\"\n",
- "print \"conductivity during acceptor impurity is\",int(sigma3),\"ohm-1 m-1\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 6.5, Page number 6.24"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 50,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "conductivity is 4.97 mho m-1\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
- "Eg=0.72; #band gap(eV)\n",
- "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
- "T1=293; #temperature(K)\n",
- "T2=313; #temperature(K)\n",
- "sigma1=2; #conductivity(mho m-1)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "x=(Eg*e/(2*k))*((1/T1)-(1/T2));\n",
- "y=round(x/2.303,3);\n",
- "z=round(math.log10(sigma1),3);\n",
- "log_sigma2=y+z;\n",
- "sigma2=10**log_sigma2; #conductivity(mho m-1)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"conductivity is\",round(sigma2,2),\"mho m-1\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 6.6, Page number 6.25"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 12,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "a)Concentration in N-type\n",
- "n = 1.442 *10**24 m**-3\n",
- "Hence p = 1.56 *10**8 m**-3\n",
- "b)Concentration in P-type\n",
- "p = 3.75 *10**24 m**-3\n",
- "Hence n = 0.6 *10**8 m**-3\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "ni=1.5*10**16\n",
- "mu_n=1300*10**-4\n",
- "mu_p=500*10**-4\n",
- "e=1.6*10**-19\n",
- "sigma=3*10**4\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "#Concentration in N-type\n",
- "n1=sigma/(e*mu_n)\n",
- "p1=ni**2/n1\n",
- "#Concentration in P-type\n",
- "p=sigma/(e*mu_p)\n",
- "n2=(ni**2)/p\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"a)Concentration in N-type\"\n",
- "print\"n =\",round(n1*10**-24,3),\"*10**24 m**-3\"\n",
- "print\"Hence p =\",round(p1/10**8,2),\"*10**8 m**-3\"\n",
- "print\"b)Concentration in P-type\"\n",
- "print\"p =\",round(p/10**24,2),\"*10**24 m**-3\"\n",
- "print\"Hence n =\",round(n2/10**8,1),\"*10**8 m**-3\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 6.7, Page number 6.26"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 18,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Jx = 1000.0 ampere/m**2\n",
- "Ey = 0.183 V/m\n",
- "Vy = 1.83 mV\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "i=10**-2\n",
- "A=0.01*0.001\n",
- "RH=3.66*10**-4\n",
- "Bz=0.5\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "Jx=i/A\n",
- "Ey=RH*(Bz*Jx)\n",
- "Vy=Ey*0.01\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"Jx =\",Jx,\"ampere/m**2\"\n",
- "print\"Ey =\",round(Ey,3),\"V/m\"\n",
- "print\"Vy =\",round(Vy*10**3,2),\"mV\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 6.8, Page number 6.26"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 26,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Position of fermi level = 0.5764 eV\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "Ev=0\n",
- "Ec=1.12\n",
- "k=1.38*10**-23\n",
- "T=300\n",
- "mh=0.28\n",
- "mc=0.12\n",
- "e=1.6*10**-19\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "Ef=((Ec+Ev)/2)+((3*k*T)/(4*e))*math.log(mh/mc)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"Position of fermi level =\",round(Ef,4),\"eV\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 6.9, Page number 6.26"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 1,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Conductivity of intrinsic germanium at 300K = 2.24 ohm**-1 m**-1\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "ni=2.5*10**19\n",
- "mu_e=0.38\n",
- "mu_h=0.18\n",
- "e=1.6*10**-19\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "sigmai=ni*e*(mu_e+mu_h)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"Conductivity of intrinsic germanium at 300K =\",round(sigmai,2),\"ohm**-1 m**-1\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 6.10, Page number 6.27"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 39,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Conductivity = 1.1593 *10**-3 ohm**-1 m**-1\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "m=9.1*10**-31\n",
- "k=1.38*10**-23\n",
- "T=300\n",
- "h=6.626*10**-34\n",
- "Eg=1.1\n",
- "e=1.6*10**-19\n",
- "mu_e=0.48\n",
- "mu_h=0.013\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "ni=2*((2*math.pi*m*k*T)/h**2)**(3/2)*math.exp(-(Eg*e)/(2*k*T))\n",
- "sigma=ni*e*(mu_e+mu_h)\n",
- " \n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"Conductivity =\",round(sigma*10**3,4),\"*10**-3 ohm**-1 m**-1\" "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 6.11, Page number 6.27"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 7,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "p = 2.0 *10**23 m**-3\n",
- "The electron concentration is given by n = 2.0 *10**9 m**-3\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "Na=5*10**23\n",
- "Nd=3*10**23\n",
- "ni=2*10**16\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "p=((Na-Nd)+(Na-Nd))/2\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"p =\",p*10**-23,\"*10**23 m**-3\"\n",
- "print\"The electron concentration is given by n =\",ni**2/p*10**-9,\"*10**9 m**-3\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 6.12, Page number 6.28"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 43,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Rh = 3.7 *10**-6 C**-1 m**3\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "Vh=37*10**-6\n",
- "thick=1*10**-3\n",
- "width=5\n",
- "Iy=20*10**-3\n",
- "Bz=0.5\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "Rh=(Vh*width*thick)/(width*Iy*Bz)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"Rh =\",round(Rh*10**6,1),\"*10**-6 C**-1 m**3\"\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 6.13, Page number 6.28"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 46,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Dn = 33.54 cm**2 s**-1\n",
- "Dp = 12.9 cm**2 s**-1\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "Vt=0.0258\n",
- "mu_n=1300\n",
- "mu_p=500\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "Dn=Vt*mu_n\n",
- "Dp=Vt*mu_p\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"Dn =\",Dn,\"cm**2 s**-1\"\n",
- "print\"Dp =\",Dp,\"cm**2 s**-1\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 6.14, Page number 6.29"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 63,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "The hole concentration 'p' = 1.125 *10**13 /m**3\n",
- "'n'= Nd = 2.0 *10**19\n",
- "Electrical Conductivity = 0.384 ohm**-1 m**-1\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "ni=1.5*10**16\n",
- "Nd=2*10**19\n",
- "e=1.602*100**-19\n",
- "mu_n=0.12\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "p=ni**2/Nd\n",
- "E_c=e*Nd*mu_n\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"The hole concentration 'p' =\",round(p*10**-13,3),\"*10**13 /m**3\"\n",
- "print\"'n'= Nd =\",round(Nd*10**-19),\"*10**19\"\n",
- "print\"Electrical Conductivity =\",round(E_c*10**19,3),\"ohm**-1 m**-1\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 6.15, Page number 6.29"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 37,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "mu_p= 1389.0 cm**2/V-s\n",
- "n= 6.0355 *10**13/cm**3\n",
- "p= 1.0355 *10**13/cm**3\n",
- "J= 582.5 A/m**2\n",
- "#Answer varies due to rounding of numbers\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "N=1/60\n",
- "e=1.6*10**-19\n",
- "ni=2.5*10**13\n",
- "b=5*10**13\n",
- "E=2\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "n=(b+math.sqrt(2*b**2))/2\n",
- "mu_p=N/(3*e*ni)\n",
- "mu_i=2*mu_p\n",
- "np=ni**2\n",
- "p=(ni**2)/n\n",
- "e=1.6*10**-19\n",
- "E=2\n",
- "J=(e*E)*((n*mu_i)+(p*mu_p))\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print\"mu_p=\",round(mu_p),\"cm**2/V-s\"\n",
- "print\"n=\",round(n/10**13,4),\"*10**13/cm**3\"\n",
- "print\"p=\",round(p*10**-13,4),\"*10**13/cm**3\"\n",
- "print\"J=\",round(J*10**4,1),\"A/m**2\"\n",
- "print\"#Answer varies due to rounding of numbers\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example number 6.16, Page number 6.30"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 7,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "ni = 2.293 *10**19 /m**3\n",
- "Drift velocity of holes 1900.0 ms**-1\n",
- "Drift velocity of electrons= 3900.0 ms**-1\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "rho=47*10**-2\n",
- "e=1.6*10**-19\n",
- "mu_n=0.39\n",
- "mu_p=0.19\n",
- "E=10**4\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "ni=1/(rho*e*(mu_n+mu_p))\n",
- "Dh=mu_p*E\n",
- "De=mu_n*E\n",
- "\n",
- "#Results\n",
- "print\"ni =\",round(ni/10**19,3),\"*10**19 /m**3\"\n",
- "print\"Drift velocity of holes\",Dh,\"ms**-1\"\n",
- "print\"Drift velocity of electrons=\",De,\"ms**-1\""
- ]
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 2",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python2"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 2
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
- "version": "2.7.9"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_6a_1.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_6a_1.ipynb index ad04957e..ad04957e 100644..100755 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_6a_1.ipynb +++ b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_6a_1.ipynb diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_6b_1.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_6b_1.ipynb index ac079778..ac079778 100644..100755 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_6b_1.ipynb +++ b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_6b_1.ipynb diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_7.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_7.ipynb deleted file mode 100755 index 48386845..00000000 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_7.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,236 +0,0 @@ -{
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "# Chapter 7:LASERS "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.1, Page number 7.32"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 4,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Divergence = -2.0 *10**-3 radian\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#variable declaration\n",
- "r1 = 7; #in radians\n",
- "r2 = 3; #in radians\n",
- "d1 = 4; #Converting from mm to radians\n",
- "d2 = 6; #Converting from mm to radians\n",
- "\n",
- "#calculations\n",
- "D = (r2-r1)/(d2*10**3-d1*10**3) #Divergence\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Divergence =\",round(D*10**3,3),\"*10**-3 radian\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.2, Page number 7.32"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 1,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Frequency (V) = 4.32 *10**14 Hz\n",
- "Relative Population= 1.081 *10**30\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#variable declaration\n",
- "C=3*10**8 #The speed of light\n",
- "Lamda=6943 #Wavelength\n",
- "T=300 #Temperature in Kelvin\n",
- "h=6.626*10**-34 #Planck constant \n",
- "k=1.38*10**-23 #Boltzmann's constant\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "\n",
- "V=(C)/(Lamda*10**-10) #Frequency\n",
- "R=math.exp(h*V/(k*T)) #Relative population\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Frequency (V) =\",round(V/10**14,2),\"*10**14 Hz\"\n",
- "print \"Relative Population=\",round(R/10**30,3),\"*10**30\"\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.3, Page number 7.32"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 2,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- " Frequency= 4.74 *10**14 Hz\n",
- "no.of photons emitted= 7.322 *10**15 photons/sec\n",
- "Power density = 2.3 kWm**-2\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#variable declaration\n",
- "C=3*10**8 #Velocity of light\n",
- "W=632.8*10**-9 #wavelength\n",
- "P=2.3\n",
- "t=1\n",
- "h=6.626*10**-34 #Planck constant \n",
- "S=1*10**-6\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "V=C/W #Frequency\n",
- "n=((P*10**-3)*t)/(h*V) #no.of photons emitted\n",
- "PD=P*10**-3/S #Power density\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Frequency=\",round(V/10**14,2),\"*10**14 Hz\"\n",
- "print \"no.of photons emitted=\",round(n/10**15,3),\"*10**15 photons/sec\"\n",
- "print \"Power density =\",round(PD/1000,1),\"kWm**-2\"\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.4, Page number 7.33"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 1,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Wavelenght = 8628.0 Angstrom\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#variable declaration\n",
- "h=6.626*10**-34 #Planck constant \n",
- "C=3*10**8 #Velocity of light\n",
- "E_g=1.44 #bandgap \n",
- "\n",
- "#calculations\n",
- "lamda=(h*C)*10**10/(E_g*1.6*10**-19) #Wavelenght\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Wavelenght =\",round(lamda),\"Angstrom\"\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 7.5, Page number 7.33"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 25,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Band gap = 0.8 eV\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#variable declaration\n",
- "W=1.55 #wavelength\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "E_g=(1.24)/W #Bandgap in eV \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Band gap =\",E_g,\"eV\""
- ]
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 2",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python2"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 2
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
- "version": "2.7.9"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_7_1.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_7_1.ipynb index 48386845..48386845 100644..100755 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_7_1.ipynb +++ b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_7_1.ipynb diff --git a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_8.ipynb b/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_8.ipynb deleted file mode 100755 index 4ab9cd1c..00000000 --- a/APPLIED_PHYSICS_by_M,_ARUMUGAM/Chapter_8.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,651 +0,0 @@ -{
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "#Chapter 8:Fiber Optics"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.1, Page number 8.28"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 125,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "The Critical angle = 78.5 degrees\n",
- "The numerical aperture = 0.3\n",
- "The acceptance angle = 17.4 degrees\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#variable declaration\n",
- "n1=1.50 #Core refractive index\n",
- "n2=1.47 #Cladding refractive index\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "C_a=math.asin(n2/n1) #Critical angle \n",
- "N_a=(n1**2-n2**2)**(1/2)\n",
- "A_a=math.asin(N_a)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Results\n",
- "print \"The Critical angle =\",round(C_a*180/math.pi,1),\"degrees\"\n",
- "print \"The numerical aperture =\",round(N_a,2)\n",
- "print \"The acceptance angle =\",round(A_a*180/math.pi,1),\"degrees\"\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.2, Page number 8.28"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 126,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "N = 490.0\n",
- "Fiber can support 490.0 guided modes\n",
- "In graded index fiber, No.of modes propogated inside the fiber = 245.0 only\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#variable declaration\n",
- "d=50 #diameter\n",
- "N_a=0.2 #Numerical aperture\n",
- "lamda=1 #wavelength\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "N=4.9*(((d*10**-6*N_a)/(lamda*10**-6))**2)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"N =\",N\n",
- "print \"Fiber can support\",N,\"guided modes\"\n",
- "print \"In graded index fiber, No.of modes propogated inside the fiber =\",N/2,\"only\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.3, Page number 8.29"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 1,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Numerical aperture = 0.008691\n",
- "No. of modes that can be propogated = 1.0\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#variable declaration\n",
- "d=50 #diameter\n",
- "n1=1.450\n",
- "n2=1.447\n",
- "lamda=1 #wavelength\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "N_a=(n1**2-n2**2) #Numerical aperture\n",
- "N=4.9*(((d*10**-6*N_a)/(lamda*10**-6))**2)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Results\n",
- "print \"Numerical aperture =\",N_a\n",
- "print \"No. of modes that can be propogated =\",round(N)"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.4, Page number 8.29"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 34,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Numerical aperture = 0.46\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#variable declaration\n",
- "delta=0.05 \n",
- "n1=1.46\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "N_a=n1*(2*delta)**(1/2) #Numerical aperture\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Numerical aperture =\",round(N_a,2)"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.5, Page number 8.29"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 40,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "V number = 94.72\n",
- "maximum no.of modes propogating through fiber = 4486.0\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#variable declaration\n",
- "a=50\n",
- "n1=1.53\n",
- "n2=1.50\n",
- "lamda=1 #wavelength\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "N_a=(n1**2-n2**2) #Numerical aperture\n",
- "V=((2*math.pi*a)/lamda)*N_a**(1/2)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"V number =\",round(V,2)\n",
- "print \"maximum no.of modes propogating through fiber =\",round(N)"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.6, Page number 8.29"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 64,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Number of modes = 24589.0 modes\n",
- "No.of modes is doubled to account for the two possible polarisations\n",
- "Total No.of modes = 49178.0\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#variable declaration\n",
- "a=100\n",
- "N_a=0.3 #Numerical aperture\n",
- "lamda=850 #wavelength\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "V_n=(2*(math.pi)**2*a**2*10**-12*N_a**2)/lamda**2*10**-18\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Number of modes =\",round(V_n/10**-36),\"modes\"\n",
- "print \"No.of modes is doubled to account for the two possible polarisations\"\n",
- "print \"Total No.of modes =\",round(V_n/10**-36)*2\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.7, Page number 8.29"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 88,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Cutoff Wavellength = 1.315 micro m.\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "\n",
- "#variable declaration\n",
- "a=5;\n",
- "n1=1.48;\n",
- "delta=0.01;\n",
- "V=25;\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "lamda=(math.pi*(a*10**-6)*n1*math.sqrt(2*delta))/V # Cutoff Wavelength\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Cutoff Wavellength =\",round(lamda*10**7,3),\"micro m.\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.8, Page number 8.30"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 87,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Maximum core radius= 9.95 micro m\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "\n",
- "#variable declaration\n",
- "V=2.405\n",
- "lamda=1.3\n",
- "N_a=0.05\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "a_max=(V*lamda)/(2*math.pi*N_a)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Maximum core radius=\",round(a_max,2),\"micro m\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.9, Page number 8.30"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 2,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Acceptance angle, theta_a = 17.46 degrees\n",
- "For skew rays,theta_as 34.83 degrees\n",
- "#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#variable declaration\n",
- "N_a=0.3\n",
- "gamma=45\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "theta_a=math.asin(N_a)\n",
- "theta_as=math.asin((N_a)/math.cos(gamma))\n",
- "\n",
- "#Results\n",
- "print \"Acceptance angle, theta_a =\",round(theta_a*180/math.pi,2),\"degrees\"\n",
- "print \"For skew rays,theta_as \",round(theta_as*180/math.pi,2),\"degrees\"\n",
- "print\"#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.10, Page number 8.30"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 115,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Numerical aperture = 0.303\n",
- "Acceptance angle = 17.63 degrees\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#variable declaration\n",
- "n1=1.53\n",
- "delta=0.0196\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "N_a=n1*(2*delta)**(1/2)\n",
- "A_a=math.asin(N_a)\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Numerical aperture =\",round(N_a,3)\n",
- "print \"Acceptance angle =\",round(A_a*180/math.pi,2),\"degrees\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.11, Page number 8.30"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 4,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "delta = 0.01\n",
- "Core radius,a = 1.55 micro m\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#variable declaration\n",
- "n1=1.480\n",
- "n2=1.465\n",
- "V=2.405\n",
- "lamda=850*10**-9\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "delta=(n1**2-n2**2)/(2*n1**2)\n",
- "a=(V*lamda*10**-9)/(2*math.pi*n1*math.sqrt(2*delta))\n",
- "\n",
- "#Results\n",
- "print \"delta =\",round(delta,2)\n",
- "print \"Core radius,a =\",round(a*10**15,2),\"micro m\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.12, Page number 8.31"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 147,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- " Critical angle= 83.38 degrees\n",
- "Fiber length covered in one reflection= 430.84 micro m\n",
- "Total no.of reflections per metre= 2321.0\n",
- "Since L=1m, Total dist. travelled by light over one metre of fiber = 1.0067 m\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#variable declaration\n",
- "n1=1.5\n",
- "n2=1.49\n",
- "a=25\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "C_a=math.asin(n2/n1) #Critical angle\n",
- "L=2*a*math.tan(C_a) \n",
- "N_r=10**6/L \n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Critical angle=\",round(C_a*180/math.pi,2),\"degrees\"\n",
- "print \"Fiber length covered in one reflection=\",round(L,2),\"micro m\"\n",
- "print \"Total no.of reflections per metre=\",round(N_r)\n",
- "print \"Since L=1m, Total dist. travelled by light over one metre of fiber =\",round(1/math.sin(C_a),4),\"m\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.13, Page number 8.31"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 155,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "No.of modes = 154.69 =155(approx)\n",
- "Taking the two possible polarizations, Total No.of nodes = 309.0\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#variable declaration\n",
- "alpha=1.85\n",
- "lamda=1.3*10**-6\n",
- "a=25*10**-6\n",
- "N_a=0.21\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "V_n=((2*math.pi**2)*a**2*N_a**2)/lamda**2\n",
- "N_m=(alpha/(alpha+2))*V_n\n",
- "\n",
- "print \"No.of modes =\",round(N_m,2),\"=155(approx)\"\n",
- "print \"Taking the two possible polarizations, Total No.of nodes =\",round(N_m*2)"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.14, Page number 8.32"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 2,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "a)Signal attention per unit length = 3.9 dB km**-1\n",
- "b)Overall signal attenuation = 39.0 dB\n",
- "#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#variable declaration\n",
- "P_i=100\n",
- "P_o=2\n",
- "L=10\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "S=(10/L)*math.log(P_i/P_o)\n",
- "O=S*L\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"a)Signal attention per unit length =\",round(S,1),\"dB km**-1\"\n",
- "print \"b)Overall signal attenuation =\",round(O),\"dB\"\n",
- "print \"#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "##Example 8.15, Page number 8.32"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 1,
- "metadata": {
- "collapsed": false
- },
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "Total dispersion = 1343.3 ns\n",
- "Bandwidth length product = 37.22 Hz-km\n",
- "#Answer given in the text book is wrong\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "import math\n",
- "from __future__ import division\n",
- "\n",
- "#variable declaration\n",
- "L=10\n",
- "n1=1.55\n",
- "delta=0.026\n",
- "C=3*10**5\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "delta_T=(L*n1*delta)/C\n",
- "B_W=10/(2*delta_T)\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print \"Total dispersion =\",round(delta_T/10**-9,1),\"ns\"\n",
- "print \"Bandwidth length product =\",round(B_W/10**5,2),\"Hz-km\"\n",
- "print \"#Answer given in the text book is wrong\""
- ]
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 2",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python2"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 2
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
- "version": "2.7.9"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
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