diff options
_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/screenshots/ch1.png?id=37c5eeeddf3dddc176192efc7c699faa15f22601){kind=link}
_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/screenshots/ch3.png?id=37c5eeeddf3dddc176192efc7c699faa15f22601){kind=link}
_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/screenshots/ch6.png?id=37c5eeeddf3dddc176192efc7c699faa15f22601){kind=link}
61 files changed, 28779 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/Chapter3_4.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/Chapter3_4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..15727ca2 --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/Chapter3_4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1531 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:2a55a17a9f52d46817cb3be818d54b6fa85b71e4638975a4cba998496df659ba" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + " Chapter 3 , Electricity and Ohm's Law" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.1 , Page Number 23" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "W = 75.0 #Work done (in Joules)\n", + "Q = 50.0 #Charge produced (in Coulomb)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "V = W/Q #Voltage between battery terminals (in Volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"Terminal voltage of a battery is \",V,\" V.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Terminal voltage of a battery is 1.5 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.2 , Page Number 23" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "V = 1.5 #Voltage (in Volts)\n", + "E =7.5 #Energy produced (in Joules)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Q = E/V #Charge separated ( in Coulomb )\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"The Amount of charge separated by the battery is \",Q,\" C.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The Amount of charge separated by the battery is 5.0 C.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.3 , Page Number 25" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables \n", + "\n", + "Q = 7.5 #Charge (in Coulomb)\n", + "t = 0.5 #Time (in minute)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "t = 0.5 * 60 #Time (in seconds)\n", + "I= Q/t #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The current in the element is \",I,\" A.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The current in the element is 0.25 A.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.4 , Page Number 25" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "I = 5 #Current (in Ampere) \n", + "Q = 4 * 10**-3 #Charge (in Coulomb)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "t = Q/I #time (in seconds)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"Time in which the 4 mC of charge flows through this element is \",t * 10**3,\" ms.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Time in which the 4 mC of charge flows through this element is 0.8 ms.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.5 , Page Number 25" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "I = 0.3 #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "W = 9.45 #Heat (in Joules)\n", + "t = 5 #Time (in seconds)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Q = I * t\n", + "V = W/Q #Voltage (in Volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The voltage across filament is \",V,\" volts.\"\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The voltage across filament is 6.3 volts.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.6 , Page Number 28" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "p = 2.83 * 10**-8 #Resistivity (in ohm-meter)\n", + "w = 0.5 #width (in meter)\n", + "t = 2 * 10**-3 #thickness (in meter)\n", + "l = 1 #length (in meter)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "A = w * t #Area of cross-section (in metersquare)\n", + "R = p*l/A #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The resistance between left end and right end is \",R * 10**6,\" micro-ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The resistance between left end and right end is 28.3 micro-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.7 , Page Number 28" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Case 1:\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "w = 0.01 #width (in meter)\n", + "h = 0.01 #height (in meter)\n", + "l = 0.50 #length (in meter)\n", + "p = 3.5 * 10**-5 #Resistivity (in ohm-meter)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "A = w * h #Area of cross section (in metersquare)\n", + "R = p*l/A #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result 1:\n", + "\n", + "print \"Resistance in case 1 is : \",R,\" ohm.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Case 2:\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "w = 0.50 #width (in meter)\n", + "h = 0.01 #height (in meter)\n", + "l = 0.01 #length (in meter)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "A = w * h #Area of cross section (in metersquare)\n", + "R = p*l/A #Resistance (in ohm-meter)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Resistance in case 2 is: \",R,\" ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Resistance in case 1 is : 0.175 ohm.\n", + "Resistance in case 2 is: 7e-05 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 10 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.8 , Page Number 28" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "l = 120 #length of wire (in meter)\n", + "d = 0.25 * 10**-2 #Diameter of cross section (in meter)\n", + "p = 1.7 * 10**-8 #Resistivity (in ohm-meter)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "r = d/2 #Radius of cross section (in meter)\n", + "A = math.pi *r*r #Area of cross section (in metersquare)\n", + "R = p*l/A #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Resistance of the wire is \",round(R,3),\" ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Resistance of the wire is 0.416 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 11 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.9 , Page Number 29" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "p = 2.8 * 10**-8 #Resistivity (in ohm-meter)\n", + "d = 0.15 * 10**-2 #Diameter of wire (in meter)\n", + "R = 10 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "A = math.pi *d*d/4 #Area of cross section (in metersquare)\n", + "l = R*A/p #Length of wire (in meter)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Length of the wire is \",round(l),\" meter.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Length of the wire is 631.0 meter.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.10 , Page Number 29" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "p = 1.7 * 10**-8 #Resistivity (in ohm-meter)\n", + "l = 2 * 150 #Length (in meter)\n", + "R = 0.722 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "A = p*l/R #Area of cross section (in metersquare)\n", + "d = (A * 4 / math.pi)**0.5 #diameter of wire (in meter)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \" Diameter of the wire is : \",round(d * 10**3),\" mm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " Diameter of the wire is : 3.0 mm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.11 , Page Number 30" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "lc = 200 #Length of copper wire (in meter)\n", + "Rc = 1.5 #Resistance of Copper wire(in ohm)\n", + "pc = 1.7 * 10**-8 #Resistivity of (in ohm-meter)\n", + "ls = 10 #Length of silver wire (in meter)\n", + "ps = 1.6 * 10**-8 #Resistivity of Silver (in ohm-meter)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "A = pc * lc / Rc #Area of cross section (in metersquare)\n", + "Rs = ps * ls / A #Resistance of silver wire(in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The resistance of silver wire is \",round(Rs,2),\" ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The resistance of silver wire is 0.07 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.12 , Page Number 32" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "T1 = 800 #Temperature (in celsius degeree)\n", + "T2 = 2250 #Temperature (in celsius degeree)\n", + "R20 = 3.49 #Resistance at 20 degree celsius (in ohm)\n", + "alpha20 = 4.5 * 10**-3 #Temperature coefficient at 20 degree celsius (in per degree Celsius)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "R800 = R20 * (1 + alpha20*(T1 - 20)) #Resistance at 800 degree celsius (in ohm)\n", + "R2250 = R20 * (1 + alpha20*(T2-20)) #Resistance at 2250 degree celsius (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Resistance at 800 degree celsius is \",round(R800,1), \" ohm.\\nResistance at 2250 degree celsius is \",round(R2250,1),\" ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Resistance at 800 degree celsius is 15.7 ohm.\n", + "Resistance at 2250 degree celsius is 38.5 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.13 , Page Number 32" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "T1 = 20 #Temperature (in degree celsius)\n", + "R1 = 10000 #Resistance at 20 degree celsius (in ohm)\n", + "T2 = -25 #Temperature (in degree celsius) \n", + "alpha = 0.0039 #Temperature coefficient at 20 degree celsius (in per degree Celsius)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "R80 = R1*(1 + alpha*(80 - T1)) #Resistance at 80 degree celsius (in ohm)\n", + "RT2 = R1*(1 + alpha*(-25 - T1)) #Resistance at -25 degree celsius (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Resistance at 80 degree celsius is \",round(R80 * 10**-3,1),\" kilo-ohm.\\nResistance at -25 degree celsius is \",round(RT2 * 10**-3,1),\" kilo-ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Resistance at 80 degree celsius is 12.3 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Resistance at -25 degree celsius is 8.2 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 11 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.14 , Page Number 32" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "p = 14 * 10**-8 #Resistivity of gold (in ohm-meter)\n", + "alpha = 5.8 * 10**-4 #Temperature coefficient (in per degree celsius)\n", + "l = 3 #Length (in meter)\n", + "d = 13 * 10**-6 #diameter of wire\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "A = math.pi * d * d / 4 #Area of cross-section (in metersquare)\n", + "R = p * l /A #Resistance of wire at 20 degree celsius(in ohm)\n", + "R1 = R*(1 + alpha*(200-20))\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Resistance of wire at 200 degree celsius is \",round(R1,1),\" ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Resistance of wire at 200 degree celsius is 3494.6 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 12 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.15 , Page Number 34" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R = 10*10**-3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "G = 1/R #Conductance (in siemens)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The conductance of gold conductor is \",G,\" siemens.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The conductance of gold conductor is 100.0 siemens.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 38 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.16 , Page Number 34" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R = 10.0*10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "G = 1/R #Conductance (in siemens)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The conductance of gold conductor is \",G,\" siemens.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The conductance of gold conductor is 0.0001 siemens.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 37 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.17 , Page Number 34" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "G = 50*10**-6 #Conductance (in siemens)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "R = 1/G #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The Resistance is \",R * 10**-3,\" kilo-ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The Resistance is 20.0 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.18 , Page Number 35" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "V = 18 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "I = 60*10**-6 #current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "R = V/I #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "G = 1/R #Conductance (in siemens) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The conductance is \",round(G * 10**6,2),\" micro-siemens.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The conductance is 3.33 micro-siemens.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 14 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.19 , Page Number 38" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R = 600.00 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "V = 230.00 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "I = V/R #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Current in the power line is \",round(I,3),\" A.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Current in the power line is 0.383 A.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 31 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.20 , Page Number 39" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R = 8 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "I = 2.5 #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "V = I*R #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The maximum safe voltage is \",V,\" volts.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The maximum safe voltage is 20.0 volts.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 30 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.21 , Page Number 39" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R = 1.5 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "I = 16 * 10**-3 #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "V = I*R #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The voltage that must be applied to the relay coil to energize it is \",V,\" volts.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The voltage that must be applied to the relay coil to energize it is 24.0 volts.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 29 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.22 , Page Number 39" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "I = 20 * 10**-3 #Current per segment (in Ampere)\n", + "V = 5 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "R = V/I #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + " \n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Resistance that must be inserted into the circuit of each segment is \",R,\" ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Resistance that must be inserted into the circuit of each segment is 250.0 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 28 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.23 , Page Number 39" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "V = 7 * 2 #Voltage : 7 div * (2 V/div) (in volts)\n", + "I = 5 * 5 * 10**-3 #Current : 5 div * (5 * 10**-3) (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "R = V/I #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The value of resistance is \",R,\" ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The value of resistance is 560.0 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 27 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.24 , Page Number 42" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "W = 64000 #Heat produced (in Joules) \n", + "t = 40 #time (in seconds)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "P = W/t #Rate at which electrical energy is converted into heat energy (in watt)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The rate at which electrical energy is converted into heat energy is : \",P,\" W.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The rate at which electrical energy is converted into heat energy is : 1600 W.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 26 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.25 , Page Number 42" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "I = 5 #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "V = 230 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "P = V*I #Power consumed (in watt)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The power consumed by the toaster is: \",P,\" watt.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The power consumed by the toaster is: 1150 watt.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 25 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.26 , Page Number 42" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "P = 36.0 #Power consumed (in watt)\n", + "V = 230.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "I = P/V #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Current through filament is \",round(I,3),\" A.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Current through filament is 0.157 A.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 24 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.27 , Page Number 42" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "P = 150 *12/1000.0 #Power consumed by 12 bulbs (in kilowatt) \n", + "t = 10.0 #Time (in hours)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "W = P * t #Energy used (in kWh)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The energy used is \",W,\" kWh.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The energy used is 18.0 kWh.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 23 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.28 , Page Number 42" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Ps = 500.0 #Power of stereo system (in watt)\n", + "Pa = 2400.0 #Power of air conditioner (in watt)\n", + "t = 3 #time (in hours) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "P = (Ps + Pa)/1000 #Total power consumed (in kilowatt)\n", + "W = P * t #Energy used (in kilowatthour)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The energy used is \",W,\" kWh.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The energy used is 8.7 kWh.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 22 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.29 , Page Number 43" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "V = 230.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "P = 180.0 #Power (in watt)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "I = P/V #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The input current is \",round(I,3),\" A.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The input current is 0.783 A.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 21 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.30 , Page Number 43" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "V = 24.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "I = 2.0 #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "Pb = 0.5 #Power rating of each light bulb (in watt)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "P = V * I #Maximum power (in watt)\n", + "P80 = P * 0.8 #80% of power rating (in watt) \n", + "n = (P80//Pb) #Number of bulbs required \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The number of bulbs required is \",n,\".\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The number of bulbs required is 76.0 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 20 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.31 , Page Number 44" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R = 750.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "I = 32.0 #Current (in milliAmpere) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "P = I**2 * 10**-6 * R #Power (in watt)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Power consumed by relay coil is \",P*1000,\" mW.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Power consumed by relay coil is 768.0 mW.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 19 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.32 , Page Number 44" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R = 36.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "V = 230.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "P = V**2/R #Power (in watt)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Power rating is \",round(P/1000,3),\" kW.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Power rating is 1.469 kW.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 18 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.33 , Page Number 45" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "P = 36 #Power (in watt)\n", + "V = 230.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "R = V**2/P #Resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Resistance of the heating element is \",round(R),\" ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Resistance of the heating element is 1469.0 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 15 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.34 , Page Number 45" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Case a :\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R = 8.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "P1 = 60.0 #Power (in watt)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "I1 = (P1/R)**0.5 #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Case b :\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R = 8.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "P2 = 120.0 #Power (in watt)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "I2 = (P2/R)**0.5 #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Maximum new current is \",round(I1,2),\" A.\\nMaximum new current is \",round(I2,2),\" A.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Maximum new current is 2.74 A.\n", + "Maximum new current is 3.87 A.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 16 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.35 , Page Number 46" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R = 30.0 #Resistance (in kiloohm)\n", + "I #Value of previous current (in Ampere)\n", + "I1 = 1.5*I #New value of current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "P = I**2 * R #Power dissipated due to previous current (in kilowatt)\n", + "P1 = I1**2 * R #Power dissipated due to new current (in kilowatt)\n", + "P2 = (P1 - P)/P * 100 #Percentage increase in power dissipation\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Percentage Increase in power dissipation is \",P2,\" %.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Percentage Increase in power dissipation is 125.0 %.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 15 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.36 , Page Number 46" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "V = 6.0 #voltage (in volts)\n", + "C = 2.0 #Capacity of battery (in Ampere-hour)\n", + "P = 1.2 #Power rating (in watt)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "R = V**2 / P #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "I = V/R #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "t = C/I #time (in hour)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Battery will last for \",t,\" hours.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Battery will last for 10.0 hours.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 14 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/Chapter4_4.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/Chapter4_4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..acfafc0a --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/Chapter4_4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,751 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:9a0a38a1ad49042ffadb423caa0f240dc4106abfcf6ac9eb25cdb67cab101f0b" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 4 , DC Resistive Circuits " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.1 , Page Number 53" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R1 = 220 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 470 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R3 = 560 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R4 = 910 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "R = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 #Net Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Total resistance of circuit is \",R,\" ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Total resistance of circuit is 2160 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.2 , Page Number 53" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R1 = 4 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "R2 = 6 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "R3 = 2 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "R = R1 + R2 + R3 #Equivalent Resistance(in kilo-ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Equivalent Resistance is \",R,\" kilo-ohm.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Equivalent Resistance is 12 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.3 , Page Number 54" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R1 = 250 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R3 = 375 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "I = 50 * 10**-3 #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "V = 40 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "R = V/I #Equivalent Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = R - (R1 + R3) #Resistance R2 (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The Total Resistance is \",R,\" ohm.\\nThe value of R2 is \",R2,\" ohm.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The Total Resistance is 800.0 ohm.\n", + "The value of R2 is 175.0 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.4 , Page Number 55" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "I = 250 * 10**-3 #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "R = 1.5 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vs = I * R #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "I1 = 0.75 * I #New current (in Ampere)\n", + "R1 = Vs / I1 #New Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = R1 - R #Resistance to be added (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print R2,\" ohm Resistance must be added in order to accomplish the reduction in current.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "500.0 ohm Resistance must be added in order to accomplish the reduction in current.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.5 , Page Number 55" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R1 = 2.2 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "R2 = 1 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "R3 = 3.3 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "V2 = 6 #Voltage drop across R2 (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "I = V2 / R2 #Current in the circuit (in milli-Ampere) \n", + "V1 = R1 * I #Voltage drop across R1 (in volts)\n", + "V3 = R3 * I #Voltage drop across R3 (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"The voltage drop across R1 is \",V1,\"V and the voltage drop across R3 is \",V3,\" V.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The voltage drop across R1 is 13.2 V and the voltage drop across R3 is 19.8 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.6 , Page Number 57" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "V = 30.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "R1 = 20.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "R2 = 10.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "R3 = 70.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "VD = 0.0 #Voltage at D (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "R = R1 + R2 + R3 #Equivalent Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "V1 = (R1 / R) * V #Voltage drop across R1 (in volts)\n", + "V2 = (R2 / R) * V #Voltage drop across R2 (in volts)\n", + "V3 = (R3 / R) * V #Voltage drop across R3 (in volts)\n", + "VC = V3 + VD #Voltage at node C (in volts) \n", + "VB = V2 + VC #Voltage at node B (in volts)\n", + "VA = V1 + VB #Voltage at node A (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The Voltage drop across R1 is \",V1,\" V.\\nThe Voltage drop across R2 is \",V2,\" V.\\nThe Voltage drop across R3 is \",V3,\" V.\"\n", + "print \"Voltage at node A is \",VA,\" V.\\nVoltage at node B is \",VB,\" V.\\nVoltage at node is \",VC,\" V.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The Voltage drop across R1 is 6.0 V.\n", + "The Voltage drop across R2 is 3.0 V.\n", + "The Voltage drop across R3 is 21.0 V.\n", + "Voltage at node A is 30.0 V.\n", + "Voltage at node B is 24.0 V.\n", + "Voltage at node is 21.0 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.7 , Page Number 58" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R2 = 100 #Resistance R2 (in ohm)\n", + "I = 0.3 #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "VT = 120 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RT = VT / I #Total Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R1 = RT - R2 #Resistance R1 (in ohm)\n", + "P1 = I**2 * R1 #Power dissipated by R1 (in watt)\n", + "P2 = I**2 * R2 #Power dissipated by R2 (in watt)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The power dissipated by R1 is \",P1,\" W.\\nThe power dissipated by R2 is \",P2,\" W.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The power dissipated by R1 is 27.0 W.\n", + "The power dissipated by R2 is 9.0 W.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.8 , Page Number 60" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "V = 6 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "R1 = 1 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 2 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R3 = 3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Case (a):\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RT = R1 + R2 + R3 #Equivalent Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "I = V / RT #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "P = I**2 * RT #Power dissipated (in watt)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Power dissipated in the entire circuit is\",P,\" W.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Case (b):\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RT = R1 + R2 #Equivalent Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "I = V / RT #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "P = I**2 * RT #Power dissipated (in watt)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Power dissipated in the circuit when R2 is shortened is\",P,\" W.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Case (c):\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "R = R1 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "I = V / R #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "P = I**2 * R #Power dissipated (in watt)\n", + "\n", + "print \"Power dissipated in the circuit when R3 and R2 is shortened is\",P,\" W.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Power dissipated in the entire circuit is 6 W.\n", + "Power dissipated in the circuit when R2 is shortened is 12 W.\n", + "Power dissipated in the circuit when R3 and R2 is shortened is 36 W.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.9 , Page Number 61" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "V = 10.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "R1 = 10**6 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 10 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Case (a):\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RT = R1 + R2 #Total Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "I = V / RT #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Current through the circuit is \",I,\" A.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Case (b):\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RT = R1 #Total Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "I = V / RT #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Current through circuit when R2 is shortened is \",I,\" A.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Current through the circuit is 9.90099009901e-06 A.\n", + "Current through circuit when R2 is shortened is 1e-05 A.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 9 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.10 , Page Number 62" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IT = 750 #Current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "I1 = 200 #Current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "I3 = 150 #Current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "I2 = IT - (I1 + I3) #Current through R2 (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Current drawn by R2 branch is \",I2,\" mA.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Current drawn by R2 branch is 400 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 10 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.11 , Page Number 63" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "V = 12.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "R1 = 4.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 6.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R3 = 12.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Req = 1/(1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3) #Equivalent resistance (in ohm) \n", + "I1 = V/R1\n", + "I2 = V/R2\n", + "I3 = V/R3\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The Equivalent Resistance is \",Req,\" ohm.\\nThe Current through R1 , R2 , R3 are \",I1,\" A, \",I2,\" A, \",I3,\" A.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The Equivalent Resistance is 2.0 ohm.\n", + "The Current through R1 , R2 , R3 are 3.0 A, 2.0 A, 1.0 A.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 11 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.12 , Page Number 64" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R1 = R2 = 10 #Resistances (in kilo-ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Req = R1*R2 / (R1 + R2) #Equivalent Resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The equivalent resistance is \",Req,\" kilo-ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The equivalent resistance is 5 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 12 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.13 , Page Number 65" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R1 = 4.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 12.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "V = 6.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Req = R1*R2/(R1 + R2) #Equivalent Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "IT = V / Req #Total Current (in Ampere)\n", + "I1 = R2 / (R1 + R2) * IT #Current through R1 \n", + "I2 = R1 / (R1 + R2) * IT #Current through R2\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Current through R1 is \",I1,\" A and current through R2 is \",I2,\" A.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Current through R1 is 1.5 A and current through R2 is 0.5 A.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.14 , Page Number 66" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "PR1 = 1.0/8 #1/8 watt resistor (in watt)\n", + "PR2 = 1.0/4 #1/4 watt resistor (in watt)\n", + "PR3 = 1.0/2 #1/2 watt resistor (in watt)\n", + "RT = 2400.0 #total resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "PT = PR1 + PR2 + PR3 #Total power dissipated (in watt)\n", + "I = (PT/RT)**0.5 #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "Vs = I * RT #Applied voltage (in volts)\n", + "R1 = PR1 / I**2 #R1 resistor (in ohm) \n", + "R2 = PR2 / I**2 #R2 resistor (in ohm)\n", + "R3 = PR3 / I**2 #R3 resistor (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Current in the circuit is \",round(I,3),\" A.\\nApplied Voltage is \",round(Vs,3),\" V.\\nValue of R1 is \",round(R1,3),\" ohm.\\nValue of R2 is \",round(R2,3),\" ohm.\\nValue of R3 is \",round(R3,3),\" ohm.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variations due to higher precision." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Current in the circuit is 0.019 A.\n", + "Applied Voltage is 45.826 V.\n", + "Value of R1 is 342.857 ohm.\n", + "Value of R2 is 685.714 ohm.\n", + "Value of R3 is 1371.429 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.15 , Page Number 68" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "V = 6.0 #Applied voltage (in volts)\n", + "R0 = 0.2 #Resistance (in ohm) \n", + "R1 = 2.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 3.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R3 = 6.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Req = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3) #Equivalent Resistance (in ohm) \n", + "R = R0 + Req #Total Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "I = V/R #Current (in Ampere) \n", + "V0 = I * R0 #Voltage drop across R0 (in volts)\n", + "Veq = V - V0 #Voltage drop across Req (in volts)\n", + "I1 = Veq / R1 #Current through R1 (in Ampere)\n", + "I2 = Veq / R2 #Current through R2 (in Ampere) \n", + "I3 = Veq / R3 #Current through R3 (in Ampere)\n", + "P = V * I #Power supplied by the voltage source (in volts)\n", + "I0 = V/R0 #Current in case of 'Short' across DE (in Ampere)\n", + "P0 = V * I0 #Power dissipated in case of 'Short' (in watt)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Total Resistance is \",R,\" ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Branch Currents :\\nThrough R1 = \",I1,\" A.\\nThrough R2 = \",round(I2,3),\" A.\\nThrough R3 = \",round(I3,3),\" A.\"\n", + "print \"Current supplied by voltage source is \",I,\" A.\"\n", + "print \"Power supplied by the voltage source is \",P,\" W.\"\n", + "print \"Current supplied in case of 'Short' across DE is \",I0,\" A.\"\n", + "print \"Power supplied in case of 'Short' acorss DE is \",P0,\" A.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Total Resistance is 1.2 ohm.\n", + "Branch Currents :\n", + "Through R1 = 2.5 A.\n", + "Through R2 = 1.667 A.\n", + "Through R3 = 0.833 A.\n", + "Current supplied by voltage source is 5.0 A.\n", + "Power supplied by the voltage source is 30.0 W.\n", + "Current supplied in case of 'Short' across DE is 30.0 A.\n", + "Power supplied in case of 'Short' acorss DE is 180.0 A.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 15 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/Chapter5_4.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/Chapter5_4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f39edb9d --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/Chapter5_4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,614 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "celltoolbar": "Raw Cell Format", + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:a817a168befae35ccb17b36fd01ad5caaed21c361e584abe602cb8559a070af9" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 5 , Kirchhoff's Laws and Network Theorems" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.1 , Page Number 73" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IT = 20 #Total current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "I2 = 4 #Current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "I1 = IT - I2 #Current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Value of the current I1 is \",I1,\" mA.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Value of the current I1 is 16 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.2 , Page Number 74" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "I = 1 #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "#Applying Kirchoff's voltage law:\n", + "#(1 *3) + (1 * R) + (1 * 4) - 12 =0\n", + "\n", + "R = 5 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Value of R is \",R,\" ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Value of R is 5 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.3 , Page Number 74" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Vs = 100 #Source Voltage (in volts)\n", + "I = 5 #Current entering the circuit (in Ampere)\n", + "IL = 5 #Current leaving the circuit (in Ampere)\n", + "R15 = 15 #Resistor of 15 ohm (in ohm)\n", + "V15 = 30 #Voltage across 15 ohm resistor (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "I1 = V15 / R15 #Current through 15 ohm resistor (in Ampere)\n", + "IA = I + I1 #Current entering junction A (in Ampere)\n", + "#Applying Kirchoff's current law\n", + "I2 = I + I1 #Current through 5 ohm resistor (in Ampere)\n", + "IB = I2 #Current entering juction B (in Ampere)\n", + "IR = IA - IL #Current through R (in Ampere)\n", + "#Applying Kirchoff's voltage law\n", + "#(7 * 5) + (2 *R) - 100 + 30 =0\n", + "R = 35.0/2\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The value of R is \",R,\" ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The value of R is 17.5 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.4 , Page Number 75" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "V = 25 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "RB = 99 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "RC = 2 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "RE = 1 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "VCE = 5 #Voltage across C and E (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "#Applying Kirchoff's Voltage law:\n", + "#IB*RB + VBE + IE*RE -V = 0\n", + "#IB*RB + VBE + (IB + IC)*RE - VCC = 0\n", + "#100*IB + IC = 24\n", + "#IB + 3*IC = 20\n", + "IC = 1976.0/299\n", + "IB = 20 - (3 * 6.61)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Value of IB is \",round(IB,3),\" mA.\\nValue of IC is \",round(IC,3),\" mA.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Value of IB is 0.17 mA.\n", + "Value of IC is 6.609 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 36 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.5 , Page Number 77" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VS1 = 5 #Voltage source 1 (in volts)\n", + "VS2 = 3 #Voltage source 2 (in volts)\n", + "V6 = 0 #Voltage drop across 6 ohm resistor when AB is open (in volts)\n", + "R1 = 6 #Resistor (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 4 #Resistor (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "I = 5.0/4 #Current through 4 ohm resistor (in Ampere)\n", + "V = I * R2 #Voltage drop across 4 ohm Resistor (in volts)\n", + "VOC = VS2 + V6 + V #Open circuit voltage (in volts)\n", + "Rth = R1\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Thevenin's equivalent Voltage is \",VOC,\" V.\\nThevenin's equivalent resistance is \",Rth,\" ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Thevenin's equivalent Voltage is 8.0 V.\n", + "Thevenin's equivalent resistance is 6 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 56 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.6 , Page Number 78" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "V = 25.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "R1 = 100.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 75.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R3 = 50.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R4 = 25.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RL = 250.0 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "I = V / (R1 + R2 + R3) #Series curren (in Ampere)\n", + "VR2 = I * R2 #Voltage drop across R2\n", + "VOC = VR2 #Open circuit voltage (in volts)\n", + "Vth = VOC #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n", + "Rth = R4 + R2*(R1 + R3)/(R1 + R2 + R3) #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in ohm)\n", + "IL = Vth/(Rth + RL)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Thevenin's equivalent voltage is \",round(Vth,3),\" V. and resistance in \",Rth,\" ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Current through load resistance is \",round(IL,3),\" A.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Thevenin's equivalent voltage is 8.333 V. and resistance in 75.0 ohm.\n", + "Current through load resistance is 0.026 A.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 59 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.7 , Page Number 80" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R1 = 2.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "R2 = 1.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "R3 = 2.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "I = 0.1 #Current source (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "#Using Thevenin's theorem : \n", + "\n", + "I2 = I * R1 / (R1 + (R2 +R3)) #Current through brach ECD (in Ampere)\n", + "VR3 = I2 * R3* 10 **3 #Voltage drop across R3 (in volts)\n", + "Vth = VR3 #Thevenin's Voltage\n", + "Rth = R3 * (R1 + R2)/(R1 + R2 + R3)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Thevenin's voltage is \",Vth,\" V.\\nThevenin's Resistance is \",Rth,\" kilo-ohm.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Thevenin's voltage is 80.0 V.\n", + "Thevenin's Resistance is 1.2 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.8 , Page Number 82" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R1 = 0.6 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 0.6 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R3 = 0.8 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R4 = 0.8 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Rth = R3 + R4*(R1 + R2)/(R4 + (R1 +R2)) #Thevenin's resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The value of Rth is \",Rth,\" ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The value of Rth is 1.28 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.9 , Page Number 83" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "V = 12.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "R1 = 3.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 9.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "#Using Norton's Theorem\n", + "\n", + "Isc = V / R1 #Short circuit current (in Ampere)\n", + "IN = Isc #Norton's Current (in Ampere)\n", + "RN = R1 * R2 / (R1 + R2) #Norton's resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Norton's Current is \",IN,\" A.\\nNorton's Resistance is \",RN,\" ohm.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Norton's Current is 4.0 A.\n", + "Norton's Resistance is 2.25 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.10 , Page Number 85" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "V = 15.0 #Voltage 15 volt battery (in volts)\n", + "R1 = 6.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 3.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R3 = 3.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "V0 = 30.0 #Voltage 30 volt battery (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "R4 = R2 * R3 / (R2 + R3) #R4 = R2 || R3 (in ohm)\n", + "V1 = R4 / (R1 + R4) * V #Voltage drop across R4 (in volts)\n", + "R5 = R1 * R3 / (R1 + R3) #R5 = R1 || R3 (in ohm)\n", + "V2 = R5 / (R2 + R5) * V0 #Voltage drop across R5 (in volts)\n", + "I = V/R3\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"In case 1: Voltage drop across R3 is \",V1,\" V.\\nIn case 2: Voltage drop across R3 is \",V2,\" V.\\nThe current through R3 is \",I,\" A.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "In case 1: Voltage drop across R3 is 3.0 V.\n", + "In case 2: Voltage drop across R3 is 12.0 V.\n", + "The current through R3 is 5.0 A.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 9 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.11 , Page Number 88" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Vth = 100 #Thevenin Voltage (in micro-volts)\n", + "Rth = 50 #Thevenin Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RL = Rth #Maximum Load Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "PL = (Vth/(Rth + RL))**2 *RL #Maximum load power (in pico-watt)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \"Maximum load resistance is \",RL,\" ohm.\\nMaximum load power is \",PL,\" pW.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Maximum load resistance is 50 ohm.\n", + "Maximum load power is 50 pW.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.12 , Page Number 88" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VTH = 20.0 * 10**-3 #Thevenin's Voltage (in volts)\n", + "RTH = 300.0 #Thevenin's Resistance (in ohm) \n", + "RL = 300.0 #Load Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "PL = (VTH/(RTH + RL))**2 * RL #Power across load resistance (in watt) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The value of power transmitted to the receiver is \",round(PL*10**6,2),\" micro-watt.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The value of power transmitted to the receiver is 0.33 micro-watt.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.13 , Page Number 89" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R1 = 5.0 #resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 2.0 #resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R3 = 3.0 #resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Req = R2 * R3 / (R2 + R3) #Equivalent resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RL = R1 + Req\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Load resistance is \",RL,\" ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Load resistance is 6.2 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 62 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/Chapter6_3.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/Chapter6_3.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6813a88d --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/Chapter6_3.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,224 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:69b48b36a61396f28ecb80f184056a30de94e22bf70a39e3b66b811b10039140" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 6 , A.C. Fundamentals" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.1 , Page Number 94" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "t = 1.0 #time (in milliseconds)\n", + "n = 10.0 #number of cycles\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "T = t/n #Time period (in milliseconds)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Time period by one cycle is \",T,\" ms.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Time period by one cycle is 0.1 ms.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.2 , Page Number 94" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "t = 0.01 #Time period of positive half cycle (in seconds)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "t1 = 0.01 #Time period of negative half cycle (in seconds)\n", + "T = t + t1 #Time period of one complete cycle (in seconds)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \" Time period of rectified input is \",T,\" s.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " Time period of rectified input is 0.02 s.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.3 , Page Number 95" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "n = 5.0 #number of cycles\n", + "t = 10.0 #time period (in micro-seconds)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "f = n / t #frequency (in Mega-hertz)\n", + "T = 1/f #Time period (in micro-seconds)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Frequency and Time period of the sine wave is \",f,\" MHz and \",T,\" micro-seconds.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Frequency and Time period of the sine wave is 0.5 MHz and 2.0 micro-seconds.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.4 , Page Number 95" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "f = 69.0 #frequency (in Mega-hertz)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "T = 1/f #Time period (in micro-seconds)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Time period is \",round(T * 10**3,2), \" ns.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Time period is 14.49 ns.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.5 , Page Number 97" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Vmax = 20.0 #Voltage (in milli-volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vrms = 0.707 * Vmax #Rms Voltage (in milli-volts)\n", + "Vdc = 0.637 * Vmax #Average value of signal (in milli-volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"RMS value is \",Vrms,\" mV.\\nAverage value is \",Vdc,\" mV.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "RMS value is 14.14 mV.\n", + "Average value is 12.74 mV.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/Chapter7_4.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/Chapter7_4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7ce6b4d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/Chapter7_4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,232 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:8b9ceddb3b2adb5742dd1317566761cdfe116bbf966972fcb1710e301f43f106" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 7 , Passive Circuit Elements" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 7.4 , Page Number 121" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "N = 150.0 #Number of turns\n", + "mur = 3540.0 #Relative permeability (in H/m)\n", + "mu0 = 4*math.pi * 10 **-7 #Absoulte permeability (in H/m)\n", + "l = 0.05 #coil length (in meter)\n", + "A = 5 * 10**-4 #Area of cross - section (in metersquare)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "L = (mur * mu0 * A * N**2)/l #Coil inductance (in Henry)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The coil inductance is \",round(L,2),\" Henry.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The coil inductance is 1.0 Henry.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 7.5 , Page Number 122" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "L1 = 40.0 #Inductance (in micro-Henry)\n", + "L2 = 80.0 #Inductance (in micro-Henry)\n", + "M = 11.3 #Mutual Inductance (in micro-Henry)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "k = M/(L1 * L2)**0.5 #Coefficient of Coupling \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Coefficient of coupling is \",round(k,2),\".\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Coefficient of coupling is 0.2 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 7.6 , Page Number 125" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Q = 90.0 #Q-factor\n", + "L = 15.0 * 10**-6 #Inductance (in Henry)\n", + "f = 10.0 * 10**6 #Frequency (in Hertz) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Ro = 2*math.pi*f*L/Q #d.c. resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"d.c. resistance of coil is \",round(Ro,1),\" ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "d.c. resistance of coil is 10.5 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 7.7 , Page Number 126" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "k = 5.0 #dielectric constant\n", + "A = 0.04 #Plate area (in meter-square)\n", + "d = 0.02 #Thickness of dielectric(in meter) \n", + "eps0 = 8.85 * 10**-12 #Absolute permittivity (in kg*m**3*s**-3*A**-2)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "C = eps0 * k * A / d #Capacitance (in Farad) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor is \",C * 10**12,\"pF.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor is 88.5 pF.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 7.8 , Page Number 127" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "k = 1200.0 #dielectric constant\n", + "A = 0.2 #Plate area (in meter-square)\n", + "eps0 = 8.85 * 10**-12 #Absolute permittivity (in kg*m**3*s**-3*A**-2)\n", + "C = 0.428 #Capacitance (in micro-farad)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "d = eps0 * k * A / C #thickness of dielectric (in meter)\n", + " \n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Thickness of dielectric is \",round(d * 10**9,2),\" mm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Thickness of dielectric is 4.96 mm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/Chapter9_3.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/Chapter9_3.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5fa6ffa7 --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/Chapter9_3.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,430 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:df20b687327eb5de3142132bf5d03052042219b0928fedb0b3e836d35edbbea8" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 9 , Voltage and Current Sources" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9.1 , Page Number 158" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "V = 1.5 #Source Voltage (in volts)\n", + "RS = 0.2 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RL = 1 #Load Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RT = RS + RL #Total Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "I = V / RT #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "VAB = I * RL #Voltage drop across AB (in volts)\n", + "VR = V - VAB #Voltage drop due to internal resistance (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Voltage drop across internal resistance is \",VR,\" volts.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Voltage drop across internal resistance is 0.25 volts.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9.2 , Page Number 159" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VS = 1.5 #Source Voltage (in volts)\n", + "RS = 0.4 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RL = 2.0 #Load Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RT = RS + RL #Total Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "I = VS/ RT #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "VT = I * RL #Terminal Voltage (in volts)\n", + "PL = I**2 * RL #Power dissipated by load resistance (in watt)\n", + "PS = I**2 * RT #Power Supplied by the voltage source (in watt)\n", + "eff = PL / PS #Efficiency of the circuit\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Terminal Voltage is \",VT,\" V.\\nPower dissipated by 2 ohm resistor is \",round(PL,2),\" W.\\nEfficiency of the circuit is \",round(eff,2),\".\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Terminal Voltage is 1.25 V.\n", + "Power dissipated by 2 ohm resistor is 0.78 W.\n", + "Efficiency of the circuit is 0.83 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9.3 , Page Number 160" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Case a.1:\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VS = 6.0 #Source Voltage (in volts)\n", + "RS = 2.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "#When RL is 2 ohm\n", + "RL = 2.0 #Load Resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RT = RS + RL #Total Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "I = VS / RT #Current in the Circuit (in Ampere)\n", + "VT1 = I * RL #Terminal Voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Terminal voltage when RL is 2 ohm : \",VT1,\" V.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Case a.2:\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "#When RL is 20 ohm\n", + "RL = 20.0 #Load Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RT = RS + RL #Total Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "I = VS / RT #Current in the Circuit (in Ampere)\n", + "VT2 = I * RL #Terminal Voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Terminal voltage when RL is 20 ohm : \",round(VT,2),\" V.\"\n", + "print \"Variation in terminal voltage is \",(VT2-VT1)/VT2,\" V.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Case b.1:\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "RS = 100.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "#When RL is 10 kilo-ohm\n", + "RL = 10.0 * 10**3 #Load Resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RT = RS + RL #Total Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "I = VS / RT #Current in the circuit (in Ampere)\n", + "VT = I * RL #Terminal Voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Terminal voltage when RL is 100 kilo-ohm is: \",round(VT,2),\" V.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Case b.2:\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "#When RL is 100 kilo-ohm\n", + "RL = 100.0 * 10**3 #Load Resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RT = RS + RL #Total Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "I = VS / RT #Current in the circuit (in Ampere)\n", + "VT1 = I * RL #Terminal Voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Terminal voltage when RL is 100 kilo-ohm is :\",round(VT1,3),\" V.\"\n", + "print \"Variation in terminal voltage is \",round((VT1-VT)/VT1,3),\" V.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Terminal voltage when RL is 2 ohm : 3.0 V.\n", + "Terminal voltage when RL is 20 ohm : 1.25 V.\n", + "Variation in terminal voltage is 0.45 V.\n", + "Terminal voltage when RL is 100 kilo-ohm is: 5.94 V.\n", + "Terminal voltage when RL is 100 kilo-ohm is : 5.994 V.\n", + "Variation in terminal voltage is 0.009 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9.4 , Page Number 163" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VS = 12.0 #Source Voltage (in volts)\n", + "VT = 10.0 #Terminal Voltage (in volts)\n", + "RL = 10.0 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RS = RL*(VS / VT - 1) #Internal Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The internal resistance of the source is \",RS,\" ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The internal resistance of the source is 2.0 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9.5 , Page Number 165" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IS = 30.0 #Current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "RS = 15.0 #Source resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RL = RS / 20.0 #Load Resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n", + "IL = IS * RS/(RL +RS) #Load Current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Largest value of load resistance to provide constant current is \",RL*10**3,\" ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Variation of current from the short-cicuit current is \",round((IS-IL)/IS,4),\".\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Largest value of load resistance to provide constant current is 750.0 ohm.\n", + "Variation of current from the short-cicuit current is 0.0476 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9.6 , Page Number 168" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VS = 12.0 #Source Voltage (in volts)\n", + "RS = 3.0 #Source resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IS = VS / RS #Source current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Current source value is \",IS,\" A.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Current source value is 4.0 A.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9.7 , Page Number 169" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IS = 5.0 #Source current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "RS = 2.0 #Source resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VS = IS * RS #Voltage source (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Equivalent voltage source is \",VS,\" V.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Equivalent voltage source is 10.0 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9.8 , Page Number 169" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IS =1.5 #Source current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "RS = 2 #Source resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RL = 10*40/(10+40) #Load Reistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "IL = IS * RS/(RL +RS) #Load current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IL2 = IL * 10/(10 +40) #Current through part 2 (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "VS = IS * RS #Souce voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"current through 40 kilo-ohm resistor is \",IL2,\" mA.\"\n", + "print \"Equivalent volage source is \",VS,\" V.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "current through 40 kilo-ohm resistor is 0.06 mA.\n", + "Equivalent volage source is 3.0 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 9 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter10_4.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter10_4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3867129e --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter10_4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1026 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:14854f0f2c20034037bfa5a3449dea2addd83d4eed6b29f5eda0eb459f0c6332" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 10 , Semiconductors" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.1 , Page Number 183" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R = 1000.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "sig = 5.8 * 10**7 #Conductivity in (Siemen per meter)\n", + "d = 10**-3 #diameter (in meter)\n", + "E = 10 * 10**-3 #Eletric field (in Volt per meter)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "l = R *sig * math.pi * d**2 /4 #length (in meter)\n", + "J = sig * E #Current density (in Ampere per metersquare)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Length of wire is \",round(l/1000,2),\" km.\\nCurrent desity is \",J,\" A/(m*m).\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Length of wire is 45.55 km.\n", + "Current desity is 580000.0 A/(m*m).\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.2 , Page Number 184" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "d = 2* 10**-3 #diameter (in meter)\n", + "sig = 5.8 * 10**7 #conductivity (in siemen per meter)\n", + "mu = 0.0032 #mobilty (in metersquare per volt-second)\n", + "E = 20 * 10**-3 #Electric field (in Volt per meter)\n", + "q = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "n = sig / (q * mu) #charge density (in cubic-meter) \n", + "J = sig * E #Charge density (in Ampere per square-meter)\n", + "A = math.pi * d**2 / 4 #Cross section of wire (in square-meter)\n", + "I = J * A #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "v = mu * E #Drift velocity (in meter per second)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Charge density of free electrons is \",round(n,3),\" m**-3.\\nThe current density is \",J,\" A/m**3.\\nCurrent flowing in the wire is \",round(I,3),\" A.\\nElectron drift velocity is \",v,\" m/s.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Charge density of free electrons is 1.1328125e+29 m**-3.\n", + "The current density is 1160000.0 A/m**3.\n", + "Current flowing in the wire is 3.644 A.\n", + "Electron drift velocity is 6.4e-05 m/s.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.3 , Page Number 185" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "n = 5.8 * 10**28 #number of free electrons (in per cubic-meter)\n", + "p = 1.54 * 10**-8 #resistivity (in ohm-meter)\n", + "q = 1.6 * 10**-19 #charge (in Coulomb)\n", + "m = 9.1 * 10**-31 #mass of electron (in kg)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "sig = 1/p #conductivity (in siemen per meter)\n", + "mu = sig /(q * n) #mobility (in meter-square/volt-second)\n", + "t = mu * m / q #time (in second)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Mobility of electrons is \",round(mu,6),\" m**2/V-s.\\nRelaxation time is \",round(t*10**12,6),\" ps.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation error in book." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Mobility of electrons is 0.006997 m**2/V-s.\n", + "Relaxation time is 0.039797 ps.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.4 , Page Number 186" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "un = 0.38 #mobility of electrons in germanium (in meter-square/volt-second)\n", + "up = 0.18 #mobility of holes in germanium (in meter-square/volt-second)\n", + "ni = n = p = 2.5 * 10**19 #mobile ions for germanium (in per cubic-meter)\n", + "un1 = 0.13 #mobility of electrons in germanium (in meter-square/volt-second)\n", + "up1 = 0.05 #mobility of holes in germanium (in meter-square/volt-second)\n", + "ni1 = n1 = p1 = 1.5 * 10**16 #mobile ions for germanium (in per cubic-meter)\n", + "q = 1.6 * 10**-19 #charge of electron (in Coulomb)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "#for germanium:\n", + "\n", + "sig = q * ni * (un + up) #Conductivity of germanium (in siemen per metre)\n", + "sig1 = q * ni1 * (un1 + up1) #Conductivity of silicon (in siemen per metre)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Intrinsic conductivity of germanium is \",sig,\" S/m and of silicon is \",sig1,\" S/m.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Intrinsic conductivity of germanium is 2.24 S/m and of silicon is 0.000432 S/m.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 31 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.5 , Page Number 187" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "ni = 1.41 * 10**16 #intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-metre) \n", + "un = 0.145 #mobility of electrons in germanium (in metre-square/volt-second)\n", + "up = 0.05 #mobility of holes in germanium (in metre-square/volt-second)\n", + "q = 1.6 * 10**-19 #charge of electron (in Coulomb)\n", + " \n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "sig = q * ni * (un + up) #Conductivity of germanium (in siemen per metre)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Intrinsic conductivity of silicon is \",sig,\" S/m.\"\n", + "print \"Contribution by electron is \",q*ni*un,\" S/m.\"\n", + "print \"Contribution by electron is \",q*ni*up,\" S/m.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Intrinsic conductivity of silicon is 0.00043992 S/m.\n", + "Contribution by electron is 0.00032712 S/m.\n", + "Contribution by electron is 0.0001128 S/m.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 30 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.6 , Page Number 187" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "l = 0.2 * 10**-3 #length (in meter)\n", + "A = 0.04 * 10**-6 #Area of cross section (in square-meter)\n", + "V = 1 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "I = 8 * 10**-3 #current (in Ampere)\n", + "un = 0.13 #mobility of electron (in m**2 per volt-second)\n", + "q = 1.6 * 10**-19 #charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "R = V/I #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "p = R * A/l #Resistivity (in ohm-meter)\n", + "sig = 1/p #Conductivity (in siemen per meter)\n", + "n = sig / (q * un) #concentration (in per cubic-meter) \n", + "J = I/A #current density (in Ampere per square-meter)\n", + "v = J/(n*q)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Concentration of free electrons is \",round(n,3),\" m**-3.\\nDrift velocity is \",v,\" m/s.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Concentration of free electrons is 1.92307692308e+21 m**-3.\n", + "Drift velocity is 650.0 m/s.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 29 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.7 , Page Number 188" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "p = 0.47 #Resistivity (in ohm-meter)\n", + "q = 1.6 * 10**-19 #charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", + "un = 0.39 #mobility of electron in germanium (in m**2 per volt-second)\n", + "up = 0.19 #mobility of hole in germanium (in m**2 per volt-second)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "sig = 1/p #Conductivity (in siemen per meter)\n", + "ni = sig / (q *(un +up)) #intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Intrinsic concentration is \",ni,\" m**-3.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Intrinsic concentration is 2.29273661042e+19 m**-3.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 28 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.8 , Page Number 190" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "ND = 10**21 #Donor concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n", + "NA = 5 * 10**20 #Acceptor concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n", + "un = 0.18 #mobility of electron in silicon (in m**2 per volt-second)\n", + "q = 1.6 * 10**-19 #charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "n = ND -NA #net donor density (in per cubic-meter)\n", + "sig = n * q * un #Conductivity (in Siemen per meter)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Conductivity of silicon is \",sig,\" (ohm-meter)**-1.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Conductivity of silicon is 14.4 (ohm-meter)**-1.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 27 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.9 , Page Number 190" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "p = 100.0 #resistivity (in ohm-meter)\n", + "q = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on a electron (in Coulomb)\n", + "un = 0.36 #donor concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "sig = 1/p #conductivity (in siemen per meter)\n", + "n = sig /(q * un) #intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-meter)\n", + "ND = n #Donor concentration (in per cubic-meter) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Donor concentration is \",ND,\" m**-3.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Donor concentration is 1.73611111111e+17 m**-3.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 26 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.10 , Page Number 191" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "ND = 2 * 10**14 #Donor atom concentration (in atoms per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "NA = 3 * 10**14 #Acceptor atom concentration (in atoms per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "ni = 2.3 * 10**19 #intrinsic concentration (in atoms per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "n = ni**2 / NA #concentration of electrons (in electrons per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "p = ni**2 / ND #concentration of holes (in holes per cubic-centimeter)\n", + " \n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Electron concentration is \",n,\" electrons/cm**3.\\nHole concentration is \",p,\" holes/cm**3.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Electron concentration is 1.76333333333e+24 electrons/cm**3.\n", + "Hole concentration is 2.645e+24 holes/cm**3.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 25 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.11 , Page Number 191" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "ND = 5 * 10**8 #Donor atom concentration (in atoms per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "NA = 6 * 10**16 #Acceptor atom concentration (in atoms per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "ni = 1.5 * 10**10 #intrinsic concentration (in atoms per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "n = ni**2/NA #number of electrons (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "p = ni**2/ND #number of holes (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Density of electrons is \",n,\" cm**-3.\\nDensity of holes is \",p,\" cm**-3.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Density of electrons is 3750.0 cm**-3.\n", + "Density of holes is 4.5e+11 cm**-3.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 24 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.12 , Page Number 192" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "d = 0.001 #diameter (in meter)\n", + "ND = 10**20 #Number of phosphorus ions (in per cubic-meter)\n", + "R = 1000 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "un = 0.1 #mobility (in meter-square per volt-second)\n", + "q = 1.6 * 10**-19 #charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "n = ND #Number of free electron (in per cubic-meter)\n", + "sig = q*n*un #conductivity (in Siemen per meter)\n", + "A = math.pi * d**2 / 4 #Area of cross section (in meter-square)\n", + "l = R * sig * A #length (in meter) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Length of the silicon would be \",round(l*1000,3),\" mm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Length of the silicon would be 1.257 mm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 23 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.13 , Page Number 192" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "q = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb) \n", + "sig = 100.0 #Conductivity of Ge (in per ohm-centimeter)\n", + "sig1 = 0.1 #Conductivity of Si (in per ohm-centimeter)\n", + "ni = 1.5 * 10**10 #intrinsic conductivity for Si (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "un = 3800.0 #mobility of electrons for Ge (in square-centimetermeter per volt-second)\n", + "up = 1800.0 #mobility of holes for Ge (in square-centimeter per volt-second)\n", + "un1 = 1300.0 #mobility of electrons for Si (in square-centimetermeter per volt-second)\n", + "up1 = 500.0 #mobility of holes for Si (in square-centimeter per volt-second)\n", + "ni1 = 2.5 * 10**13 #intrinsic concentration for Ge (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "p = sig / (q * up) #Concentration of p-type germanium (in cubic-centimeter)\n", + "n = ni1**2 / p #Concentration of electrons in germanium (in cubic-centimeter)\n", + "n1 = sig1 / (q * un1) #Concentration of N-type silicon (in cubic-centimeter)\n", + "p1 = ni**2 / n1 #Concentration of holes in silicon (in cubic-centimere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"For p-type germanium, hole concentration is \",p,\"/cm**3.\\nFor p-type germanium, electron concentration is \",n,\"/cm**3.\"\n", + "print \"For n-type silicon, hole concentration is \",p1,\"/cm**3.\\nFor n-type silicon, electron concentration is \",n1,\"/cm**3.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "For p-type germanium, hole concentration is 3.47222222222e+17 /cm**3.\n", + "For p-type germanium, electron concentration is 1800000000.0 /cm**3.\n", + "For n-type silicon, hole concentration is 468000.0 /cm**3.\n", + "For n-type silicon, electron concentration is 4.80769230769e+14 /cm**3.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 22 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.14 , Page Number 193" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "un = 3800 #mobility of electrons (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n", + "up = 1800 #mobility of holes (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n", + "ni = 2.5 * 10**13 #intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "Nge = 4.41 * 10**22 #concentration of germanium (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "q = 1.6 * 10**-19 #charge on electron (in Coulomb) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "ND = Nge/10**8 #Number of donor atoms (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "p = p = ni**2/ND #Number of holes (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "sig = q * ND * un #Conductivity of n-type germanium (in per ohm-centimeter)\n", + "p = 1/sig #resistivity (in ohm-centimeter)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"resistivity of the germanium sample is \",round(p,3),\" ohm-cm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "resistivity of the germanium sample is 3.73 ohm-cm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 21 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.15 , Page Number 194" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "un = 1350 #mobility of electrons (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n", + "up = 480 #mobility of holes (in centimeter-square per volt-second)\n", + "ni = 1.52 * 10**10 #intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "Nsi = 4.96 * 10**22 #concentration of silicon (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "q = 1.6 * 10**-19 #charge on electron (in Coulomb) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "sigi = q * ni * (un + up) #conductivity of intrinsic silicon (in per ohm-centimeter)\n", + "p = 1/sig #resitivity (in ohm-centimeter)\n", + "ND = Nsi/(50 * 10**6) #Number of donor atoms (per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "n = ND #NUmber of free electrons (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "p = ni**2/n #number of holes (in per cubic-centimeter)\n", + "sig = q * n * un #conductivity of doped silicon (in per ohm-centimeter)\n", + "p = 1/sig #resistivity (in ohm-centimeter)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Resistivity of doped silicon is \",round(p,2),\" ohm-cm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Resistivity of doped silicon is 4.67 ohm-cm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 14 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.16 , Page Number 196" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "up = 0.048 #hole mobility (in meter-square per volt-second)\n", + "un = 0.135 #electron mobility (in meter-square per volt-second)\n", + "q = 1.602 * 10**-19 #charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", + "Nsi1 = 5 * 10**28 #concentration of intrinsic silicon (in atoms per cubic-meter)\n", + "ni = 1.5 * 10**16 #number of electron-hole pairs (per cubic-meter)\n", + "alpha = 0.05 #temperature coefficient (in per degree Celsius)\n", + "dT = 14 #change in temperature (in degree celsius)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "sig1 = q * ni * (un + up) #conductivity of intrinsic silicon (in per ohm-meter)\n", + "NA = Nsi1/10**7 #Number of indium atoms (in per cubic-meter)\n", + "p = NA #Number of holes (in per cubic meter)\n", + "n = ni**2/p #Number of free electrons (in per cubic-meter)\n", + "sig2 = q * p * up #Conductivity of doped silicon (in per ohm-meter)\n", + "sig34 = sig1*(1 + alpha * dT) #Conductivity at 34 degree Celsius (in per ohm-meter) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Conductivity of intrinsic silicon is \",round(sig1,5),\" per ohm-meter.\\nConductivity of doped Silicon is \",round(sig2,2),\" per ohm-meter.\\nConductivity of silicon at 34 degree Celsius is \",round(sig34,5),\" per ohm-meter.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Conductivity of intrinsic silicon is 0.00044 per ohm-meter.\n", + "Conductivity of doped Silicon is 38.45 per ohm-meter.\n", + "Conductivity of silicon at 34 degree Celsius is 0.00075 per ohm-meter.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.17 , Page Number 199" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "un = 3600.0 * 10**-4 #mobility of electrons (in meter-square per volt-second)\n", + "up = 1700.0 * 10**-4 #mobility of holes (in meter-square per volt-second)\n", + "k = 1.38 * 10**23 #Boltzmann constant\n", + "T = 300.0 #Temperature (in kelvin)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VT = T/11600 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "Dp = up * VT #Coefficient of holes (in meter-square per second)\n", + "Dn = un * VT #Coefficient of electrons (in meter-square per second)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Coefficient of holes is \",round(Dp,6),\" m**2/s.\\nCoefficient of electrons is \",round(Dn,4),\" m**2/s.\"\n", + "#un and up in book should be in (cm**2/V-sec)" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Coefficient of holes is 0.004397 m**2/s.\n", + "Coefficient of electrons is 0.0093 m**2/s.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.18 , Page Number 202" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "RH = 160 #Hall coeffficient (in cubic-centimeter per Coulomb)\n", + "p = 0.16 #Resistivity (in ohm-centimeter)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "sig = 1/p #Conductivity (in per ohm-centimeter)\n", + "un = sig * RH #Electron mobility (in cmentimeter-square per volt-second)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Electron mobility is \",un,\" cm**2/V-s.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Electron mobility is 1000.0 cm**2/V-s.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 19 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.19 , Page Number 203" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "I = 50 #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "B = 1.2 #Magnetic field (in Weber per meter-square)\n", + "t = 0.5 * 10**-3 #thickness (in meter)\n", + "VH = 100 #Hall coltage (in volts)\n", + "q = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "n = B * I / (VH * q * t) #number of conduction electrons (in per cubic-meter) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Number of conduction electrons is \",n,\" m**-3.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Number of conduction electrons is 7.5e+21 m**-3.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 18 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.20 , Page Number 203" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "p = 20 * 10**-2 #Resistivity (in ohm-meter)\n", + "u = 100 * 10**-4 #mobility (in meter-square per volt-second)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "sig = 1/p #Conductivity (in per ohm-meter)\n", + "n = sig / (q * u) #number of electron carriers (in per cubic-meter)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Number of electron carriers is \",round(n,1),\" m**-3.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Number of electron carriers is 3.125e+21 m**-3.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 17 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.21 , Page Number 203" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "RH = 3.66 *10**-4 #Hall coefficient (in cubic-meter per Coulomb)\n", + "p = 8.93 * 10 **-3 #Resistivity (in ohm-meter)\n", + "q = 1.6 * 10**-19 #Charge on electron (in Coulomb)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "sig = 1/p #Conductivity (in per ohm-meter)\n", + "u = sig * RH #mobility (in meter-square per volt-second)\n", + "n = 1 / (RH * q) #Density of charge carriers (in per cubic-meter)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Mobility of charge carriers is \",round(u,3),\" m**2/V-s.\\nDensity of charge carriers is \",n,\" m**-3.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Mobility of charge carriers is 0.041 m**2/V-s.\n", + "Density of charge carriers is 1.70765027322e+22 m**-3.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 10.22 , Page Number 204" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "p = 9 * 10**-3 #Resistivity (in ohm-meter)\n", + "up = 0.03 #Mobility (in meter-square per volt-second)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "sig = 1/p #Conductivity (in per ohm-meter)\n", + "RH = up / sig #Hall coefficient (in cubic-meter per Coulomb) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Value of Hall-coefficient is \",RH,\" m**3/C.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Value of Hall-coefficient is 0.00027 m**3/C.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 15 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter12_4.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter12_4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e1fdf7ce --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter12_4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,715 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Chapter 12 , PN Junction Diode"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 12.1 , Page Number 226"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Current throrough diode is 10.72 micro-Ampere.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I0 = 2 * 10**-7 #Current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VF = 0.1 #Forward voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I = I0 * (math.exp(40*VF)-1) #Current through diode (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Current throrough diode is \",round(I*10**6,2),\" micro-Ampere.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 12.2 , Page Number 226"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 14,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Diode current is 5.2 A.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VF = 0.22 #Forward voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "T = 298.0 #Temperature (in kelvin)\n",
+ "I0 = 10**-3 #Current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "n = 1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VT = T/11600 #Volt equivalent of temperature (in volts)\n",
+ "I = I0*(exp(VF/(n*VT))-1) #Diode Current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Diode current is \",round(I,1),\" A.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 12.3 , Page Number 226"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Value of n is 1.18 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I1 = 0.5 * 10**-3 #Diode current1 (in Ampere)\n",
+ "V1 = 340 * 10**-3 #Voltage1 (in volts)\n",
+ "I2 = 15 * 10**-3 #Diode current2 (in Ampere)\n",
+ "V2 = 440 * 10**-3 #Voltage2 (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "n = 4/math.log(30) #By solving both the given equations\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Value of n is \",round(n,2),\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 12.4 , Page Number 228"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 12,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Current at 400 k is 10.2 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I300 = 10 * 10**-6 #Current at 300 kelvin (in Ampere)\n",
+ "T1 = 300 #Temperature (in kelvin)\n",
+ "T2 = 400 #Temperature (in kelvin)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I400 = I300 * 2**((T2-T1)/10) #Current at 400 kelvin (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Current at 400 k is \",round(I400*10**3,1),\" mA.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 12.5 , Page Number 230"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Voltage drop across a silicon diode is 0.624 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "rb = 2 #bulk resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "IF = 12 * 10**-3 #FOrward current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VF = 0.6 + IF * rb #Voltage drop (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Voltage drop across a silicon diode is \",VF,\" V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 12.6 , Page Number 230"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Dynamic resistance in forward direction is 3.36 ohm.\n",
+ "Dynamic resistance in backward direction is 0.389 Mega-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "T = 398.0 #Temperature (in kelvin)\n",
+ "I0 = 30 * 10**-6 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "V = 0.2 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VT = T/11600 #Volt equivalent of temperature (in volts)\n",
+ "I = I0 * (math.exp(V/VT)-1) #Diode current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "rac = VT/I0 * math.exp(-V/VT) #dynamic resistance in forward direction (in ohm)\n",
+ "rac1 = VT/I0 * math.exp(V/VT) #dynamic resistance in reverse direction (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Dynamic resistance in forward direction is \",round(rac,2),\" ohm.\\nDynamic resistance in backward direction is \",round(rac1/10**6,3),\" Mega-ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 12.8 , Page Number 237"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Maximum forward current is 0.5 A.\n",
+ "Breakdwon current that burns out the diode is 3.33 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "PDmax = 0.5 #power dissipation (in watt)\n",
+ "VF = 1 #Forward voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBR = 150 #Breakdown voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IFmax = PDmax/VF #Maximum forward current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IR = PDmax/VBR #Breakdwon current that burns out the diode (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Maximum forward current is \",IFmax,\" A.\\nBreakdwon current that burns out the diode is \",round(IR*10**3,2),\" mA.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 12.9 , Page Number 238"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Voltage drop across the diode is 5 V.\n",
+ "Voltage drop across the resistance is 0 V.\n",
+ "Current through the circuit is 0 A.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R = 330 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VS = 5 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VD = VS #Voltage drop across diode (in volts)\n",
+ "VR = 0 #Voltage drop across the resistance (in volts)\n",
+ "I = 0 #Current through circuit\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Voltage drop across the diode is \",VD,\" V.\\nVoltage drop across the resistance is \",VR,\" V.\\nCurrent through the circuit is \",I,\" A.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 12.10 , Page Number 239"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Value of VD is 0 V.\n",
+ "Value of VR is 12.0 V.\n",
+ "Current through the circuit is 25.53 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VS = 12.0 #Source coltage (in volts)\n",
+ "R = 470.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VD = 0 #Voltage drop across diode (in volts)\n",
+ "VR = VS #Value of VR (in volts)\n",
+ "I = VS/R #Current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Value of VD is \",VD,\" V.\\nValue of VR is \",VR,\" V.\\nCurrent through the circuit is \",round(I*10**3,2),\" mA.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 12.11 , Page Number 239"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Current through the circuit is 6.625 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VS = 6 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "R1 = 330 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 470 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VD = 0.7 #Diode voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RT = R1 + R2 #Total Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "I = (VS - 0.7)/RT #Current through the diode\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Current through the circuit is \",I * 10**3,\" mA.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 12.12 , Page Number 240"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Voltage across the resistor is 4.3 V.\n",
+ "The circuit current is 8.43 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VS = 5 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "R = 510 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VF = 0.7 #Forward voltage drop (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VR = VS - VF #Net voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "I = VR / R #Current through the diode\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Voltage across the resistor is \",VR,\" V.\\nThe circuit current is \",round(I * 10**3,2),\" mA.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 12.13 , Page Number 240"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Total current through the circuit is 3.067 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VS = 6 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VD1 = VD2 = 0.7 #Diode Voltage drop (in volts)\n",
+ "R = 1.5 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I = (VS - VD1 - VD2)/R #Current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Total current through the circuit is \",round(I * 10**3,3),\" mA.\" "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 12.14 , Page Number 240"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Total current through the circuit is 3.212 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VS = 12 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "R1 = 1.5 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 1.8 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VD1 = VD2 = 0.7 #Diode Voltage drop (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RT = R1 + R2 #Total Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "I = (VS - VD1 - VD2)/RT #Current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Total current through the circuit is \",round(I * 10**3,3),\" mA.\" "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 12.15 , Page Number 241"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Output Voltage in case 1 is 0 V.\n",
+ "Output Voltage in case 2 is 4.3 V.\n",
+ "Output Voltage in case 3 is 4.3 V.\n",
+ "Output Voltage in case 4 is 4.3 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R = 3.3 * 10**3 #Resitance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Case (a)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V11 = V21 = 0 #Voltages (in volts)\n",
+ "V01 = 0 #Output Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Case (b)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V21 = 0 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "V22 = 5 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "V02 = V22 - 0.7 #Output voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Case (c)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V31 = 5 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "V32 = 0 #Voltages (in volts)\n",
+ "V03 = V31 - 0.7 #Output voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Case (d)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V41 = V42 = 5 #Voltages (in volts)\n",
+ "V04 = V41 - 0.7 #Output voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Output Voltage in case 1 is \",V01,\" V.\\nOutput Voltage in case 2 is \",V02,\" V.\\nOutput Voltage in case 3 is \",V03,\" V.\\nOutput Voltage in case 4 is \",V04,\" V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 12.16 , Page Number 242"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Current in dc circuit is 1.0 mA.\n",
+ "a.c voltage drop across 51 ohm resistance is 0.485 mV.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x652ae90>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZcAAAEZCAYAAABb3GilAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\nRK5CYII=\n",
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x621f850>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "rB = 1.0 #bulk resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "V = 10 * 10**-3 #Signal Amplitude (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Case (a)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R = 20.0 #Resitance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "Vg = 20.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "I = (Vg - 0.7)/R #Current (in milli-Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Case (b)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "rj = 50.0 #junction resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "re = rB + rj #a.c. resistance (n ohm)\n",
+ "rnet = re * (R*10**3)/(re + (R*10**3)) #Net resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "V1 = V * re/(re + 1000) #Voltage drop across 51 ohm resitance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Current in dc circuit is \",round(I),\" mA.\\na.c voltage drop across 51 ohm resistance is \",round(V1*10**3,3),\" mV.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(-4*math.pi,4*math.pi,500)\n",
+ "y = numpy.sin(x)\n",
+ "plot(x,0.7 + 0.48*10**-3*y)\n",
+ "title(\"Total Voltage 'V' across the diode\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"t(in seconds)->\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"Voltage(in volts)->\")"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.10"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter13_4.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter13_4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..656038ce --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter13_4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,517 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:009fe668b9057f65f54dfdc4cba32c9ea1a6223a163ceb7443a11c41aea3d366" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 13 , Special Purpose Diodes and Opto-Electornic Devices" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 13.1 , Page Number 253" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "PZM = 500 #Power rating of zener diode (in milli-watt)\n", + "VZ = 6.8 #Zener voltage rating (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IZM = PZM / VZ #Maximum value of zener current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"THe value of IZM for the device is \",round(IZM,1),\" mA.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "THe value of IZM for the device is 73.5 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 13.2 , Page Number 253" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "PZM = 500 #Power rating of zener diode (in milli-watt)\n", + "df = 3.33 #derating factor (in milli-watt)\n", + "T1 = 75 #Temperature (in degree Celsius)\n", + "T2 = 50 #Temperature (in degree Celsius)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Tdf = df * (T1 - T2) #Total derating factor (in milli-watt)\n", + "PZ = PZM - Tdf #Maximimum power dissipating for the device (in milli-watt)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The maximum power dissipation for the device is \",PZ,\" mW.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The maximum power dissipation for the device is 416.75 mW.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 13.3 , Page Number 254" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IZ1 = 20 #Reverse current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IZ2 = 30 #Reverse current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "VZ1 = 5.6 #Zener voltage (in volts)\n", + "VZ2 = 5.65 #Zener voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "dIZ = IZ2 - IZ1 #Change in reverse current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "dVZ = VZ2 - VZ1 #Change in zener voltage (in volts)\n", + "rZ = dVZ / (dIZ * 10**-3) #Resistance of device (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Resistance of the zener diode is \",rZ,\" ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Resistance of the zener diode is 5.0 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 13.4 , Page Number 254" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VZ = 4.7 #Zener voltage (in volts)\n", + "rZ = 15 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "IZ = 20 * 10**-3 #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VZ1 = VZ + IZ * rZ #Terminal voltage of a zener diode (in volts)\n", + " \n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Terminal voltage of the zener diode is \",VZ1,\" V.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Terminal voltage of the zener diode is 5.0 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 13.5 , Page Number 262" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "C1min = C2min = Cmin = 5 #Minimum capacitance (in pico-farad)\n", + "C1max = C2max = Cmax = 50 #Maximum capacitance (in pico-farad)\n", + "L = 10 #Inductance (in milli-Henry)\n", + " \n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "CTmin = C1min * C2min / (C1min + C2min) #Total minimum capacitance (in pico-farad)\n", + "CTmin = CTmin * 10**-12 #Total minimum capacitance (in farad)\n", + "L = 10 * 10**-3 #Inductance (in Henry)\n", + "f0max = 1/(2*math.pi*(L*CTmin)**0.5) #Maximun resonant frequency (in Hertz)\n", + "CTmax = C1max * C2max / (C1max + C2max) #Total maximum capacitance (in pico-farad)\n", + "CTmax = CTmax * 10**-12 #Total minimum capacitance (in farad)\n", + "f0min = 1/(2*math.pi*(L*CTmax)**0.5) #Minimum resonant frequency (in Hertz)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Tuning range for the circuit is between \",round(f0min * 10**-3),\" kHz and \",round(f0max * 10**-6,0),\" MHz.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Tuning range for the circuit is between 318.0 kHz and 1.0 MHz.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 13.6 , Page Number 266" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "T = 0.04 * 10**-6 #Time period (in seconds)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "f = 1/T #Frequency (in Hertz)\n", + "f = f * 10**-6 #Frequency (in Mega-Hertz)\n", + "f5 = 5 * f #%th - harmonic (in Mega-Hertz)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Frequency of 5th harmonic is \",f5,\" MHz.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Frequency of 5th harmonic is 125.0 MHz.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 13.7 , Page Number 270" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Vout = 8.0 #Output voltage (in volts)\n", + "VFmin = 1.8 #LED min voltage (in volts)\n", + "VFmax = 2.0 #LED max voltage (in volts)\n", + "IFmax = 16 * 10**-3 #Maximum current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RS = (Vout - VFmin) / IFmax #Current limiting Resistor (in ohm)\n", + "RS1 = (Vout - VFmax) / IFmax #Current limiting Resistor 1 (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"In either case , the smallest standard-value resistor that has a value greater than \",RS, \" ohm or \",RS1,\" ohm is the 390 ohm resistor.\\nTherefore Rs should be 390 ohm.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "In either case , the smallest standard-value resistor that has a value greater than 387.5 ohm or 375.0 ohm is the 390 ohm resistor.\n", + "Therefore Rs should be 390 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 13.8 , Page Number 271" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VDmin = 1.5 #minimum voltage drop (in volts)\n", + "VDmax = 2.3 #maximum voltage drop (in volts)\n", + "VS = 10 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "R1 = 470 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Imax = (VS - VDmin) / R1 #Maximum current (in Ampere)\n", + "Imin = (VS - VDmax) / R1 #Minimum current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Minimum value of LED current is \",round(Imin * 10**3,1),\" mA.\\nMaximum value of LED current is \",round(Imax * 10**3,1),\" mA.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Minimum value of LED current is 16.4 mA.\n", + "Maximum value of LED current is 18.1 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 13.9 , Page Number 271" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VDmin = 1.8 #minimum voltage drop (in volts)\n", + "VDmax = 3.0 #maximum voltage drop (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "#Case 1\n", + "\n", + "VS = 24.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "RS = 820.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Imax = (VS - VDmin) / RS #Maximum current (in Ampere)\n", + "Imin = (VS - VDmax) / RS #Minimum current (in Ampere)\n", + "dI = Imax - Imin #Change in current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Case 2\n", + "\n", + "VS1 = 5.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "RS1 = 120.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Imax1 = (VS1 - VDmin) / RS1 #Maximum current (in Ampere)\n", + "Imin1 = (VS1 - VDmax) / RS1 #Minimum current (in Ampere)\n", + "dI1= Imax1 - Imin1 #Change in current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Since change in current in case 1 i.e\",round(dI*10**3,2),\"mA is less than change in current in case 2 i,e,\",round(dI1* 10**3,2),\" mA.\" \n", + "print \"Therefore brightness in the first case will remain constant.\"\n", + "\n", + "#printing mistake in book for value of VDmin. It should be 1.8 volts instead of 1.1 volts." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Since change in current in case 1 i.e 1.46 mA is less than change in current in case 2 i,e, 10.0 mA.\n", + "Therefore brightness in the first case will remain constant.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 9 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 13.10 , Page Number 281" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R1 = 100.0 * 10**3 #Resistance when illuminated (in ohm)\n", + "r = 1.0 * 10**3 #cell resistance (in ohm)\n", + "I = 10.0 * 10**-3 #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "VS = 30 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "R = VS/I - r #R is the series resitance (in ohm)\n", + "Id = VS / (R + R1) #Dark current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Ther series resistance required is \",R/1000,\" kilo-ohm.\\nThe dark current is \",round(Id * 10**3,1),\" A.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Ther series resistance required is 2.0 kilo-ohm.\n", + "The dark current is 0.3 A.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 10 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 13.11 , Page Number 284" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "V = 12.0 #Battery voltage (in volts)\n", + "I = 0.5 #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "T = 24 #Time period (in hours)\n", + "V1 = 0.5 #Voltage by each cell (in volts)\n", + "I1 = 50 * 10**-3 #Current in each cell (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VS = 13.5 #Solar bank voltage (in volts)\n", + "n = VS / V1 #Number of series connected solar cells \n", + "Q = T/2 * I #Charge given out in one day (in Ampere-Hour)\n", + "I2 = Q / (T/2) #Charging current (in Ampere)\n", + "N = I2/I1 #Number of groups of solar cell required \n", + "nT = n * N #Total number of solar cells required \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Total cells required is \",nT,\".\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Total cells required is 270.0 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 11 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter14_4.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter14_4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5b0c9312 --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter14_4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,586 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:2230f558abad311ac9e2b809ce74f917fbf18727096bb922bf424293f0d38ca4" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 14 , Bipolar Junction Transistor" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 14.1 , Page Number 308" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IE = 10 #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IC = 9.8 #Collector current (in milli-Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Base current is \",IB,\" mA.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Base current is 0.2 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 14.2 , Page Number 310" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IE = 6.28 #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IC = 6.20 #Collector current (in milli-Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "alpha = IC / IE #Common base current gain \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Common-Base current gain is \",round(alpha,3),\".\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Common-Base current gain is 0.987 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 14.3 , Page Number 310" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "alpha = 0.967 #common base current gain\n", + "IE = 10 #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IC = alpha * IE #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Base current is \",IB,\" mA.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Base current is 0.33 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 14.4 , Page Number 311" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IE = 10 #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "alpha = 0.987 #common base current gain\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IC = alpha * IE #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"IC is \",IC,\" mA.\\nIB is \",IB,\" mA.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "IC is 9.87 mA.\n", + "IB is 0.13 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 14.5 , Page Number 312" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "alpha1 = 0.975 #common base current gain\n", + "beta1 = 200.0 #common emitter current gain\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "beta = alpha1 / (1-alpha1) #common emitter current gain \n", + "alpha = beta1 / (beta1 + 1) #common base current gain \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Value of beta when alpha = 0.975 is \",beta,\".\\nValue of alpha when beta = 200 is \",round(alpha,3),\".\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Value of beta when alpha = 0.975 is 39.0 .\n", + "Value of alpha when beta = 200 is 0.995 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 14.6 , Page Number 313" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "beta = 100.0 #common emitter current gain\n", + "IC = 40.0 #Collector current (in milli-Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IB = IC / beta #Base current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IE = IB + IC #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The value of emitter current is \",IE,\" mA.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The value of emitter current is 40.4 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 14.7 , Page Number 313" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "beta = 150.0 #common emitter current gain\n", + "IE = 10 #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "alpha = beta / (beta + 1) #common base current gain \n", + "IC = alpha * IE #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Collector current is \",round(IC,2),\" mA.\\nBase current is \",round(IB,2),\" mA.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Collector current is 9.93 mA.\n", + "Base current is 0.07 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 14.8 , Page Number 313" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "beta = 170.0 #common emitter current gain\n", + "IC = 80.0 #Collector current (in milli-Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IB = IC / beta #Base current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IE = IB + IC #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Base current is \",round(IB,2),\" mA.\\nEmitter current is \",round(IE,2),\" mA.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Base current is 0.47 mA.\n", + "Emitter current is 80.47 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 14.9 , Page Number 314" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IB = 0.125 #Base current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "beta = 200.0 #common emitter current gain\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IC = IB * beta #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IE = IC + IB #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Value of collector current is \",IC,\" mA.\\nValue of emitter current is \",IE,\" mA.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Correction in book . The Value of IB is 0.125 mA." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Value of collector current is 25.0 mA.\n", + "Value of emitter current is 25.125 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 9 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 14.10 , Page Number 314" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IE = 12.0 #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "beta = 140.0 #common emitter current gain\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IB = IE / (1 + beta) #Base current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IC = IE - IB #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Collector current is \",round(IC,3),\" mA.\\nBase current is \",round(IB,3),\" mA.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Collector current is 11.915 mA.\n", + "Base current is 0.085 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 10 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 14.11 , Page Number 314" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IB = 105 * 10**-3 #Base current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IC = 2.05 #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "beta = IC / IB #Common base current gain\n", + "alpha = beta / (1 + beta) #Common emitter current gain\n", + "IE = IB + IC #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IC1 = IC + 0.65 #New collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IB1 = IB + 27 * 10**-3 #New base current (in milli-Ampere) \n", + "beta1 = IC1 / IB1 #New value of beta\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Beta of the transistor is \",round(beta,1),\".\\nalpha of the transistor is \",round(alpha,2),\".\\nEmitter current is \",IE,\" mA.\\nNew value of beta is \",round(beta1,2),\".\"\n", + "\n", + "#Correction to be done in book in value of IB . IB is in micro - Ampere in both initial and in the changed condition. In calculation proper conversion has been done." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Beta of the transistor is 19.5 .\n", + "alpha of the transistor is 0.95 .\n", + "Emitter current is 2.155 mA.\n", + "New value of beta is 20.45 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 11 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 14.12 , Page Number 317" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "alpha = 0.98 #common base current gain\n", + "ICO = 5 * 10**-3 #Leakage current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IB = 100 * 10**-3 #Base current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IC = (alpha * IB + ICO)/ (1 - alpha) #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IE = IC + IB #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Value of collector current is \",IC,\" mA.\\nValue of emitter current is \",IE,\" mA.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Correction about conversion of micro-Ampere and milli-Ampere to be done in the book." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Value of collector current is 5.15 mA.\n", + "Value of emitter current is 5.25 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 12 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 14.13 , Page Number 318" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "ICBO = 10 * 10**-3 #Leakage current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "beta = hFE = 50 #common emitter current gain\n", + "T2 = 50.0 #Temperature (in degree Celsius) \n", + "T1 = 27.0 #Temperature (in degree Celsius)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "#Case (a)\n", + "\n", + "IB = 0.25 #Base current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IC = beta * IB + (1 + beta)* ICBO #Value of new collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Case (b)\n", + "\n", + "ICBO1 = ICBO * 2**((T2 - T1)/10) #ICBO at 50 degree celsius (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IC1 = beta * IB + (1 + beta)* ICBO1 #Value of new collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Collector current when IB = 0.25 mA is \",IC,\" mA.\\nCollector current at 50 degree Celsius is \",round(IC1,2),\" mA.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Collector current when IB = 0.25 mA is 13.01 mA.\n", + "Collector current at 50 degree Celsius is 15.01 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter15_4.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter15_4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a76f6609 --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter15_4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:934b9f1a90e136e295951deeff35be6457078af8181c0ad14c05c8c2d9b3abed" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 15 , BJT Characteristics " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 15.1 , Page Number 331" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "PDmax = 500 #Maximum Power dissipation at 25 degree Celsius (in milli-watt)\n", + "DF = 2.28 #derating factor (in milli-watt per degree Celsius)\n", + "T = 70 #Temperaure (in degree Celsius)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "PDmax70 = PDmax - DF * (T - 25) #Maximum Power dissipation at 70 degree Celsius (in milli-watt)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Maximum power dissipation at 70 degree Celsius is \",round(PDmax70),\" mW.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Maximum power dissipation at 70 degree Celsius is 397.0 mW.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter16_4.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter16_4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7e5edce2 --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter16_4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,374 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Chapter 16 , Field-Effect Transistor"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 16.1 , Page Number 350"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Drain current when VGS = 0 V is 15.0 mA.\n",
+ "Drain Current when VGS = -1 V is 9.6 mA.\n",
+ "Drain Current when VGS = -4 V is 0.6 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ " \n",
+ "IDSS = 15.0 #Drain-Source current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "VGSoff = -5.0 #Gate-Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When VGS = 0 volts\n",
+ "VGS1 = 0 #VGS (in volts)\n",
+ "ID1 = IDSS * (1 - (VGS1 /VGSoff)**2) #Drain current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When VGS = -1 volt\n",
+ "VGS2 = -1 #VGS (in volts)\n",
+ "ID2 = IDSS * (1 - VGS2 /VGSoff)**2 #Drain current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When VGS = -4 volt\n",
+ "VGS3 = -4 #VGS (in volts) \n",
+ "ID3 = IDSS * (1 - VGS3 /VGSoff)**2 #Drain current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Drain current when VGS = 0 V is \",ID1,\" mA.\\nDrain Current when VGS = -1 V is \",ID2,\" mA.\\nDrain Current when VGS = -4 V is \",ID3,\" mA.\" "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 16.2 , Page Number 350"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Drain current when VGS = 0 V is 6.75 mA.\n",
+ "Drain Current when VGS = -1 V is 3.0 mA.\n",
+ "Drain Current when VGS = -4 V is 0.75 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x6113d50>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAX0AAAEZCAYAAAB7HPUdAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\ni4gUESV9EZEi8v8XGfP7v8BOYgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n",
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x26d0af0>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VGSoff = -20.0 #Gate-Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IDSS = 12.0 #Drain-Source current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When VGS = -5 V \n",
+ "VGS1 = -5 #VGS (in volts)\n",
+ "ID1 = IDSS * (1 - VGS1/VGSoff)**2 #Drain current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When VGS = -10 V\n",
+ "VGS2 = -10 #VGS (in volts)\n",
+ "ID2 = IDSS * (1 - VGS2/VGSoff)**2 #Drain current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When VGS = -15 V\n",
+ "VGS3 = -15 #VGS (in volts)\n",
+ "ID3 = IDSS * (1 - VGS3/VGSoff)**2 #Drain current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Drain current when VGS = 0 V is \",ID1,\" mA.\\nDrain Current when VGS = -1 V is \",ID2,\" mA.\\nDrain Current when VGS = -4 V is \",ID3,\" mA.\" \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(-20,0,100)\n",
+ "y = x\n",
+ "plot(x,12*(1+y/20)**2,'r')\n",
+ "title(\"transconductance curve\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"Gate-to-Source voltage VGS (V)\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"Drain current ID(mA)\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 16.3 , Page Number 351"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The maximum curve and minimum curves are plotted as shown in the following plots.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Annotation at 0x6249bd0>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAX0AAAEZCAYAAAB7HPUdAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\nEZEyok5fRKSMqNMXESkj6vRFRMrI/wJL18lKYh3/fgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n",
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x61c3fd0>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,annotate\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VGSoffmin = -2.0 #Gate-Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VGSoffmax = -6.0 #Gate-Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IDSSmin = 8.0 #Drain-Source current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "IDSSmax = 20 #Drain-Source current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#ID = IDSS * (1 - VGS/VGSoff)**2 #Drain current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Plotting different values of VGS in the graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"The maximum curve and minimum curves are plotted as shown in the following plots.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x1 = numpy.linspace(-2,0,2)\n",
+ "y1 = x1\n",
+ "plot(x1,8 * (1 + y1/2)**2)\n",
+ "x2 = numpy.linspace(-6,0,2)\n",
+ "y2 = x2\n",
+ "plot(x2,20 * (1 + y2/6)**2,'r')\n",
+ "title(\"VGs vs ID\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"Gate-to-Source voltage (VGS)\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"Drain current ID (mA)\")\n",
+ "annotate(\"maximum curve\",xy=(-5,10))\n",
+ "annotate(\"minimum curve\",xy=(-2.5,5))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 16.4 , Page Number 356"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The value of transconductance is 3.0 mA/V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VGS1 = -3.1 #Gate-Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VGS2 = -3.0 #Gate-Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "ID1 = 1.0 #Drain current (in milli-Ampere) \n",
+ "ID2 = 1.3 #Drain current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "dVGS = VGS2 - VGS1 #Change in Gate-Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "dID = ID2 - ID1 #Change in Drain current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "gm = dID / dVGS #Transconductance (in milli-Ampere per volt)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The value of transconductance is \",gm,\" mA/V.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation error in book in the value of gm."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 16.5 , Page Number 357"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The value of transconductance at VGS = -4 V is 2500.0 micro-S.\n",
+ "The value of drain current at VGs = -4 V is 5.0 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IDSS = 20.0 #Drain-Source current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "VP = -8.0 #Peak-point Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VGS = -4.0 #Gate-Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "gmo = 5000 * 10**-3 #Transconductance (in milli-Ampere per volt)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ID = IDSS * (1 - VGS/VP)**2 #Drain current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "gm = gmo * (1 - VGS/VP) #Transconductance (in milli-Ampere per volt)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The value of transconductance at VGS = -4 V is \",gm * 10**3,\" micro-S.\\nThe value of drain current at VGs = -4 V is \",ID,\" mA.\" "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 16.6 , Page Number 363"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Since the value of VGS is negative for the enhancement-type MOSFET ,this indicated that device is P-channel.\n",
+ "The value of ID when VGS = -6 V is 1.08 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IDon = 10.0 #Drain current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "VGS = -12.0 #Gate-Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VGSth = -3.0 #Threshold Gate-Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VGS1 = -6.0 #Gate-Source voltage in another case (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "K = IDon/(VGS - VGSth)**2 #Transconductance (milli-Ampere per volt)\n",
+ "ID = round(K,2) * (VGS1 - VGSth)**2 #Drain current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Since the value of VGS is negative for the enhancement-type MOSFET ,this indicated that device is P-channel.\"\n",
+ "print \"The value of ID when VGS = -6 V is \",ID,\" mA.\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.10"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter17_4.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter17_4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..af280168 --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter17_4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,232 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:3cb8b8fdc520e3f251797ccdf611bc794aa673624b9c79bd4319b62d207fbf87" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 17 , Thyristors" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 17.1 , Page Number 379" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "I = 40 #Current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "t = 15 * 10**-3 #time (in seconds)\n", + "CFS = 93 #Circuit fusing rate (in Ampere-square second)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "SCR = I**2 * t #Surge in the device (in Ampere-square second) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Since value of SCR i.e. \",SCR,\" A**2s is less than CFS i.e. \",CFS,\" A**2s.\"\n", + "print \"Therefore the device will not be destroyed.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Since value of SCR i.e. 24.0 A**2s is less than CFS i.e. 93 A**2s.\n", + "Therefore the device will not be destroyed.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 17.2 , Page Number 379" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "SCR = I2t = 75.0 #SCR (in Ampere-square second)\n", + "IS = 100.0 #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "tmax = I2t / IS**2 #Maximum allowable time (in seconds)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Maximum allowable time is \",tmax * 10**3,\" ms.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Maximum allowable time is 7.5 ms.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 17.3 , Page Number 385" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VD = 0.7 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "n = 0.75 #Intrinsic stand-off ratio\n", + "VBB = 12 #Base Voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VP = n * VBB + VD #Peak-point voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Peak - point voltage of the circuit is \",VP,\" V.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Peak - point voltage of the circuit is 9.7 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 17.4 , Page Number 385" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "rB1 = 4.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "rB2 = 2.5 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "VBB = 15.0 #Base voltage (in volts)\n", + "VD = 0.7 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "n = rB1 / (rB1 + rB2) #Intrinsic stand-off ratio\n", + "VP = n * VBB + VD #Peak-point voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Intrinsic stand off ratio is \",round(n,4),\".\\nPeak-point voltage is \",round(VP), \"V.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Intrinsic stand off ratio is 0.6154 .\n", + "Peak-point voltage is 10.0 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 17.5 , Page Number 385" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "n = 0.60 #Intrinsic stand-off ratio\n", + "rBB = 7.0 #Base- Bulk resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "rB1 = n * rBB #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "rB2 = rBB - rB1 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Static values of rB1 is \",rB1,\" kilo-ohm and of rB2 is \",rB2,\" kilo-ohm.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Static values of rB1 is 4.2 kilo-ohm and of rB2 is 2.8 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter19_4.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter19_4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b30b4176 --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter19_4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,631 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:398dcff950c67b00555f24b637405121303e07cac0f80c5eade231735344738f" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 19 , Rectifiers and Filters" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 19.1 , Page Number 430" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "V1 = 230.0 #Primary voltage (in volts)\n", + "N2byN1 = 1.0/10 #Turns ratio\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "V2 = V1 * N2byN1 #Secondary voltage (in ratio)\n", + "Vm = 2**0.5 * V2 #Maximum value of secondary voltage (in volts)\n", + "Vdc = 0.318 * Vm #dc output voltage (in volts)\n", + "PIV = Vm #Peak inverse voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"dc output voltage is \",round(Vdc,1),\" V.\\nPIV of the diode is \",round(PIV,1),\" V.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "dc output voltage is 10.3 V.\n", + "PIV of the diode is 32.5 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 19.2 , Page Number 431" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "RL = 20 #Load resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "V2 = 24 #Secondary voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vm = 2**0.5 * V2 #Maximum value of secondary voltage (in volts)\n", + "Im = Vm / RL #Maximumj value of load current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "Idc = 0.318 * Im #dc current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The value of dc load current is \",round(Idc,3),\" mA.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The value of dc load current is 0.54 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 19.3 , Page Number 431" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "V1 = 230 #Primary voltage (in volts)\n", + "N2byN1 = 1.0/2.0 #Turns ratio\n", + "RL = 200 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "V2 = V1 * N2byN1 #Secondary voltage (in volts)\n", + "Vm = 2**0.5 * V2 #Maximum value of secondary voltage (in volts)\n", + "Im = Vm / RL #Maximum value of load current (in Ampere)\n", + "Pm = Im**2 * RL #Maximum value of load power (in watt)\n", + "Vdc = 0.318 * Vm #Average value of load power (in watt)\n", + "Idc = Vdc / RL #Average value of load current (in Ampere)\n", + "Pdc = Idc**2 * RL #Average value of load power (in watt)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Maximum value of load power is \",round(Pm,1),\" W.\"\n", + "print \"Average value of load power is \",round(Pdc,1),\" W.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Maximum value of load power is 132.3 W.\n", + "Average value of load power is 13.4 W.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 19.4 , Page Number 432" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Vdc = 30.0 #Average value of voltage (in volts)\n", + "RL = 600.0 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Rf = 25.0 #forward resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Idc = Vdc / RL #Average value of load current (in Ampere)\n", + "Im = round(math.pi * Idc,3) #Maximum value of load current (in Ampere) \n", + "Vinmax = Im * (Rf + RL) #Maximum a.c. voltage required at the input (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Maximum a.c. voltage required at the input is \",Vinmax,\" V.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Maximum a.c. voltage required at the input is 98.125 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 19.5 , Page Number 436" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "V2 = 30.0 #secondary voltage (in volts)\n", + "RL = 5.1 #Load resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VS = V2 / 2 #Voltage between center - tap and either end of secondary winding (in volts)\n", + "Vm = 2**0.5 * VS #maximum value of voltage (in volts)\n", + "Vdc = 0.636 * Vm #dc output voltage (in volts)\n", + "Idc = Vdc / RL #dc load current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The dc output voltage is \",round(Vdc,1),\" V.\\nThe dc output current is \",round(Idc,3),\" mA.\" \n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation in value of Idc due to less precision used in book" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The dc output voltage is 13.5 V.\n", + "The dc output current is 2.645 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 19.6 , Page Number 440" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "V1 = 230.0 #primary voltage (in volts)\n", + "N2byN1 = 1.0/4.0 #Turns ratio\n", + "RL = 200 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "fin = 50 #Frequency (in hertz)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "V2 = V1 * N2byN1 #Secondary voltage (in volts)\n", + "Vm = 2**0.5 * V2 #Maximum value of voltage (in volts)\n", + "Vdc = 0.636 * Vm #Average value of voltage (in volts)\n", + "PIV = Vm #peak inverse voltage (in volts)\n", + "fout = 2 * fin #Output frequency (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The dc output voltage is \",round(Vdc,1),\" V.\\nPeak inverse Voltage of a diode is \",round(PIV,1),\" V.\\nOutput frequency is \",fout,\" HZ.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The dc output voltage is 51.7 V.\n", + "Peak inverse Voltage of a diode is 81.3 V.\n", + "Output frequency is 100 HZ.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 19.7 , Page Number 444" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "V1 = 230.0 #primary voltage (in volts)\n", + "N2byN1 = 1.0/5.0 #Turns ratio\n", + "RL = 100 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "V2 = V1 * N2byN1 #Secondary voltage (in volts)\n", + "VS = V2 / 2 #Voltage between center - tap and either end of secondary winding (in volts)\n", + "Vm = 2**0.5 * VS #Maximum value of voltage (in volts)\n", + "Vdc = 2/math.pi * Vm #Averaage value of Voltage (in volts)\n", + "PIV = 2 * Vm #Peak inverse voltage (in volts)\n", + "n = 0.812 #Efficiency of full wave rectifier\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The dc output voltage is \",round(Vdc,1),\" V.\\nPeak inverse voltage is \",round(PIV),\" V.\\nRectification efficiency is \",n,\".\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The dc output voltage is 20.7 V.\n", + "Peak inverse voltage is 65.0 V.\n", + "Rectification efficiency is 0.812 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 19.8 , Page Number 445" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VS = 200 #Voltage between center - tap and either end of secondary winding (in volts)\n", + "Imax = 700 #Maximum value of current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "Iavg = 250 #Average value of current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Imax1 = 0.8 * Imax #Maximum value of current for normal operation (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "Vm = 2**0.5 * VS #Maximum value of voltage (in volts)\n", + "RL = Vm / Imax1 #Load resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "Vdc = 2 * Vm / math.pi #Average value of voltage (in volts)\n", + "Idc = Vdc / RL #Average value of current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "PIV = 2 * Vm #peak Inverse voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The value of load resistor is \",round(RL,3), \"kilo-ohm.\\nThe dc load voltage and current is \",round(Vdc),\" V and \",Idc,\" mA.\\nPeak inverse voltage is \",round(PIV,2),\" V.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The value of load resistor is 0.505 kilo-ohm.\n", + "The dc load voltage and current is 180.0 V and 356.507072526 mA.\n", + "Peak inverse voltage is 565.69 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 19.9 , Page Number 449" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Vs = 150.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "Idc = 2.0 #Average value of current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vdc = 2.34 * Vs #Average calue of voltage (in volts)\n", + "Ipi = 1/0.955 * Idc #Peak current per diode (in Ampere)\n", + "Iavg = 2.0/3.0 #Average current per diode (in AMpere)\n", + "Pdc = Vdc * Idc #Average power delievered to the load (in watt)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The value of Vdc is \",Vdc,\" V.\\nPeak current through each diode is \",round(Ipi,1),\" A.\\nAverage current through each diode is\",round(Iavg,2),\" A.\\nAverage power delievered to the load is \",Pdc,\" W.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation error in calculating the value of Pdc in book. It's value is 702 but printed value is 701 watt. " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The value of Vdc is 351.0 V.\n", + "Peak current through each diode is 2.1 A.\n", + "Average current through each diode is 0.67 A.\n", + "Average power delievered to the load is 702.0 W.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 9 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 19.10 , Page Number 454" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Case (a):\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "f = 50.0 #Frequency (in Hertz)\n", + "g = 0.05 #Ripple factor\n", + "RL = 100.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "w = 2 * math.pi * f #Angular frequency (in radians per second) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "L = RL / (3 * 2**0.5 * w * g) #Inductance (in Henry) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Value of inductance is \",round(L,1),\" H.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Case (b):\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "f = 400.0 #Frequency (in Hertz)\n", + "g = 0.05 #Ripple factor\n", + "RL = 100.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "w = 2 * math.pi * f #Angular frequency (in radians per second) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "L = RL / (3 * 2**0.5 * w * g) #Inductance (in Henry) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"New Value of inductance is \",round(L,3),\" H.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Value of inductance is 1.5 H.\n", + "New Value of inductance is 0.188 H.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 10 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 19.11 , Page Number 455" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Vdc = 30.0 #Average value of voltage (in volts)\n", + "RL = 1.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "gamma = 0.01 #Ripple factor\n", + "f = 50 #Frequency (in Hertz)\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "C = 2890.0 / (gamma * RL) #Capacitance (in nano Farad)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Value of capacitance is \",C * 10**-3,\" micro-Farad.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Value of capacitance is 289.0 micro-Farad.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 11 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 19.12 , Page Number 456 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Vdc = 12.0 #Average value of voltage (in volts)\n", + "Idc = 100.0 #Average value of current (in milli-Ampere) \n", + "gamma = 0.01 #Ripple factor\n", + "L = 1.0 #Inductance (in Henry) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "C = 1.195 / (gamma * L) #Capacitance\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Capacitance is \",C,\" micro-Farad.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Capacitance is 119.5 micro-Farad.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 12 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 19.13 , Page Number 457" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Idc = 0.2 #Average value of current (in Ampere)\n", + "Vdc = 30.0 #Average value of voltage (in volts)\n", + "C1 = C2 = 100.0 #Capacitance (in milli-Farad)\n", + "L = 5.0 #Inductance (in Henry)\n", + "f = 50.0 #Frequency (in Hertz) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RL = Vdc / Idc #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "gamma = 5700.0 / (C1 * C2 * RL * L) #Ripple factor\n", + " \n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Ripple factor for 50 Hz supply is \",gamma,\".\"\n", + "\n", + "#Correction to be done in the formula for ripple factor used in the question. \n", + "#gamma = 5700 / (c1 * C2 * RL * L) --> right formula." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Ripple factor for 50 Hz supply is 0.00076 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter20_4.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter20_4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1f38d9f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter20_4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1073 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:3f6f8c6aa40baa220c4ea0b8e7685dc9b0e8f03f18d988b32da3acf61ee85875" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 20 , Regulated Power Supplies" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 20.1 , Page Number 466" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "dVL = 100.0 * 10**-6 #Change in output voltage (in volts)\n", + "dVin = 5.0 #Change in input voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "LR = dVL / dVin #Line regulation (in volt per volt)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The value of line regulation is \",LR * 10**6,\" micro-volt/volt.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The value of line regulation is 20.0 micro-volt/volt.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 20.2 , Page Number 466" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "LR = 1.4 #Line regulation (in micro-volt per volt) \n", + "dVS = 10 #Change in source voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "dVL = LR * dVS #Change in output voltage (in micro-volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The change in output voltage is \",dVL,\" micro-volt.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The change in output voltage is 14.0 micro-volt.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 20.3 , Page Number 466" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "dIL = 40.0 #Change in current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "VNL = 8.0 #Voltage under no load (in volts)\n", + "VFL = 7.995 #Voltage under full load (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "LR = (VNL - VFL)/ dIL #Line regulation (in milli-volt per milli-Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Line regulation is \",LR * 10**3,\"mV/mA.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Line regulation is 0.125 mV/mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 20.4 , Page Number 467" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "LR = 10.0 #Load regulation (in micro-volt per milli-Ampere)\n", + "VNL = 5.0 #No load Voltage (in volts)\n", + "dIL = 20.0 #Change in current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VFL = VNL - LR * dIL * 10**-6 #Full load Voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Full load Voltage is \",VFL,\" V.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Full load Voltage is 4.9998 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 20.5 , Page Number 467" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "V0 = 10 #Regulated dc supply (in volts)\n", + "LR = 0.00002 #Line regulation \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "dV = LR * V0 #Change in output voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Change in output voltage is \",dV * 10**3,\" mV.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Change in output voltage is 0.2 mV.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 20.6 , Page Number 468" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VS = 30.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "RS = 240.0 #Series resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Vz = 12.0 #Zener voltage (in volts)\n", + "RL = 500.0 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VL = Vz #Voltage drop across load (in volts)\n", + "IS = (VS - Vz) / RS #Current through RS (in Ampere)\n", + "VRS = IS * RS #Voltage drop across series resistance (in volts)\n", + "IL = VL / RL #Load current (in Ampere)\n", + "IZ = IS - IL #Zener current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Load voltage is \",VL,\" V.\\nVoltage drop across series resistance is \",VRS,\" V.\\nCurrent through Zener diode is \",IZ,\" A.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Load voltage is 12.0 V.\n", + "Voltage drop across series resistance is 18.0 V.\n", + "Current through Zener diode is 0.051 A.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 20.7 , Page Number 470" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VZ = 5.1 #Voltage across zener diode (in volts)\n", + "rZ = 10 #Zener diode resistance (in ohm)\n", + "IZmin = 1 * 10**-3 #Minimum zener diode current (in Ampere)\n", + "IZmax = 15 * 10**-3 #Maximum zener diode current (in Ampere)\n", + "RS = 600 #Serier resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VOmin = VZ + IZmin * rZ #Minimum value of output voltage (in volts)\n", + "VSmin = IZmin * RS + VOmin #Minimum value of input voltage (in volts)\n", + "VOmax = VZ + IZmax * rZ #Maximum value of output voltage (in volts)\n", + "VSmax = IZmax * RS + VOmax #Maximum value of input voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Minimum value of input voltage is \",VSmin,\" V.\\nMaximum value of input voltage is \",VSmax,\" V.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Minimum value of input voltage is 5.71 V.\n", + "Maximum value of input voltage is 14.25 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 20.8 , Page Number 470" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VS = 24.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "RS = 500.0 #Series resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VZ = 12.0 #Zener Voltage (in volts)\n", + "IZmin = 3.0 #Minimum Zener current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IZmax = 90.0 #Maximum Zener current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "rZ = 0.0 #Zener resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IS = (VS - VZ) / RS #Current through RS (in Ampere)\n", + "ILmax = IS - IZmin * 10**-3 #Maximum value of load Current (in Ampere) \n", + "RLmin = VZ / ILmax #Minimum value of Load resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Minimum value of load resistance is \",round(RLmin),\" ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Minimum value of load resistance is 571.0 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 20.9 , Page Number 471" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VZ = 10.0 #Zener voltage (in volts)\n", + "RS = 1.0 #Series Resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n", + "RL = 2.0 #Load Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "VSmin = 22.0 #Minimum source voltage (in volts) \n", + "VSmax = 40 #Maximum source voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IL = VZ / RL #Load current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IZmax = (VSmax - VZ) / RS - IL #Maximum value of zener current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IZmin = (VSmin - VZ) / RS - IL #Minimum value of zener current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Maximum value of zener current is \",IZmax,\" mA.\\nMinimum value of zener current is \",IZmin,\" mA.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Maximum value of zener current is 25.0 mA.\n", + "Minimum value of zener current is 7.0 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 9 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 20.10 , Page Number 472" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VZ = 10.0 #Zener voltage (in volts)\n", + "VSmin = 13.0 #Minimum source voltage (in volts)\n", + "VSmax = 16.0 #Maximum source voltage (in volts)\n", + "ILmin = 10.0 #Minimum load current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "ILmax = 85.0 #Maximum load current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IZmin = 15.0 #Minimum zener current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RSmax = (VSmin - VZ)/ (IZmin + ILmax) #Maximum value of RS (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "IZmax = (VSmax - VZ)/ RSmax - ILmin #Maximum zener current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "PZmax = IZmax * 10**-3 * VZ #Maximum power dissipation in zener (in watt)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Maximum value of RS is \",RSmax * 10**3,\" ohm.\\nMaximum power dissipation be the zener diode is \",PZmax,\" W.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Maximum value of RS is 30.0 ohm.\n", + "Maximum power dissipation be the zener diode is 1.9 W.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 10 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 20.11 , Page Number 473" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VSmin = 19.5 #Minimum source voltage (in volts)\n", + "VSmax = 22.5 #Maximum source voltage (in volts)\n", + "RL = 6.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VZ = 18.0 #Zener voltage (in volts)\n", + "IZmin = 2.0 * 10**-6 #Minimum zener current (in Ampere)\n", + "PZmax = 60.0 * 10**-3 #Maximum power dissipation (in watt)\n", + "rZ = 20.0 #Zener resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VL = VZ #Voltage across load resistance (in volt)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IZmax = (PZmax / rZ)**0.5 #Maximum value of zener current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IL = VL / RL #Load current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "RSmax = (VSmin - VZ) / (IZmin + IL) #Maximum value of regulating resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n", + "RSmin = (VSmax - VZ) / (IZmax + IL) #Minimum value of regulating resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Magnitude of regulating resistance should be between \",round(RSmin,1),\" ohm and \",round(RSmax),\" ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Magnitude of regulating resistance should be between 77.9 ohm and 500.0 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 11 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 20.12 , Page Number 473" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VSmin = 8.0 #Minimum source voltage (in volts)\n", + "VSmax = 12 #Maximum source voltage (in volts)\n", + "RS = 2.2 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "VZ = 5.0 #Zener voltage (in volts)\n", + "RL = 10.0 #Load resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "VL = VZ #Voltage across load (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "ISmin = (VSmin - VZ)/ RS #Minimum value of input current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "ISmax = (VSmax - VZ)/RS #Maximum value of input current (in milli-Ampere) \n", + "IL = VL / RL #Load current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IZmin = ISmin - IL #Minimum Zener current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IZmax = ISmax - IL #Maximum Zener current (in milli-Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Minimum value of Zener current is \",round(IZmin,3),\" mA.\\nMaximum value of Zener current is \",round(IZmax,3),\" mA.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Minimum value of Zener current is 0.864 mA.\n", + "Maximum value of Zener current is 2.682 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 12 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 20.13 , Page Number 474" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VO = VL = 5.0 #Output voltage (in volts)\n", + "IL = 20.0 #Load current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "PZmax = 500.0 #Maximum power dissipation in zener (in milli-watt)\n", + "VSmin = 9.0 #Minimum source voltage (in volts)\n", + "VSmax = 15.0 #Maximum source voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IZmax = PZmax / VZ #Maximum zener current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "ISmax = IL + IZ #Maximum input current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "RSmin = (VSmax - VZ)/(IZmax + IL) #Minimum value of regulating resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "IZ = (VSmin - VZ)/ RSmin - IL #Minimum value of zener current \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Input varies from the normal 12 v within the range of +- 3 V.\"\n", + "print \"Zener current vary from \",IZ,\" mA to \",IZmax,\" mA.\"\n", + "print \"For safety purpose RS should be 220 ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Input varies from the normal 12 v within the range of +- 3 V.\n", + "Zener current vary from 28.0 mA to 100.0 mA.\n", + "For safety purpose RS should be 220 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 20.14 , Page Number 475" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "RS = 500.0 #Series resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RL = 1.0 #Load resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n", + "VZ = 10.0 #Zener voltage (in volts)\n", + "IZmin = 5.0 #Minimum Zener current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IZmax = 55.0 #Maximum Zener current (in milli-Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IL = VZ / RL #Load current (in milli-Ampere) \n", + "VSmin = (IL + IZmin) * RS * 10**-3 + VZ #Minimum value of input voltage (in volts)\n", + "VSmax = (IL + IZmax) * RS * 10**-3 + VZ #Maximum value of input voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The minimum value of voltage level at input is \",VSmin,\" V and the maximum is \",VSmax,\" V.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The minimum value of voltage level at input is 17.5 V and the maximum is 42.5 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 14 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 20.15 , Page Number 476" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VS = 15.0 #Input voltage (in volts)\n", + "RS = 33.0 #Series resistance (in ohm)\n", + "beta = 100.0 #common-emitter current gain \n", + "RL = 100.0 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "VZ = 10.0 #Voltage across zener diode (in volts) \n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Voltage across base and emitter\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VL = VZ + VBE #Load voltage (in volts)\n", + "IL = VL / RL #Load current (in Ampere)\n", + "IS = (VS - VL) / RS #Current through RS (in Ampere)\n", + "IC = IS - IL #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "IB = IZ = IC/beta #Base current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Load voltage is \",VL,\" V.\"\n", + "print \"Load current is \",IL * 10**3,\" mA.\"\n", + "print \"Current through Rs is \",round(IS * 10**3,1),\" mA.\"\n", + "print \"Collector current is \",round(IC* 10**3,1),\" mA.\"\n", + "print \"Base current is \",round(IB * 10**6),\" micro-A.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Load voltage is 10.7 V.\n", + "Load current is 107.0 mA.\n", + "Current through Rs is 130.3 mA.\n", + "Collector current is 23.3 mA.\n", + "Base current is 233.0 micro-A.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 15 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 20.16 , Page Number 478" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VS = 15.0 #Input voltage (in volts)\n", + "VZ = 8.3 #Zener voltage (in volts)\n", + "beta = 100.0 #Common-emitter current gain\n", + "R = 1.8 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "RL = 2.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Voltage across base-emitter junction (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VL = VZ - VBE #Voltage across load (in volts)\n", + "VCE = VS - VL #Collector to emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "IR = (VS - VZ)/ R #Current through R (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IL = VL / RL #Load current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IB = IL / beta #Base current (in milli-Ampere) \n", + "IZ = IR - IB #Current through Zener (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Load voltage is \",VL,\" V.\"\n", + "print \"Collector to Emitter voltage is \",VCE,\" V.\"\n", + "print \"Current through R is \",round(IR,2),\" mA.\"\n", + "print \"Load current is \",IL,\" mA.\"\n", + "print \"Base current is \",IB * 10**3,\" micro-A.\"\n", + "print \"Current through Zener is \",round(IZ,2),\" mA.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation error in book in the value of beta and in IB and IZ." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Load voltage is 7.6 V.\n", + "Collector to Emitter voltage is 7.4 V.\n", + "Current through R is 3.72 mA.\n", + "Load current is 3.8 mA.\n", + "Base current is 38.0 micro-A.\n", + "Current through Zener is 3.68 mA.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 16 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 20.17 , Page Number 479" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IZmin = 0 #Minimun Zener current (in Ampere)\n", + "ILmax = 2.0 #Maximum load current (in Ampere)\n", + "VL = 12.0 #Voltage across load (in volts)\n", + "VSmin = 15.0 #Minimum Input voltage (in volts)\n", + "VSmax = 20.0 #Maximum Input Voltage (in volts)\n", + "beta = 100 #common emitter current gain\n", + "VBE = 0.5 #Voltage between base-emitter junction (in volts)\n", + "VZ = 12.5 #Voltage across zener diode (in volts)\n", + "IZmin = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Current through Zener diode \n", + "ICmax = ILmax #Maximum Collector current (in Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IBmax = ICmax / beta #Maximum collector current\n", + "IR = IBmax + IZmin #Current through resistance R (in Ampere)\n", + "Rmax = (VSmin - VZ)/ IR #Maximum value of resistance R (in ohm)\n", + "IZmax = (VSmax - VZ)/ Rmax #Maximum value of Zener current (in Ampere)\n", + "PZmax = VZ * IZmax #Maximum power dissipation in Zener Diode (in watt)\n", + "PRmax = (VSmax - VZ) * IZmax #Maximum power dissipated in Resistance R (in watt)\n", + "VCEmax = VSmax - VL #Maximum value of collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts) \n", + "PDmax = VCEmax * ILmax #Maximum power dissipation of the transistor (in watt)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Maximum value of R is \",round(Rmax),\" ohm.\\nMaximum power dissipation of the zener diode is \",round(PZmax,2),\" W.\\nMaximum power dissipation of resistance R is \",round(PRmax,2),\" W.\\nMaximum power dissipation of the transistor is \",PDmax,\" W.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Correction to be done in the formula used for IZmax in the book.Correct approach is used in the solved example here. " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Maximum value of R is 119.0 ohm.\n", + "Maximum power dissipation of the zener diode is 0.79 W.\n", + "Maximum power dissipation of resistance R is 0.47 W.\n", + "Maximum power dissipation of the transistor is 16.0 W.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 17 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 20.18 , Page Number 481" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VL = 12.0 #Voltage across load (in volts)\n", + "IL = 200.0 #Load current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "VS = 30.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "RS = 10.0 #Series resistance (in ohm)\n", + "beta1 = hfe1 = 150.0 #common-emitter current gain 1\n", + "beta2 = hfe2 = 100.0 #common-emitter current gain 2\n", + "IC1 = 10.0 #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "VBE1 = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base voltage1 (in volts)\n", + "VBE2 = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base voltage2 (in volts)\n", + "VZ = VR = 6.0 #Voltage across zener diode (in volts)\n", + "RZ = 10.0 #Resistance of zener diode (in ohm)\n", + "IZ = 20.0 #Current through zener diode (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "ID = 10.0 * 10**-3 #Current (in Ampere) \n", + "I1 = 10.0 * 10**-3 #Current (in Ampere) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RD = (VL - VZ) / ID #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "V2 = VZ + VBE2 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "R1 = (VL - V2)/I1 #Value of resistance R1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = R1 * (V2 / (VL - V2)) #Value of resistance R2 (in ohm)\n", + "IB1 = (IL + I1 + ID) / beta1 #Base Current IB1 (in Ampere)\n", + "I = IB1 + IC1 #Current through resistance R3 (in Ampere)\n", + "R3 = (VS - (VBE1 + VL))/I #Value of resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Value of Resistance RD is \",RD,\" ohm.\\nValue of Resistance R1 and R2 is \",R1,\" ohm and \",R2,\" ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Value of Resistance R3 is \",round(R3,1),\" kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Error in the formula used for R1 in book. Correct formula is used here." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Value of Resistance RD is 600.0 ohm.\n", + "Value of Resistance R1 and R2 is 530.0 ohm and 670.0 ohm.\n", + "Value of Resistance R3 is 1.5 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 18 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 20.19 , Page Number 484" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VS = 25.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "VZ = 15.0 #Zener voltage (in volts)\n", + "RL = 1.0 #Load resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vout = VZ/2 + VBE #Output voltage (in volts)\n", + "IL = Vout / RL #Load current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IE1 = IL #Current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "VCE1 = VS - Vout #Collector-To-Emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "P1 = VCE1 * IE1 #Power dissipated (in watt)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Vout is \",Vout,\" V.\\nIL is \",IL,\" mA.\\nIE1 is \",IE1,\" mA.\\nP1 is \",P1,\" W.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation error in book for the value of P1." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Vout is 8.2 V.\n", + "IL is 8.2 mA.\n", + "IE1 is 8.2 mA.\n", + "P1 is 137.76 W.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 19 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 20.20 , Page Number 492" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IADJ = 100.0 * 10**-6 #Current (in Ampere)\n", + "Vin = 35.0 #Input voltage (in volts)\n", + "R1 = 220.0 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2min = 0 #Resistance2 minimum (in ohm)\n", + "R2max = 5.0 * 10**3 #Resistance2 maximum (in ohm)\n", + "VREF = 1.25 #Reference voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Voutmin = VREF * (R2min/R1 + 1) + IADJ * R2min #Minimum output voltage (in volts)\n", + "Voutmax = VREF * (R2max/R1 + 1) + IADJ * R2max #Maximum output voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Maximum output voltage is \",round(Voutmax,2),\" V.\\nMinimum output voltage is \",Voutmin,\" V.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Maximum output voltage is 30.16 V.\n", + "Minimum output voltage is 1.25 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 20 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 20.21 , Page Number 492" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R1 = 220.0 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 1.5 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", + "VREF = 1.25 #Reference voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vo = VREF * (R2/R1 + 1) #Regulated dc output voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Regulated dc output voltage is \",round(Vo,2),\" V.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation error in the book." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Regulated dc output voltage is 9.77 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 21 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 20.22 , Page Number 493" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R1 = 240.0 #Resistance1 (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 2.4 * 10**3 #Resistance2 (in ohm)\n", + "VREF = 1.25 #Reference voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vo = VREF * (R2/R1 + 1) #Regulated dc output voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Regulated dc output voltage is \",Vo,\" V.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Regulated dc output voltage is 13.75 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 22 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter21_4.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter21_4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e1d036bc --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter21_4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,314 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:d0d488692d13bd6f786a59c53f9573140cae873125a1ba8e4603dff4ff8f4e4f" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 21 , Controlled Rectifiers" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 21.1 , Page Number 508" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "RL = 100.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Vm = 300.0 #Maximum voltage (in volts) \n", + "P1 = 25.0 #Load power1 (in watt)\n", + "P2 = 80.0 #Load power2 (in watt)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation \n", + "\n", + "Vdc = Vm / (2 * math.pi) #dc voltage (in volts)\n", + "#When power is 25 watt\n", + "cosinealpha = (P1 * RL / Vdc**2)**0.5 -1 #cos of alpha \n", + "alpha = math.acos(cosinealpha) #Value of alpha (in radians)\n", + "\n", + "#When power is 80 watt\n", + "cosinealpha1 = (P2 * RL / Vdc**2)**0.5 -1 #cos of alpha \n", + "alpha1 = math.acos(cosinealpha1) #Value of alpha (in radians)\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Angular firing control when load power P = 25 W is \",round(alpha * 180.0 / math.pi,2),\" degree.\\nAngular firing control when load power P = 80 W is \",round(alpha1 * 180.0 / math.pi,2),\" degree.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation difference in value of cosinealpha from book due to higher precision." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Angular firing control when load power P = 25 W is 87.29 degree.\n", + "Angular firing control when load power P = 80 W is 29.16 degree.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 21.2 , Page Number 509" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Vm = 200.0 #maximum voltage (in volts)\n", + "RL = 1.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "#When alpha = 0 degree\n", + "Vdc = 0.318 * Vm #dc voltage (in volts)\n", + "Idc = Vdc / RL #dc Current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "P = Vdc * Idc #Power (in milli-watt) \n", + "\n", + "#When alpha = 45 degree \n", + "Vdc1 = 0.27 * Vm #dc voltage1 (in volts)\n", + "Idc1 = Vdc1 / RL #dc current1 (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "P1 = Vdc1 * Idc1 #Power1 (in milli-watt)\n", + "\n", + "#When alpha = 90 degree\n", + "Vdc2 = 0.159 * Vm #dc voltage2 (in volts)\n", + "Idc2 = Vdc2 / RL #dc current2 (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "P2 = Vdc2 * Idc2 #Power2 (in milli-watt)\n", + "\n", + "#When alpha = 135 degree\n", + "Vdc3 = 0.0466 * Vm #dc voltage3 (in volts)\n", + "Idc3 = Vdc3 / RL #dc current3 (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "P3 = Vdc3 * Idc3 #Power3 (in milli-watt)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Power delivered when alpha = 0 degree is \",round(P),\" mW.\\nPower delivered when alpha = 45 degree is \",P1,\" mW.\\nPower delivered when alpha = 90 degree is \",round(P2),\" mW.\\nPower delivered when alpha = 135 degree is \",round(P3,2),\" mW.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Power delivered when alpha = 0 degree is 4045.0 mW.\n", + "Power delivered when alpha = 45 degree is 2916.0 mW.\n", + "Power delivered when alpha = 90 degree is 1011.0 mW.\n", + "Power delivered when alpha = 135 degree is 86.86 mW.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 21.3 , Page Number 513" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Vrms = 220.0 #rms voltage (in volts)\n", + "alpha = 60.0 #Firing angle (in degree) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "alpharad = alpha * math.pi/180.0 #Firing angle (in radians) \n", + "Vm = 2**0.5 * Vrms #Maximum or Peak voltage (in volts)\n", + "Vdc = Vm /(2 * math.pi)*(1 + math.cos(alpharad)) #dc output voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The d.c. output voltage is \",round(Vdc,2),\" V.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation in answer due to higher precision" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The d.c. output voltage is 74.28 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 21.4 , Page Number 513" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Idc = 0.5 #dc current (in Ampere)\n", + "Vrms = 100.0 #Rms voltage (in volts)\n", + "alpha = 45.0 #Firing angle (in degree) \n", + "Idc = 0.5 #dc current (in Ampere)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "alpharad = alpha * math.pi / 180.0 #Firing angle (in radians)\n", + "Vm = 2**0.5 * Vrms #Peak voltage (in volts) \n", + "Vdc = Vm / (2 * math.pi)*(1 + math.cos(alpharad)) #Average voltage (in volts)\n", + "RL = Vdc / Idc #Load resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The value of resistance to limit the average current to 0.5 A is \",round(RL,2),\" ohm.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation in answer due to higher precision" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The value of resistance to limit the average current to 0.5 A is 76.85 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 21.5 , Page Number 520" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "TON = 30.0 #Chopper ON time (in milli-second)\n", + "TOFF = 10.0 #Chopper OFF time (in milli-second) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "T = TON + TOFF #Total time (in milli-second)\n", + "cdc = TON / T #Chopper duty cycle\n", + "f = 1 / T #Chopping frequency (in Hertz)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Chopper duty cycle is \",cdc,\".\\nChopping frequency is \",f * 10**3,\" Hz.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Correction to be done in book , the units mentioned are milli-Ampere but in the calculation it used micro-Ampere." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Chopper duty cycle is 0.75 .\n", + "Chopping frequency is 25.0 Hz.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 21.6 , Page Number 520" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "TON = 30.0 #Chopper ON time (in milli-second)\n", + "TOFF = 10.0 #Chopper OFF time (in milli-second) \n", + "Vdc = 200.0 #dc voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "T = TON + TOFF #Total time (in milli-second)\n", + "cdc = TON / T #Chopper duty cycle\n", + "VL = Vdc * cdc #dc output voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Average valuye of dc voltage is \",VL,\" V.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Average valuye of dc voltage is 150.0 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter22_4.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter22_4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3a6e745d --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter22_4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1645 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Chapter 22 , BJT Biasing and Stabilization"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 22.1 , Page Number 527"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The value of saturation current is 2.0 mA.\n",
+ "The value of cut-off voltage is 20.0 V.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x60d98f0>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYQAAAEZCAYAAACXRVJOAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\n",
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x26a1670>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VBB = 10.0 #Base Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 47.0 #Base Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "VCC = 20.0 #Voltage Source (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 10.0 #Collector Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "beta = 100.0 #Common-Emitter current gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ICsat = VCC / RC #Saturation current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "VCEcutoff = VCC #Cutoff voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The value of saturation current is \",ICsat,\" mA.\\nThe value of cut-off voltage is \",VCEcutoff,\" V.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(0,20,100)\n",
+ "plot(x,x/10)\n",
+ "title(\"d.c. load line\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"Collector-to-emitter voltage VCE (V)\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"Collector current IC (mA)\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 22.2 , Page Number 528"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Q-points corresponds to 8.84 V and 37.2 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Annotation at 0x620f450>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYEAAAEZCAYAAABxbJkKAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\n",
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x60aaf10>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,annotate\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 20.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 300.0 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VBB = 10.0 #Base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 50.0 #Base Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "beta = 200.0 #Common-emittter current gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ICsat = VCC / RC #Saturation current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCEcutoff = VCC #Cutoff voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "#Using kirchoff's voltage law\n",
+ "IB = (VBB - 0.7) / RB #Base current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC * RC * 10**-3 #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Q-points corresponds to \",VCE,\" V and \",IC,\" mA.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(0,20,100)\n",
+ "plot(x,66.7 - 66.7/20 * x)\n",
+ "title(\"d.c. load line\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"Collector-to-emitter voltage VCE (V)\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"Collector current IC (mA)\")\n",
+ "annotate(\"Q\",xy=(8.84,37.2))\n",
+ "annotate(\"66.7\",xy=(0,66.7))\n",
+ "annotate(\"37.2\",xy=(0,37.2))\n",
+ "annotate(\"8.84\",xy=(8.84,0))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 22.3 , Page Number 533"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The value of base current is 0.14 mA.\n",
+ "The value of Collector current is 11.11 mA.\n",
+ "THe value of Collector-to-Emitter voltage is 15.89 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 25.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 820.0 #Collector Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RB = 180.0 #Base Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "beta = 80.0 #Common-Emitter current gain\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = VCC / RB #Base current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC * RC * 10**-3 #Collector-to-Emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The value of base current is \",round(IB,2),\" mA.\\nThe value of Collector current is \",round(IC,2),\" mA.\\nTHe value of Collector-to-Emitter voltage is \",round(VCE,2),\" V.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation in answers due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 22.4 , Page Number 534"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The base current is 0.05 mA.\n",
+ "The collector current is 5.0 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VBB = 2.7 #Base voltage (in Volts)\n",
+ "RB = 40.0 #Base resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "VCC = 10.0 #Supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 2.5 #Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "beta = 100.0 #Current gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = (VBB - VBE)/RB #Base current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta * IB\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The base current is \",IB,\" mA.\"\n",
+ "print \"The collector current is \",IC,\" mA.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 22.5 , Page Number 534"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The value of collector current is for operation in saturation region is 1.0 mA.\n",
+ "Since 1.29 mA is greater than 1.0 mA , therefore it will operate in saturation region.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 5.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 5.0 #Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "VBB = 5.0 #Base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 100.0 #Base Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "beta = 30.0 #Common-Emitter current gain\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = (VBB - VBE)/RB #Base Current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta * IB #Collector Current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "IC1 = VCC / RC #Collector Current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The value of collector current is for operation in saturation region is \",IC1,\" mA.\\nSince \",IC,\" mA is greater than \",IC1,\" mA , therefore it will operate in saturation region.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 22.6 , Page Number 535"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Stability factor for the fixed bias circuit is 101.0 .\n",
+ "The voltage between the collector and the ground is 2.1 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 12.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 330.0 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "IB = 0.3 #Base current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "beta = 100.0 #Common-emitter current gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RB = VCC / IB #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "S = 1 + beta #Stability factor \n",
+ "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC * RC * 10**-3 #Collector-Ground voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Stability factor for the fixed bias circuit is \",S,\".\\nThe voltage between the collector and the ground is \",VCE,\" V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 22.7 , Page Number 536"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "VCE of the transistor is 8.0 V.\n",
+ "VCC of the transistor is 20.0 V.\n",
+ "IB of the transistor is 0.04 mA.\n",
+ "IC of transistor is 4.0 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 20.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 2.0 #Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "RB = 400.0 #Base Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "beta = 100.0 #Common-Emitter current gain\n",
+ "RE = 1.0 #Emitter Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = VCC / (RB + beta * RE) #Base current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta * IB #Collector Current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC * (RC + RE) #Collector-to-Emitter Voltage (volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"VCE of the transistor is \",VCE,\" V.\\nVCC of the transistor is \",VCC,\" V.\\nIB of the transistor is \",IB,\" mA.\\nIC of transistor is \",IC,\" mA.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 22.8 , Page Number 537"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The value of IC is 2.35 mA.\n",
+ "The value of VCE is 12.0 V.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Annotation at 0x6275410>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAXoAAAEZCAYAAACZwO5kAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\n5DglehGRHKdELyKS4/4f4XswFdhEO9oAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n",
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x6219e50>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,annotate\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 12.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 2.2 #Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "RB = 240.0 #Base Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "beta = 50.0 #Common-Emitter current gain\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RE = 0 #Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IC = (VCC - VBE)/(RE + RB/beta) #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC * RC #Collector-to-Emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "ICsat = VCC / RC #Saturation current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "VCEcutoff = VCC #Cut-off voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The value of IC is \",round(IC,2),\" mA.\\nThe value of VCE is \",VCEcutoff,\" V.\" \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(0,12,100)\n",
+ "plot(x,5.45 - 5.45/12 * x)\n",
+ "title(\"d.c. load line\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"Collector-to-emitter voltage VCE (V)\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"Collector current IC (mA)\")\n",
+ "annotate(\"6.83 V\",xy=(6.83,0))\n",
+ "annotate(\"5.45 mA\",xy=(0,5.45))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 22.9 , Page Number 538"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Operating voltage is 20.0 V.\n",
+ "Opearing current is 2.0 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Annotation at 0x63e64b0>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAXsAAAEZCAYAAAB2AoVaAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz\nAAALEgAACxIB0t1+/AAAIABJREFUeJzt3Xu8VXWd//HXG1FQsRRFzFLxxqRcAs2gmx2zGJvyEoqK\nmWD+tBrTKJOYHIXGJhWbvKDYjDWJpiLmT9R0vKCctFRKAUU0zfmJoon3G4mF8Pn9sdb2bDbnHPZt\nnX17Px+P/WDttdZe3+9iwfe8z3d/13cpIjAzs+bWq9YVMDOz7LmxNzNrAW7szcxagBt7M7MW4Mbe\nzKwFuLE3M2sBbuytLkm6TNKZVT7mREn3VPOYecdeK2mXLra1SzouXf6KpNuyqINZd9zYW72K9NUM\n3juXiLgyIv6xxvWxFuTG3uqZal0Bs2bhxt7qgqSRkhZKelPSbKBvN/v2kvQDSU+m+z8g6UNllPkJ\nSX+U9LqkP0j6eN62YyU9mh7/fyWdUPDZUyX9RdKzkr5WQpnrdCWl3T9fl/SEpNckXVSw/9fSerwq\n6VZJO5Z6nmbgxt7qgKRNgLnALGAr4FrgULruxjkFOBL4QkS8DzgWeLvEMvsDNwPnA/2BnwI3p+sB\nXgC+mHf88ySNTD97QFqHzwGD0z8r8UXgo8Bw4HBJ/5iWczDwL8CXgW2Ae4CrKyzLWpQbe6sHo4He\nEXFBRKyJiOuAP3az/3HAaRHxZ4CIWBIRr5ZY5heBx9M+9LURMRv4E3BgesxbIuKpdPlu4Hbg0+ln\nDwf+OyIejYi3gaklll3o7Ih4MyKWA/OBj6TrvwGcFRGPR8Ra4CxghKQdKizPWpAbe6sH2wPPFax7\nmq777HcA/rcKZT7TSZnbA0j6gqT7Jb0i6TXgn4Ct0/0+ACzP+1zhcUq1Im/5baBfurwTcEHavfMa\n8Eq6/oMVlmctyI291YPnWb8B24muu3GWA7tVWOZzaRmFZT4nqQ9wHTAd2DYitgJuoeOHz/NAft95\nVv3ozwAnRMRWea/NI+L+jMqzJubG3urBvcC7kk6WtLGkscA+3ez/c+BMSbspMTyvr71Y/wMMljRe\nUm9JRwAfBn4DbJK+XgbWSvoCMCbvs3OAiZL2kLQZlXfj5BMdP1R+BvxA0p4Akt4vaVwVy7IW4sbe\nai4iVgNjgYkkXRWHkyRrACTtKOmtvBE3PyVpcG8H3gAuJR29I+kRSeO7KoqO8e6vAF8i+aL1ZeB7\nwJci4tWIeAs4OS3jVWA8cENefW8l+WL3LuAJ4E6Kvyeg8P6Bws/l13EucA4wW9IbwBLAY/StLMry\n4SWStiRJYUNI/gF/zb+Cmpn1vN4ZH/8C4JaIOExSb2DzjMszM7NOZJbsJb0fWBQRnc4XYmZmPSfL\nPvudgZck/TK9M/LS9MssMzPrYVk29r2BvYCZEbEX8FdgSoblmZlZF7Lss38WeDYicndC/pqCxl5S\ns8xqaGbWoyKipIkCM0v2EbECWC5pcLrqc8DSwv1WrQomTw4GDgyuuSaIaJ7X1KlTa14Hn5/PrxXP\nr5nPLaK8jJz1OPuTgCslPUQyydOPC3fo2xfOOQfmzoWpU2HcOHjxxYxrZWbWYjJt7CPioYjYJyI+\nEhFjI+KNrvYdPRoWLYJddoHhw2HOnCxrZmbWWurqDtpcyr/hhuZI+W1tbbWuQqZ8fo2tmc+vmc+t\nXJneQbvBwqXoqvx33oEzzoDLL4cZM5KG38zMQBJR4he0ddvY59x/P0ycmHTtXHwxDBjQM3UzM6tX\n5TT2ddWN05lcX/6gQTBsGFx7ba1rZGbWeOo+2efLpfxhw5KUv+222dXNzKxeNWWyzzd6NCxeDDvv\nnHTrOOWbmRWnoZJ9Pqd8M2tVTZ/s8+X68p3yzcw2rGGTfb7774djj4WhQ53yzaz5tVSyz1d4961T\nvpnZupoi2edzyjezZteyyT6f+/LNzNbXdMk+n1O+mTUjJ/sCnknTzCzR1Mk+34IFybh8p3wza3RO\n9t0YNcp9+WbWulom2edzX76ZNTIn+yKNHg0LF3akfPflm1mza8lkn88p38wajZN9GQpTvvvyzawZ\ntXyyz+eUb2aNwMm+Qk75ZtasnOy74PnyzaxeOdlXUe6pWJ5J08yagZN9EdyXb2b1xMk+I55jx8wa\nnZN9iZzyzazWnOx7gFO+mTWizJO9pGXAm8AaYHVEfCxvW8Ml+3z5KX/mTBgwoNY1MrNWUK/JPoC2\niBiZ39A3g/xx+cOGecSOmdWvnkj2TwEfjYhXOtnW0Mk+X25c/vDhSV++U76ZZaWek/08SQ9IOr4H\nyquJXF/+oEFO+WZWf3oi2X8gIp6XNAC4AzgpIu5JtzVNss/nETtmlqVykn3vrCqTExHPp3++JOl6\n4GPAPbnt06ZNe2/ftrY22trasq5S5nJ9+VOnJt06M2bAuHG1rpWZNar29nba29srOkamyV7SZsBG\nEfGWpM2B24EfRsTt6famTPb5nPLNrNrqsc9+IHCPpMXAAuA3uYa+VXhcvpnVA99B24Oc8s2sGuox\n2VuewpTvETtm1lOc7GvEKd/MyuVk30Cc8s2sJznZ1wGnfDMrhZN9g3LKN7OsOdnXGad8M9sQJ/sm\nkD+TplO+mVWLk30dy82kOWyYU76ZdXCybzK5vnynfDOrlJN9g3DKN7Ocqid7SXtJOlfSAkkvSFqR\nLp8raWRl1bVSOOWbWSW6TPaSbgFeA24E/gA8Dwj4AMk0xQcCW0bEF8su3Mm+LE75Zq2tnGTfXWM/\nMCJe2ECB20bEi6UUWPB5N/ZlWrUqmS//8svhwgvh8MNrXSMz6ylVbey7KeTTwJERcWJJH+z8WG7s\nK+Rx+WatJ7PROHl9908DZwJ/KqeCVn2eL9/MitFdN84/AOOBI4CXgGuBUyNix6oV7mRfVU75Zq2h\n2sn+MWAv4B8jYt+ImAGsqaSCli2nfDPrSnfJ/hCSZD8KuJUk2f8iIgZVrXAn+8wsWJCM2HHKN2s+\nVU32ETE3Io4AhgL3AN8BBki6RNKYyqpqWRs1yuPyzaxDSaNxJPUHDiMZjfPZigt3su8RuXH5w4cn\nKX/AgFrXyMwqkeVonK0kDQcGAQ8Cp5ZePauVXF/+oEHJjVhO+WatZ4PJXtKZwETg/wFrc+sjYr+K\nC3ey73EesWPW+LJK9kcAu0bEZyJiv9yrvCparXnEjllrKibZXw98Y0NTJ5RVuJN9TTnlmzWmrJL9\nj4FFkm6XdFP6urG8Klo98UyaZq2jmGT/GHAJ8AgdffYREb+tuHAn+7rhlG/WOLJK9isj4sKIuCsi\n2tNXxQ291ZfCvnynfLPmUkyy/ynwN5J57f+WWx8RCysu3Mm+Ljnlm9W3TKY4ltQOrLeTh142t3fe\nSebLnzXL8+Wb1Zsemc++VJI2Ah4Ano2IAwu2ubGvc075ZvWnqn32kiZK6t3N9k0kHVtEGd8GHqWT\n3w6s/nlcvllz6G7Wy28Bx5E8qOQBOp5Bux3wUeDDwKURMbPLg0sfAi4D/h34rpN9Y3PKN6sP1Z71\n8iKS+ewvBjYGPgV8EugNXATs1V1DnzqPZB6dtRvYzxpA4bh8p3yzxtFlNw0kg+mB36Wvkkj6EvBi\nRCyS1NbVftOmTXtvua2tjba2Lne1OtC3L0yfDmPHJin/2mud8s2y1t7eTnt7e0XHyOwLWkk/Br4K\nvAv0Bd4HXBcRx+Tt426cBrZqVTJi5/LLPWLHrCfV5WgcAEmfAb7nPvvm5L58s56V2Xz2VeJWvUmN\nHg0LF3qOHbN61t1onFOANyLi5wXrjwO2iIjzKy7cyb7pOOWbZa/ayf4rwOWdrL+CZEim2Xqc8s3q\nU3fJ/uGIGN7FtkciYmjFhTvZN7Xcs2+HDXPKN6umaid7Sdquk5UDcf+7FcEzaZrVj+6S/TEkUx2c\nQvKQcUjunD0XuCgiLqu4cCf7luG+fLPqqfYdtJcD/wr8G7Asff0QOL0aDb21Fs+xY1ZbPTLOvsvC\nnexbklO+WWWqelOVpBndfC4i4uRSCuqiDDf2Lcrz5ZuVr9qN/UQ6/yJWJI39rJJruH4ZbuxbnFO+\nWenqdrqELgt3Y2845ZuVyo29NTSnfLPi1PvcOGbdKpwv3+PyzaqnmAeOfyoiflew7pMR8fuKC3ey\nty445Zt1Latk39monItKKcSsVIVz7HhcvllluhuN83HgE8B3gJ+SjMIB2AL4ckR8pOLCneytCE75\nZuuqdrLfhKRh3yj9s1/6ehM4rNxKmpXKd9+aVa6YPvtBEbEsk8Kd7K1ETvlm2fXZ95F0qaQ7JM1P\nX3eVWUezingmTbPyFJPsHwYuARYCa9LVEREPdv2pIgt3srcKOOVbq8oq2a+OiEsiYkFEPJC+Km7o\nzSrllG9WvGKS/TTgJeD/An/LrY+IVysu3MneqsQp31pJJtMlSFpGJxOiRcTOJdWu82O7sbeq8Rw7\n1io8N44ZTvnW/DLps5e0uaTTJV2avt9d0pfKraRZ1jwu32x9xXTjzCF5Bu0xETFE0ubAvb6D1hpB\nfsqfORMGDKh1jcwql9VonF0j4hzg7wAR8ddyKmdWC/lz7Awb5hE71rqKaez/JmnT3BtJu5I3Kses\n3m26KUyfDnPnwumnJ1/cvvRSrWtl1rOKaeynAbcCH5J0FXAX8P0sK2WWhVxf/qBBTvnWerrts5fU\nCxgH3AmMTlcviIiq5CL32Vut3H8/TJyYNPoesWONpup99hGxFpgcES9HxG/SV9ENvaS+khZIWizp\nUUlnlVI5s6z4qVjWaooZjXM28DJwDfDel7PF3kErabOIeFtSb+B3wPdyT75ysrd64HH51miyGo1z\nJHAicDfJEMwHgQeKLSAi3k4XNyGZG7/iaRbMqsnj8q0VFNVnHxHXlF1AcoyFwK7AJRExOW+bk73V\nFad8awTlJPve3W2MiLWSJpN04ZQl7fcfIen9wG2S2iKiPbd92rRp7+3b1tZGW1tbuUWZVSyX8qdO\nTVK+59ixetDe3k57e3tFx8i8z77gWKcDqyLiJ+l7J3urW075Vq96ss++qPnsJW0jact0eVPg88Ci\nUipoViueL9+aSaazXkoaBswi+aHSC7giIs7N2+5kbw3BKd/qSVbz2U+g8/nsLy+tep0e2429NYz8\n+fJnzIBx42pdI2tVWTX2F9HR2G8KfBZYGBGHlVXLdY/txt4ajlO+1VomffYR8a2IOCl9/R9gL2CL\ncitp1ujyZ9J0X741ipL77CVtAjwSEYMrLtzJ3hqc59ixWsjqSVU35b1uBh4Hri+3kmbNxHPsWKMo\nps++Le/tu8DTEbG8KoU72VsTccq3npLVOPtnSKY1bk8nMHtZ0qAy6mfW1JzyrZ4Vk+wfBD4eEX9P\n3/cBfh8RH624cCd7a1JO+ZalrJL9RrmGHiAi/gZsXGrlzFpJYcr3TJpWa8U09i9LOjj3Jl1+Obsq\nmTWH/GffTp2a3IT14ou1rpW1qmIa+28AP5C0XNJyYArw9WyrZdY8PF++1YOix9lL2gIgIt6qWuHu\ns7cW47tvrRqy6rMHkka+mg29WStyyrdayXTWyw0W7mRvLWzBgmTEjlO+larqyV5SL0mfqKxaZtaZ\nUaM8Lt96TjHj7BdHxIhMCneyNwM6xuUPH56k/AEDal0jq2dZ9dnPk3SYpJIObGbFy/XlDxqU3Ijl\nlG/VVkyyXwlsBqwB3klXR0S8r+LCnezN1uO7b21DsprPvl9E9IqIjSNii/RVcUNvZp0bPRoWL3Zf\nvlVXUaNx0rtm9yV5YtVvI+KmqhTuZG/WLad860xW89mfDZwMLAUeA06WdFZ5VTSzUngmTauWYvrs\nlwAjImJN+n4jYHFEDKu4cCd7s6L57lvLyWo0TgBb5r3fko4HkJtZDym8+9Yp30pRTLIfD5wNzAcE\nfAaYEhGzKy7cyd6sLE75rS2r0ThXAx8nee7sdSQPMqm4oTez8rkv30pVTLK/MyL239C6sgp3sjer\nmFN+66lqspe0qaStgQGS+ue9BgEfrKyqHfbbbz+GDBnC0KFDufDCCys+3uLFi+nVqxe33XZbFWpn\nVv8qmUnz2Wef5eCDD2bw4MHstttuTJo0idWrV2dXWauZLpO9pEnAt4Htgb/kbXoL+K+IuKjiwqVY\ntGgRI0aMYOXKley9997MnTuXPfbYo+xjfv/73+exxx6jf//+XHbZZZVW0ayhlDKTZkQwatQoTjzx\nRCZMmMDatWs54YQT6N+/P9OnT++xOlvpykn2RES3L+CkDe1T7ispvsPBBx8c8+bNi0ITJkyIb37z\nmzF69OjYZZddYv78+XHMMcfEHnvsERMnTnxvv7Vr18Zuu+0Wzz33XOywww7xzjvvrHcss2a3alXE\nqadGDBwYMWdO1/vNmzcv9t1333XWvfnmm7H11lvHqlWrMq6lVSJtO0tqb4saeilpq7yfKFtJ+uci\nf/rsIGm+pKWSHpF0clf7Llu2jEWLFjFq1KjOjsPrr7/Offfdx3nnncdBBx3E5MmTWbp0KUuWLOGh\nhx4C4N5772XXXXdl++23p62tjZtvvrmYapo1lb59O559e8YZXT/7dunSpey9997rrNtiiy3Ycccd\nefLJJ3uottZTimnsj4+I13Jv0uUTijz+auA7ETEEGA2cKGm9PpqVK1dy2GGHccEFF9CvX79OD3Tg\ngQcCMHToULbbbjuGDBmCJIYMGcLTTz8NwNVXX824ceMAGDduHFdffXWR1TRrPqNHw8KFHSN2Cvvy\nu5vI9t133824dtbTehexTy9JvSJiLbx3B+3GxRw8IlYAK9LllZIeI/kO4LHcPqtXr+bQQw/l6KOP\n5pBDDunyWJtssklSmV696NOnT0flevXi3XffZc2aNVx33XXceOON/OhHPyIiePXVV1m5cmWXP0DM\nmt2mmyYpf+zYZMTOtdd29OXvueee/PrXv15n/zfffJPly5ez++6716jGlpVikv1twGxJ+0v6HDAb\nuLXUgtJRPCOBBfnrjzvuOPbcc08mTZpU6iHfExHceeedfOQjH+GZZ57hqaeeYtmyZYwdO5brr7++\n7OOaNYvClH/ttbD//vvz9ttvc8UVVwCwZs0aTjnlFI466ig233zzGtfYqq2YZP99km6bb6bv7wB+\nXkohkvoBvwa+HREr87ddccUVDBw4kNmzZ9OvXz9mzJjBAQcc0NkxOl3OmT17NmPHjl1n3aGHHsrP\nfvYzvvrVr5ZSXbOmVJjy58yBSy+9nqlTT+TMM8/kpZdeYsyYMcycObPWVbUC7e3ttLe3V3SMYqc4\n3gzYMSL+VHIB0sbAb4D/iYjzC7ZFMeWbWXWtWgVTp8Lll8OMGcmXuPfddx/HH3881157bUXDny17\n5Qy9LOYO2oOAc4E+ETFI0kjghxFxUBEVEjALeCUivtPJdjf2ZjXk+fIbU1azXk4DRgGvAUTEImCX\nIo//SeBoYD9Ji9LX+n00ZlYTuadieSbN5ldMsl8QEaMkLYqIkem6hyNieMWFO9mb1Q3PsdM4skr2\nSyV9BegtaXdJM4B7y6qhmdWtSubYsfpXTLLfHDgNGJOuug04MyLeqbhwJ3uzuuSUX98y+YI2S27s\nzerXO+8kI3ZmzYILL4TDD691jSynqo29pJu6+VwUMxpng4W7sTere/kpf+ZMGDCg1jWyajf2bd19\nMCLaSymoizLc2Js1gM7G5VvtuBvHzDLlcfn1odpPqlrSzevhyqtrZo2mcMSOx+U3ju66cQZ198GI\nWFZx4U72Zg3LI3Zqp6rJPiKW5V7AKmAYMBR4uxoNvZk1Nqf8xlLMOPvDSebG+W26al/g1Iio+NI6\n2Zs1B6f8npXVHbT/CuwTEcdExDHAPsDp5VTQzJqTU379KybZLwGG5yK4pF7AQxExrOLCnezNmo5T\nfvaySva3ArdJmijpWOAW4H/KqaCZNT/PsVOfin14yaEk0xUD3BMRVXnWn5O9WXNzys9GtcfZ7y7p\nUwARcV1EfDcivgu8JGnXCutqZi2gs2ffWm10141zPvBmJ+vfTLeZmW1Q7tm3c+fC6acnUy28+GKt\na9V6umvsB0bEenfKput2zq5KZtaM3JdfW93dQftkROxW6raSCnefvVlLcl9+Zao9GucBSSd0Usjx\nwIOlVs7MLMfj8nted8l+O+B64O90NO57A32AL0fE8xUX7mRv1vKc8ktX7blxVgCfAH4ILAOeAn4Y\nEaOr0dCbmUFHyveInWx5PnszqxueL784Wd1Ba2bWI5zys+Nkb2Z1ySm/a072ZtY0ClO+x+VXxsne\nzOqeR+ysy8nezJqS776tnJO9mTUUp/w6TPaS/lvSC+kDUMzMKuaUX55Mk72kTwMrgcs7e7KVk72Z\nVWLBgmTETqul/LpL9hFxD/BalmWYWesaNcrj8ouVeZ+9pEHATU72Zpal3Lj84cPhoouaO+XXXbI3\nM+spub78QYOc8jvTu9YVmDZt2nvLbW1ttLW11awuZtbYck/FGjs2Sflz5jRHX357ezvt7e0VHcPd\nOGbWlFatgmnTYNYsuPBCOPzwWteoesrpxsl6NM7VwGeArYEXgTMi4pd5293Ym1mmmnFcft312UfE\n+IjYPiL6RMQO+Q29mVlP8FOxEr6D1sxaRrOk/LpL9mZm9aSVU76TvZm1pEZO+U72ZmZFarWnYjnZ\nm1nLy0/5M2fCgAG1rlH3nOzNzMowejQsXJik/GHDmjPlO9mbmeXJn2Pn4ovrM+U72ZuZVWj0aFi8\nuPn68p3szcy6UK8jdpzszcyqqJmeiuVkb2ZWhHpK+U72ZmYZyR+x04h9+U72ZmYlqnXKd7I3M+sB\njZjynezNzCqQG5c/bFjPpXwnezOzHtYoM2k62ZuZVUlP9eU72ZuZ1VA9p3wnezOzDGSZ8p3szczq\nRL3Nl+9kb2aWsWqnfCd7M7M6VA/j8p3szcx6UDVSvpO9mVmdq9WIHSd7M7MaKTflO9mbWdGWL1/O\nfvvtx5AhQxg6dCgXXnjhe9teffVVPv/5zzN48GDGjBnD66+/vt7nd911V5544ol11k2aNInp06dn\nXvdm0ZPz5TvZm7WoFStWsGLFCkaMGMHKlSvZe++9ueGGG/jwhz/M5MmT2WabbZg8eTLnnHMOr732\nGmefffY6nz/ttNPo06cPZ5xxBgBr165lp5124t5772WHHXaoxSk1tFJSvpO9mRVtu+22Y8SIEQD0\n69ePPfbYg+eeew6AG2+8kQkTJgAwYcIE5s6du97nx48fzzXXXPPe+7vvvpuddtrJDX2Zsk75mTb2\nkg6Q9CdJf5b0/SzLMrPyLVu2jEWLFjFq1CgAXnjhBQYOHAjAwIEDeeGFF9b7zNChQ+nVqxcPP/ww\nALNnz+aoo47quUo3ob594ZxzYO5cmDoVxo2DF1+szrEza+wlbQRcBBwA7AmMl7RHVuXVo/b29lpX\nIVM+v8aWO7+VK1dy2GGHccEFF9CvX7/19pOE1HmPwfjx45k9ezZr1qzhhhtuYNy4cVlWuWiNfu2y\nGLGTZbL/GPBkRCyLiNXAbODgDMurO43+D25DfH6Nrb29ndWrV3PooYdy9NFHc8ghh7y3beDAgaxY\nsQKA559/nm276EA+8sgjmTNnDvPmzWP48OEMGDCgR+q+Ic1w7fJT/hlnVJ7ys2zsPwgsz3v/bLrO\nzOpARHDcccex5557MmnSpHW2HXTQQcyaNQuAWbNmrfODIN8uu+zCNttsw5QpU9yFk5Fq9eVn2dh7\nmI1ZHVu+fDm/+tWvmD9/PiNHjmTkyJHceuutAEyZMoU77riDwYMHc9dddzFlypQujzN+/Hgef/xx\nxo4d21NVbzmFffnlyGzopaTRwLSIOCB9/y/A2og4J28f/0AwMytDqUMvs2zsewOPA/sDfwH+AIyP\niMcyKdDMzLrUO6sDR8S7kr4F3AZsBPzCDb2ZWW3U9A5aMzPrGTW7g7bZb7iStEzSw5IWSfpDretT\nKUn/LekFSUvy1vWXdIekJyTdLmnLWtaxEl2c3zRJz6bXcJGkA2pZx3JJ2kHSfElLJT0i6eR0fVNc\nv27Or1muX19JCyQtlvSopLPS9SVdv5ok+/SGq8eBzwHPAX+kyfrzJT0F7B0Rr9a6LtUg6dPASuDy\niBiWrpsOvBwR09Mf2FtFRNfDNupYF+c3FXgrIn5a08pVSNJ2wHYRsVhSP+BB4BDgWJrg+nVzfofT\nBNcPQNJmEfF2+l3o74DvAQdRwvWrVbJvlRuuSvq2vJ5FxD3AawWrDwJmpcuzSP6DNaQuzg+a4BpG\nxIqIWJwurwQeI7nnpSmuXzfnB01w/QAi4u10cROS70Bfo8TrV6vGvhVuuApgnqQHJB1f68pkZGBE\n5CZNeQEYWMvKZOQkSQ9J+kWjdnPkkzQIGAksoAmvX9753Z+uaorrJ6mXpMUk12l+RCylxOtXq8a+\nFb4V/mREjAS+AJyYdhM0rXSu6ma7rpcAOwMjgOeB/6htdSqTdnFcB3w7It7K39YM1y89v1+TnN9K\nmuj6RcTaiBgBfAjYV9J+Bds3eP1q1dg/B+TPg7oDSbpvGhHxfPrnS8D1JF1XzeaFtL8USR8AqjQ/\nX32IiBcjBfycBr6GkjYmaeiviIjcfMVNc/3yzu9XufNrpuuXExFvADcDe1Pi9atVY/8AsLukQZI2\nAY4AbqxRXapO0maStkiXNwfGAEu6/1RDuhGYkC5PANaf9LyBpf+Bcr5Mg15DJVNW/gJ4NCLOz9vU\nFNevq/Nrouu3Ta4LStKmwOeBRZR4/Wo2zl7SF4Dz6bjh6qyaVCQDknYmSfOQ3Lh2ZaOfn6Srgc8A\n25D0D54B3ADMAXYElgGHR8T6z69rAJ2c31SgjaQLIICngK/n9ZE2DEmfAu4GHqbjV/1/IbmrveGv\nXxfn9wNgPM1x/YaRfAHbK31dERHnSupPCdfPN1WZmbUAP5bQzKwFuLE3M2sBbuzNzFqAG3szsxbg\nxt7MrAW4sTczawFu7BuYpO0kzZb0ZDoHz82Sdu9m/0G5KXwltUm6qcxyJ6U3d5StGscoo8wDc9Np\nSzpE0h552yYU3ITTE/WZJumUdHli1uVLukvSmIJ1kyTNTJcHS7olnTL3QUnXSNo2/bfyRt5UwYsk\nfbaLMuZE/SdaAAAGU0lEQVRJel865XCnZaXHvCW7M7XOuLFvUOldg9cDd0XEbhHxUZIbZXpiMqtv\nA5uV8gFJhf/WSj5GpSLiprxnIB8C7Jm3eSKwfSnHS6fqrqhKdNwEVHL5ZbgaOLJg3RHAVZL6ktyG\nf3FEDI6IvYGZwIC0jndHxMi8112FB09/ADweEW8CV3VVVkS8CLwmaa+qnp11y41949oP+HtE/Fdu\nRUQ8HBG/A5B0rqQlSh6gcnh3B5K0uZKHdyyQtFDSQen6jST9JD3OQ5K+JekkkkZpvqQ70/3Gp+Us\nkXR23nFXpp9fDIzOW39yscfopK6nSvpDWp9p6bpBSh6E80tJj0u6UtIYSb9PU+o+6X4TJc2Q9HHg\nQODcNKVOBj4KXJmef19Je0tqT39julUdc5C0SzpP0h+Bk/Pq1UvSU5Len7fuz5IGpPW7K63zPEn5\n80JJ0qEkc53kl39Gep5LJP1n3s77qOOhOOfm/aa2Ufo+93dzQid/fdcBX1QyJ3puhsjt038zRwG/\nj4ibcztHxG/T2RWLnSb4KJK7qjdUFiS3+o8v8rhWDRHhVwO+SBqan3ax7VDgdpL/pNsCT5Mk/kHA\nknSfNuCmdPnHwFfS5S1JHiyzGfBNktuxe6Xbtkr/fArony5vnx5/a5KpL+4EDk63rQUO66KORR2j\n4DNjgP9Ml3sBNwGfTs9rNTAkPecHSKbggGTO7+vT5YnAjHT5l8DYvGPPB/ZKlzcG7gW2Tt8fkXe8\n+cBFXZzT+cDEdHkUcHu6fBPw1XT52Lz6TAW+W1h+/t91unw58KV0+RFgVLp8FvBwunwCcFq63Ifk\ngUCDOqnjTcBB6fIUYHq6/B/ASV2cVxvwOsl8LLnXzp3s91jumnZXVvp+Z2BBrf8ftdLLyb5xdTfP\nxSdJfl2OSH5l/i3dz/g3BpgiaRFJo9OHZL6N/Uka17UAEdHZwz32IZlf+5WIWANcCeybbltDkvA2\npLtjFNZzTFrPB4F/AHZLtz0VEUsjaUmWAvPS9Y+Q/DDoTGFizb3/B5IfHPPSsk5j3ectXNPF8a4h\n+cEASRdGbr/RJN0aAL8CPlVEfT4r6X5JDwOfBfZUMhlWv4hYkO5zVd5nxgDHpPW9H+hPx99Nvvyu\nnCPS952VX+ieWLcb56lO9tk+1n0yW3dlPU/X18Uy0LvWFbCyLQUO62Z74X/cDU2CNDYi/rzOAaTO\njlMoCvZRXlnvpI0vkm4l+e3ijxFR2MXQ2TGQ9DEg14VxRvrnWZHXdZXuNwj4W96qtcDf85a7+nde\n+HeSey9gaUR8oovP/bWL9fcDu0nahuTJa/+WX80uPrNe+Wn/+cUkj7V8TsnjEft2Ut/CY34rIu7Y\nQBk3AudJGglsFhGL0vVLSSaCq6auyoJ1/51YD3Cyb1CRfEHWR3lPwZI0XMkMgPcAR6T9yANIUnJ3\nDz2/jXX7n0emi3cAX899ESlpq3T9W8D70uU/Ap+RtHW635Ekv0kU1veANBGeUOQx2iPiD3lJ8qa0\nnl9TMm00kj6Ynl858ssvfP84MEDS6LScjSXtyQakP9iuB84jmW4395vQvXQk3K+QzNAISYOXa7Dz\ny++b/vmKkgdyjEuP/wbwVvpDENb9AvQ24J/z+sgHS1rvC/BIHuoxn6Qb66q8TVcBn5D0T7kVkvaV\nNGRD553nL5K2LqIsgA+QdN1ZD3Fj39i+DHxOydDLR4B/B56PiOtJpnt9iKT/+9S0OwfWTVO55TOB\njdMv/h4Bfpiu/znwDPBw+iVr7gu1/wJulXRnJA9pmULyn3ox8EDaMBeWVajYY3RUNkmtVwH3pd0b\nc4B+XZTV2Xnmj36ZDZyqZIjhLsBlwM8kLST5f3EYcE563ouAj3dzLvmuIWnQ87t6TgKOlfRQuu3b\nndQnv/x3gEtJuqBuJXmEYM5xwKVpd81mwBvp+p8DjwIL0y9tL6Hr32iuBoaR160SEe8AXyJ5jN8T\nkpYC3wBeSuv4aa079HJsJ8f9HckX3d2WlfoYHT/0rAd4imOzBiJp84j4a7o8heQ5pN+pcbWA5N4N\n4IiI+GYR+14J/KSga8cy5GRv1li+mCbrJSRfxP+o1hXKiYh2kifQbdHdfpK2BbZ0Q9+znOzNzFqA\nk72ZWQtwY29m1gLc2JuZtQA39mZmLcCNvZlZC3Bjb2bWAv4/loPoBgySGVwAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n",
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x653e950>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,annotate\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 30.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 5.0 #Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "RB = 1.5 * 10**3 #Base Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "beta = 100.0 #Common-emitter current gain\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ICsat = VCC / RC #Saturation current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "VCEcutoff = VCC #Cut-off voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IB = VCC / RB #Base current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC * RC #Collector-to-Emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Operating voltage is \",VCE,\" V.\\nOpearing current is \",IC,\" mA.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(0,30,100)\n",
+ "plot(x,6.0 - 6.0/30.0 * x)\n",
+ "title(\"d.c. load line\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"Collector-to-emitter voltage VCE (V)\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"Collector current IC (mA)\")\n",
+ "annotate(\"20 V\",xy=(20,0))\n",
+ "annotate(\"2 mA\",xy=(0,2))\n",
+ "annotate(\"Q\",xy=(20,2))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 22.10 , Page Number 538"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When VBB = 0 V , LED is in OFF condition.\n",
+ "When VBB = 3 V , LED is in ON condition.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 5.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RE = 100.0 #Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-base Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Case 1 : when VBB = 0.2 V ->OFF\n",
+ "#Case 2: when VBB = 3 V ->ON\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When VBB = 0 V , LED is in OFF condition.\\nWhen VBB = 3 V , LED is in ON condition.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 22.11 , Page Number 539"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Collector current is 9.9 mA.\n",
+ "Collector-to-Emitter voltage is 16.8669387755 V.\n",
+ "Stability factor is 81.0 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 25.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 820.0 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RB = 180.0 * 10**3 #Base Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "beta = 80.0 #Common-Emitter current gain\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RE = 200.0 #Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IC = (VCC -VBE)/(RE + RB / beta) #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC * RC #Collector-to-Emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "S = 1 + beta #Stability factor \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Collector current is \",round(IC * 10**3,1),\" mA.\\nCollector-to-Emitter voltage is \",VCE,\" V.\\nStability factor is \",S,\".\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Stability is not calculated in the book."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 22.12 , Page Number 540"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Collector current is 0.845 mA.\n",
+ "Collector-to-Emitter voltage is 1.55 V.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Annotation at 0x71996d0>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZgAAAEiCAYAAADEasRGAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\nYII=\n",
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x65470b0>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,annotate\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 10.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 10.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RB = 100.0 * 10**3 #Base Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "beta = 100.0 #Common-Emitter current gain\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IC = (VCC -VBE)/(RC + RB / beta) #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC * RC #Collector-to-Emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "ICsat = VCC / RC #Saturation current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "VCEcutoff = VCC #Cut-off voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Collector current is \",round(IC * 10**3,3),\" mA.\\nCollector-to-Emitter voltage is \",round(VCE,2),\" V.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(0,10,100)\n",
+ "plot(x,6.0 - 6.0/30.0 * x)\n",
+ "title(\"d.c. load line\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"Collector-to-emitter voltage VCE (V)\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"Collector current IC (mA)\")\n",
+ "annotate(\"20 V\",xy=(20,0))\n",
+ "annotate(\"2 mA\",xy=(0,2))\n",
+ "annotate(\"Q\",xy=(20,2))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 22.13 , Page Number 541"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "IB is 0.0465 mA.\n",
+ "IC is 2.325 mA.\n",
+ "IE is 2.325 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 10.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 2.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RB = 100.0 * 10**3 #Base Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "beta = 50.0 #Common-Emitter current gain\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = (VCC - VBE)/(RB + beta * RC) #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IE = IC #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "S = 1 + beta #Stability factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"IB is \",IB * 10**3,\" mA.\\nIC is \",IC * 10**3,\" mA.\\nIE is \",IE * 10**3,\" mA.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 22.14 , Page Number 542"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 14,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "In case 1, Collector junction is short circuited.\n",
+ "In case 2, Collector resistance is short circuited. \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When VC = 0 volts\n",
+ "VCC = 9.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 220.0 #Base Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 3.3 #Collector Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.3 #Emitter-to-Base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "beta = 100.0 #Common emitter current gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = (VCC - VBE)/((RB + beta*RC)* 10**3) #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC * RC * 10**3 #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VC = VCE #Collector voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "ICRC = VCC #Voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When VC = 9 volts\n",
+ "IB1 = 16.0 #Base current (in micro-Ampere)\n",
+ "IC1 = beta * IB1 #Collector current (in micro-Ampere) \n",
+ "RC1 = 0 #Collector Resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"In case 1, Collector junction is short circuited.\\nIn case 2, Collector resistance is short circuited. \" "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 22.15 , Page Number 542"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The value of R1 is 14.6 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 12.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RE = 100.0 #Emitter Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 3.3 #Collector Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "IE = 2.0 #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "alpha = 0.98 #Common base current gain\n",
+ "R2 = 20.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IC = alpha * IE #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "VB = VBE + IE * RE * 10**-3 #Base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VC = VCC - IC * RC #Collector voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "IR2 = VC / (R2) #Current through resistance 2 (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "IR1 = IR2 + IB #Current through resistance 1 (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "R1 = (VC - VB) / IR1 #Value of the resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The value of R1 is \",round(R1,1),\" kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Correction to be done in the book about the formula of IR2"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 22.16 , Page Number 543"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Base resistance is 101.84 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 24.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RE = 270.0 #Emitter Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 10.0 #Collector Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "beta = 45.0 #Common emitter current gain \n",
+ "VCE = 5.0 #Collector-to-Emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IC = (VCC - VCE) / RC #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "RB = ((VCC - VBE) / IC - RC) * beta #Base Resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Base resistance is \",round(RB,2),\" kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation mistake in book."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 22.17 , Page Number 545"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "DC bias current is 1.06 mA.\n",
+ "DC bias voltage is 1.1 V.\n",
+ "Stability factor is 16.1 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 3.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RB = 33.0 #Base Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 1.8 #Collector Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "beta = 90.0 #Common emitter current gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IB = (VCC - VBE) / (RB + beta * RC) #Base current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC -IC * RC #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "S = (1 + beta)/(1 + beta*RC/(RC + RB)) #Stability factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"DC bias current is \",round(IC,2),\" mA.\\nDC bias voltage is \",round(VCE,1),\" V.\\nStability factor is \",round(S,1),\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 22.18 , Page Number 546"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Collector current is 5.27 mA.\n",
+ "Collector-to-Emitter voltage is 2.1 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 10.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RE = 500.0 #Emitter Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 1.0 #Collector Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "R1 = 10.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 5.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "beta = 100.0 #Common emitter current gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VB = VCC * (R2 /(R1 + R2)) #Base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VE = VB - VBE #Emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IE = VE / RE #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = IE #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC * (RC * 10**3 + RE) #Collector-to-Emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Collector current is \",round(IC * 10**3,2),\" mA.\\nCollector-to-Emitter voltage is \",VCE,\" V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 22.19 , Page Number 547"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Emitter current is 2.15 mA.\n",
+ "The value of collector-to-emitter voltage is 8.55 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 15.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RE = 2.0 #Emitter Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 1.0 #Collector Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "R1 = 10.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 5.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vth = VCC * (R2 /(R1 + R2)) #Thevenin's voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Rth = R1 * R2 / (R1 + R2) #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "IE = (Vth - VBE)/(RE) #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IE * (RC + RE) #Collector-to-Emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Emitter current is \",IE,\" mA.\\nThe value of collector-to-emitter voltage is \",VCE,\" V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 22.20 , Page Number 549"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The percentage change in collector current is 43.5 %.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 12.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RE = 100.0 #Emitter Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 1.0 #Collector Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "R1 = 25.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 5.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "betamin = 50.0 #Common emitter current gain (min)\n",
+ "betamax = 150.0 #Common emitter current gain (max)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vth = VCC * (R2 /(R1 + R2)) #Thevenin's voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Rth = R1 * R2 / (R1 + R2) * 10**3 #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "IE1 = (Vth - VBE)/(RE + Rth/betamin) #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IE2 = (Vth - VBE)/(RE + Rth/betamax) #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "perc_change = (IE2 - IE1) / IE1 * 100 #Percentage change in the value of beta \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The percentage change in collector current is \",round(perc_change,1),\" %.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 22.21 , Page Number 549"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Operating point values are IC = 3.1 mA and VCE = 3.781 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 9.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RE = 680.0 #Emitter Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 1.0 #Collector Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "R1 = 33.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 15.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VB = VCC * R2 / (R1 + R2) #Base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VE = VB - VBE #Emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IE = VE / RE #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = IE #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VRC = IC * RC * 10**3 #Voltage across collector resistance (in volts)\n",
+ "VC = VCC - VRC #Collector voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VCE = VC - VE #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Operating point values are IC = \",round(IC * 10**3,1),\" mA and VCE = \",round(VCE,3),\" V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 22.22 , Page Number 550"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The value of R1 is 40.0 kilo-ohm and value of RC is 2200.0 ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 5.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RE = 0.3 #Emitter Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "IC = 1.0 #Collector Current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "beta = 100.0 #Common emitter current gain\n",
+ "VCE = 2.5 #Collector-to-Emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "ICO = 0 #Reverse saturation current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "R2 = 10.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IE = IC #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "RC = (VCC - VCE) / IE - RE #Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "VE = IE * RE #Emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VB = VE + VBE #Base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "R1 = VCC / VB * R2 - R2 #Resistance1 (in kilo-ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The value of R1 is \",R1,\" kilo-ohm and value of RC is \",RC * 10**3,\" ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 22.23 , Page Number 551"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Emitter current is 1.86 mA.\n",
+ "Value of VCE is 18.14 V.\n",
+ "Value of collector potential is 27.44 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 20.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RE = 5.0 #Emitter Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 1.0 #Collector Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "R1 = 10.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 10.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VB = VCC * R2 / (R1 + R2) #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VE = VB - VBE #Emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IE = VE / RE #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = IE #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IC * RC #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "VC = VCE + VE #Collector potential (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Emitter current is \",IE,\" mA.\\nValue of VCE is \",VCE,\" V.\\nValue of collector potential is \",VC,\" V.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#VC is not calculated in the book."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 22.24 , Page Number 552"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Collector-to-Emitter VCE is 7.5 V.\n",
+ "Base current is 0.026 mA.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 8.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VRC = 0.5 #Voltage across collector resistance (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 800.0 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "alpha = 0.96 #common base current gain\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - VRC #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "IC = VRC / RC #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "IE = IC / alpha #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "IB = IE - IC #Base current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Collector-to-Emitter VCE is \",VCE,\" V.\\nBase current is \",round(IB * 10**3,3),\" mA.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 22.27 , Page Number 554"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Value of RE is 1.4 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "Value of R1 is 5.2 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "Value of R2 is 7.0 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "beta = 50.0 #Common emitter current gain\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VCC = 22.5 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 5.6 #Collector Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "VCE = 12.0 #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IC = 1.5 #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "#Stability factor (S) <= 3.\n",
+ "S = 3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RE = (VCC - VCE)/IC - RC #Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "Rth = (4375 - (1.4 * 10**3))*10**-3 #Thevenin's Equivalent Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 0.1 * beta * RE #Resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n",
+ "R1 = (R2 - Rth)**-1 * R2 *Rth #Resistance 1 (in kilo-ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Value of RE is \",RE ,\" kilo-ohm.\\nValue of R1 is \",round(R1,1),\" kilo-ohm.\\nValue of R2 is \",R2,\" kilo-ohm.\" "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 22.28 , Page Number 556"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The value of emitter current is 1.86 mA.\n",
+ "THe value of collector current is 1.86 mA.\n",
+ "The value of collector-to-emitter voltage is 8.84 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VEE = 10.0 #Emitter Bias Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VCC = 10.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 1.0 #Collector Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "RE = 5.0 #Emitter Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "RB = 50.0 #Base Resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VE = -VBE #Emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IE = (VEE - VBE)/ RE #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = IE #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "VC = VCC - IC * RC #Collector voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VCE = VC - VE #Collector-to-Emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The value of emitter current is \",IE,\" mA.\\nTHe value of collector current is \",IC,\" mA.\\nThe value of collector-to-emitter voltage is \",VCE,\" V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 22.29 , Page Number 557"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 12,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The change is collector current is 1.513 %.\n",
+ "The change in collector to emitter voltage is 2.16 %.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VEE = 20.0 #Emitter Bias Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VCC = 20.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 5.0 #Collector Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "RE = 10.0 #Emitter Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "RB = 10.0 #Base Resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n",
+ "VE = -0.7 #Emitter Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "betamin = 50.0 #Common emitter current gain minimum\n",
+ "betamax = 100.0 #Common emitter current gain maximum \n",
+ "VE1 = -0.6 #Emitter Voltage1 (in volts)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "VBE1 = 0.6 #New emitter-to-base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IE = (VEE - VBE)/(RE + RB / betamin) #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = IE #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "VC = VCC - IC * RC #Collector voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VCE = VC - VE #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IE1 = (VEE - VBE1)/(RE + RB/betamax) #Emitter current 1 (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "IC1 = IE1 #Collector current 1 (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "VC1 = VCC - IC1 * RC #Collector voltage 1 (in volts)\n",
+ "VCE1 = VC1 - VE1 #Collector-to-emitter voltage 1 (in volts)\n",
+ "dIC = (IC1 - IC) / IC #Change in collector current\n",
+ "dVCE = (VCE - VCE1) / VCE #Change in collector to emitter voltage \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The change is collector current is \",round(dIC,5)* 100,\"%.\\nThe change in collector to emitter voltage is \",100*round(dVCE,4),\"%.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight changes due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 22.30 , Page Number 561"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Base voltage is -2.0 V.\n",
+ "Emitter voltage is -1.8 V.\n",
+ "Collector voltage is -8.4 V.\n",
+ "Collector current is 1.8 mA.\n",
+ "Emitter current is 1.8 mA.\n",
+ "Collector-to-emitter voltage is -6.6 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 12.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RE = 1.0 #Emitter Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 2.0 #Collector Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "R1 = 100.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 20.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = -0.2 #Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "beta = 100.0 #Common emitter current gain\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VB = -VCC * R2 / (R1 + R2) #Base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VE = VB - VBE #Emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IE = -VE / RE #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere) \n",
+ "IC = IE #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "VC = -(VCC - IC * RC) #Collector voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VCE = VC - VE #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Base voltage is \",VB,\" V.\\nEmitter voltage is \",VE,\" V.\\nCollector voltage is \",VC,\" V.\\nCollector current is \",IC,\" mA.\\nEmitter current is \",IE,\" mA.\\nCollector-to-emitter voltage is \",VCE,\" V.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Formula of IE and VB is given wrong in the book."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 22.31 , Page Number 561"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 14,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The value of base voltage is 2.0 V.\n",
+ "The value of emitter voltage is 1.3 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 10.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RE = 2.0 #Emitter Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 10.0 #Collector Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "R1 = 16.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 4.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "beta = 100.0 #Common emitter current gain\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VB = VCC * R2 / (R1 + R2) #Base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VE = VB - VBE #Emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The value of base voltage is \",VB,\" V.\\nThe value of emitter voltage is \",VE,\" V.\" "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 22.32 , Page Number 562"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The operating point values are IC = 0.404 mA and VCE = -3.78 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 4.5 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RE = 0.27 #Emitter Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 1.5 #Collector Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "R1 = 27.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 2.7 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "VBE = 0.3 #Emitter-to-Base Voltage for germanium (in volts)\n",
+ "beta = 44.0 #Common emitter current gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VB = - VCC * R2 / (R1 + R2) #Base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VE = VB - (-VBE) #Emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IE = VE / RE #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = IE #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "VRC = -IC * RC #Voltage across collector resistance (in volts)\n",
+ "VC = -(VCC - VRC) #Collector voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VCE = -(-VC - (-VE)) #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The operating point values are IC = \",round(-IC,3),\" mA and VCE = \",round(VCE,2),\" V.\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.10"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter23_4.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter23_4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8770eb00 --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter23_4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:8d03891bfa7f1c1585b90f0fe2a212b218b5620ee320f7a8cc11378a3eebf38b" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 23 , Low and High Frequency BJT Models" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 23.1 , Page Number 580" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "IC = 10.0 #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "VCE = 10.0 #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "hie = 500.0 #Input resistance (in ohm)\n", + "hoe = 10 **-5 #Output conductance (in Ampere/volt)\n", + "hfe = 100.0 #Common emitter current gain \n", + "hre = 10**-4 #Constant\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "gm = IC / 25.0 #Transconductance (in Siemen) \n", + "rb1e = hfe / gm #Resistance (in ohm) \n", + "rbb1 = hie - rb1e #Base spreading resistance (in ohm)\n", + "gb1c = hre / rb1e #Feedback conductance (in Siemen)\n", + "rce = 1 / (hoe - (1 + hfe)* gb1c) #Output resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Value of transconductance is \",gm,\" per ohm.\\nValue of resistance rb1e is \",rb1e,\" ohm.\\nValue of base spreading resistance is \",rbb1,\" ohm.\\nValue of feedback conductance is \",gb1c,\" per ohm.\\nValue of output resistance is \",round(abs(rce * 10**-3)),\" kilo-ohm.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Value of transconductance is 0.4 per ohm.\n", + "Value of resistance rb1e is 250.0 ohm.\n", + "Value of base spreading resistance is 250.0 ohm.\n", + "Value of feedback conductance is 4e-07 per ohm.\n", + "Value of output resistance is 33.0 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter24_4.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter24_4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8d4d7f99 --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter24_4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,870 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:8d83d12da307337593a7cd775da037b9954c818c998b8e588f2f7e2538d508ce" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 24 , Singly-Stage BJT Amplifiers" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 24.1 , Page Number 590" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 10.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "RC = 10.0 #Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "RB = 1.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "beta = 100.0 #Common emitter current gain \n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IB = (VCC - VBE) / RB #Base current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IE = IC #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "r1e = 25.0 / IE * 10**-3 #a.c resistance of emitter diode (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "R1 = beta * r1e #Input resistance looking directly into the base (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "Ris = RB * R1/(RB + R1) #Stage input resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "Ro = RC #Output resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "Av = RC / r1e #Voltage gain\n", + " \n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Input resistance looking into the base is \",round(R1,2),\" kilo-ohm.\\nInput resistance of the stage is \",round(Ris,3),\" kilo-ohm.\\nOutput resistance is \",Ro,\" kilo-ohm.\\nVoltage gain is \",Av,\".\"\n", + "\n", + "#Correction to be done in the book for the formula of Ris in the question." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Input resistance looking into the base is 2.69 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Input resistance of the stage is 2.681 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Output resistance is 10.0 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Voltage gain is 372.0 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 24.2 , Page Number 591" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Ri = 2.5 #Input resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "Av = 200.0 #Voltage gain\n", + "Vs = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Input signal voltage (in volts)\n", + "beta = 50.0 #Common emitter current gain\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IB = Vs / Ri #Base current (in milli-Ampere) \n", + "IC = beta * IB #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "Ai = beta #Current gain\n", + "Ap = Ai * Av #Power gain\n", + "Gp = 10 * math.log10(Ap) #dB power gain (in decibel)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The base current is \",IB,\" mA.\\nThe collector current is \",IC,\" mA.\\nThe power gain is \",Ap,\".\\nThe dB power gain is \",Gp,\" dB.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Wrong unit of IB. IB is in micro Ampere but in book it is given in milli-Ampere in solution.\n", + "#Also wrong unit in IC." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The base current is 0.002 mA.\n", + "The collector current is 0.1 mA.\n", + "The power gain is 10000.0 .\n", + "The dB power gain is 40.0 dB.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 24.3 , Page Number 593" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 20.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "RC = 5.0 #Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "RE = 1.0 #Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "RB = 100.0 #Base resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "beta = 150.0 #Common emitter current gain\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IC = VCC / (RE + RB/beta) #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IE = IC #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "r1e = 25.0 / IE * 10**-3 #a.c. resistance of emitter diode (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "Ri = beta * (r1e + RE) #Input resistance looking directly into the base (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "Ris = RB * Ri / (RB + Ri) #Input resistance of the stage (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "Av = RC / RE #Voltage gain \n", + "Gp = 10 * math.log10(Av) #dB power gain (in decibel)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Input resistance looking into the base is \",round(Ri),\" kilo-ohm.\\nInput resistance of the stage is \",round(Ris),\" kilo-ohm.\\nVoltage gain is \",Av,\".\\ndB voltage gain is \",round(Gp),\" dB.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Input resistance looking into the base is 150.0 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Input resistance of the stage is 60.0 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Voltage gain is 5.0 .\n", + "dB voltage gain is 7.0 dB.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 24.4 , Page Number 595" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 12.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "RC = 10.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RB = 500.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", + "beta = 50.0 #Common emitter current gain\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IC = VCC / (RE + RB/beta) #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "IE = IC #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "r1e = 25.0 / IE * 10**-3 #a.c. resistance of emitter diode (in ohm)\n", + "Ri = beta * (r1e) #Input resistance looking directly into the base (in ohm)\n", + "Ris = RB * Ri / (RB + Ri) #Input resistance of the stage (in ohm)\n", + "Av = RC / r1e #Voltage gain \n", + "AV1 = RC / RE #New voltage gain \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Input resistance looking into the base is \",round(Ri),\" ohm.\\nInput resistance of the stage is \",round(Ris,1),\" kilo-ohm.\\nVoltage gain is \",round(Av,2),\".\\nNew Voltage gain is \",AV1,\".\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variations in answers due to high precision." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Input resistance looking into the base is 1146.0 ohm.\n", + "Input resistance of the stage is 1143.2 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Voltage gain is 436.36 .\n", + "New Voltage gain is 10.0 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 24.5 , Page Number 597" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 30.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "RC = 10.0 #Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "RE = 8.2 #Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "RL = 3.3 #Load resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "beta = 200.0 #Common emitter current gain\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts)\n", + "R1 = 47.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n", + "R2 = 15.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "Vs = 5.0 #a.c voltage (in milli-volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vth = VCC * R2 / (R1 + R2) #Thevenin's voltage (in volts)\n", + "Rth = R1 * R2 / (R1 + R2) #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n", + "IE = (Vth - VBE)/(RE + Rth/beta) #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "r1e = 25.0 / IE #a.c. resistance of emitter diode (in ohm) \n", + "rL = RC * RL/(RC + RL) #a.c load seen by the amplifier (in kilo-ohm) \n", + "Av = rL * 10**3 / r1e #Voltage gain\n", + "vo = Av * Vs #Output voltage (in volts)\n", + "Ri = beta * r1e * 10**-3 #Input resistance looking directly into the base (in ohm) \n", + "Ris = Rth * Ri / (Rth + Ri) #input resistance of the stage (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"a.c output voltage is \",round(vo,2),\" mV.\\nInput impedance for the circuit is \",round(Ris),\" kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation in value of vo due to higher precision. " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "a.c output voltage is 394.14 mV.\n", + "Input impedance for the circuit is 4.0 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 24.6 , Page Number 599" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 10.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "RC = 5.0 #Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "RE = 1.0 #Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "beta = 50.0 #Common emitter current gain\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts)\n", + "R1 = 50.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n", + "R2 = 10.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "Vs = 10.0 #a.c voltage (in milli-volts)\n", + "RS = 600.0 * 10**-3 #Source resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vth = VCC * R2 / (R1 + R2) #Thevenin's voltage (in volts)\n", + "Rth = R1 * R2 / (R1 + R2) #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n", + "IE = (Vth - VBE)/(RE + Rth/beta) #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "r1e = 25.0 / IE * 10**-3 #a.c. resistance of emitter diode (in kilo-hm) \n", + "Ris = Rth * beta*r1e/(Rth + beta*r1e) #input resistance of the stage (in ohm)\n", + "rL = RC * R1/(RC + R1) #a.c load seen by the amplifier (in kilo-ohm) \n", + "Av = rL / r1e #Voltage gain\n", + "vin = Vs * Ris / (Ris + RS) #input voltage (in milli-volts) \n", + "vo = Av * vin #Output voltage (in milli-volts)\n", + "Avs = Av * vin / Vs #Overall voltage gain \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The output voltage is \",round(vo * 10**-3,3),\" V.\\nThe overall voltage gain is \",round(Avs,2),\".\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The output voltage is 1.025 V.\n", + "The overall voltage gain is 102.5 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 24.7 , Page Number 601" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 12.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "RC = 4.0 #Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "RE = 3.3 #Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "beta = 120.0 #Common emitter current gain\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts)\n", + "R1 = 60.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n", + "R2 = 30.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vth = VCC * R2 / (R1 + R2) #Thevenin's voltage (in volts)\n", + "Rth = R1 * R2 / (R1 + R2) #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n", + "IE = (Vth - VBE)/(RE + Rth/beta) #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "r1e = 25.0 / IE * 10**-3 #a.c. resistance of emitter diode (in kilo-hm)\n", + "rL = RC #Load resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "Av = RC / r1e #Voltage gain\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The voltage gain is \",round(Av,1),\".\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The voltage gain is 152.3 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 24.8 , Page Number 601" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = -18.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "RC = 4.3 #Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "RE = 1.0 #Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "beta = 200.0 #Common emitter current gain\n", + "VBE = -0.7 #Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts)\n", + "R1 = 39.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n", + "R2 = 8.2 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "RL = 3.0 #Load resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vth = VCC * R2 / (R1 + R2) #Thevenin's voltage (in volts)\n", + "Rth = R1 * R2 / (R1 + R2) #Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts)\n", + "IC = (Vth - VBE)/(RE + Rth/beta) #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IE = -IC #Emitter current (in milli-Amper) \n", + "r1e = 30.0/IE * 10**-3 #a.ac resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "Ris = Rth * beta*r1e/(Rth + beta*r1e) #input resistance of the stage (in ohm)\n", + "rL = RC * RL / (RC + RL) #a.c. load resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n", + "Av = rL / r1e #Voltage gain \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Voltage gain is \",round(Av,1),\".\"\n", + "\n", + "#printing mistake in book about formula for rL it is in fact rL = RC * RL /(RC + RL).\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Voltage gain is 138.3 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 24.9 , Page Number 603" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 20.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "RC = 5.7 #Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "RE = 1.0 #Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "beta = 100.0 #Common emitter current gain\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts)\n", + "R1 = 100.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n", + "R2 = 10.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "Vs = 10.0 * 10**-3 #a.c voltage (in volts)\n", + "RS = 100.0 * 10**-3 #Source resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vth = VCC * R2 /(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's voltage (in volts)\n", + "Rth = R1 * R2 / (R1 + R2) #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "IE = (Vth - VBE)/(RE + Rth/beta) #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "r1e = 25.0 / IE * 10**-3 #a.c. resistance of emitter diode (in kilo-hm)\n", + "Ris = Rth * beta*r1e/(Rth + beta*r1e) #input resistance of the stage (in ohm)\n", + "rL = RC #Load resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "Av = rL / r1e #Voltage gain \n", + "vin = Vs * Ris / (Ris + RS) #input voltage (in milli-volts) \n", + "vo = Av * vin #Output voltage (in milli-volts)\n", + "Avs = Av * vin / Vs #Overall voltage gain \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Av is \",Av,\".\\nRi is \",round(Ris * 10**3,2),\" ohm.\\nVo is \",round(vo,2),\" V.\\nAvs is \",round(Avs,2),\".\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Av is 233.7 .\n", + "Ri is 1923.08 ohm.\n", + "Vo is 2.22 V.\n", + "Avs is 222.15 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 15 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 24.10 , Page Number 604" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = -18.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "RC = 4.3 #Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "RE = 1.0 #Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "beta = 200.0 #Common emitter current gain\n", + "VBE = -0.7 #Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts)\n", + "R1 = 39.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n", + "R2 = 8.2 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "RV = 75.0 * 10**-3 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "re = 30.0 * 10**-3 #Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "RL = 3.3 #Load resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vth = VCC * R2 /(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's voltage (in volts)\n", + "Rth = R1 * R2 / (R1 + R2) #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "IE = (Vth - VBE)/(RE + Rth/beta) #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "IC = round(IE,2) #Collector current (in milli-Ampere) \n", + "VCE = VCC - IC * (RC + RE) #Collector-to-Emitter voltage (in volts)\n", + "r1e = 30.0/abs(IE) * 10**-3 #a.c. resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "Ris = Rth * beta*r1e/(Rth + beta*r1e) #input resistance of the stage (in ohm)\n", + "rL = RC * RL / (RC + RL) #Load resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "Av = rL / (r1e + RV) #Voltage gain \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Voltage gain Av is \",round(Av,1),\".\\nInput impedance is ,\",round(Ris,3),\" kilo-ohm.\\nVCE is \",VCE,\" V.\" \n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Voltage gain Av is 21.3 .\n", + "Input impedance is , 1.856 kilo-ohm.\n", + "VCE is -5.545 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 24.11 , Page Number 606" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 10.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "RC = 5.0 #Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "rE = 500 * 10**-3 #Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "beta = 50.0 #Common emitter current gain\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts)\n", + "R1 = 50.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n", + "R2 = 10.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "Vs = 100.0 * 10**-3 #a.c voltage (in volts)\n", + "RS = 600.0 * 10**-3 #Source resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "RL = 50.0 #Load resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "RE1 = 500.0 * 10**-3 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vth = VCC * R2 /(R1 + R2) #Thevenin's voltage (in volts)\n", + "Rth = R1 * R2 / (R1 + R2) #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "RE = RE1 + rE #Emitter total resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "IE = (Vth - VBE)/(RE + Rth/beta) #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "r1e = 25.0 / IE * 10**-3 #a.c. resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n", + "Ri = beta * (rE + r1e) #Input resistance directly into the base (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "Ris = Rth * Ri/(Rth + Ri) #Input resistance of the stage (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "rL = RC * RL / (RC + RL) #a.c. load resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "Av = rL/(rE + r1e) #Voltage gain\n", + "Avs = Av * Ris / (RS + Ris) #Overall voltage gain\n", + "Vo = Avs * Vs #Output voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Input resistance looking directly into the base is \",round(Ri,1),\" kilo-ohm.\\nInput resistance of the stage is \",round(Ris,2),\" kilo-ohm.\\nVoltage gain is \",round(Av,3),\" .\\nOverall voltage gain is \",round(Avs,2),\" .\\nOutput voltage is \",round(Vo,2),\"V.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variations due to higher precision.\n", + "#Vo in the book is not properly calculated. Calculation error in Vo. Vo value should be 0.78 V." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Input resistance looking directly into the base is 26.5 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Input resistance of the stage is 6.34 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Voltage gain is 8.574 .\n", + "Overall voltage gain is 7.83 .\n", + "Output voltage is 0.78 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 10 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 24.12 , Page Number 611" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 10.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "RC = 10.0 #Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "alpha = 0.98 #Common base current gain\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts)\n", + "Vs = 10.0 * 10**-3 #a.c voltage (in volts)\n", + "RL = 5.1 #Load resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "RE = 20.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n", + "VEE = 10.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IE = (VEE - VBE) / RE #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "r1e = 25.0 / IE * 10**-3 #a.c. emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "Ri = r1e #input resistance looking directly in the emitter (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "Ris = RE * r1e / (RE + r1e) #Input resistance of the stage (in kilo-ohm) \n", + "Ai = alpha #Current gain\n", + "rL = RC * RL / (RC + RL) #a.c. load resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n", + "Av = rL / r1e #Voltage gain\n", + "Ap = Av * Ai #Power gain\n", + "Gp = 10 * math.log10(Ap) #Power gain (in decibels)\n", + "vin = Vs #input voltage (in volts)\n", + "Vo = Av * vin #Output voltage (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The input resistance looking directly into the emitter is \",round(Ri * 10**3,1),\" ohm.\\nThe input resistance of the stage is \",round(Ris * 10**3,2),\" ohm.\\nThe current gain is \",Ai,\" .\\nThe voltage gain is \",round(Av,1),\" .\\nThe power gain is \",round(Ap,2),\" .\\nThe power gain in decibels is \",round(Gp,1),\" dB.\\nThe output voltage is \",round(Vo * 10**3),\" mV.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The input resistance looking directly into the emitter is 53.8 ohm.\n", + "The input resistance of the stage is 53.62 ohm.\n", + "The current gain is 0.98 .\n", + "The voltage gain is 62.8 .\n", + "The power gain is 61.56 .\n", + "The power gain in decibels is 17.9 dB.\n", + "The output voltage is 628.0 mV.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 24.13 , Page Number 613" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Rs = 50.0 #source resistance (in ohm)\n", + "IE = 0.465 #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n", + "r1e = 53.8 #a.c. resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Ri = 53.8 #Input resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Ris = 52.4 #Input resistance of stage (in ohm)\n", + "RL = 3.38 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n", + "Vs = 10.0 * 10**-3 #Input a.c. voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Avs = RL / (Rs + r1e) #Overall voltage gain\n", + "Av = RL / r1e #Voltage gain\n", + "vo = Avs * Vs #Output a.c. voltage (in volts)\n", + "vin = vo / Av #input voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Voltage gain from source to output is \",round(Avs,1),\" .\\nVoltage gain from emitter to output is \",round(Av,1),\" .\\nValue of Vin is \",round(vin * 10**3,1),\" V.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Voltage gain from source to output is 32.6 .\n", + "Voltage gain from emitter to output is 62.8 .\n", + "Value of Vin is 5.2 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 12 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 24.14 , Page Number 617" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VEE = 10.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "RE = 10.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm) \n", + "RB = 100.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", + "beta = 50.0 #Common emitter current gain\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IE = (VEE - VBE)/(RE + RB/beta) #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "r1e = 25.0 / IE * 10**-3 #a.c. resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Ri = beta * (RE + r1e) #Input resistance directly looking into the base (in ohm)\n", + "Ris = RB * Ri / (RB + Ri) #Input resistance of the stage (in ohm)\n", + "Ro = r1e #Output resistance (in ohm) \n", + "Av = RE / (r1e + RE) #Voltage gain \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Input resistance looking directly into the base is \",round(Ri * 10**-3,1),\" ohm.\\nInput resistance of the stage is \",round(Ris * 10**-3 ,1),\" ohm.\\nOutput resistance is \",round(Ro,1),\" ohm.\\nVoltage gain is \",round(Av,3),\" .\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Input resistance looking directly into the base is 501.6 ohm.\n", + "Input resistance of the stage is 83.4 ohm.\n", + "Output resistance is 32.3 ohm.\n", + "Voltage gain is 0.997 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 24.15 , Page Number 618" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "beta = 80.0 #Common emitter current gain\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts)\n", + "VCC = 15.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n", + "R1 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Vs = 5.0 * 10**-3 #a.c voltage (in volts)\n", + "RE = 8.2 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RL = 1.5 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RS = 2.0 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vth = VCC * R2 / (R1 + R2) #Thevenin's voltage (in volts)\n", + "Rth = R1 * R2 / (R1 + R2) #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in ohm)\n", + "IE = (Vth - VBE)/(RE + Rth / beta) #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "r1e = 25.0 / IE * 10**-3 #a.c resistance of emitter diode (in ohm)\n", + "rL = RE * RL /(RE + RL) #a.c. load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Ri = beta * (rL + r1e) #Input resistance looking directly into the base (in ohm)\n", + "Ris = Rth * Ri / (Rth + Ri) #Input resistance of the stage (in ohm)\n", + "Ro = r1e + (RS*Rth)/(Rth + RS)/beta #Output resistance of the stage (in ohm)\n", + "Vin = Vs * (Ris / (RS + Ris)) #Input voltage (in volts)\n", + "Vo = Vin #Output voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Value of input resistance looking directly into the base is \",round(Ri * 10**-3),\" kilo-ohm.\\nValue of input resistance of the stage is \",round(Ris * 10**-3,1),\" kilo-ohm.\\nOutput resistance is \",round(Ro,1),\" ohm.\\nA.C. output voltage is \",round(Vo * 10**3,1),\" mV.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Value of input resistance looking directly into the base is 104.0 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Value of input resistance of the stage is 9.1 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Output resistance is 51.4 ohm.\n", + "A.C. output voltage is 4.1 mV.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 14 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter25_4.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter25_4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..586d46b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter25_4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,666 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:75e52141ccf00cb8c14c8a0ee5b9c60f38850c2413b13d2345d9dd0ac1dc6df4" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 25 , Hybrid Parameters" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 25.1 , Page Number 626" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R1 = 6.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 4.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R3 = 4.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "#Let i1 = 10 A and v2 = 10 V.\n", + "i1 = 10.0 #Assumed current (in Ampere) \n", + "v2 = 10.0 #Assumed voltage (in volts)\n", + "#Parameters h11 and h21\n", + "\n", + "h11 = R1 + R2 * R3/(R2 + R3) #Input resistance looking from the input terminals (in ohm)\n", + "i2 = -i1 / 2 #Current2 (in Ampere)\n", + "h21 = i2/i1 #h21\n", + "\n", + "#Parameters h12 and h22\n", + "\n", + "v1 = v2/2 #Voltage1 (in volts) \n", + "h12 = v1 / v2 #h12\n", + "rnet = R2 + R3 #Output resistance (in ohm) \n", + "h22 = 1/rnet #h22 (in mhos)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"h11 : \",h11,\"\\nh21 : \",h21,\"\\nh12 : \",h12,\"\\nh22 : \",h22" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "h11 : 8.0 \n", + "h21 : -0.5 \n", + "h12 : 0.5 \n", + "h22 : 0.125\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 25.2 , Page Number 635" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "hie = 1.0 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n", + "hre = 1.0 * 10**-4 #hre\n", + "hoe = 100.0 * 10**-6 #hoe (in mho)\n", + "RC = 1.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n", + "RS = 1000.0 #Source resistance (in ohm)\n", + "hfe = beta = 50.0 #Common emitter current gain \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "rL = RC #a.c. load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Ai = -hfe /(1 + hoe * rL) #Current gain of a transistor\n", + "Ri = hie + hre * Ai * rL #Input resistance looking directly into the base (in ohm)\n", + "Ris = Ri #Iput resistance of the amplified stage (in ohm)\n", + "dh = hie * hoe - hre * hfe #Change in h\n", + "Ro = (RS + hie)/(RS * hoe + dh) #Output resistance looking directly into collector (in ohm)\n", + "Ros = Ro * rL /(Ro + rL) #Output resistance of the amplified stage (in ohm)\n", + "Ais = Ai * RS / (RS + Ris) #Current gain of amplified stage\n", + "Av = Ai * rL / Ri #Voltage gain of transistor \n", + "Avs = Av * Ris / (RS + Ris) #Voltage gain of amplified stage \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Input resistance of the amplifier stage is \",round(Ris),\" ohm.\\nOutput resistance of amplifier stage is \",round(Ros),\" ohm.\\nCurrent gain of amplified stage is \",round(Ais,1),\"\\nVoltage gain of amplifier stage is \",round(Avs,1),\".\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Input resistance of the amplifier stage is 995.0 ohm.\n", + "Output resistance of amplifier stage is 911.0 ohm.\n", + "Current gain of amplified stage is -22.8 \n", + "Voltage gain of amplifier stage is -22.8 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 25.3 , Page Number 637" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "hie = 1.1 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n", + "hre = 2.5 * 10**-4 #hre\n", + "hoe = 25.0 * 10**-6 #hoe (in mho)\n", + "RS = 1000.0 #Source resistance (in ohm)\n", + "hfe = beta = 50.0 #Common emitter current gain \n", + "rL = 1000.0 #ac.c load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Ai = hfe /(1 + hoe * rL) #Current gain of a transistor\n", + "Ri = hie + hre * Ai * rL #Input impedance (in ohm)\n", + "Av = Ai * rL / Ri #Voltage gain \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Current gain is \",round(Ai,2),\"\\nInput impedance is \",round(Ri,1),\"\\nVoltage gain is \",round(Av,2)" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Current gain is 48.78 \n", + "Input impedance is 1112.2 \n", + "Voltage gain is 43.86\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 25.4 , Page Number 639" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "RC = 4.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RB = 40.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RS = 10.0 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm)\n", + "hie = 1100.0 #hie (in ohm)\n", + "hfe = 50.0 #hfe\n", + "hre = hoe = dh = 0 #hre and hoe\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "RB2 = RB #Resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n", + "rL = RC * RB2 /(RC +RB2) #a.c. load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Ai = -hfe #Current gain\n", + "Ri = hie #Input resistance of the amplifier looking into the base (in ohm) \n", + "Av = Ai * rL / Ri #Voltage gain\n", + "RB1 = RB/(1 - Av) #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Ris = Ri * RB1 / (Ri + RB1) #Input resistance looking from source terminals (in ohm)\n", + "Ro = \"infinite\" #Output resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Ros = rL #Output resistance of the stage (in ohm)\n", + "Avs = Av * Ris / (RS + Ris) #Voltage gain of the stage \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Voltage gain is \",round(Avs,1),\".\\nInput resistance is \",round(Ris),\" ohm.\\nOutput resistance is \",round(Ros),\" ohm.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Voltage gain is -3.2 .\n", + "Input resistance is 197.0 ohm.\n", + "Output resistance is 3636.0 ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 25.5 , Page Number 640" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "hie = 1.1 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n", + "hre = 2.5 * 10**-4 #hre\n", + "hoe = 25.0 * 10**-6 #hoe (in mho)\n", + "RS = 10000.0 #Source resistance (in ohm)\n", + "hfe = beta = 50.0 #Common emitter current gain \n", + "rL = 1000.0 #ac.c load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RB = 200.0 * 10**3 #Feedback resistor (in ohm)\n", + "RC = 5.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "rL = RC * RB / (RC + RB) #a.c. load resistance (in ohm) \n", + "Ai = hfe /(1 + hoe * rL) #Current gain\n", + "Ri = hie + hre * Ai * rL #Input resistance of the amplifier looking into the base (in ohm) \n", + "Av = Ai * rL / Ri #Voltage gain\n", + "RB1 = RB/(1 - (-17.4)) #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Ris = Ri * RB1 / (Ri + RB1) #Input resistance looking from source terminals (in ohm)\n", + "Avs = Av * Ris / (RS + Ris) #Voltage gain of the stage \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Ai is \",round(Ai,2),\"\\nAv is \",round(Av,2),\"\\nAvs is \",round(Avs,1),\"\\nRi is \",round(Ri*10**-3,3),\" kilo-ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Ai is 44.57 \n", + "Av is 188.32 \n", + "Avs is 17.8 \n", + "Ri is 1.154 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 25.6 , Page Number 643" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "hib = 28.0 #hib (in ohm)\n", + "hfb = -0.98 #hfb\n", + "hrb = 5.0 * 10**-4 #hrb\n", + "hob = 0.34 * 10**-6 #hoh (in Siemen)\n", + "rL = 1.2 * 10**3 #a.c. load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RS = 0.0 #Source resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Ai = -(hfb/(1 + hob * rL)) #Current gain\n", + "Ri = hib + hrb * Ai * rL #Input resistance (in ohm)\n", + "dh = hib * hob - hrb * hfb #change in h\n", + "Ro = (RS + hib)/(RS*hib + dh)#Output resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Av = Ai * rL / Ri #Voltage gain\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The value of input resistance is \",round(Ri,1),\" ohm.\\nThe value of output resistance is \",round(Ro * 10**-3),\" kilo-ohm.\\nThe value of current gain is \",round(Ai,2),\" .\\nThe value of voltage gain is \",round(Av),\" .\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The value of input resistance is 28.6 ohm.\n", + "The value of output resistance is 56.0 kilo-ohm.\n", + "The value of current gain is 0.98 .\n", + "The value of voltage gain is 41.0 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 25.7 , Page Number 644" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "hic = 2.0 * 10**3 #hic (in ohm)\n", + "hfc = -51.0 #hfe\n", + "hrc = 1.0 #hrc\n", + "hoc = 25.0 * 10**-6 #hoc (in mho)\n", + "rL = RE = 5.0 * 10**3 #a.c. load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RS = 1.0 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R1 = R2 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Ai = -hfc / (1 + hoc * rL) #Current gain\n", + "Ri = hic + hrc * Ai * rL #Input resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Ris = (R1*R2*Ri)/(Ri*R1 + Ri*R2 + R1*R2) #Input resistance of the amplified stage (in ohm)\n", + "Ro = -(RS + hic)/hfc #Output resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Ros = Ro * RE / (Ro + RE) #Input resistance of the amplified stage (in ohm)\n", + "Ais = Ai * RS / (RS + Ris) #Current gain of amplified stage \n", + "Av = Ai * rL / Ri #Voltage gain\n", + "Avs = Av * Ris / (RS + Ris) #Voltage gain of amplified stage \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The value of input resistance of amplified stage is \",round(Ris),\" ohm.\\nThe value of output resistance of amplified stage is \",round(abs(Ros),1),\" kilo-ohm.\\nThe value of current gain of amplified stage is \",round(Ais,1),\" .\\nThe value of voltage gain of amplified stage is \",round(Avs,3),\" .\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The value of input resistance of amplified stage is 4893.0 ohm.\n", + "The value of output resistance of amplified stage is 58.1 kilo-ohm.\n", + "The value of current gain of amplified stage is 7.7 .\n", + "The value of voltage gain of amplified stage is 0.823 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 25.8 , Page Number 646" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "hie = 1500.0 #hie (in ohm)\n", + "hfe = 50.0 #hfe\n", + "hre = 50.0 * 10**-4 #hre\n", + "hoe = 20.0 * 10**-6 #hoe\n", + "R1 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RC = 5.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n", + "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RL = 10.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n", + "RS = 0 #Source resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Ai = -hfe\n", + "rL = RC * RL /(RC + RL) #a.c. load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Ri = hie #Input resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Ris = (R1*R2*Ri)/(Ri*R1 + Ri*R2 + R1*R2) #Input resistance of the amplified stage (in ohm)\n", + "Ro = 1 / hoe #Output resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Ros = Ro * rL /(Ro + rL) #Output resistance of the stage (in ohm)\n", + "Av = Ai * rL / Ri #Voltage gain\n", + "Avs = Av * Ris / (RS + Ris) #Voltage gain of the stage \n", + "Ais = Ai #Current gain of the stage\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Input resistance of the stage is \",round(Ris * 10**-3,2),\" kilo-ohm.\\nOutput resistance of the stage is \",round(Ros * 10**-3,1),\" kilo-ohm.\\nVoltage gain of the stage is \",round(Avs),\" .\\nCurrent gain of the stage is \",Ai,\" .\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Input resistance of the stage is 1.22 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Output resistance of the stage is 3.1 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Voltage gain of the stage is -111.0 .\n", + "Current gain of the stage is -50.0 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 25.9 , Page Number 647" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "RC = 12.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RL = 4.7 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n", + "R1 = 33.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 4.7 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "IC = 1.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n", + "hiemin = 1.0 * 10**3 #hie minimum (in ohm)\n", + "hiemax = 5.0 * 10**3 #hie maximum (in ohm)\n", + "hfemin = 70.0 #Current gain minimum\n", + "hfemax = 350.0 #Current gain maximum\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "hie = (hiemin * hiemax)**0.5 #hie (in ohm)\n", + "hfe = (hfemin * hfemax)**0.5 #current gain \n", + "Ri = hie #input resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Ris = (R1*R2*Ri)/(Ri*R1+Ri*R2+R1*R2) #Input resistance of the amplified stage (in ohm)\n", + "Ai = hfe #Current gain of transistor\n", + "rL = RC * RL / (RC + RL) #a.c. load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Avs = Av = Ai*rL / Ri #overall voltage gain\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Input impedance is \",round(Ris * 10**-3,2),\" kilo-ohm.\\nOverall voltage gain is \",round(Avs,1),\".\"\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation error in book for hfe." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Input impedance is 1.45 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Overall voltage gain is 236.4 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 9 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 25.10 , Page Number 648" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "RB = 330.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RC = 2.7 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n", + "hfe = 120.0 #current gain\n", + "hie = 1.175 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n", + "hoe = 20 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Ampere per volt)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Ri = hie #Input resistance of transistor (in ohm)\n", + "Ris = hie * RB /(hie + RB) #Input resistance of the circuit (in ohm)\n", + "Ro = 1 / hoe #Output resistance of transistor (in ohm)\n", + "Ros = Ro * RC / (Ro + RC) #Output resistance of the circuit (in ohm)\n", + "Ai = hfe #Current gain of the circuit\n", + "Avs = Ai * RC / Ri #Overall voltage gain \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Input resistance of the circuit is \",round(Ris * 10**-3,2),\" kilo-ohm.\\nOutput resistance of the circuit is \",round(Ros * 10**-3,2),\" kilo-ohm.\\nCurrent gain of the circuit is \",Ai,\".\\nVoltage gain of the circuit is \",round(Avs,1),\".\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Input resistance of the circuit is 1.17 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Output resistance of the circuit is 2.56 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Current gain of the circuit is 120.0 .\n", + "Voltage gain of the circuit is 275.7 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 10 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 25.11 , Page Number 649" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "hfe = 50.0 #Current gain\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "hfb = -hfe / (1 + hfe) #hfb\n", + "hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Value of hfb = \",round(hfb,2),\".\\nValue of hfc = \",hfc,\".\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Value of hfb = -0.98 .\n", + "Value of hfc = -51.0 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 11 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 25.12 , Page Number 649" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "hie = 1100.0 #hie (in ohm)\n", + "hre = 2.5 * 10**-4 #hre\n", + "hfe = 50.0 #Current gain\n", + "hoe = 24.0 * 10**-6 #hoe (in Ampere per volt)\n", + "rL = RL = 10.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n", + "RS = 1.0 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "hic = hie #hic (in ohm)\n", + "hrc = (1 - hre) #hrc\n", + "hfc = -(1 + hfe) #hfc\n", + "Ai = -(hfc/(1 + hoe * rL)) #Current gain\n", + "Ri = hic + hrc * Ai * rL #Input resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Av = Ai * rL / Ri #Voltage gain\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Current gain is \",round(Ai,1),\".\\nInput resistance is \",round(Ri * 10**-3,1),\" kilo-ohm.\\nVoltage gain is \",round(Av,3),\".\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Current gain is 41.1 .\n", + "Input resistance is 412.3 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Voltage gain is 0.998 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 12 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter26_4.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter26_4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..41dd2f3c --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter26_4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,491 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:1adbacabb5391b7ec0914bdea7be4967c3225d247b9edb92e72750634ec2b9e5" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 26 , Multistage BJT Amplifiers" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 26.1 , Page Number 658" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Av1 = 10.0 #Voltage gain1\n", + "Av2 = 20.0 #Voltage gain2\n", + "Av3 = 40.0 #Voltage gain3\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Av = Av1 * Av2 * Av3 #Voltage gain\n", + "Gv1 = 20 * math.log10(Av1) #dB voltage gain1\n", + "Gv2 = 20 * math.log10(Av2) #dB voltage gain2\n", + "Gv3 = 20 * math.log10(Av3) #dB voltage gain3\n", + "Gv = Gv1 + Gv2 + Gv3 #dB voltage gain\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Overall voltage gain is \",Av,\".\\nTotal dB voltage gain is \",round(Gv),\" dB.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Overall voltage gain is 8000.0 .\n", + "Total dB voltage gain is 78.0 dB.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 26.2 , Page Number 659" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "n = 3 #Number of amplified stages\n", + "Vin1 = 0.05 #Input to first stage (in volts peak-to-peak)\n", + "Vout3 = 150.0 #Output of final stage (in volts peak-to-peak)\n", + "Av1 = 20.0 #Voltage gain of first stage \n", + "Vin3 = 15.0 #Input of final stage (in volts peak-to-peak) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Av = Vout3 / Vin1 #Overall voltage gain\n", + "Av3 = Vout3 / Vin3 #Voltage gain of third stage\n", + "Av2 = Av / (Av1 * Av3) #Voltage gain of second stage\n", + "Vin2 = Vin3 / Av2 #Input voltage gain of second stage \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Overall voltage gain is \",Av,\".\\nVoltage gain of 2nd and 3rd stage is \",Av2,\" and \",Av3,\".\\nInput voltage of the second stage is \",Vin2,\" Vpk-pk.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Overall voltage gain is 3000.0 .\n", + "Voltage gain of 2nd and 3rd stage is 15.0 and 10.0 .\n", + "Input voltage of the second stage is 1.0 Vpk-pk.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 26.3 , Page Number 663" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 10.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "RC = 5.0 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n", + "RB = 1.0 * 10**6 #Base resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RL = 10.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "beta1 = beta2 = 100.0 #Common emitter current gain\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IE = VCC /(RE + RB/beta1) #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "r1e = 25.0/IE * 10**-3 #a.c. emitter diode resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Ri1 = beta1 * r1e #Input resistance of first stage (in ohm)\n", + "Ri2 = beta2 * r1e #Input resistance of second stage (in ohm)\n", + "Ro1 = RC * Ri2 / (RC + Ri2) #Output resistance of first stage (in ohm)\n", + "Ro2 = RC * RL / (RC + RL) #Output resitance of second stage (in ohm)\n", + "Av1 = Ro1 / r1e #Voltage gain of first stage\n", + "Av2 = Ro2 / r1e #Voltage gain of second stage\n", + "Av = Av1 * Av2 #Overall voltage gain\n", + "Gv = 20 * math.log10(Av) #Overall dB voltage gain\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Input resistance of first and scond stage is \",round(Ri1),\" ohm and \",round(Ri2),\" ohm.\\nOutput resistance of first and second stage is \",round(Ro1,1),\" ohm and \",round(Ro2,1),\" ohm.\\nVoltage gain of first and second stage is \",round(Av1),\" and \",round(Av2,1),\".\\nOverall voltage gain and dB voltage gain is \",round(Av),\" and \",round(Gv,1),\" dB.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Input resistance of first and scond stage is 2750.0 ohm and 2750.0 ohm.\n", + "Output resistance of first and second stage is 1774.2 ohm and 3333.3 ohm.\n", + "Voltage gain of first and second stage is 65.0 and 121.2 .\n", + "Overall voltage gain and dB voltage gain is 7820.0 and 77.9 dB.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 26.4 , Page Number 664" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 15.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "RC = 3.3 * 10**3 #Collector resistance (in ohm) \n", + "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RL = 10.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R1 = 33.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 8.2 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "beta1 = beta2 = 100.0 #Common emitter current gain\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vth = VCC * R2 / (R1 + R2) #Thevenin's voltage (in volts)\n", + "Rth = R1 * R2 / (R1 + R2) #Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in ohm)\n", + "IE = (Vth - VBE)/(RE + Rth/beta1) #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "r1e = 25.0/IE * 10**-3 #a.c. emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Ri2 = beta1 * r1e #Input resistance of second stage (in ohm)\n", + "Ro1 = RC * Ri2 / (RC + Ri2) #Output resistance of first stage (in ohm)\n", + "Ro2 = RC * RL /(RC + RL) #Output resistance of second stage (in ohm)\n", + "Av1 = Ro1 / r1e #Voltage gain of the first stage\n", + "Av2 = Ro2 / r1e #Voltage gain of second stage\n", + "Av = Av1 * Av2 #Overall voltage gain\n", + "Gv = 20 * math.log10(Av) #Overall voltage (in decibels)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Voltage gain of stage one and two are as follows \",round(Av1,2),\" and \",round(Av2,2),\".\\nOverall voltage gain is \",round(Av),\".\\nOverall voltage gain in decibels is \",round(Gv,1),\" dB.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation in the value of Av2 and Av due to higher precision." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Voltage gain of stage one and two are as follows 73.9 and 212.85 .\n", + "Overall voltage gain is 15728.0 .\n", + "Overall voltage gain in decibels is 83.9 dB.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 26.5 , Page Number 669" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 10.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "RB = 470.0 * 10**3 #Base resistance (in ohm) \n", + "RE = 1.0 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RL = 1.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n", + "a = 4.0 #Turn's ratio\n", + "beta1 = beta2 = 50.0 #Common emitter current gain\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "IE = VCC/ (RE + RB/beta1) #Emitter current (in Ampere)\n", + "r1e = 25.0 / IE * 10**-3 #a.c. emitter diode resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Ri1 = RB*beta1*r1e/(RB+beta1*r1e) #Input resistance of first stage (in ohm)\n", + "Ri2 = RB*beta2*r1e/(RB+beta2*r1e) #Input resistance of Second stage (in ohm)\n", + "R1i2 = a**2 * Ri2 #Input resistance of the second stage transformed to primary side (in ohm)\n", + "Ro1 = R1i2 #Output resistance of second stage (in ohm)\n", + "R1o2 = a**2 * RL #Output resistance of the second stage transformed to the primary side (in ohm) \n", + "Av1 = Ro1/r1e #Voltage gain of first stage\n", + "Av2 = R1o2/r1e #Voltage gain of second stage\n", + "Av = Av1 * Av2 #Overall voltage gain\n", + "Gv = 20 * math.log10(Av) #Overall voltage gain (in decibels) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Voltage gain of first stage is \",round(Av1,1),\".\\nVoltage gain of second stage is \",round(Av2,1),\".\\nOverall voltage gain is \",round(Av),\".\\nOverall voltage gain in decibels is \",round(Gv),\" dB.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Voltage gain of first stage is 797.8 .\n", + "Voltage gain of second stage is 615.4 .\n", + "Overall voltage gain is 490950.0 .\n", + "Overall voltage gain in decibels is 114.0 dB.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 26.6 , Page Number 672" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 12.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "R1 = 100.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R3 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R4 = 2.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R5 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R6 = 2.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "beta1 = beta2 = 100.0 #Common emitter current gain\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Vth = VCC * R2 / (R1 + R2) #Thevenin's voltage (in volts)\n", + "IE1 = Vth / R4 #Emitter curren1 (in Ampere)\n", + "r1e = 25.0 / IE1 * 10**-3 #a.c. emitter diode resistance (in ohm) \n", + "VR6 = VCC - IE1 * R3 #Voltage across resistance6 (in volts)\n", + "IE2 = VR6 / R6 #Emitter current2 (in Ampere)\n", + "r1e2 = 25.0 / IE2 * 10**-3 #a.c. emitter diode resistance2 (in ohm)\n", + "Ri2 = beta2*(r1e2 + R6) #Input resistance of second stage (in ohm)\n", + "Ro1 = R3 * Ri2 /(R3 + Ri2) #Output resistance of first stage (in ohm)\n", + "Ro2 = R5 #Output resistance of second stage (in ohm)\n", + "Av1 = Ro1/(r1e + R4) #Voltage gain of first stage \n", + "Av2 = Ro2/(r1e2 + R6) #Voltage gain of second stage\n", + "Av = Av1 * Av2 #Overall voltage gain \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Voltage gain of first stage is \",round(Av1,1),\".\\nVoltage gain of second stage is \",round(Av2,1),\".\\nOverall voltage gain is \",round(Av,2),\".\"\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation mistake in book about Ro1 , therefore slight variation in the answers." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Voltage gain of first stage is 4.7 .\n", + "Voltage gain of second stage is 4.9 .\n", + "Overall voltage gain is 23.24 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 26.7 , Page Number 674" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 10.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "R1 = 800.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 200.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R3 = 600.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R4 = 200.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R5 = 100.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R6 = 1000.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "beta1 = beta2 = 100.0 #Common emitter current gain\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "VR2 = VCC * (R2 / (R1 + R2)) #Voltage across resistance2 (in volts)\n", + "IE1 = (VR2 - VBE)/R2 #Emitter current of Q1 transistor (in Ampere)\n", + "IC1 = IE1 #Collector current of Q1 transistor (in Ampere)\n", + "VC1 = VCC - IC1 * R3 #Voltage at the collector of Q1 transistor (in volts)\n", + "VE1 = IE1 * R4 #Voltage at the emitter of Q1 transistor (in volts)\n", + "VCE1 = VC1 - VE1 #Collector-to-emitter voltage of Q1 transistor (in volts)\n", + "VE2 = VC1 - (-VBE) #Voltage at the emitter of Q2 transistor (in volts)\n", + "IE2 = (VCC - VE2)/R6 #Emitter current of Q2 transistor (in Ampere)\n", + "IC2 = IE2 #Collector-current of Q2 transistor (in Ampere)\n", + "VC2 = IC2 * R5 #Voltage at the collector of Q2 transistor (in volts)\n", + "VCE2 = VC2 - VE2 #Collector-to-emitter voltage of Q2 transistor (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "r1e1 = 25.0 / IE1 * 10**-3 #a.c. emitter diode resistance of Q1 transistor (in ohm)\n", + "r1e2 = 25.0 / IE2 * 10**-3 #a.c. emitter diode resistance of Q2 transistor (in ohm)\n", + "Ri2 = beta2 * (r1e2 + R6) #Input resistance of second stage (in ohm)\n", + "Ro1 = R3 * Ri2 / (R3 + Ri2) #Output resistance of first stage (in ohm)\n", + "Av1 = Ro1 / (r1e1 + R4) #Voltage gain of first stage\n", + "Av2 = 1.0 #Voltage gain of second stage \n", + "Av = Av1 * Av2 #Overall voltage gain\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Emitter current of Q1 transistor is \",IE1 * 10**3,\" mA.\\nCollector current of Q1 transistor is \",IC1 * 10**3,\" mA.\\nEmitter current of Q2 transistor is \",IE2 * 10**3,\" mA.\\nCollecotr-current of Q2 transistor is \",IC2 * 10**3,\" mA.\"\n", + "print \"Collector-to-emitter voltage of Q1 transistor is \",VCE1,\" v.\\nCollector-to-emitter voltage of Q2 transistor is \",VCE2,\".\"\n", + "print \"Overall voltage gain is \",round(Av,2),\".\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Emitter current of Q1 transistor is 6.5 mA.\n", + "Collector current of Q1 transistor is 6.5 mA.\n", + "Emitter current of Q2 transistor is 3.2 mA.\n", + "Collecotr-current of Q2 transistor is 3.2 mA.\n", + "Collector-to-emitter voltage of Q1 transistor is 4.8 v.\n", + "Collector-to-emitter voltage of Q2 transistor is -6.48 .\n", + "Overall voltage gain is 2.93 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 26.8 , Page Number 679" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "VCC = 10.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n", + "RE = 1.5 * 10**3 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R1 = 30.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "beta1 = 150.0 #Common emitter current gain\n", + "beta2 = 100.0 #Common emitter current gain\n", + "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Ai = beta1 * beta2 #Overall current gain of transistor\n", + "VR2 = VCC * R2/(R1 + R2) #Voltage across resistor2 (in volts)\n", + "VB2 = VR2 - VBE #Voltage at the base of Q2 (in volts)\n", + "VE2 = VB2 - VBE #Voltage at the emitter of Q2 (in volts)\n", + "IE2 = VE2 / RE #Emitter current of Q2 (in Ampere)\n", + "r1e2 = 25.0/IE2 * 10**-3 #a.c. emitter diode resistance of Q2 (in ohm)\n", + "IB2 = IE2 / beta2 #Base current of Q2 (in Ampere)\n", + "IE1 = IB2 #Emitter current of Q2\n", + "r1e1 = 25.0/IE1 * 10**-3 #a.c. emitter diode resistance of Q1 (in ohm) \n", + "Ri1 = R1 * R2/(R1 + R2) #Total input resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Av = RE/(r1e1/beta2 + r1e2 + RE) #Overall voltage gain\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The overall current gain is \",Ai,\".\"\n", + "print \"The a.c. emitter diode resistance of Q1 transistor is \",round(r1e1,1),\" ohm.\\nThe a.c. emitter diode resistance of Q2 transistor is \",round(r1e2,2),\" ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Total input resistance is \",Ri1 * 10**-3,\" kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Overall voltage gain is \",round(Av,2),\".\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The overall current gain is 15000.0 .\n", + "The a.c. emitter diode resistance of Q1 transistor is 1442.3 ohm.\n", + "The a.c. emitter diode resistance of Q2 transistor is 14.42 ohm.\n", + "Total input resistance is 12.0 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Overall voltage gain is 0.98 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter27_4.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter27_4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..433935a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter27_4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,782 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Chapter 27 , Power Amplifiers"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 27.1 , Page Number 689"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Collector current at saturation point is 8.77 mA.\n",
+ "Collector-to-emitter voltage at saturation point is 0 V.\n",
+ "Collector current at cut off point is 0 mA.\n",
+ "Collector-to-emitter voltage at cut-off point is 5.26 V.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Annotation at 0x6269f30>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAXcAAAEZCAYAAABsPmXUAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\nKbmLiOSg/wedVsAa/LN/MwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n",
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x26fc390>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,annotate\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 10.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "R1 = 10.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 5.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 1.0 #Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n",
+ "RE = 500.0 * 10**-3 #Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n",
+ "RL = 1.5 #Load resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "beta = 100.0 #Common emitter current gain\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VR2 = VCC * (R2 /(R1 + R2)) #Voltage drop across R2 (in volts)\n",
+ "IEQ = (VR2 - VBE) / RE #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "ICQ = IEQ #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "VCEQ = VCC - ICQ * (RC + RE) #Collector-to-Emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "rL = RC * RL /(RC + RL) #a.c. load resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "ICsat = ICQ + VCEQ / rL #Collector current at saturation point (in milli-Ampere) \n",
+ "VCEsat = 0 #Voltage at saturation point (in volts)\n",
+ "ICcutoff = 0 #Collector current at cut off point (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "VCEcutoff = VCEQ + ICQ * rL #Collector-to-emitter voltage at cut-off point (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Collector current at saturation point is \",round(ICsat,2),\" mA.\\nCollector-to-emitter voltage at saturation point is \",VCEsat,\" V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Collector current at cut off point is \",ICcutoff,\" mA.\\nCollector-to-emitter voltage at cut-off point is \",VCEcutoff,\" V.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(0,5.27,100)\n",
+ "plot(x,8.78 - 8.78/5.27 * x)\n",
+ "title(\"a.c. load line\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"Collector-to-emitter voltage VCE (V)\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"Collector current IC (mA)\")\n",
+ "annotate(\"Q\",xy=(2.11,5.26))\n",
+ "annotate(\"8.78\",xy=(0,8.78))\n",
+ "annotate(\"5.27\",xy=(5.27,0))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 27.2 , Page Number 691"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Overall compliance (PP) of the amplifier is 9.61 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 20.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "R1 = 10.0 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 1.8 #Resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 620.0 * 10**-3 #Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n",
+ "RE = 200.0 * 10**-3 #Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n",
+ "RL = 1.2 #Load resistance (in kilo-ohm)\n",
+ "beta = 180.0 #Common emitter current gain\n",
+ "VBE = 0.7 #Emitter-to-Base voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VB = VCC * (R2 /(R1 + R2)) #Voltage drop across R2 (in volts)\n",
+ "VE = VB - VBE #Voltage at the emitter (in volts)\n",
+ "IE = VE / RE #Emitter current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "IC = IE #Collector current (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCC - IE*(RC + RE) #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "ICEQ = IC #Collector current at Q (in milli-Ampere)\n",
+ "VCEQ = VCE #Collector-to-emitter voltage at Q (in volts) \n",
+ "rL = RC * RL/(RC + RL) #a.c. load resistance (in kilo-ohm) \n",
+ "PP = 2 * ICEQ * rL #Compliance of the amplifier (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Overall compliance (PP) of the amplifier is \",round(PP,2),\" V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 27.3 , Page Number 694"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Voltage gain is 27.5 and Power gain is 1375.0 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "r1e = 8.0 #a.c. load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC = 220.0 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RE = 47.0 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R1 = 4.7 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 470.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "beta = 50.0 #Common emitter current gain\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "rL = RC #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Av = rL / r1e #Voltage gain\n",
+ "Ai = beta #Current gain\n",
+ "Ap = Av * Ai #Power gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Voltage gain is \",Av,\" and Power gain is \",Ap,\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 27.4 , Page Number 698"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Collector efficiency is 25.0 % .\n",
+ "Power rating of the transistor is 20.0 W.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ptrdc = 20.0 #dc Power (in watt)\n",
+ "Poac = 5.0 #ac Power (in watt) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ne = Poac / Ptrdc #Collector efficiency \n",
+ "P = Ptrdc #Power rating of the transistor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Collector efficiency is \",ne * 100,\"% .\\nPower rating of the transistor is \",P,\" W.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 27.5 , Page Number 699"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The a.c. power output is 4.7 W.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "Pcdc = 10.0 #dc power (in watt)\n",
+ "ne = 0.32 #efficiency\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Poac = ne * Pcdc / (1 - ne) #a.c. power output (in watt)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The a.c. power output is \",round(Poac,1),\" W.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 27.6 , Page Number 699"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Total power within the circuit is 7.0 W.\n",
+ "The power Pcdc = 3.5 W is dissipated in the form of heat within the transistor collector region.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "nc = 0.5 #Efficiency\n",
+ "VCC = 24.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Poac = 3.5 #a.c. power output (in watt)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ptrdc = Poac / nc #dc power (in watt)\n",
+ "Pcdc = Ptrdc - Poac #Power dissipated as heat (in watt) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Total power within the circuit is \",Ptrdc,\" W.\\nThe power Pcdc = \",Pcdc,\" W is dissipated in the form of heat within the transistor collector region.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 27.7 , Page Number 699"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Power supplied by the d.c. source to the amplifier circuit is 12.0 W.\n",
+ "D.C. power consumed by the load resistor is 5.76 W.\n",
+ "A.C. power developed across the load resistor is 0.72 W.\n",
+ "D.C. power delivered to the transistor is 6.24 W.\n",
+ "D.C. power wasted in the transistor collector is 5.52 W.\n",
+ "Overall efficiency is 0.06 .\n",
+ "Collector efficiency is 11.5 % .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 20.0 #Supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VCEQ = 10.0 #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "ICQ = 600.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "RL = 16.0 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Ip = 300.0 * 10**-3 #Output current variation (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Pindc = VCC * ICQ #dc power supplied (in watt)\n",
+ "PRLdc = ICQ**2 * RL #dc power consumed by load resistor (in watt) \n",
+ "I = Ip / 2**0.5 #r.m.s. value of Collector current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "Poac = I**2 * RL #a.c. power across load resistor (in ohm) \n",
+ "Ptrdc = Pindc - PRLdc #dc power delievered to transistor (in watt)\n",
+ "Pcdc = Ptrdc - Poac #dc power wasted in transistor collector (in watt) \n",
+ "no = Poac / Pindc #Overall efficiency\n",
+ "nc = Poac / Ptrdc #Collector efficiency \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Power supplied by the d.c. source to the amplifier circuit is \",Pindc,\" W.\"\n",
+ "print \"D.C. power consumed by the load resistor is \",PRLdc,\" W.\"\n",
+ "print \"A.C. power developed across the load resistor is \",Poac,\" W.\"\n",
+ "print \"D.C. power delivered to the transistor is \",Ptrdc,\" W.\"\n",
+ "print \"D.C. power wasted in the transistor collector is \",Pcdc,\" W.\"\n",
+ "print \"Overall efficiency is \",no,\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Collector efficiency is \",round(nc * 100,1),\"% .\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 27.8 , Page Number 702"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The effective resistance is 1.8 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "a = 15.0 #Turns ratio\n",
+ "RL = 8.0 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R1L = a**2 * RL #Effective resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The effective resistance is \",R1L * 10**-3,\" kilo-ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 27.9 , Page Number 702"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Turns ratio is 25.0 : 1.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "RL = 16.0 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R1L = 10.0 * 10**3 #Effective resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "a = (R1L / RL)**0.5 #Turns ratio\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Turns ratio is \",a,\": 1.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 27.10 , Page Number 702"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The maximum power delievered to load is 100.0 W.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "RL = 8.0 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "a = 10.0 #Turns ratio\n",
+ "ICQ = 500.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R1L = a**2 * RL #Effective load (in ohm)\n",
+ "Poac = 1.0/2* ICQ**2 * R1L #Maximum power delieverd (in watt)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The maximum power delievered to load is \",Poac,\" W.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 27.11 , Page Number 702"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 12,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Maximum undistorted a.c. output power is 0.05 W.\n",
+ "Quiescent collector current is 0.01 A.\n",
+ "Transformer turns ratio is 8.0 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ptrdc = 100.0 * 10**-3 #Maximum collector dissipated power (in watt)\n",
+ "VCC = 10.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RL = 16.0 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "no = nc = 0.5 #Efiiciency\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Poac = no * Ptrdc #Maximum undistorted a.c. output power (in watt)\n",
+ "ICQ = 2 * Poac / VCC #Quiescent collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "R1L = VCC / ICQ #Effective load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "a = (R1L / RL)**0.5\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Maximum undistorted a.c. output power is \",Poac,\" W.\\nQuiescent collector current is \",ICQ,\" A.\\nTransformer turns ratio is \",round(a),\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 27.12 , Page Number 703"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Power transferred when directly connected is 4.9 mW.\n",
+ "The average power transferred to the speaker is 260.0 mW.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 10.0 #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Ip = 50.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "RL = 4.0 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I = round(Ip / 2**0.5,3) #r.m.s. value of collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Poac = I**2 * RL #Average power delievered (in watt)\n",
+ "V1 = VCC #Primary voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "R1L = V1 / Ip #Effective load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "a = round((R1L / RL)**0.5) #Turns ratio\n",
+ "V2 = V1 / a #Secondary voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "I2p = V2 / RL #Peak value of secondary current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "I2 = I2p / 2**0.5 #r.m.s. value of secondary current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Pavg = I2**2 * RL #Average power transferred to speaker (in watt) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Power transferred when directly connected is \",Poac * 10**3,\" mW.\" \n",
+ "print \"The average power transferred to the speaker is \",round(Pavg,2) * 10**3,\" mW.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 27.13 , Page Number 706"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 14,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Power delivered to the load is 0.1 W.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "RL = 1.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "IC = 10.0 * 10**-3 #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "PL = IC**2 * RL #Load power (in watt)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Power delivered to the load is \",PL,\" W.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 27.14 , Page Number 710"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The power drawn from the source is 16.0 W.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "RL = 8.0 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VP = 16.0 #Peak output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "P = VP**2 / (2 * RL) #Power drawn from the source (in watt) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The power drawn from the source is \",P,\" W.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 27.15 , Page Number 710"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 16,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Maximum power output is 73.02 W.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "Pcdc = 10.0 #Power rating of amplifier (in watt)\n",
+ "n = 0.785 #Maximum overall efficiency \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "PT = 2 * Pcdc #Total power dissipation of two transistors (in watt)\n",
+ "Poac = (PT * n) / (1-n) #Maximum power output (in watt)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Maximum power output is \",round(Poac,2),\" W.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 27.16 , Page Number 711"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 17,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The d.c. input power is 12.5 W.\n",
+ "The a.c. output power is 7.5 W.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "no = 0.6 #efficiency \n",
+ "Pcdc = 2.5 #Maximum collector dissipation of each transistor (in watt)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "PT = 2 * Pcdc #Total power dissipation of two transistors (in watt)\n",
+ "Pindc = PT / (1 - no ) #dc input power (in watt)\n",
+ "Poac = no * Pindc #ac output power (in watt) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The d.c. input power is \",Pindc,\" W.\\nThe a.c. output power is \",Poac,\" W.\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.10"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter28_4.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter28_4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6c1d54c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter28_4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,271 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:a760aed16bae58a496fddddaee6e49db519972c26c6f372274bdabcee7c8db3b" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 28 , Tuned Amplifiers" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 28.1 , Page Number 717" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "L = 150.0 * 10**-6 #Inductance (in Henry)\n", + "C = 100.0 * 10**-12 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "fo = 0.159 / (L * C)**0.5 #Resonant frequency (in Hertz)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The resonant frequency is \",round(fo * 10**-6,1),\" MHz.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The resonant frequency is 1.3 MHz.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 28.2 , Page Number 718" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "L = 100.0 * 10**-6 #Inductance (in Henry)\n", + "C = 100.0 * 10**-12 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n", + "R = 5.0 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "fo = 0.159 / (L * C)**0.5 #Resonant frequency (in Hertz)\n", + "Zp = L / (C*R) #Circuit impedance at resonance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Resonant frequency is \",fo * 10**-6,\" MHz.\\nCircuit impedance at resonance is \",Zp * 10**-3,\" kilo-ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Resonant frequency is 1.59 MHz.\n", + "Circuit impedance at resonance is 200.0 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 28.3 , Page Number 720" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "fo = 1.0 * 10**6 #Resonant frequency (in Hertz)\n", + "Qo = 100.0 #Quality factor\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "BW = fo / Qo #Bandwidth (in Hertz)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Bandwidth of the circuit is \",BW * 10**-3,\" kHz.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Bandwidth of the circuit is 10.0 kHz.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 28.4 , Page Number 720" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "fo = 1600.0 * 10**3 #Resonant frequency (in Hertz)\n", + "BW = 10.0 * 10**3 #Bandwidth (in Hertz)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Qo = fo / BW #Quality factor\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The Q-factor is \",Qo,\".\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The Q-factor is 160.0 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 28.5 , Page Number 720" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "fo = 2.0 * 10**6 #Resonant frequency (in Hertz)\n", + "BW = 50.0 * 10**3 #Bandwidth (in Hertz)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Qo = fo / BW #Quality factor\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The Q-factor is \",Qo,\".\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The Q-factor is 40.0 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 28.6 , Page Number 720" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "fo = 455.0 * 10**3 #Resonant frequency (in Hertz)\n", + "BW = 10.0 * 10**3 #Bandwidth (in Hertz)\n", + "XL = 1255.0 #Inductive reactance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Qo = fo / BW #Quality factor\n", + "R = XL / Qo #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "L = XL / (2*math.pi*fo) #Inductance (in Henry)\n", + "C = 1 / (XL*2*math.pi*fo) #Capacitance (in Farad)\n", + "Zp = L / (C*R) #Circuit impedance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The value of circuit impedance at resonance is \",round(Zp * 10**-3),\" kilo-ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The value of circuit impedance at resonance is 57.0 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter29_4.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter29_4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..893f02e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter29_4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,754 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:94c613f9e33d60c6bbad037ec5805751242a2be2fb5357365540a6d5b86b31b7" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 29 , Feedback Amplifiers" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 29.1 , Page Number 730" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Av = 400.0 #Voltage gain\n", + "beta = 0.1 #feedback ratio\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "A1v = Av / (1 + beta * Av) #Voltage gain with negative feedback\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The voltage gain of an amplifier with negative feedback is \",round(A1v,2),\".\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The voltage gain of an amplifier with negative feedback is 9.76 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 29.2 , Page Number 730" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Av = 100.0 #Voltage gain\n", + "A1v = 20.0 #Voltage gain with negative feedback \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "beta = (Av/A1v - 1) / Av #feedback ratio \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The percentage of the negative feedback is \",beta * 100,\"%.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The percentage of the negative feedback is 4.0 %.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 29.3 , Page Number 730" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Av = 1000.0 #Voltage gain\n", + "A1v = 10.0 #Voltage gain with negative feedback \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "beta = (Av/A1v - 1) / Av #feedback ratio \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The fraction of the output that is feedback to the input is \",beta,\".\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The fraction of the output that is feedback to the input is 0.099 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 29.4 , Page Number 730" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "V1o = Vo = 12.5 #Output voltage (in volts)\n", + "V1in = 1.5 #Input voltage with feedback (in volts)\n", + "Vin = 0.25 #Input voltage without feedback (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Av = Vo / Vin #Voltage gain without negative feedback\n", + "A1v = V1o / V1in #Voltage gain with negative feedback\n", + "beta = (Av/A1v - 1) / Av #feedback ratio \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The value of voltage gain without negative feedback is \",Av,\".\\nThe value of voltage gain with negative feedback is \",round(A1v,2),\".\\nThe value of beta is \",beta,\".\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The value of voltage gain without negative feedback is 50.0 .\n", + "The value of voltage gain with negative feedback is 8.33 .\n", + "The value of beta is 0.1 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 29.5 , Page Number 731" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Av = 60.0 #Voltage gain\n", + "A1v = 80.0 #Voltage gain with negative feedback\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "beta = (1 - Av/A1v ) / Av #feedback ratio \n", + "beta1 = 1/Av #feedback ratio which causes oscillation\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Value of feedback ratio is \",round(beta,3),\".\\nThe percentage of feedback which causes oscillation is \",round(beta1 * 100,1),\"%.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Value of feedback ratio is 0.004 .\n", + "The percentage of feedback which causes oscillation is 1.7 %.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 29.6 , Page Number 732" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "A1v = 100.0 #Voltage gain with negative feedback\n", + "Vin = 50.0 * 10**-3 #Input voltage without feedback (in volts)\n", + "V1in = 0.6 #Input voltage with feedback (in volts) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "V1o = A1v * V1in #Output voltage with feedback (in volts)\n", + "Vo = V1o #Output voltage without feedback (in volts) \n", + "Av = Vo / Vin #Voltage gain without feedback \n", + "beta = (Av/A1v - 1) / Av #feedback ratio \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The value of voltage gain without feedback is \",Av,\".\\nThe value of voltage gain with feedback is \",A1v,\".\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The value of voltage gain without feedback is 1200.0 .\n", + "The value of voltage gain with feedback is 100.0 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 29.7 , Page Number 733" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Av = 800.0 #Voltage gain\n", + "beta = 0.05 #Feedback ratio \n", + "dAvbyAv = 20.0 #Percentage change in open loop gain\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "dA1vbyA1v = 1 / (1 + beta*Av)*dAvbyAv #Percentage change in closed loop gain \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The percentage change in closed loop gain is \",round(dA1vbyA1v,1),\"%.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The percentage change in closed loop gain is 0.5 %.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 29.8 , Page Number 733" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "A1v = 100.0 #Voltage gain with feedback\n", + "dA1vbyA1v = 0.01 #Percentage change in closed loop gain \n", + "dAvbyAv = 0.20 #Percentage change in open loop gain\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "betamultAvplus1 = dAvbyAv/dA1vbyA1v #Product of feedback ratio and voltage ratio plus one\n", + "Av = A1v * betamultAvplus1 #Voltage gain without feedback \n", + "beta = betamultAvplus1 / Av #Feedback ratio \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The value of Av is \",Av,\".\\nThe value of beta is \",beta,\".\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The value of Av is 2000.0 .\n", + "The value of beta is 0.01 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 29.9 , Page Number 735" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Av = 100.0 #Voltage gain without feedback\n", + "BW = 200.0 * 10**3 #Bandwidth without feedback (in Hertz)\n", + "beta = 0.05 #Feedback ratio\n", + "BWn = 1.0 * 10**6 #New bandwidth without feedback (in Hertz)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "BW1 = (1 + beta*Av) * BW #Bandwidth with feedback (in Hertz) \n", + "A1v = Av/(1 + beta*Av) #Voltage gain with feedback\n", + "beta1 = (BWn/BW - 1)/Av #Amount of feedback required \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The new bandwidth is \",BW1 * 10**-3,\" kHz.\\nThe new gain is \",round(A1v,1),\".\"\n", + "print \"Amout of feedback required when BW = 1MHz is \",beta1 * 100,\"%.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The new bandwidth is 1200.0 kHz.\n", + "The new gain is 16.7 .\n", + "Amout of feedback required when BW = 1MHz is 4.0 %.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 9 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 29.10 , Page Number 735" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Av = 1500.0 #Voltage gain\n", + "BW = 4.0 * 10**6 #Bandwidth wihtout feedback (in Hertz)\n", + "A1v = 150.0 #Voltage gain with feedback\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "beta = (Av/A1v -1) / Av #Feedback ratio\n", + "BW1 = (1 + beta*Av) * BW #Bandwidth with feedback (in Hertz) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The value of feedback factor is \",beta * 100,\"%.\\nThe value of bandwidth with feedback is \",BW1 * 10**-6,\" MHz.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The value of feedback factor is 0.6 %.\n", + "The value of bandwidth with feedback is 40.0 MHz.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 10 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 29.11 , Page Number 736" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Rin = 4.2 * 10**3 #Input resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Av = 220.0 #Voltage gain without feedback\n", + "beta = 0.01 #Feedback ratio\n", + "f1 = 1.5 * 10**3 #Cut off frequency without feedback (in Hertz)\n", + "f2 = 501.5 * 10**3 #Cut off frequency with feedback (in Hertz)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "R1i = (1 + beta * Av) * Rin #Input resistance of feedback amplifier (in ohm)\n", + "f11 = f1 / (1 + beta * Av) #New cut off frequency without feedback (in Hertz) \n", + "f21 = (1 + beta * Av) * f2 #New cut off frequency with feedback (in Hertz) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The value of input resistance with feedback is \",R1i * 10**-3,\" kilo-ohm.\\nNew cut off frequency without feedback is \",round(f11),\" Hz.\\nNew cut off frequency with feedback is \",f21 * 10**-3,\" kHz.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The value of input resistance with feedback is 13.44 kilo-ohm.\n", + "New cut off frequency without feedback is 469.0 Hz.\n", + "New cut off frequency with feedback is 1604.8 kHz.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 11 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 29.12 , Page Number 737" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Av = 1000.0 #Voltage gain without feedback\n", + "beta = 0.01 #Feedback ratio\n", + "f1 = 50.0 #Cut off frequency without feedback (in Hertz)\n", + "f2 = 200.0 * 10**3 #Cut off frequency with feedback (in Hertz)\n", + "D = 0.05 #Distortion \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "A1v = Av / (1 + beta * Av) #Voltage gain with feedback\n", + "f11 = f1 / (1 + beta * Av) #New cut off frequency without feedback (in Hertz) \n", + "f21 = (1 + beta * Av) * f2 #New cut off frequency with feedback (in Hertz) \n", + "D1 = D/(1 + beta * Av) #New Distortion\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Voltage gain with feedback is \",round(A1v,1),\".\\nf11 is \",round(f11,1),\" Hz.\\nf21 is \",f21 * 10**-6,\" MHz.\\nDistortion with feedback is \",round(D1 * 100,2),\"%.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Voltage gain with feedback is 90.9 .\n", + "f11 is 4.5 Hz.\n", + "f21 is 2.2 MHz.\n", + "Distortion with feedback is 0.45 %.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 12 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 29.13 , Page Number 737" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Av = 100.0 #Voltage gain without feedback\n", + "N = 0.8 #Reduction in noise\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "beta = ((1 - N)**-1 - 1)/Av #feedback ratio\n", + "A1v = Av / (1 + beta * Av) #Voltage gain with feedback\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Percentage of negative feedback is \",beta * 100,\"%.\\nVoltage gain with feedback is \",A1v,\".\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Percentage of negative feedback is 4.0 %.\n", + "Voltage gain with feedback is 20.0 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 29.14 , Page Number 739" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "Av = 300.0 #Voltage gain without feedback\n", + "Ri = 1.5 * 10**3 #Input resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Ro = 50.0 * 10**3 #Output resistance (in ohm)\n", + "beta = 1.0/15.0 #feedback ratio \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "A1v = Av/ (1 + beta*Av) #Voltage gain with feedback \n", + "R1i = (1 + beta* Av)* Ri #Input resistance with feedback (in ohm) \n", + "R1o = Ro/(1 + beta * Av) #Output resistance with feedback (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Voltage gain with feedback is \",round(A1v,1),\".\\nInput resistance with feedback is \",R1i * 10**-3,\" kilo-ohm.\\nOutput resistance with feedback is \",round(R1o * 10**-3,1),\" kilo-ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Voltage gain with feedback is 14.3 .\n", + "Input resistance with feedback is 31.5 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Output resistance with feedback is 2.4 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 16 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 29.15 , Page Number 741" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "hfe = 100.0 #hfe \n", + "hie = 2.0 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n", + "Re1 = 100.0 #Emitter resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R1 = 15.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 5.6 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Rc = 470.0 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Ai = hfe #Current gain\n", + "Av = Ai * Rc / hie #Voltage gain \n", + "Ri = (R1*R2*hie)/(R1*R2+R2*hie+R1*hie) #Input resistance (in ohm) \n", + "beta = Re1 / Rc #feedback ratio \n", + "A1v = Av / (1 + beta * Av) #Voltage ratio with feedback\n", + "R1i = Ri*(1 + beta * Av) #Input resistancewith feedback (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Voltage gain without feedback is \",Av,\".\\nInput resistance without feedback is \",round(Ri),\" kilo-ohm.\\nVoltage gain with feedback is \",round(A1v,2),\".\\nInput resistance with feedback is \",round(R1i,1),\" kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Voltage gain without feedback is 23.5 .\n", + "Input resistance without feedback is 1342.0 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Voltage gain with feedback is 3.92 .\n", + "Input resistance with feedback is 8051.1 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 14 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 29.16 , Page Number 743" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "hfe = 99.0 #hfe\n", + "hie = 2.0 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n", + "Rc = 22.0 * 10**3 #Load resistor of frist stage (in ohm) \n", + "R4 = 100.0 #Emitter resistance of first stage (in ohm)\n", + "R1 = 220.0 * 10**3 #Biasing resistor of second stage (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 22.0 * 10**3 #Biasing resistor of second stage (in ohm)\n", + "R1c = 4.7 * 10**3 #Load resistance of second stage (in ohm)\n", + "R3 = 7.8 * 10**3 #Feedback resistor from collector of second stage to emitter of first stage (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Ri = hie #Input resistance of first stage (in ohm)\n", + "Ro1 = (1/Rc + 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/hie)**-1 #Output resistance of first stage (in ohm)\n", + "Ri2 = hie #Input resistance of second stage (in ohm) \n", + "Ro2 = R1c * (R3 + R4)/(R1c + R3 + R4) #Output resistance of second stage (in ohm)\n", + "Av1 = hfe * Ro1 / hie #Voltage gain of first stage \n", + "Av2 = hfe * Ro2 / hie #Voltage gain of second stage \n", + "Av = Av1 * Av2 #Overall voltage gain without feedback\n", + "beta = R4 / (R3 + R4) #Feedback ratio\n", + "Ri1 = Ri*(1 + beta*Av) #Input resistance with feedback (in ohm)\n", + "R1o2 = Ro2 / (1 + beta * Av) #Output resistance with feedback (in ohm)\n", + "A1v = Av / (1 + beta * Av) #Overall voltage gain with feedback \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Voltage gain without feedback is \",round(Av,1),\".\\nInput resistance of first stage without feedback is \",Ri * 10**-3,\" kilo-ohm.\\nInput resistance of second stage without feedback is \",Ri2 * 10**-3,\" kilo-ohm.\\nOutput resistance of first stage without feedback is \",round(Ro1 * 10**-3,2),\" kilo-ohm.\\nOutput resistance of second stage without feedback is \",round(Ro2 * 10**-3,2),\" kilo-ohm .\"\n", + "print \"Voltage gain with feedback is \",round(A1v,1),\".\\nInput resistance with feedback is \",round(Ri1 * 10**-3,2),\" kilo-ohm.\\nOutput resistance with feedback is \",round(R1o2 * 10**-3,3),\" kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation error in book about value of Av." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Voltage gain without feedback is 12126.0 .\n", + "Input resistance of first stage without feedback is 2.0 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Input resistance of second stage without feedback is 2.0 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Output resistance of first stage without feedback is 1.68 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Output resistance of second stage without feedback is 2.95 kilo-ohm .\n", + "Voltage gain with feedback is 78.5 .\n", + "Input resistance with feedback is 308.99 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Output resistance with feedback is 0.019 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter30_4.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter30_4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8b4fe821 --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter30_4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,922 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Chapter 30 , Field-Effect Transistor Amplifiers"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 30.1 , Page Number 750"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Value of drain-to-source voltage is 2.5 V.\n",
+ "Value of Gate-to-source voltage is -2.5 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ID = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VDD = 10.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RD = 1.0 * 10**3 #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RS = 500.0 #Source resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VS = ID * RS #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VD = VDD - ID * RD #Drain voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VDS = VD - VS #Drain-Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VGS = -VS #Gate-to-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Value of drain-to-source voltage is \",VDS,\" V.\\nValue of Gate-to-source voltage is \",VGS,\" V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 30.2 , Page Number 751"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Value of resistance R1 is 1.5 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RD = 56.0 * 10**3 #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RG = 1.0 * 10**6 #Gate resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "IDSS = 1.5 * 10**-3 #Drain to ground current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Vp = -1.5 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VDD = 20.0 #Supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VD = 10.0 #Drain voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "R = 4.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ID = (VDD - VD) / RD #Drain current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "VGS = (1 - (ID / IDSS)**0.5)*Vp #Gate-to-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VS = -VGS #Source voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "R1 = VS / ID - R #Resistance R1 (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Value of resistance R1 is \",round(R1 * 10**-3,1),\" kilo-ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 30.3 , Page Number 752"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Value of RS is 933.0 ohm.\n",
+ "Value of RD is 5.7 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ID = 1.5 * 10**-3 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IDSS = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Drain-to-source current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "Vp = -2.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VDS = 10.0 #Drain-to-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VDD = 20.0 #Supply voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VGS = (1 - ID/IDSS)*Vp #Gate-to-Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VS = -VGS #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RS = VS / ID #Source resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RD = (VDD - VDS) / ID - RS #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Value of RS is \",round(RS),\" ohm.\\nValue of RD is \",round(RD * 10**-3,1),\" kilo-ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 30.4 , Page Number 754"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Quiescent values of ID and VGS is 5.0 mA and -1.4 V.\n",
+ "D.C. voltage between drain and ground is 6.0 V.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYIAAAEZCAYAAACaWyIJAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\nAElFTkSuQmCC\n",
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x2683f70>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel,annotate\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RD = 1.8 * 10**3 #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RS = 270.0 #Source resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RG = 10.0 * 10**6 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "IDSS = 12.0 * 10**-3 #Drain-to-source current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "ID = 6.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VDD = 15.0 #Supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VS = ID * RS #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VGS = - VS #Gate-to-Source Voltage \n",
+ "IDQ = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current at Q point (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VGSQ = -1.4 #Gate-to-source voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "VD = VDD - IDQ * RD #Drain voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(-4,0,100)\n",
+ "plot(x,12*(1 + x/4)**2,'r')\n",
+ "title(\"transfer characteristic\")\n",
+ "plot(x,x*(-5.0/1.40),'b')\n",
+ "xlabel(\"Gate-to-Source voltage VGS (V)\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"Drain current ID(mA)\")\n",
+ "annotate(\"Q\",xy=(-1.62,6.0))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Quiescent values of ID and VGS is \",IDQ * 10**3,\" mA and \",VGSQ,\" V.\"\n",
+ "print \"D.C. voltage between drain and ground is \",VD,\" V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 30.5 , Page Number 755"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Value of RD is 1.5 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "Value of RS is 528.0 ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VP = VGSoff = 5.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IDSS = 12.0 * 10**-3 #Drain-to-source current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VDD = 12.0 #Drain voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "ID = 4.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VDS = 6.0 #Drain-to-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VGS = (1 - (ID / IDSS)**0.5)*VGSoff #Gate-to-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VS = VGS #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RS = VS / ID #Source resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RD = (VDD - VDS) / ID #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Value of RD is \",RD * 10**-3,\" kilo-ohm.\\nValue of RS is \",round(RS),\" ohm.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 30.6 , Page Number 756"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Operating point is ID = 5.0 mA and VDS = 10.0 V.\n",
+ "Value of RD is 2.0 kilo-ohm and RS is 440.0 ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IDSS = 10.0 * 10**-3 #Drain-to-source current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VDD = 20.0 #Drain voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "IDQ = IDSS / 2 #Drain current at Q point (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VDSQ = VDD / 2 #Drain-to-source voltage at Q point (in volts)\n",
+ "VGS = -2.2 #Gate-to-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "ID = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "RD = (VDD - VDSQ) / ID #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VS = - VGS #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RS = VS / ID #Source resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Operating point is ID = \",IDQ * 10**3,\" mA and VDS = \",VDSQ,\" V.\"\n",
+ "print \"Value of RD is \",RD * 10**-3,\" kilo-ohm and RS is \",RS,\" ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 30.7 , Page Number 758"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Value of VGS is -3.8 V. and value of VDS is 4.0 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VDD = 20.0 #Supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RD = 2.5 * 10**3 #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RS = 1.5 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R1 = 2.0 * 10**6 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 250.0 * 10**3 #Resitance (in ohm)\n",
+ "ID = 4.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VG = VDD * R2 / (R1 + R2) #Gate voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VS = ID * RS #Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VGS = VG - VS #Gate-to-source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VD = VDD - ID * RD #Drain voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Value of VGS is \",round(VGS,1),\" V. and value of VDS is \",VD - VS,\" V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 30.8 , Page Number 764"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Voltage gain is -6.0 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "gm = 4.0 * 10**-3 #Transconductance (in Siemen)\n",
+ "RD = 1.5 * 10**3 #Drain resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Av = -gm * RD #Voltage gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Voltage gain is \",Av,\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 30.9 , Page Number 764"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Voltage gain is -24.5 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "gm = 2.5 * 10**-3 #Transconductance (in Ampere per volt)\n",
+ "rd = 500.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RD = 10.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "rL = RD * rd / (RD + rd) #a.c. equivalent resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Av = -gm * rL #Voltage gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Voltage gain is \",round(Av,1),\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 30.10 , Page Number 764"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Voltage gain is -26.7 .\n",
+ "Input resistance is 100.0 Mega-ohm.\n",
+ "Output resistance is 13.3 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "gm = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Transconductance (in Ampere per volt)\n",
+ "rd = 40.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RD = 20.0 * 10**3 #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RG = 100.0 * 10**6 #Gate resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "rL = RD * rd / (RD + rd) #a.c. equivalent resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Av = -gm * rL #Voltage gain \n",
+ "R1i = RG #input resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R1o = rL #output resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Voltage gain is \",round(Av,1),\".\"\n",
+ "print \"Input resistance is \",R1i * 10**-6,\" Mega-ohm.\\nOutput resistance is \",round(R1o * 10**-3,1),\" kilo-ohm.\" "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 30.11 , Page Number 765"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Voltage gain is -16.67 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "gm = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Transconductance (in Ampere per volt)\n",
+ "rd = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RD = 50.0 * 10**3 #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "rL = RD * rd / (RD + rd) #a.c. equivalent resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Av = - gm * rL #Voltage gain\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Voltage gain is \",round(Av,2),\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 30.12 , Page Number 765"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 12,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Voltage gain is -48.9 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RD = 100.0 * 10**3 #Drain resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "gm = 1.6 * 10**-3 #Transconductance (in Ampere per volt)\n",
+ "rd = 44.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Cgs = 3.0 * 10**-12 #Capacitance gate-to-source (in Farad)\n",
+ "Cds = 1.0 * 10**-12 #Capacitance drain-to-source (in Farad)\n",
+ "Cgd = 2.8 * 10**-12 #Capacitance gate-to-drain (in Farad) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "rL = RD * rd / (RD + rd) #a.c. load resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "Av = -gm * rL #Voltage gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Voltage gain is \",round(Av,1),'.'"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 30.13 , Page Number 766"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Output voltage is 0.844 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "gm = 4500.0 * 10**-6 #Transconductance (in Ampere per volt)\n",
+ "RD = 3.0 * 10**3 #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RL = 5.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "Vin = 100.0 * 10**-3 #Input voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "ID = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "rL = RD * RL / (RD + RL) #a.c. load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "vo = -gm * rL * Vin #Output voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Output voltage is \",abs(round(vo,3)),\" V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 30.14 , Page Number 768"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 14,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Voltage gain when RL is zero is -2.0 .\n",
+ "Voltage gain when Rl is 100 kilo-ohm is -1.97 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "gm = 4.0 * 10**-3 #Transconductance (in Siemen)\n",
+ "RD = 1.5 * 10**3 #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RG = 10.0 * 10**6 #Gate resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "rs = 500.0 #resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Voltage gain when Rl is zero\n",
+ "\n",
+ "rL = RD #a.c. load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Av = -(gm * rL)/(1 + gm * rs) #Voltage gain1 \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Voltage gain when Rl is 100 kilo-ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RL = 100.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "rL1 = RD * RL / (RD + RL) #a.c. load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Av1 = -(gm * rL1)/(1 + gm * rs) #Voltage gain1 \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Voltage gain when RL is zero is \",Av,\".\\nVoltage gain when Rl is 100 kilo-ohm is \",round(Av1,2),\".\" "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 30.15 , Page Number 768"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Voltage gain for unbypassed Rs is -1.35 .\n",
+ "Voltage gain for bypassed Rs is -4.163 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RD = 1.5 * 10**3 #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RS = 750.0 #Source resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RG = 1.0 * 10**6 #Gate resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "IDSS = 10.0 * 10**-3 #Supply current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "Vp = -3.5 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IDQ = 2.3 * 10**-3 #Drain current at Q point (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VGSQ = -1.8 #Gate-to-source voltage at Q point (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "gmo = -2 * IDSS / Vp #Maximum transconductance (in Ampere per volt)\n",
+ "gm = gmo * (1 - VGSQ/Vp) #Transconductance at Q point (in Ampere per volt) \n",
+ "rL = RD #a.c. load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Av = - gm * rL / (1 + gm * RS) #Unbypassed RS (in ohm)\n",
+ "Av1 = -gm * rL #Bypassed RS (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Voltage gain for unbypassed Rs is \",round(Av,2),\".\\nVoltage gain for bypassed Rs is \",round(Av1,3),\".\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 30.16 , Page Number 771"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 16,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Voltage gain is 0.988 .\n",
+ "Input resistance is 100.0 Mega-ohm.\n",
+ "Output resistance is 125.0 ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "gm = 8000.0 * 10**-6 #Transconductance (in Siemen)\n",
+ "RS = 10.0 * 10**3 #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RG = 100.0 * 10**6 #Gate resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Av = RS / (RS + 1 / gm) #Voltage gain\n",
+ "R1i = RG #Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R1o = 1 / gm #Output resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Voltage gain is \",round(Av,3),\".\\nInput resistance is \",R1i * 10**-6,\" Mega-ohm.\\nOutput resistance is \",R1o,\" ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 30.17 , Page Number 772"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 17,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Voltage gain is 0.965 .\n",
+ "Input resistance is 0.5 Mega-ohm.\n",
+ "Output resistance is 175.4 ohm.\n",
+ "Output voltage is 1.77 mV.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "vin = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Input voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "gm = 5500.0 * 10**-6 #Transconductance (in Siemen)\n",
+ "R1 = R2 = 1.0 * 10**6 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RS = 5.0 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RL = 2.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Av = RS / (RS + 1/gm) #Voltage gain \n",
+ "R1i = R1 * R2 / (R1 + R2) #Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R1o = RS * 1/gm /(RS + 1/gm) #Output resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Vo = RL / (RL + R1o) * Av * vin #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Voltage gain is \",round(Av,3),\".\\nInput resistance is \",R1i * 10**-6,\" Mega-ohm.\\nOutput resistance is \",round(R1o,1),\" ohm.\\nOutput voltage is \",round(Vo * 10**3,2),\" mV.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 30.18 , Page Number 774"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Amplifier voltage gain is 25.0 .\n",
+ "Input resistance is 333.0 ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "gm = 2500.0 * 10**-6 #Transconductance (in Amper per volt)\n",
+ "RD = 10.0 * 10**3 #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RS = 2.0 * 10**3 #Source resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Av = gm * RD #Voltage gain \n",
+ "R1i = RS * 1/gm /(RS + 1/gm) #Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Amplifier voltage gain is \",Av,\".\\nInput resistance is \",round(R1i),\" ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 30.19 , Page Number 775"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 19,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Input resistance is 100.0 ohm.\n",
+ "a.c. voltage gain is 3.75 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "gmo = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Maximum transconductance (in Siemen)\n",
+ "RD = 1.0 * 10**3 #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RS = 200.0 #Source resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "ID = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Drain current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R1i = RS * 1/gmo /(RS + 1/gmo) #Input resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "VS = ID * RS #Source voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "VGS = VS #Gate-to-Source voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "IDSS = 2 * ID #Supply current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VGSoff = -2 * IDSS / ID #Gate-to-source cut off voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "gm = gmo * (1 - abs(VGS / VGSoff)) #Transconductance (in Siemen) \n",
+ "Av = gm * RD #Voltage gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Input resistance is \",R1i,\" ohm.\\na.c. voltage gain is \",Av,\".\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.10"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter31_4.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter31_4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d0e5134b --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter31_4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,776 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:3d2015ac31b05394e05afcfb5c1742d239465e40465a478e82205d7108590d8c" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 31 , Sinusoidal Oscillators" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 31.1 , Page Number 787" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "fo = 22.0 * 10**3 #Frequency (in Hertz)\n", + "C = 2.0 * 10**-9 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "L = (0.159/fo)**2/C #Inductance (in Henry) \n", + " \n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Inductance is \",round(L,3),\" H.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Inductance is 0.026 H.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 31.2 , Page Number 787" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "fo = 2.2 * 10**6 #Frequency (in Hertz)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "f1o = fo * 2**0.5 #New frequency (in Hertz) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"It will work at frequency of \",round(f1o * 10**-6,2),\" MHz when capacitance is reduced by 50%.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "It will work at frequency of 3.11 MHz when capacitance is reduced by 50%.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 31.3 , Page Number 789" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "C = 100.0 * 10**-12 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n", + "L1 = 30.0 * 10**-6 #Inductance1 (in Henry)\n", + "L2 = 1.0 * 10**-8 #Inductance2 (in Henry) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "L = L1 + L2 #Net inductance (in Henry)\n", + "fo = 1/(2*math.pi*(L * C)**0.5) #Frequency of oscillations (in Hertz)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Frequency of oscillations is \",round(fo * 10**-6,1),\" MHz,\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Frequency of oscillations is 2.9 MHz,\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 31.4 , Page Number 790" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "L1 = 1000.0 * 10**-6 #Inductance1 (in Henry)\n", + "L2 = 100.0 * 10**-6 #Inductance2 (in Henry)\n", + "M = 20.0 * 10**-6 #Mutual Inductance (in Henry)\n", + "C = 20.0 * 10**-12 #Capacitance (in Farad) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "L = L1 + L2 + 2 * M #Net inductance (in Henry)\n", + "fo = 1/(2*math.pi*(L * C)**0.5) #Frequency of oscillations (in Hertz)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Frequency of oscillations is \",round(fo * 10**-6,3),\" MHz,\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Frequency of oscillations is 1.054 MHz,\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 31.5 , Page Number 790" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "C = 1.0 * 10**-9 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n", + "L1 = 4.7 * 10**-3 #Inductance1 (in Henry)\n", + "L2 = 47.0 * 10**-6 #Inductance2 (in Henry)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "L = L1 + L2 #Net inductance (in Henry)\n", + "fo = 1/(2*math.pi*(L * C)**0.5) #Frequency of oscillations (in Hertz)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Frequency of oscillations is \",round(fo * 10**-3,2),\" kHz,\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Frequency of oscillations is 73.05 kHz,\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 31.6 , Page Number 791" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "L1 = 2.0 * 10**-3 #Inductance1 (in Henry)\n", + "L2 = 20.0 * 10**-6 #Inductance2 (in Henry)\n", + "fomin = 950.0 * 10**3 #Frequency minimum (in Hertz)\n", + "fomax = 2050.0 * 10**3 #Frequency maximum (in Hertz)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "L = L1 + L2 #Net inductance (in Henry)\n", + "C1 = 1.0/(4 * math.pi**2*(L*fomin**2)) #Capacitance1 (in Farad)\n", + "C2 = 1.0/(4 * math.pi**2*(L*fomax**2)) #Capacitance2 (in Farad)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Range of capacitance required is \",round(C2 * 10**12,2),\" pF and \",round(C1 * 10**12,1),\" pF.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Range of capacitance required is 2.98 pF and 13.9 pF.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 31.7 , Page Number 792" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + " \n", + "L1 = 0.1 * 10**-3 #Inductance1 (in Henry)\n", + "L2 = 10.0 * 10**-6 #Inductance2 (in Henry)\n", + "M = 20.0 * 10**-6 #Mutual Inductance (in Hnery) \n", + "fo = 4110.0 * 10**3 #Frequency (in Hertz)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "L = L1 + L2 + 2*M #Net inductance (in Henry)\n", + "C = 1.0/(4 * math.pi**2 * L*fo**2) #Capacitance (in Farad)\n", + "beta = L2 / L1 #Feedback ratio\n", + "Av = 1/beta #Voltage gain\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Capacitance required is \",round(C * 10**12,4),\" pF.\\nVoltage gain for sustained condition is \",Av,\".\"\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation error in the value of M used in formula , therefore incorrect value of C." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Capacitance required is 9.9969 pF.\n", + "Voltage gain for sustained condition is 10.0 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 31.8 , Page Number 793" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "C1 = 0.001 * 10**-6 #Capacitance (in Farad) \n", + "C2 = 0.01 * 10**-6 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n", + "L = 5.0 * 10**-6 #Inductance (in Henry) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "Av = C2 / C1 #Voltage gain\n", + "C = C1 * C2 / (C1 + C2) #Net capacitance (in Farad)\n", + "fo = 1 /(2*math.pi*(L * C)**0.5) #Frequency (in Hertz) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Required voltage gain is \",Av,\".\\nFrequency of oscillation is \",round(fo * 10**-6,2),\" Mhz.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Required voltage gain is 10.0 .\n", + "Frequency of oscillation is 2.36 Mhz.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 31.9 , Page Number 793" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "C1 = 0.1 * 10**-6 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n", + "C2 = 1.0 * 10**-6 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n", + "L = 470.0 * 10**-6 #Inductance (in Henry) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "C = C1 * C2/ (C1 + C2) #Net capacitance (in Farad) \n", + "fo = 1 /(2*math.pi*(L * C)**0.5) #Frequency (in Hertz) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Frequency of oscillation is \",round(fo * 10**-3,2),\" kHz.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Frequency of oscillation is 24.35 kHz.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 9 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 31.10 , Page Number 794" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "C1 = 100.0 * 10**-12 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n", + "C2 = 7500.0 * 10**-12 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n", + "fomin = 950.0 * 10**3 #Frequency minimum (in Hertz)\n", + "fomax = 2050.0 * 10**3 #Frequency maximum (in Hertz)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "C = C1 * C2/ (C1 + C2) #Net capacitance (in Farad) \n", + "L1 = 1.0/(4 * math.pi**2*(C*fomin**2)) #Inductance1 (in Henry)\n", + "L2 = 1.0/(4 * math.pi**2*(C*fomax**2)) #Inductance2 (in Henry)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The range of inductance required is from \",round(L2 * 10**6),\" micro-Henry to \",round(L1 * 10**6),\" micro-Henry.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The range of inductance required is from 61.0 micro-Henry to 284.0 micro-Henry.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 10 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 31.11 , Page Number 795" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "fo = 450.0 * 10**3 #Frequency(in Hertz)\n", + "#Let us assume \n", + "C1 = C2 = C = 10.0 * 10**-6 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n", + "C21 = 2 * C2 #Capacitance (in Farad) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "fo1 = fo * (3.0/4.0)**0.5 #New Frequency (in Hertz) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The oscillation frequency if C2 is doubled is \",round(fo1 * 10**-3,1),\" kHz.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The oscillation frequency if C2 is doubled is 389.7 kHz.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 31.12 , Page Number 796" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "C1 = 0.1 * 10**-6 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n", + "C2 = 1.0 * 10**-6 #Capacitance (in Farad) \n", + "C3 = 100.0 * 10**-12 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n", + "L = 470.0 * 10**-6 #Inductance (in Henry)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "C = (1.0/C1 + 1.0/C2 +1.0/C3)**-1 #Capacitance (in Farad) \n", + "fo = 1/(2*math.pi *(L*C)**0.5) #Frequency (in Hertz)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Frequency of oscillation is \",round(fo * 10**-3,1),\" kHz.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Frequency of oscillation is 734.5 kHz.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 12 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 31.13 , Page Number 799" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "L = 0.33 #Inductance (in Henry)\n", + "C1 = 0.065 * 10**-12 #Capacitance (in Farad) \n", + "C2 = 1.0 * 10**-12 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n", + "R = 5.5 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "fs = 1/(2*math.pi*(L*C1)**0.5) #Series Resonant frequency (in Hertz)\n", + "Qfactor = 2*math.pi*fs*L/R #Q-factor\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Series resonant frequency is \",round(fs * 10**-6,2),\" MHz.\\nQ-factor of the crystal is \",round(Qfactor,1),\".\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Series resonant frequency is 1.09 MHz.\n", + "Q-factor of the crystal is 409.7 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 31.14 , Page Number 802" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "gm = 5000.0 * 10**-6 #Transconductance (in mho)\n", + "rd = 40.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "fo = 1.0 * 10**3 #Frequency (in Hertz) \n", + "Av = 40.0 #Voltage gain\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "C = 1/(2*math.pi*(R)*6**0.5*fo) #Capacitance (in Farad)\n", + "rL = Av / gm #a.c. load resistance (in ohm) \n", + "RD = (rL * rd)/(rd-rL) #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Value of capacitor is \",round(C* 10**6,5),\" micro-Farad.\"\n", + "print \"Value of drain resistance is \",RD * 10**-3,\" kilo-ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Value of capacitor is 0.0065 micro-Farad.\n", + "Value of drain resistance is 10.0 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 14 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 31.15 , Page Number 803" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "fo = 2.0 * 10**3 #Frequency (in Hertz)\n", + "mu = 50.0 #Amplification factor \n", + "rd = 5.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n", + "Av = 40.0 #Voltage gain\n", + "R = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "gm = mu / rd #Transconductance (in mho)\n", + "rL = Av/ gm #a.c. load resistance (in ohm) \n", + "RD = (rL * rd)/(rd-rL) #Drain resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RC = 0.065/(fo) #RC product (in second)\n", + "C = RC / R #Capacitance (in Farad) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Maximum value of RD is \",RD * 10**-3,\" kilo-ohm.\\nValue of the RC product is \",RC,\" s.\\nValue of R is \",R * 10**-3,\" kilo-ohm.\\nValue of C is \",C * 10**9,\" nF.\" " + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Maximum value of RD is 20.0 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Value of the RC product is 3.25e-05 s.\n", + "Value of R is 10.0 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Value of C is 3.25 nF.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 15 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 31.18 , Page Number 807" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "fo = 2.0 * 10**3 #Frequency (in Hertz)\n", + "hie = 2.0 * 10**3 #hie (in ohm)\n", + "R1 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 80.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "RC = 10.0 * 10**3 #Collector Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R = 8.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "C = 1/(2*math.pi*R)*(1/(6 + 4*RC/R)**0.5)/fo #Capacitance (in Farad)\n", + "hfe = 23 + 29 * R/RC + 4* RC /R #Current gain \n", + "Ri = (1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/hie)**-1 #Input resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R3 = R - Ri #Feedback resitor (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Value of capacaitor C is \",round(C * 10**6,3),\" micro-Farad.\\nValue of transistor gain is hfe >= \",hfe,\".\\nValue of feedback resistor R3 is \",round(R3 * 10**-3,1),\" kilo-ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Value of capacaitor C is 0.003 micro-Farad.\n", + "Value of transistor gain is hfe >= 51.2 .\n", + "Value of feedback resistor R3 is 6.2 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 16 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 31.19 , Page Number 809" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "fo = 10.0 * 10**3 #Frequency (in Hertz)\n", + "R = 100.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "C = 1/(2*math.pi*R*fo) #Capacitance (in Farad) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Value of the capacitor C is \",round(C * 10**12),\" pico-Farad.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Value of the capacitor C is 159.0 pico-Farad.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 17 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter32_4.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter32_4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..183fa27e --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter32_4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,606 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Chapter 32 , Non-Sinusoidal Oscillators"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 32.1 , Page Number 816"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The upper end point is ic = 50.0 mA.\n",
+ "The lower end point is VCE = 10.0 V.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x60d9af0>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYEAAAEZCAYAAABxbJkKAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\n7H8BS89mPFZd97UAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n",
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x273e870>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,title,xlabel,ylabel\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VCC = 10.0 #Supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VBB = 5.0 #Voltage across base (in volts)\n",
+ "RC = 200.0 #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Upper end point\n",
+ "ic = VCC / RC #Collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "VCE = VCEsat = 0 #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#lower cut-off point\n",
+ "ic1 = 0 #Collector current (in Ampere) \n",
+ "VCE1 = VCC #Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The upper end point is ic = \",ic * 10**3,\" mA.\\nThe lower end point is VCE = \",VCE1,\" V.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(0,VCE1,100)\n",
+ "plot(x,ic*10**3 - ic*10**3/VCE1*x)\n",
+ "title(\"d.c. load line\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"Collector-to-emitter voltage VCE (V)\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"Collector current IC (mA)\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 32.2 , Page Number 822"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Frequency of oscillation is 362.0 kHz.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R1 = R2 = R = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "C1 = C2 = C = 100.0 * 10**-12 #Capacitance (in Farad) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "f = 1/(1.38 * R * C) #Frequency (in Hertz) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Frequency of oscillation is \",round(f * 10**-3),\" kHz.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 32.3 , Page Number 822"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Time period of oscillation is 0.7 ms.\n",
+ "Frequency of oscillation is 1.42 kHz.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R1 = 2.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 20.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "C1 = 0.01 * 10**-6 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n",
+ "C2 = 0.05 * 10**-6 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "T = 0.69*(R1*C1 + R2*C2) #Time periode of oscillation (in seconds)\n",
+ "f = 1/T #Frequency of oscillation (in Hertz)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Time period of oscillation is \",round(T * 10**3,1),\" ms.\\nFrequency of oscillation is \",round(f * 10**-3,2),\" kHz.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 32.4 , Page Number 822"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Value of C1 capacitor is 145.0 pico-Farad.\n",
+ "Value of C2 capacitor is 1304.0 pico-Farad.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "T1 = 1.0 * 10**-6 #Pulse width (in seconds)\n",
+ "f = 100.0 * 10**3 #Frequency (in Hertz)\n",
+ "R1 = R2 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "T = 1/f #Time period of oscillation (in seconds) \n",
+ "C1 = T1 / 0.69 / R1 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n",
+ "T2 = T - T1 #Time period (in seconds) \n",
+ "C2 = T2 / 0.69 / R2 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Value of C1 capacitor is \",round(C1 * 10**12),\" pico-Farad.\\nValue of C2 capacitor is \",round(C2 * 10**12),\" pico-Farad.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 32.5 , Page Number 823"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Rc : 3000.0 ohm.\n",
+ "RC1 : 3000.0 ohm.\n",
+ "IBsat : 0.00025 A.\n",
+ "IB : 0.0005 A.\n",
+ "R1 : 30.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "R2 : 30.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "C1 : 14976.0 pico-Farad.\n",
+ "C2 : 12077.0 pico-Farad.\n",
+ "Output waveform time constants :\n",
+ "t1 = 449.3 micro-second.\n",
+ "t2 : 362.3 micro-second\n",
+ "t11 : 44.9 micro-second\n",
+ "t12 : 36.2 micro-second.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "T2A = 310.0 * 10**-6 #Time period (in seconds)\n",
+ "T2B = 250.0 * 10**-6 #Time period (in seconds)\n",
+ "VCC = 15.0 #Supply voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "ICsat = 5.0 * 10**-3 #Saturated collector current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "hFEmin = 20.0 #Current gain\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RC = VCC / ICsat #Collector resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "RC1 = RC2 = RC #Collector resistance of transistors Q1 and Q2 (in ohm) \n",
+ "IBsat = ICsat / hFEmin #Saturated Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "IB = 2 * IBsat #Base current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "R1 = R2 = R = VCC / IB #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "C1 = T2A / 0.69 / R1 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n",
+ "C2 = T2B / 0.69 / R2 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n",
+ "t1 = R1 * C1 #Time constant1 (in seconds)\n",
+ "t2 = R2 * C2 #Time constant2 (in seconds)\n",
+ "t11 = RC1 * C1 #Time constant (in seconds)\n",
+ "t12 = RC1 * C2 #Time constant (in seconds)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Rc : \",RC,\" ohm.\\nRC1 : \",RC1,\" ohm.\\nIBsat : \",IBsat,\" A.\\nIB : \",IB,\" A.\\nR1 : \",R1*10**-3,\" kilo-ohm.\\nR2 : \",R2*10**-3,\" kilo-ohm.\\nC1 : \",round(C1 * 10**12),\" pico-Farad.\\nC2 : \",round(C2*10**12),\" pico-Farad.\"\n",
+ "print \"Output waveform time constants :\\nt1 = \",round(t1 * 10**6,1),\" micro-second.\\nt2 : \",round(t2 * 10**6,1),\" micro-second\\nt11 : \",round(t11 * 10**6,1),\" micro-second\\nt12 : \",round(t12 * 10**6,1),\" micro-second.\" \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#In some places milli seconds is mentioned in place of micro second in book."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 32.6 , Page Number 826"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The duty cycle of the waveform at the output (Q) of the monostable multivibrator is 10.0 %.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "f = 20.0 * 10**3 #Frequency (in Hertz)\n",
+ "tp = 5.0 * 10**-6 #Pulse duration (in seconds) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "T = 1/f #Time period (in seconds)\n",
+ "duty_cycle = tp / T #Duty cycle of monostable multivibrator \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The duty cycle of the waveform at the output (Q) of the monostable multivibrator is \",duty_cycle * 100,\"%.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 32.7 , Page Number 826"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Value of R3 is 7.246 kilo-ohm and value of C1 is 1.0 nF.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "f = 100.0 * 10**3 #Frequency (in Hertz)\n",
+ "C1 = 0.001 * 10**-6 #Capacitance (in Farad) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "duty_cycle = 0.5 #Duty cycle \n",
+ "T = 1/f #Time period (in seconds)\n",
+ "tp = duty_cycle * T #Pulse width (in seconds) \n",
+ "R3 = tp / 0.69 / C1 #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Value of R3 is \",round(R3 * 10**-3,3),\" kilo-ohm and value of C1 is \",C1 * 10**9,\" nF.\" "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 32.8 , Page Number 834"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The pulse width is 24.2 micro-second.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R1 = 2.2 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "C1 = 0.01 * 10**-6 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "tp = 1.1 * R1 * C1 #Pulse width (in seconds)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The pulse width is \",tp * 10**6,\" micro-second.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 32.9 , Page Number 834"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Resistance required is 9.09 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "C = 1000.0 * 10**-12 #Capacitance (in Farad) \n",
+ "tp = 10.0 * 10**-6 #Pulse width (in seconds)\n",
+ "T = 60.0 * 10**-6 #time period (in seconds) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R1 = tp / (1.1 * C) #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Resistance required is \",round(R1 * 10**-3,2),\" kilo-ohm.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 32.10 , Page Number 836"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "t1 is 8.05 micro-seconds.\n",
+ "t2 is 3.29 micro-seconds.\n",
+ "Duty cycle is 71.0 %.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R1 = 6.8 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 4.7 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "C1 = 1000.0 * 10**-12 #Capacitance (in Farad) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "t2 = 0.7 * R2 * C1 #Time interval2 (in seconds)\n",
+ "t1 = 0.7 * (R1 + R2 ) * C1 #Time interval1 (in seconds) \n",
+ "T = t1 + t2 #Total time (in seconds)\n",
+ "duty_cycle = t1 / T * 100 #Duty cycle of the waveform \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"t1 is \",t1 * 10**6,\" micro-seconds.\\nt2 is \",t2 * 10**6,\" micro-seconds.\\nDuty cycle is \",round(duty_cycle),\"%.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 32.11 , Page Number 837"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Frequency is 1.03 kHz.\n",
+ "Duty cycle is 60.0 %.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R1 = 27.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 56.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "C1 = 0.01 * 10**-6 #Capacitance (in Farad) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "t2 = 0.7 * R2 * C1 #Time interval2 (in seconds)\n",
+ "t1 = 0.7 * (R1 + R2 ) * C1 #Time interval1 (in seconds) \n",
+ "T = t1 + t2 #Total time (in seconds)\n",
+ "f = 1 / T #Frequency (in Hertz)\n",
+ "duty_cycle = t1 / T * 100 #Duty cycle of the waveform \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Frequency is \",round(f * 10**-3,2),\" kHz.\\nDuty cycle is \",round(duty_cycle),\"%.\" \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#In book it forgot to mention the duty_cycle."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 32.12 , Page Number 838"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 12,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Time period is 0.02 ms.\n",
+ "t1 is 0.012 ms.\n",
+ "t2 is 0.008 ms.\n",
+ "R2 is 5.19 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "R1 is 2.6 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "f = 50.0 * 10**3 #Frequency (in Hertz)\n",
+ "duty_cycle = 0.6 #Duty cycle\n",
+ "C = 0.0022 * 10**-6 #Capacitance (in Farad) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "T = 1/f #Time period (in seconds)\n",
+ "t1 = duty_cycle * T #time interval1 (in seconds)\n",
+ "t2 = T - t1 #time interval2 (in seconds)\n",
+ "R2 = t2 / (0.7 * C ) #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "R1 = t1 / (0.7 * C) - R2 #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Time period is \",T * 10**3,\"ms.\\nt1 is \",t1 * 10**3,\" ms.\\nt2 is \",t2 * 10**3,\" ms.\\nR2 is \",round(R2 * 10**-3,2),\" kilo-ohm.\\nR1 is \",round(R1 * 10**-3,1),\" kilo-ohm.\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.10"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter33_4.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter33_4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..16fb1982 --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter33_4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,863 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Chapter 33 , Wave Shaping"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 33.2 , Page Number 853"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Output peak voltage is 0.3 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ " \n",
+ "Vpk = 1.0 #Peak-to-peak voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Tby2 = 0.1 #Half-period (in seconds)\n",
+ "tau = 0.25 #Time constant (in seconds) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vc = 0.5 * math.exp(-Tby2/tau) #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Output peak voltage is \",round(Vc,1),\" V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 33.3 , Page Number 854"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The peak value of input voltage is 10.0 kV.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RC = 250.0 * 10**-12 #Time constance (in seconds)\n",
+ "Vomax = 50.0 #Maximum output voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "tau = 0.05 * 10**-6 #time (in seconds)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "alpha = Vomax / RC #alpha (in volt per second)\n",
+ "Vp = alpha * tau #Peak voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The peak value of input voltage is \",Vp * 10**-3,\" kV.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 33.5 , Page Number 861"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Following graph shows the output.\n",
+ "The part above the line is clipped out.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Annotation at 0x82616f0>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYQAAAEZCAYAAACXRVJOAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\nDGAJwRhjTIQlBGOMMQD8f9FvPgMDCCzeAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\n",
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7e69970>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,ylim,xlabel,ylabel,title,annotate\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vi = 2.0 #positive clipping (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vomax = 5.0 #Maximum output voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Following graph shows the output.\\nThe part above the line is clipped out.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "t = numpy.linspace(0.001,2,400)\n",
+ "y = numpy.sin(2*math.pi*t)\n",
+ "plot(t, 5*y)\n",
+ "plot(t,(2*t)/t,'--')\n",
+ "ylim( (-6,6) )\n",
+ "ylabel('Vo')\n",
+ "xlabel('t')\n",
+ "title('Output Waveform')\n",
+ "annotate(\"Clipping level\",xy=(0.575,2))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 33.6 , Page Number 861"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x61a9b30>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYQAAAEZCAYAAACXRVJOAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\n",
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x6196530>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import xlim,ylim,plot,title,xlabel,ylabel\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables \n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vp = 10.0 #Peak to peak voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vi = 4.0 #Input voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Vo = 1.0 #Maximum output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(0,11,400)\n",
+ "y = numpy.sin(x)\n",
+ "xlim((0,14))\n",
+ "ylim((0,3))\n",
+ "plot(x,5*y - 4)\n",
+ "plot(x,x-x+1,\"--\")\n",
+ "title(\"Output waveform\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"t\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"Vo\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 33.7 , Page Number 862"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Following is the graph :\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Annotation at 0x7ed13b0>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYQAAAEZCAYAAACXRVJOAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\nMcaYgCUEY4wxAPw/JbNFykf5N3IAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n",
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7e73810>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,ylim,ylabel,xlabel,title,annotate\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vp = 10.0 #Peak-to-peak voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Following is the graph :\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "t = numpy.arange(0.001, 2.0, 0.005)\n",
+ "y = numpy.sin(2*math.pi*t)\n",
+ "plot(t, 5*y)\n",
+ "plot(t,(-3*t)/t,'--')\n",
+ "ylim( (-6,6) )\n",
+ "ylabel('Vo')\n",
+ "xlabel('t')\n",
+ "title('Output Waveform')\n",
+ "annotate(\"Clipping level\",xy=(0.575,-2.9))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 33.8 , Page Number 866"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Following is the output :\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x7cc8310>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYQAAAEZCAYAAACXRVJOAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\nSUVORK5CYII=\n",
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7caa690>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,ylim,ylabel,xlabel,title\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vp = 5.0 #Peak voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vpos = 3.0 #Positive clipping voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Vneg = -2.0 #Negative clipping voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Following is the output :\"\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "t = numpy.arange(0.001, 2.0, 0.005)\n",
+ "y = numpy.sin(2*math.pi*t)\n",
+ "plot(t, 5*y)\n",
+ "plot(t,(3*t)/t,'--')\n",
+ "plot(t,(-2*t)/t,'--')\n",
+ "ylim( (-6,6) )\n",
+ "ylabel('Vo')\n",
+ "xlabel('t')\n",
+ "title('Output Waveform')"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 33.9 , Page Number 866"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Output waveform is as follows :\n",
+ "The parts below and above the clipping levels are clipped off.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x7d25710>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYoAAAEZCAYAAACJjGL9AAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\nyJEW5s0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n",
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x798b430>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,ylim,xlabel,ylabel,title\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vp = 10.0 #Peak-to-peak voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vpos = 3.0 #Positive clipping voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Vneg = -2.0 #Negative clipping voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Output waveform is as follows :\\nThe parts below and above the clipping levels are clipped off.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "t = numpy.arange(0.001, 2.0, 0.005)\n",
+ "y = numpy.sin(2*math.pi*t)\n",
+ "plot(t, 10*y)\n",
+ "plot(t,(-2*t)/t,'--')\n",
+ "plot(t,(3*t)/t,'--')\n",
+ "ylim( (-11,11) )\n",
+ "ylabel('Vo')\n",
+ "xlabel('t')\n",
+ "title('Output Waveform')"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 33.10 , Page Number 866"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The value of R1 is 5.3 kilo-ohm.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x76bb7f0>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYIAAAEZCAYAAACaWyIJAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\nrkJggg==\n",
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x6827490>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,ylim,xlabel,ylabel,title\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vp = 8.0 #Peak voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "Vo = 2.7 #Maximum acceptance voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Io = 1.0 * 10**-3 #maximum output current (in Ampere)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VR1 = Vp - Vo #Maximum voltage drop across R1 (in volts) \n",
+ "R1min = VR1 / Io #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The value of R1 is \",R1min * 10**-3,\" kilo-ohm.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "k = numpy.arange(0.0001, 5.0, 0.0005)\n",
+ "k1= numpy.arange(5.0, 10.0, 0.0005)\n",
+ "k2= numpy.arange(10.0, 15.0, 0.0005)\n",
+ "k3= numpy.arange(15.0, 20.0, 0.0005)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "m=numpy.arange(-2.7,2.7, 0.0005)\n",
+ "x1=(0.001*m)/m\n",
+ "x5=(5*m)/m\n",
+ "x10=(10*m)/m\n",
+ "x15=(15*m)/m\n",
+ "\n",
+ "plot(k,-2.7*k/k,'b')\n",
+ "plot(k1,2.7*k1/k1,'b')\n",
+ "plot(k2,-2.7*k2/k2,'b')\n",
+ "plot(k3,2.7*k3/k3,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x1,m,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x5,m,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x10,m,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x15,m,'b')\n",
+ "ylim( (-5,5) )\n",
+ "ylabel('Vo')\n",
+ "xlabel('t')\n",
+ "title('Output')"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 33.11 , Page Number 868"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x769e750>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAXsAAAEZCAYAAAB2AoVaAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\nAaTWw6sIdNJsAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\n",
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x63429b0>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,ylim,title,xlabel,ylabel\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vp = 10.0 #Peak voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vi = 3.0 #Input voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "Vo = Vi - 2.0 #Output voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "t = numpy.linspace(0,2,100)\n",
+ "t1 = numpy.linspace(2,4,100)\n",
+ "t2 = numpy.linspace(4,9,100)\n",
+ "t3 = numpy.linspace(9,11,100)\n",
+ "t4 = numpy.linspace(11,21,100)\n",
+ "t5 = numpy.linspace(21,23,100)\n",
+ "t6 = numpy.linspace(23,28,100)\n",
+ "t7 = numpy.linspace(28,30,100)\n",
+ "t8 = numpy.linspace(30,32,100)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ylim((0,5))\n",
+ "plot(t1,0.5*t1 -1,'b')\n",
+ "plot(t2,(1*t2)/t2,'b')\n",
+ "plot(t3,1 -0.5*(t3-9))\n",
+ "plot(t5,0.5*(t5-21),'b')\n",
+ "plot(t6,(1*t6)/t6,'b')\n",
+ "plot(t7,1-0.5*(t7-28),'b')\n",
+ "plot(t8,(0*t8/t8),'b')\n",
+ "title(\"Output waveform\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"time (t) ->\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"Output voltage (Vo) ->\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 33.12 , Page Number 869"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x63b38b0>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYAAAAEZCAYAAACervI0AAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\npvtxRpEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n",
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x61964f0>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import ylim,xlim,plot,title,xlabel,ylabel\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "VSmax = 20.0 #peak voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "VD2 = 0.7 #Voltage drop across diode D2 (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vomin = 5.0 - VD2 #Minimum output voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "Vomax = 10.7 #Maximum output voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "t = numpy.linspace(0,4,100)\n",
+ "t1 = numpy.linspace(4,10,100)\n",
+ "t2 = numpy.linspace(10,20,100)\n",
+ "t3 = numpy.linspace(20,24,100)\n",
+ "t4 = numpy.linspace(24,30,100)\n",
+ "t5 = numpy.linspace(30,40,100)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ylim((0,15))\n",
+ "xlim((0,40))\n",
+ "plot(t,4.3+t-t,'b')\n",
+ "plot(t1,4.3 + 6.4/6*(t1 - 4))\n",
+ "plot(t2,(10.7)+t2-t2,'b')\n",
+ "plot(t3,(4.3+t3)-t3,'b')\n",
+ "plot(t4,4.3 + 6.4/6*(t4 - 24),'b')\n",
+ "plot(t5,(10.7)+t5-t5,'b')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "title(\"Output waveform\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"t (in ms) ->\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"Vo (in volt) ->\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 33.13 , Page Number 872"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x6594970>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAX4AAAEZCAYAAACQK04eAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\npMio8IuIFBkVfhGRIvP/oMiPFSU8spUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n",
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x625a790>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,xlabel,ylabel,title\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vp = 48.0 #Peak-to-peak voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(0,2 * math.pi,100)\n",
+ "y = numpy.sin(x)\n",
+ "plot(x,24 + 24*y)\n",
+ "plot(x,(24)+x-x,'--')\n",
+ "xlabel(\"Time(t)\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"Output voltage (Vo)\")\n",
+ "title(\"Output waveform\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 33.14 , Page Number 872"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x64a0b30>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYoAAAEZCAYAAACJjGL9AAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\nRU5ErkJggg==\n",
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x6264e10>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,ylim,xlabel,ylabel,title,subplot\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vi = 10.0 #Input a.c. voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Positive Clipping\n",
+ "subplot(211)\n",
+ "k1= numpy.arange(0.0001, 0.500, 0.0005)\n",
+ "k2= numpy.arange(0.500, 1.000, 0.0005)\n",
+ "k3= numpy.arange(1.000,1.500, 0.0005)\n",
+ "k4= numpy.arange(1.500,2.000, 0.0005)\n",
+ "m = numpy.arange(-10,10,0.0005)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x5=(0.0500*m)/m\n",
+ "x10=(0.500*m)/m\n",
+ "x15=(1.000*m)/m\n",
+ "x25=(1.500*m)/m\n",
+ "\n",
+ "plot(k1,10*k1/k1,'b')\n",
+ "plot(k2,-10*k2/k2,'b')\n",
+ "plot(k3,10*k3/k3,'b')\n",
+ "plot(k4,-10*k4/k4,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x10,m,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x15,m,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x25,m,'b')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ylim( (-12,12) )\n",
+ "ylabel('Vo')\n",
+ "xlabel('Positive Clipping')\n",
+ "title('Output Waveform 1')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Negative Clipping\n",
+ "subplot(212)\n",
+ "k1= numpy.arange(0.0001, 0.500, 0.0005)\n",
+ "k2= numpy.arange(0.500, 1.000, 0.0005)\n",
+ "k3= numpy.arange(1.000,1.500, 0.0005)\n",
+ "k4= numpy.arange(1.500,2.000, 0.0005)\n",
+ "m = numpy.arange(-20,0,0.0005)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x5=(0.500*m)/m\n",
+ "x10=(0.500*m)/m\n",
+ "x15=(1.000*m)/m\n",
+ "x25=(1.500*m)/m\n",
+ "\n",
+ "plot(k1,0*k1/k1,'b')\n",
+ "plot(k2,-20*k2/k2,'b')\n",
+ "plot(k3,0*k3/k3,'b')\n",
+ "plot(k4,-20*k4/k4,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x10,m,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x15,m,'b')\n",
+ "plot(x25,m,'b')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ylim( (-22,0) )\n",
+ "ylabel('Vo')\n",
+ "xlabel('t')\n",
+ "title('Output Waveform 2')"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.10"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter34_4.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter34_4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cb56befb --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter34_4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,119 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:3fc338a030e4c2c109e9bc75c84604c2cf87b091971f96fe505c5b211472f4a5" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 34 , Time Base Circuits" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 34.1, Page Number 883" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R = 100.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "C = 0.4 * 10**-6 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n", + "n = 0.57 #Ratio of peak-peak voltage to the supply voltage \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "f = 1 / (2.3 * R * C * math.log10(1/(1-n))) #Frequency (in Hertz) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Frequency of sweep is \",round(f,2),\" Hz.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Slight variation due to higher precision." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Frequency of sweep is 29.66 Hz.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 16 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 34.2 , Page Number 883" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "n = 0.62 #Ratio of peak-peak voltage to the supply voltage \n", + "R = 5.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "C = 0.05 * 10**-6 #Capacitor (in Farad)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "T = 2.3 * R * C * math.log10(1/(1-n)) #Time period of oscillation (in seconds)\n", + "f = 1/T #Frequency of oscillation (in Hertz) \n", + "f1 = 50.0 #New frequency (in Hertz)\n", + "T1 = 1/f1 #New time period of oscillation (in seconds)\n", + "R1 = T1 / (2.3 * C * math.log10(1/(1-n))) #New Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "f2 = 50.0 #Another new frequency (in Hertz)\n", + "C2 = 0.5 * 10**-6 #Capacitance (in Farad) \n", + "T2 = 1/f2 #Another new time period (in seconds)\n", + "R2 = T2 / (2.3 * C2 * math.log10(1/(1-n))) #New Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The time period and frequency of oscillation in case 1 is \",round(T * 10**3,2),\" ms and \",round(f),\" Hz.\"\n", + "print \"New value of R is \",round(R1 * 10**-3),\" kilo-ohm.\"\n", + "print \"Value of R with C is 0.5 micro-Farad is \",round(R2 * 10**-3,1),\" kilo-ohm.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The time period and frequency of oscillation in case 1 is 0.24 ms and 4139.0 Hz.\n", + "New value of R is 414.0 kilo-ohm.\n", + "Value of R with C is 0.5 micro-Farad is 41.4 kilo-ohm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 17 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter35_4.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter35_4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3c5c201e --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter35_4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,653 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Chapter 35 , Operational Amplifiers (OP - Amps)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 35.1 , Page Number 895"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The common-mode rejection ratio is 90.0 dB.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Adm = 200000.0 #Differential gain\n",
+ "Acm = 6.33 #Common mode gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "CMRR = 20 * math.log10(Adm / Acm) #Common-mode rejection ratio (in Decibels) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The common-mode rejection ratio is \",round(CMRR),\" dB.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 35.2 , Page Number 896"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The common-mode gain is 0.949 .\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "CMRR = 90.0 #Common-mode rejection ratio (in Decibels)\n",
+ "Adm = 30000.0 #Differential gain\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Acm = 10**(-CMRR/20.0) * Adm #Common-mode gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The common-mode gain is \",round(Acm,3),\".\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 35.3 , Page Number 896"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The maximum operating frequency for the amplifier is 796.0 kHz.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Slew_rate = 0.5 * 10**6 #Slew rate (in volt per second)\n",
+ "Vpk = 100.0 * 10**-3 #Peak-to-peak voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "fmax = Slew_rate / (2 * math.pi * Vpk) #Maximum operating frequency (in Hertz)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The maximum operating frequency for the amplifier is \",round(fmax * 10**-3),\" kHz.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 35.4 , Page Number 896"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The maximum operating frequency for TLO 741 is 7.958 kHz.\n",
+ "The maximum opearing frequency for TLO 81 is 206.9 kHz.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Slew_rate1 = 0.5 * 10**6 #Slew rate (in volt per second)\n",
+ "Slew_rate2 = 13.0 * 10**6 #Slew rate (in volt per second)\n",
+ "Vpk = 10.0 #Peak-to-peak voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "fmax = Slew_rate1 / (2 * math.pi * Vpk) #Maximum operating frequency1 (in Hertz)\n",
+ "fmax1 = Slew_rate2 / (2 * math.pi * Vpk) #Maximum operating frequency2 (in Hertz)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The maximum operating frequency for TLO 741 is \",round(fmax * 10**-3,3),\" kHz.\\nThe maximum opearing frequency for TLO 81 is \",round(fmax1 * 10**-3,1),\" kHz.\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Slight variation due to higher precision."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 35.5 , Page Number 899"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Maximum allowable input voltage (Vin) is 40.0 mV.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ACL = 200.0 #Closed loop voltage gain\n",
+ "Vout = 8.0 #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vin = - Vout / ACL #Input a.c. voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Maximum allowable input voltage (Vin) is \",abs(Vin * 10**3),\" mV.\" "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 35.6 , Page Number 900"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The maximum possible output value could be between 10.0 V and -10.0 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ACL = 150.0 #Closed loop voltage gain\n",
+ "Vin = 200.0 * 10**-3 #Input a.c. voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "V = 12.0 #Voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vout = ACL * Vin #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Vpkplus = V -2.0 #maximum positive peak voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Vpkneg = -V + 2.0 #maximum negative peagk voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The maximum possible output value could be between \",Vpkplus,\" V and \",Vpkneg,\" V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 35.7 , Page Number 900"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The value of output voltage increases from 1.0 V to 4.0 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R1 = 1.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in volts)\n",
+ "R2 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in volts)\n",
+ "vinmin = 0.1 #Input voltage minimum (in volts)\n",
+ "vinmax = 0.4 #Input voltage maximum (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ACL = R2 / R1 #Closed loop voltage gain\n",
+ "Voutmin = ACL * vinmin #Minimum output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Voutmax = ACL * vinmax #Maximum output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The value of output voltage increases from \",Voutmin,\" V to \",Voutmax,\" V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 35.8 , Page Number 901"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Output voltage of the inverting amplifier is 2.0 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R1 = 1.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 2.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "V1 = 1.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ACL = R2 / R1 #Closed loop voltage gain \n",
+ "vo = ACL * V1 #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Output voltage of the inverting amplifier is \",vo,\" V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 35.9 , Page Number 901"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Closed-loop gain is 10.0 .\n",
+ "Input impedance is 10.0 kilo-ohm.\n",
+ "Output impedance is 80.0 ohm.\n",
+ "Common-mode rejection ratio is 10000.0 .\n",
+ "Maximum operating frequency is 15.9 kHz.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R2 = 100.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R1 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "ACM = 0.001 #Common-mode gain \n",
+ "Slew_rate = 0.5 * 10**6 #Slew rate (in volt per second) \n",
+ "Vpk = 5.0 #Peak voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ACL = R2 / R1 #Closed loop voltage gain\n",
+ "Zin = R1 #Input impedance of the circuit (in ohm)\n",
+ "Zout = 80.0 #Output impedance of the circuit (in ohm)\n",
+ "CMRR = ACL / ACM #Common mode rejection ratio \n",
+ "fmax = Slew_rate / (2*math.pi*Vpk) #Maximum frequency (in Hertz)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Closed-loop gain is \",ACL,\".\\nInput impedance is \",Zin * 10**-3,\" kilo-ohm.\\nOutput impedance is \",Zout,\" ohm.\\nCommon-mode rejection ratio is \",CMRR,\".\\nMaximum operating frequency is \",round(fmax * 10**-3,1),\" kHz.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 35.10 , Page Number 904"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Closed loop gain is 11.0 .\n",
+ "CMRR is 11000.0 .\n",
+ "Maximum operating frequency is 14.47 kHz.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R2 = 100.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R1 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "Slew_rate = 0.5 * 10**6 #Slew rate (in volt per second) \n",
+ "Vpk = 5.5 #Peak voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "RL = 10.0 * 10**3 #Load resistance (in ohm) \n",
+ "ACM = 0.001 #Common mode gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ACL = (1 + R2/R1) #Closed loop voltage gain \n",
+ "CMRR = ACL / ACM #Common-mode rejection ratio \n",
+ "vin = 1.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Vout = ACL * vin #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Vpk = 5.5 #Peak-to-peak voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "fmax = Slew_rate/(2*math.pi*Vpk) #Maximum frequency (in Hertz)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Closed loop gain is \",ACL,\".\\nCMRR is \",CMRR,\".\\nMaximum operating frequency is \",round(fmax * 10**-3,2),\" kHz.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 35.11 , Page Number 905"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "ACL is 1.0 .\n",
+ "CMRR is 1000.0 .\n",
+ "fmax is 26.5 kHz.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ACL = 1.0 #Closed loop gain\n",
+ "Acm = 0.001 #Common mode gain \n",
+ "Slew_rate = 0.5 * 10**6 #Slew rate (in Volt per second)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "CMRR = ACL / Acm #Common-mode rejection ratio \n",
+ "vin = 1.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Vout = ACL * vin #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "Vpk = 3.0 #Peak-to-peak voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "fmax = Slew_rate/(2*math.pi*Vpk) #Maximum frequency (in Hertz)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"ACL is \",ACL,\".\\nCMRR is \",CMRR,\".\\nfmax is \",round(fmax * 10**-3,1),\" kHz.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 35.12 , Page Number 906"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 12,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Output voltage is 3.52 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V1 = 0.1 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "V2 = 1.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "V3 = 0.5 #Voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "R1 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R3 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R4 = 22.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vout = (-R4/R1*V1) + (-R4/R2*V2) + (-R4/R3*V3) #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Output voltage is \",abs(Vout),\" V.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 35.13 , Page Number 907"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x64f0810>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYkAAAEZCAYAAABiu9n+AAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\n",
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x6306df0>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,ylabel,xlabel,title\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#V1 = 2 * sin(wt) #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "V2 = 5.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "V3 = -100.0 * 10**-3 #Voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Vo = 4 * V1 + V2 + 0.1 * V3 #Output voltage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Graph\n",
+ "\n",
+ "x = numpy.linspace(0,10,200)\n",
+ "y = numpy.sin(x)\n",
+ "plot(x,-15 + 8*y)\n",
+ "plot(x,x-x-15,'')\n",
+ "title(\"output waveform\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"output voltage (Vo)\")\n",
+ "xlabel(\"t\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 35.14 , Page Number 908"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Output voltage is 4.0 V.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variables\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V1 = -2.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "V2 = 2.0 #Voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "V3 = -1.0 #Voltage (in volts) \n",
+ "R1 = 200.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R2 = 250.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "R3 = 500.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "Rf = 1.0 * 10**6 #Resistance (in ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vout = (-Rf/R1*V1) + (-Rf/R2*V2) + (-Rf/R3*V3) #Output voltage (in volts)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Output voltage is \",Vout,\" V.\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.10"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter36_4.ipynb b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter36_4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..82205bce --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/chapter36_4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,195 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:18142c4d926311a435ed592a7ec40be6e57bd0d23bda115aad3c84afb60326d1" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 36 , Basic Op-Amp Applications" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 36.1 , Page Number 920" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R1 = 1.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "R2 = 100.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "f1 = 159.0 #Frequency (in Hertz)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "C = 1.0/(2*math.pi*R2*f1) #Capacitance (in Farad) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Capacitance required in the circuit is \",round(C * 10**6,2),\" micro-Farad.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Capacitance required in the circuit is 0.01 micro-Farad.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 36.2 , Page Number 921" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R1 = 1.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Rf = 51.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "Cf = 0.01 * 10**-6 #Capacitance (in Farad)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "f = 1.0/(2*math.pi*Rf*Cf) #Frequency (in Hertz)\n", + "fmin = 10* f #Minimum frequency required (in Hertz) \n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The cut-off frequency of an integrator circuit is \",round(f),\" Hz.\"\n", + "print \"Minimum non-linear operating frequency is \",round(fmin),\" Hz.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Printing mistake about the value of Cf. It should be 0.01 micro-Farad." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The cut-off frequency of an integrator circuit is 312.0 Hz.\n", + "Minimum non-linear operating frequency is 3121.0 Hz.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 36.3 , Page Number 922" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R1 = 10.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "C1 = 0.01 * 10**-6 #Capacitor (in Farad)\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "f2 = 1.0/(2*math.pi*R1*C1) #Frequency (in Hertz)\n", + "fmax = f2 / 10.0 #Maximum linear operating freqeuncy (in Hertz)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"Cut-off frequency is \",round(f2,1),\" Hz.\"\n", + "print \"Maximum linear operating frequency is \",round(fmax),\" Hz.\"\n", + "\n", + "#Printing mistake in book about the value of f2." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Cut-off frequency is 1591.5 Hz.\n", + "Maximum linear operating frequency is 159.0 Hz.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 36.4 , Page Number 924" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Variables\n", + "\n", + "R1 = R2 = 51.0 * 10**3 #Resistance (in ohm)\n", + "C1 = C2 = C = 0.001 * 10**-6 #Capacitance (in Farad) \n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "\n", + "fo = 1.0/(2*math.pi*R1*C1) #Resonant frequency (in Hertz)\n", + "\n", + "#Result\n", + "\n", + "print \"The frequency of oscillations is \",round(fo,1),\" Hz.\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The frequency of oscillations is 3120.7 Hz.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/screenshots/Clipper_waveform_3.png b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/screenshots/Clipper_waveform_3.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..e07115cd --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/screenshots/Clipper_waveform_3.png diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/screenshots/Gate_to_Source_Voltage_vs_Drain_Current_3.png b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/screenshots/Gate_to_Source_Voltage_vs_Drain_Current_3.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..22df6b70 --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/screenshots/Gate_to_Source_Voltage_vs_Drain_Current_3.png diff --git a/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/screenshots/transconductance_curve_3.png b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/screenshots/transconductance_curve_3.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..5acc571a --- /dev/null +++ b/A_Textbook_of_Applied_Electronics_by_R_S_Sedha/screenshots/transconductance_curve_3.png diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_(volume_-_2)_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/ch1_5.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_(volume_-_2)_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/ch1_5.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ae565265 --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_(volume_-_2)_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/ch1_5.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1092 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:b4a0f0559d297d7743b1fffa63bdc97b5eb29843c8d1e8453183351781436bcb" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 1 : De Broglie Matter Waves" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.1 Page No3" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#given that\n", + "M = 6e24 # Mass of earth in Kg\n", + "v = 3e4 # Orbital velocity of earth in m/s\n", + "h = 6.625e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "\n", + "lambda1 = h/(M*v) # calculation of de Broglie wavelength\n", + "\n", + "print \" de Broglie wavelength of earth is %e m.\"%(lambda1)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " de Broglie wavelength of earth is 3.680556e-63 m.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.2 Page No4" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#given that\n", + "M = 1. # Mass of object in Kg\n", + "v = 10. # velocity of object in m/s\n", + "h = 6.625e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "\n", + "lambda1 = h/(M*v) # calculation of de Broglie wavelength\n", + "\n", + "print \" de Broglie wavelength of body is %e m.\"%(lambda1)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " de Broglie wavelength of body is 6.625000e-35 m.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.3 Page No7" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "# Given that\n", + "m = 1e-30 # Mass of any object in Kg\n", + "v = 1e5 # velocity of object in m/s\n", + "h = 6.625e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "\n", + "lambda1 = h/(m*v) # calculation of de Broglie wavelength\n", + "\n", + "print \" de Broglie wavelength of body is %e m.\"%(lambda1)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " de Broglie wavelength of body is 6.625000e-09 m.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 9 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.4 Page No11" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "# Given that\n", + "KE = 4.55e-25 # Kinetic energy of an electron in Joule\n", + "m = 9.1e-31 # Mass of any object in Kg\n", + "h = 6.62e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "\n", + "v = math.sqrt(2*KE/m) # Calculation of velocity of moving electron\n", + "p = m*v #Calculation of momentum of moving electron\n", + "lambda1 = h/p # calculation of de Broglie wavelength\n", + "print \" velocity of electron is %e m/s.\"%(v)\n", + "print \" momentum of electron is %e Kgm/s.\"%(p)\n", + "print \" de Broglie wavelength of electron is %e m.\"%(lambda1)\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " velocity of electron is 1.000000e+03 m/s.\n", + " momentum of electron is 9.100000e-28 Kgm/s.\n", + " de Broglie wavelength of electron is 7.274725e-07 m.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 11 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.5 Page No14" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#Given that\n", + "c = 3.e8 # speed of light in m/s\n", + "v = c/20 # Speed of proton in m/s\n", + "m = 1.67e-27 # Mass of proton in Kg\n", + "h = 6.625e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "\n", + "lambda1 = h/(m*v) # calculation of de Broglie wavelength\n", + "print \" de Broglie wavelength of proton is %e m.\"%(lambda1)\n", + "# Answer in book is 6.645e-14m which is a calculation mistake\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " de Broglie wavelength of proton is 2.644711e-14 m.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.6 Page No14" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#Given that\n", + "e = 12.8 # Energy of neutron in MeV\n", + "c = 3e8 # speed of light in m/s\n", + "m = 1.675e-27 # Mass of neutron in Kg\n", + "h = 6.62e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "rest_e = m*c**2/(1e6*1.6e-19)# rest mass energy of neutron in MeV\n", + "if e/rest_e < 0.015 :\n", + " E = e;\n", + "else:\n", + " E = rest_e +e;\n", + "\n", + "lambda1 = h/(math.sqrt(2*m*e*1e6*1.6e-19)) # calculation of de Broglie wavelength\n", + "\n", + "print \" de Broglie wavelength of neutron is %e angstrom.\"%( lambda1*1e10)\n", + "# Answer in book is 8.04e-5 angstrom which is misprinted\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " de Broglie wavelength of neutron is 7.992279e-05 angstrom.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 15 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.7 Page No15" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#Given that\n", + "e = 1.632e-19 # charge on electron in coulomb\n", + "V = 50 # Applied voltage in volts\n", + "m = 9.1e-31 # Mass of electron in Kg\n", + "h = 6.62e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "\n", + "lambda1 = h/(math.sqrt(2*e*V*m)) # calculation of de Broglie wavelength\n", + "print \" de Broglie wavelength of neutron is %f angstrom.\"%( lambda1*1e10)\n", + "# Answer in book is 1.735 angstrom which is misprinted\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " de Broglie wavelength of neutron is 1.717818 angstrom.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 16 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.9 Page No18" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#Given that\n", + "e = 1.6e-19 # charge on electron in coulomb\n", + "V = 54 # Applied voltage in volts\n", + "m = 9.1e-31 # Mass of electron in Kg\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "\n", + "lambda1 = h/(math.sqrt(2*e*V*m)) # calculation of de Broglie wavelength\n", + "print \" de Broglie wavelength of neutron is %f angstrom.\"%( lambda1*1e10)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " de Broglie wavelength of neutron is 1.671941 angstrom.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 17 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.10 Page No21" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#Given that\n", + "E = 10 # Energy of electron in KeV\n", + "m_e = 9.1e-31 # Mass of electron in Kg\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "\n", + "v = math.sqrt(2*E*1.6e-16/m_e) # Calculation of velocity of moving electron\n", + "p = m_e*v #Calculation of momentum of moving electron\n", + "lambda1 = h/p # calculation of de Broglie wavelength\n", + "print \" velocity of electron is %0.2e m/s.\"%(v)\n", + "print \" momentum of electron is %.3e Kgm/s.\"%(p)\n", + "print \" de Broglie wavelength of electron is %.2f angstrom.\"%( lambda1*1e10)\n", + " # Answers in book are v = 5.93e6 m/s, p = 5.397e-24 kgm/s, lambda = 1.23 angstrom\n", + "# Which is due to wrong calculation\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " velocity of electron is 5.93e+07 m/s.\n", + " momentum of electron is 5.396e-23 Kgm/s.\n", + " de Broglie wavelength of electron is 0.12 angstrom.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 19 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.11 Page No22" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#Given that\n", + "lambda1 = 1. # de Broglie wavelength of neutron in angstrom\n", + "m = 1.67e-27 # Mass of electron in Kg\n", + "h = 6.62e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "\n", + "v = h/(m*lambda1*1e-10) # Calculation of velocity of moving neutron\n", + "E = 1./2*m*v**2 # Calculation of kinetic energy of moving neutron\n", + "print \" velocity of neutron is %e m/s.\"%(v)\n", + "print \" Kinetic energy of neutron is %f eV.\"%(E/1.6e-19)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " velocity of neutron is 3.964072e+03 m/s.\n", + " Kinetic energy of neutron is 0.082007 eV.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 21 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.12 Page No26" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Given that\n", + "E = 2 # Energy of accelerated electron in KeV\n", + "m = 9.1e-31 # Mass of electron in Kg\n", + "h = 6.62e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "\n", + "lambda1 = h/math.sqrt(2*m*E*1e3*1.6e-19) # Calculation of velocity of moving electron\n", + "print \" Wavelength of electron is %e m.\"%(lambda1)\n", + "# Answer in book is 2.74e-12m\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " Wavelength of electron is 2.743136e-11 m.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 23 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.13 Page No28" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Given that\n", + "v = 2e8 # speed of moving proton in m/s\n", + "c = 3e8 # speed of light in m/s\n", + "m = 1.67e-27 # Mass of proton in Kg\n", + "h = 6.62e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "\n", + "lambda1 = h/(m*v/math.sqrt(1-(v/c)**2)) # Calculation of velocity of moving electron\n", + "print \" Wavelength of electron is %e angstrom.\"%( lambda1*1e10)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " Wavelength of electron is 1.477322e-05 angstrom.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 24 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.14 Page No30" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#given that\n", + "lambda1 = 1.# wavelength in m/s\n", + "m_e = 9.1e-31 # Mass of electron in Kg\n", + "m_p = 1.67e-27 # Mass of proton in kg\n", + "c = 3e8 # speed of light in m/s\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "\n", + "p_p = h/(lambda1*1e-10) # Momentum of photon\n", + "p_e = h/(lambda1*1e-10) # Momentum of electron\n", + "E_e = p_e**2/(2*m_e) +m_e*c**2 # Total energy of electron\n", + "E_p = h*c/(lambda1*1e-10) # Total energy of photon\n", + "K_e = p_e**2/(2*m_e) # Kinetic energy of electron \n", + "K_p = h*c/(lambda1*1e-10)# Kinetic energy of photon\n", + "r_K = K_e/K_p # Ratio of kinetic energies\n", + "print \" Momentum of photon is %e Kgm/s while Momentum of electron is %e Kgm/s which are equal.\"%(p_p,p_e)\n", + "print \" Total Energy of photon is %f KeV while Total Energy of electron is %f MeV \"%(E_p/1.6e-19*1e3,(E_e/1.6e-19*1e6))\n", + "print \" Ratio of kinetic energies is %e \"%(r_K)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " Momentum of photon is 6.630000e-24 Kgm/s while Momentum of electron is 6.630000e-24 Kgm/s which are equal.\n", + " Total Energy of photon is 12431250.000000 KeV while Total Energy of electron is 512025950892.857117 MeV \n", + " Ratio of kinetic energies is 1.214286e-02 \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 32 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.15 Page No31" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#Given that\n", + "e = 25 # Energy of neutron in eV\n", + "c = 3e8 # speed of light in m/s\n", + "m = 1.67e-27 # Mass of neutron in Kg\n", + "h = 6.62e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "\n", + "rest_e = m*c**2/(1e6*1.6e-19)# rest mass energy of neutron in MeV\n", + "if e/rest_e < 0.015:\n", + " E = e;\n", + "else:\n", + " E = rest_e +e;\n", + "\n", + "lambda1 = h/(math.sqrt(2*m*e*1.6e-19)) # calculation of de Broglie wavelength\n", + "print \" de Broglie wavelength of neutron is %f angstrom.\"%( lambda1*1e10)\n", + "# Answer in book is 8.04e-5 angstrom \n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " de Broglie wavelength of neutron is 0.057274 angstrom.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 33 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.16 Page No36" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#Given that\n", + "e = 2*1.6e-19 # charge on alpha particle in coulomb\n", + "V = 200 # Applied voltage in volts\n", + "m = 4*1.67e-27 # Mass of alpha particle in Kg\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "\n", + "lambda1 = h/(math.sqrt(2*e*V*m)) # calculation of de Broglie wavelength\n", + "print \" de Broglie wavelength of neutron is %f angstrom.\"%( lambda1*1e10)\n", + "# while answer in book is 0.00715 angstrom\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " de Broglie wavelength of neutron is 0.007170 angstrom.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 34 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.17 Page No41" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#Given that\n", + "M = 20 # Mass of ball in Kg\n", + "V = 5 # velocity of of ball in m/s\n", + "m = 9.1e-31 #Mass of electron in Kg\n", + "v = 1e6 # velocity of of electron in m/s\n", + "h = 6.62e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "\n", + "lambda_b = h/(M*V) # calculation of de Broglie wavelength for ball\n", + "lambda_e = h/(m*v) # calculation of de Broglie wavelength electron\n", + "print \" de Broglie wavelength of ball is %e angstrom.\"%(lambda_b*1e10)\n", + "print \" de Broglie wavelength of electron is %f angstrom.\"%(lambda_e*1e10)\n", + "# answer in book is 6.62e-22 angstrom for ball\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " de Broglie wavelength of ball is 6.620000e-26 angstrom.\n", + " de Broglie wavelength of electron is 7.274725 angstrom.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 35 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.18 Page No44" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#Given that\n", + "E = 1 # Energy of neutron in eV\n", + "m = 1.67e-27 # Mass of neutron in Kg\n", + "h = 6.62e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "lambda1 = h/math.sqrt(2*m*E*1.6e-19) # Calculation of velocity of moving electron\n", + "print \" Wavelength of electron is %f angstrom.\"%(lambda1*1e10)\n", + "# Answer in book is 6.62e-22 angstrom\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " Wavelength of electron is 0.286368 angstrom.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 36 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.19 Page No44" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#Given that\n", + "lambda1 = 0.5# wavelength of electron in angstrom\n", + "m = 9.1e-31 # Mass of electron in Kg\n", + "h = 6.62e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "q = 1.6e-19 # charge on electron in coulomb\n", + "\n", + "V = h**2/(2*m*q*(lambda1*1e-10)**2) # Calculation of velocity of moving electron\n", + "print \" Applied voltage on electron is %f V.\"%(V)\n", + "# Answer in book is 601.6 Volt\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " Applied voltage on electron is 601.983516 V.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 37 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.21 Page No46" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#Given that\n", + "k = 8.6e-5 # Boltzmann consmath.tant\n", + "t = 37 # Temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "h = 6.62e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "m = 1.67e-27 # Mass of neutron\n", + "\n", + "lambda1 = h/math.sqrt(3*m*(k*1.6e-19)*(t+273))# Calculation of wavelength\n", + "print \" Wavelength of neutron at %d degree Celsius is %f angstrom.\"%(t,lambda1*1e10)\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " Wavelength of neutron at 37 degree Celsius is 1.432020 angstrom.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 38 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.22 Page No49" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#Given that\n", + "k = 8.6e-5 # Boltzmann consmath.tant\n", + "t = 27 # Temperature in degree Celsius\n", + "h = 6.62e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "m = 6.7e-27 # Mass of helium atom\n", + "\n", + "lambda1 = h/math.sqrt(3*m*(k*1.6e-19)*(t+273))# Calculation of wavelength\n", + "print \" Wavelength of helium at %d degree Celsius is %f angstrom.\"%(t,lambda1*1e10)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " Wavelength of helium at 27 degree Celsius is 0.726758 angstrom.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 39 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.23 Page No50" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#Given that\n", + "E = 200. # energy of electrons in eV\n", + "x = 20. # dismath.tance of screen in cm\n", + "D = 2. # diameter of ring in cm\n", + "h = 6.62e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "m = 9.1e-31 # Mass of electron in kg\n", + "\n", + "lambda1 = h/math.sqrt(2*m*E*1.6e-19) # Calculation of wavelength\n", + "theta = (math.atan(D/(2*x)))\n", + "d = lambda1/(2*math.sin(theta))# calculation of interatomic spacing of crystal\n", + "print \" Interatomic spacing of crystal is %f angstrom.\"%(d*1e10)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " Interatomic spacing of crystal is 8.685393 angstrom.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 43 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.24 Page No52" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#Given that\n", + "r = 0.5 # Bohr radius of hydrogen in angstrom\n", + "m = 9.1e-31 # Mass of neutron in Kg\n", + "h = 6.6e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "v = h/(2*math.pi*r*1e-10*m) # velocity of electron in ground state\n", + "print \" Velocity of electron in ground state is %e m/s.\"%(v)\n", + "# Answer in book is 2.31e6 m/s\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " Velocity of electron in ground state is 2.308621e+06 m/s.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 45 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.25 Page No55" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#Given that\n", + "lambda1 = 5890 # wavelength of yellow radiation in angstrom\n", + "m = 9.1e-31 # Mass of neutron in Kg\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "v = h/(lambda1*1e-10*m) # velocity of electron in ground state\n", + "print \" Velocity of electron in ground state is %.2e m/s.\"%(v)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " Velocity of electron in ground state is 1.24e+03 m/s.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 49 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.26 Page No56" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#Given that\n", + "lambda1 = 2 # wavelength of neutron in angstrom\n", + "m = 1.67e-27 # Mass of neutron in Kg\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "v = h/(lambda1*1e-10*m) # velocity of neutron\n", + "k = 0.5*m*v**2 # Kinetic energy of neutron\n", + "print \" Velocity of neutron is %e m/s.\"%(v)\n", + "print \" Kinetic energy of neutron is %.3f eV.\"%(k/1.6e-19)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " Velocity of neutron is 1.985030e+03 m/s.\n", + " Kinetic energy of neutron is 0.021 eV.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 53 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.29 Page No61" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#given that\n", + "v1 = 50 # Previous applied voltage\n", + "v2 = 65 # final applied voltage\n", + "k = 12.28 \n", + "d = 0.91 # Spacing in a crystal in angstrom\n", + "print \"Example 1.29\"\n", + "\n", + "lambda1 = k/math.sqrt(v1)\n", + "theta= math.asin(lambda1/(2*d))# Angel for initial applied voltage\n", + "lambda1 = k/math.sqrt(v2)# wavelength for final applied voltage\n", + "theta1 = math.asin(lambda1/(2*d))# Angel for final applied voltage\n", + "print \" For first order, (sintheta) is %f For second order sintheta must be %f which is not possible \\\n", + "for any value of angle. So no maxima occur for higher orders \"%(math.sin(theta),2*math.sin(theta))\n", + "print \" Angle of diffraction for first order of beam is %f degree at %d Volts\"%(theta1*180/math.pi,v2)\n", + "# Answer in book is 57.14 degree\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 1.29\n", + " For first order, (sintheta) is 0.954206 For second order sintheta must be 1.908411 which is not possible for any value of angle. So no maxima occur for higher orders \n", + " Angle of diffraction for first order of beam is 56.813542 degree at 65 Volts\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 62 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.30 Page No62" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#Given that\n", + "lambda1 = 680 # Wavelength in m\n", + "g = 9.8 #Acceleration due to gravity\n", + "print \"Example 1.30\"\n", + "v_g = 1/2*math.sqrt(g*lambda1/(2*math.pi)) # Calculation of group velocity\n", + "print \" Group velocity of seawater waves is %f m/s.\"%(v_g)\n", + "# Answer in book is 16.29 m/s\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 1.30\n", + " Group velocity of seawater waves is 0.000000 m/s.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 63 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.32 Page No64" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#Given that\n", + "lambda1 = 2e-13 # de Broglie wavelength of an electron in m\n", + "c = 3e8 # Speed of light in m/s\n", + "m = 9.1e-31 # Mass of electron in Kg\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "print \"Example 1.32\"\n", + "E = h*c/(lambda1*1.6e-19) \n", + "E_rest = m*c**2/(1.6e-19) # Calculation of rest mass energy\n", + "E_total = math.sqrt(E**2+E_rest**2) # Total energy in eV\n", + "v_g = c*math.sqrt(1-(E_rest/E_total)**2) # Group velocity\n", + "v_p = c**2/v_g # Phase velocity\n", + "print \" Group velocity of de Broglie waves is %fc and phase velocity is %fc .\"%(v_g/c,v_p/c)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 1.32\n", + " Group velocity of de Broglie waves is 0.996626c and phase velocity is 1.003385c .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 65 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 1.33 Page No68" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#Given that\n", + "lambda1 = 2e-12 # de Broglie wavelength of an electron in m\n", + "c = 3e8 # Speed of light in m/s\n", + "m = 9.1e-31 # Mass of electron in Kg\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "print \"Example 1.33\"\n", + "E = h*c/(lambda1*1.6e-19) # Energy due to momentum\n", + "E_rest = m*c**2/(1.6e-19) # Calculation of rest mass energy\n", + "E_total = math.sqrt(E**2+E_rest**2) # Total energy in eV\n", + "KE = E_total - E_rest # Kinetic energy\n", + "v_g = c*math.sqrt(1-(E_rest/E_total)**2) # Group velocity\n", + "v_p = c**2/v_g # Phase velocity\n", + "\n", + "print \" Kinetic energy of electron is %f KeV.\"%(KE/1000)\n", + "print \" Group velocity of de Broglie waves is %fc m/s and phase velocity is %fc m/s.\"%(v_g/c,v_p/c)\n", + "# Answer in book is v_g = 0.6035c & v_p = 1.657c\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 1.33\n", + " Kinetic energy of electron is 293.330537 KeV.\n", + " Group velocity of de Broglie waves is 0.771930c m/s and phase velocity is 1.295454c m/s.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 67 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_(volume_-_2)_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/ch2_5.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_(volume_-_2)_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/ch2_5.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..dc4ec4d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_(volume_-_2)_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/ch2_5.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1017 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:5ca2861748d43d40b34516562fe47bc041c8b35f6ea545c8e5309115cbc73a04" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 2 : Uncertainty Principle and Schrodinger wave Equation" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.1 Page No71" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#given that\n", + "del_x = 0.2 # Uncertainty in position in angstrom\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "\n", + "print \"Example 2.1\"\n", + "h_bar = h / (2*math.pi) # consmath.tant\n", + "del_p = h_bar/(2*del_x*1e-10) # Calculation of uncertainty in momentum\n", + "print \" Uncertainty in momentum of particle is %e kgm/sec \"%(del_p)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 2.1\n", + " Uncertainty in momentum of particle is 2.637993e-24 kgm/sec \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.2 Page No75" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#given that\n", + "del_x = 4e-10 # Uncertainty in position in m\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "\n", + "print \"Example 2.2\"\n", + "h_bar = h / (2*math.pi) # consmath.tant\n", + "del_p = h_bar/(2*del_x) # Calculation of uncertainty in momentum\n", + "print \" Uncertainty in momentum of particle is %e kgm/sec.\"%(del_p)\n", + "# Answer in book is given as 1.32e-23 kgm/sec\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 2.2\n", + " Uncertainty in momentum of particle is 1.318997e-25 kgm/sec.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.3 Page No75" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + " \n", + "#given that\n", + "v = 3e7 # Velocity of moving electron in m/s\n", + "m = 9.1e-31 # mass of electron in kg\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "c = 3e8 # speed of light in m/s\n", + "print \"Example 2.3\"\n", + "h_bar = h / (2*math.pi) # consmath.tant\n", + "del_p = m*v/(math.sqrt(1-(v/c)**2)) # calculation of uncertainty in momentum\n", + "del_x = h_bar/(2*del_p) # Calculation of uncertainty in position\n", + "print \" Uncertainty in position of particle is %f angstrom.\"%(del_x*1e10)\n", + "#Answer in book is 0.0194 angstrom which is due to umath.sing approximate values at intermediate steps\n", + " \n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 2.3\n", + " Uncertainty in position of particle is 0.019229 angstrom.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.5 Page No80" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#given that\n", + "v = 1.05e4 # Velocity of moving electron in m/s\n", + "v_error = 0.02 #Percentage error in measurement of velocity\n", + "\n", + "m = 9e-31 # mass of electron in kg\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "print \"Example 2.5\"\n", + "h_bar = h / (2*math.pi) # consmath.tant\n", + "p = m*v\n", + "del_p = v_error*p/100 # calculation of uncertainty in momentum\n", + "del_x = h_bar/del_p\n", + "print \" Uncertainty in position of particle is %e m.\"%(del_x)\n", + "# Answer in book is given as 5.58e-3 m\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 2.5\n", + " Uncertainty in position of particle is 5.583054e-05 m.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.6 Page No82" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#given that\n", + "v = 600 # Velocity of moving electron in m/s\n", + "v_error = 0.005 #Percentage error in measurement of velocity\n", + "m = 9.1e-31 # mass of electron in kg\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "print \"Example 2.6\"\n", + "h_bar = h / (2*math.pi) # consmath.tant\n", + "p = m*v\n", + "del_p = v_error*p/100 # calculation of uncertainty in momentum\n", + "del_x = h_bar/(del_p) # Calculation of uncertainty in position\n", + "print \" Uncertainty in position of particle is %e m.\"%(del_x)\n", + "# Answer in book is 0.39e-2 m \n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 2.6\n", + " Uncertainty in position of particle is 3.865191e-03 m.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.7 Page No82" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#given that\n", + "del_x = 1 # let uncertainty in position is unity\n", + "m_e = 9.1e-31 # mass of electron in kg\n", + "m_p = 1.67e-27 # mass of proton in kg\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "print \"Example 2.7\"\n", + "h_bar = h / (2*math.pi) # consmath.tant\n", + "del_v_ratio = m_p/m_e # calculation in uncertainties in the velocity of electron and proton\n", + "print \" Ratio of uncertainties in the velocity of electron to proton is %d.\"%(del_v_ratio)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 2.7\n", + " Ratio of uncertainties in the velocity of electron to proton is 1835.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.8 Page No84" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#given that\n", + "r = 0.5 # radius of hydrogen atom in angstrom\n", + "m_e = 9.1e-31 # mass of electron in kg\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "print \"Example 2.8\"\n", + "h_bar = h / (2*math.pi) # consmath.tant\n", + "del_x = 2*r # calculation of uncertainty in position\n", + "del_p = h_bar/(2*del_x*1e-10) # calculation of uncertainty in momentum\n", + "p = del_p\n", + "E = p**2/(2*m_e*1.6e-19)# Calculation of energy in eV\n", + "print \" Kinetic energy needed by an electron to be confined in electron is %.f eV.\"%((E*100)/100)\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 2.8\n", + " Kinetic energy needed by an electron to be confined in electron is 1 eV.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 11 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.9 Page No89" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#given that\n", + "v = 5e3 # Velocity of moving electron in m/s\n", + "v_error = 0.003 #Percentage error in measurement of velocity\n", + "\n", + "m = 9.1e-31 # mass of electron in kg\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "print \"Example 2.9\"\n", + "h_bar = h / (2*math.pi) # consmath.tant\n", + "p = m*v\n", + "del_p = v_error*p/100 # calculation of uncertainty in momentum\n", + "del_x = h_bar/(2*del_p) # Calculation of uncertainty in position\n", + "print \" Uncertainty in position of particle is %e m.\"%(del_x)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 2.9\n", + " Uncertainty in position of particle is 3.865191e-04 m.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 12 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.10 Page No90" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + " \n", + "#given that\n", + "r = 0.53 # radius of hydrogen atom in angstrom\n", + "m_e = 9.1e-31 # mass of electron in kg\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "print \"Example 2.10\"\n", + "h_bar = h / (2*math.pi) # consmath.tant\n", + "del_x = 2*r # calculation of uncertainty in position\n", + "del_p = h_bar/(2*del_x*1e-10) # calculation of uncertainty in momentum\n", + "p = del_p\n", + "E = p**2/(2*m_e*1.6e-19)# Calculation of energy in eV\n", + "print \" Kinetic energy needed by an electron to be confined in electron is %f eV.\"%(E)\n", + "# When problem is solved by del_x*del_p = h_bar, then minimum value of kinetic energy will become 13.6eV\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 2.10\n", + " Kinetic energy needed by an electron to be confined in electron is 0.850754 eV.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.11 Page No92" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + " \n", + "#given that\n", + "del_t = 2.5e-14 # lifetime in exited state in micro sec\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "print \"Example 2.11\"\n", + "h_bar = h / (2*math.pi) # consmath.tant\n", + "del_E = h_bar/(1.6e-19*del_t*1e-6) # calculation of uncertainty in momentum\n", + "print \" Minimum error in measurement of energy of this state is %e eV.\"%(del_E)\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 2.11\n", + " Minimum error in measurement of energy of this state is 2.637993e+04 eV.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 14 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.12 Page No92" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + " \n", + "#given that\n", + "E_eV = 0.5# kinetic energy of electron in KeV\n", + "del_x = 0.4 # Uncertainty in position in nm\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "m = 9.1e-31 # mass of electron in kg\n", + "print \"Example 2.12\"\n", + "h_bar = h / (2*math.pi) # consmath.tant\n", + "E_J = E_eV*1e3*1.6e-19\n", + "p = math.sqrt(2*m*E_J) # Calculation of momentum in kgm/s\n", + "del_p = h_bar/(2*del_x*1e-9) # Calculation of uncertainty in momentum\n", + "per_error = del_p*100 / p # calculation of percentage error in momentum\n", + "print \" Percentage error in momentum is %f percent.\"%(per_error)\n", + "# Answer in book is 1.08 percentage\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 2.12\n", + " Percentage error in momentum is 1.093108 percent.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 15 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.13 Page No95" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + " \n", + "#given that\n", + "del_x = 2e-9 # Uncertainty in position in m\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "m = 9.1e-31 # mass of electron in Kg\n", + "print \"Example 2.13\"\n", + "h_bar = h / (2*math.pi) # consmath.tant\n", + "del_p = h_bar/(2*del_x) # Calculation of uncertainty in momentum\n", + "del_v = del_p/m\n", + "print \" Uncertainty in velocity of particle is %e m/s.\"%(del_v)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 2.13\n", + " Uncertainty in velocity of particle is 2.898894e+04 m/s.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 17 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.15 Page No97" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + " \n", + "#given that\n", + "del_x = 5000 # Uncertainty in position in angstrom\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "m = 200 # mass of ball in gram\n", + "v = 6 # velocity of moving ball in m/s\n", + "print \"Example 2.15\"\n", + "h_bar = h / (2*math.pi) # consmath.tant\n", + "del_p = h_bar/(2*del_x*1e-10) # Calculation of uncertainty in momentum\n", + "p = m*v/1000 # Calculation of momentum\n", + "per_error = del_p*100/p # Calculation of percentage error in calculation of momentum\n", + "print \" Uncertainty in momentum of ball is %e kgm/s.\"%(del_p)\n", + "print \" Percentage error in calculation of momentum is %e.\"%(per_error)\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 2.15\n", + " Uncertainty in momentum of ball is 1.055197e-28 kgm/s.\n", + " Percentage error in calculation of momentum is 1.055197e-26.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 18 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.16 Page No98" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + " \n", + "#given that\n", + "c = 3e8 # speed of light in m/s\n", + "v = c/10 # Velocity of moving proton in m/s\n", + "v_error = 1 # Percentage error in measurement of velocity \n", + "m = 1.67e-27 # mass of electron in kg\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "\n", + "print \"Example 2.16\"\n", + "h_bar = h / (2*math.pi) # consmath.tant\n", + "del_v = v*v_error/100# calculation of uncertainty in position\n", + "del_x = h_bar/(2*m*del_v) # calculation of uncertainty in momentum\n", + "print \" Uncertainty in position of particle is %e m.\"%(del_x)\n", + "# Answer in book is 1.04e-13 m\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 2.16\n", + " Uncertainty in position of particle is 1.053091e-13 m.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 19 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.17 Page No98" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + " \n", + "#given that\n", + "del_x = 1e-9 # Uncertainty in position in m\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "m = 200 # mass of ball in gram\n", + "print \"Example 2.17\"\n", + "h_bar = h / (2*math.pi) # consmath.tant\n", + "del_v = h_bar/(2*del_x*m/1000) # Calculation of uncertainty in momentum\n", + "print \" Uncertainty in velocity of ball is %e m/s.\"%(del_v)\n", + "# Answer in book is 2.64e-25 m/s\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 2.17\n", + " Uncertainty in velocity of ball is 2.637993e-25 m/s.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 20 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.18 Page No102" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#given that\n", + "del_t = 2e-12 # lifetime of exited state in sec\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "print \"Example 2.18\"\n", + "h_bar = h / (2*math.pi) # consmath.tant\n", + "del_E = h_bar/(1.6e-19*2*del_t) # calculation of uncertainty in momentum\n", + "print \" Minimum error in measurement of energy of this state is %e eV.\"%(del_E)\n", + "# Answer in book is 1.65e-4 eV\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " \n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 2.18\n", + " Minimum error in measurement of energy of this state is 1.648746e-04 eV.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 21 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.19 Page No107" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#given that\n", + "del_t = 1e-8 # lifetime of exited state in sec\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "print \"Example 2.19\"\n", + "h_bar = h / (2*math.pi) # consmath.tant\n", + "del_nu = h_bar/(2*del_t*h) # calculation of uncertainty in frequency\n", + "print \" Minimum error in measurement of frequency of photon is %e per second.\"%(del_nu)\n", + "# Answer in book is 8e6 per second\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 2.19\n", + " Minimum error in measurement of frequency of photon is 7.957747e+06 per second.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 22 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.20 Page No108" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#given that\n", + "del_v = 5.5e-20 # Uncertainty in velocity in m/s\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "m = 1 # mass of dust particle in mg\n", + "print \"Example 2.20\"\n", + "h_bar = h / (2*math.pi) # consmath.tant\n", + "del_x = h_bar/(2*del_v*m*1e-6) # Calculation of uncertainty in momentum\n", + "print \" Uncertainty in position of ball is %f angstrom.\"%(del_x*1e10)\n", + "# Answer in book is 9.6 angstrom\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 2.20\n", + " Uncertainty in position of ball is 9.592702 angstrom.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 23 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.21 Page No110" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + " \n", + "#given that\n", + "l = 1 # width of potential well in angstrom\n", + "n = 1 # order corresponding to ground state\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "m = 9.1e-31 # mass of electron in Kg\n", + "print \"Example 2.21\"\n", + "E = n**2*h**2/(8*m*(l*1e-10)**2) # Calculation of energy in Joule\n", + "E_eV = E/1.6e-19 # Calculation of energy in eV\n", + "\n", + "print \" Energy of electron is %f eV.\"%(E_eV)\n", + "# Answer in book is 37.74 eV angstrom\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 2.21\n", + " Energy of electron is 37.737723 eV.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 24 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.24 Page No113" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + " \n", + "#given that\n", + "l = 2.5e-10 # width of potential well in m\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "m = 9.1e-31 # mass of electron in Kg\n", + "print \"Example 2.24\"\n", + "for n in range(1,3):\n", + " E = n**2*h**2/(8*m*l**2) # Calculation of energy in Joule\n", + " E_eV = E/1.6e-19 # Calculation of energy in eV\n", + " print \" Energy of electron for state %d is %f eV.\"%(n,E_eV);\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 2.24\n", + " Energy of electron for state 1 is 6.038036 eV.\n", + " Energy of electron for state 2 is 24.152143 eV.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 33 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.26 Page No117" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "# given that\n", + "L = 1# let unit length\n", + "l1 = 0.45*L # initial point\n", + "l2 = 0.55*L # Final point\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "print \"Example 2.26 \"\n", + "p = (1/L)*((l2-(L/(2*math.pi) *math.sin(2*l2*math.pi/L)))- (l1-(L/(2*math.pi) *math.sin(2*l1*math.pi/L)))) # Calculation of probability of finding particle\n", + "p_per = p*100 # probability of finding particle in percentage\n", + "print \" Probability of finding electron between %fL and %fL is %f percent.\"%(l2,l1,p_per)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 2.26 \n", + " Probability of finding electron between 0.550000L and 0.450000L is 19.836316 percent.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 30 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.27 Page No117" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + " \n", + "#given that\n", + "l = 1e-8 # width of potential well in cm\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "m = 9.1e-31 # mass of electron in Kg\n", + "print \"Example 2.27\"\n", + "E_1 = (h)**2/(8*m*(l*1e-2)**2) # Calculation of energy of ground state in Joule\n", + "E_1_eV = E_1/1.6e-19 # Calculation of energy in eV\n", + "E_2 = (2)**2*h**2/(8*m*(l*1e-2)**2) # Calculation of energy of first state in Joule\n", + "E_2_eV = E_2/1.6e-19 # Calculation of energy in eV\n", + "del_E = E_2_eV - E_1_eV # calculation of difference between first state and ground state\n", + "print \" Difference between first state and ground state energies is %f eV.\"%(del_E);\n", + "# Answer in book is 113.04 eV\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 2.27\n", + " Difference between first state and ground state energies is 113.213170 eV.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 31 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.28 Page No121" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + " \n", + "#given that\n", + "l = 1 # width of potential well in angstrom\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "m = 9.1e-31 # mass of electron in Kg\n", + "print \"Example 2.28\"\n", + "for n in range(1,4):\n", + " lambda1 = 2.*l/n # Calculation of wavelength\n", + " E = n**2*h**2/(8*m*(l*1e-10)**2) # Calculation of energy in Joule\n", + " E_eV = E/1.6e-19 # Calculation of energy in eV\n", + " print \" For state:%d Energy is %f eV & wavelength is %f angstrom \"%(n,E_eV,lambda1);\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 2.28\n", + " For state:1 Energy is 37.737723 eV & wavelength is 2.000000 angstrom \n", + " For state:2 Energy is 150.950893 eV & wavelength is 1.000000 angstrom \n", + " For state:3 Energy is 339.639509 eV & wavelength is 0.666667 angstrom \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 32 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.29 Page No122" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + " \n", + "#given that\n", + "m = 100 #mass of ball in gram\n", + "l = 1 # length of box in m\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "print \"Example 2.29\"\n", + "for n in range(1,4):\n", + " E = (n**2*h**2)/(8*m*1e-3*l**2*1.6e-19)\n", + " print \" Energy state E%d of ball is %e eV\"%(n,E)\n", + "\n", + "print \" As energy difference is very small so we cannot see energy states.\"\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 2.29\n", + " Energy state E1 of ball is 3.434133e-48 eV\n", + " Energy state E2 of ball is 1.373653e-47 eV\n", + " Energy state E3 of ball is 3.090720e-47 eV\n", + " As energy difference is very small so we cannot see energy states.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 34 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 2.30 Page No124" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + " \n", + "#given that\n", + "l = 30. # width of potential well in angstrom\n", + "x = l/2\n", + "del_x = 2 # interval of length at centre in angstrom\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Plank consmath.tant\n", + "n = 1 # ground state\n", + "print \"Example 2.30\"\n", + "phi_x = ((math.sqrt(2/l))*math.sin(n*math.pi*x/l))**2 \n", + "p = phi_x*del_x # Calculation of probability at centre\n", + "print \" Probability of finding particle at centre is %d percent.\"%(p*100)\n", + "# Answer given in book is 16 percent. It is due to wrong calculation \n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 2.30\n", + " Probability of finding particle at centre is 13 percent.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 37 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_(volume_-_2)_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/ch3_5.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_(volume_-_2)_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/ch3_5.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..26b2b7d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_(volume_-_2)_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/ch3_5.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,805 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:ce26666b75776c5b07c5f321f02f961249efef8c8458f3dae2110a523ce1ea02" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 3 : X ray and Compton effect" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.1 Page No134" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#given that\n", + "d = 2.82 # crystal spacing in angstrom\n", + "n = 2 # order for longest pasmath.sing wavelength\n", + "theta = 90 # angle for longest pasmath.sing wavelength\n", + "print \"Example 3.1\"\n", + "lambda1 = 2*d*math.sin(theta*math.pi/180)/n # Calculation of longest wavelength\n", + "\n", + "print \" Longest wavelength is %f angstrom. \"%(lambda1)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 3.1\n", + " Longest wavelength is 2.820000 angstrom. \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.2 Page No134" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#given that\n", + "lambda1 = 0.3 # Wavelength in angstrom\n", + "d = 0.5 # crystal spacing in angstrom\n", + "n = 2 # order \n", + "m = 3 # order\n", + "print \"Example 3.2\"\n", + "theta_n = math.asin(n*lambda1/(2*d))*180/math.pi # Calculation of angle for order n\n", + "theta_m = math.asin(m*lambda1/(2*d))*180/math.pi # Calculation of angle for order m\n", + "\n", + "print \"Angle for %dnd order maxima is %f degree. \"%(n,theta_n)\n", + "print \"Angle for %drd order maxima is %f degree. \"%(m,theta_m)\n", + "# Answers in book are 40.97 degree and 72.29 degree which are due to wrong calculation\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 3.2\n", + "Angle for 2nd order maxima is 36.869898 degree. \n", + "Angle for 3rd order maxima is 64.158067 degree. \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.3 Page No139" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + " \n", + "#given that\n", + "d = 1.87 # crystal spacing in angstrom\n", + "n = 2 # order for longest pasmath.sing wavelength\n", + "theta = 30 # angle for longest pasmath.sing wavelength\n", + "print \"Example 3.3\"\n", + "lambda1 = 2*d*math.sin(theta*math.pi/180)/n # Calculation of longest wavelength\n", + "\n", + "print \" Longest wavelength is %f angstrom. \"%(lambda1)\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 3.3\n", + " Longest wavelength is 0.935000 angstrom. \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.4 Page No143" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#given that\n", + "lambda1 = 3.6e-9 # Wavelength in cm\n", + "theta = 4.8 # glancing angle in degree\n", + "n = 1 # order \n", + "\n", + "print \"Example 3.4\"\n", + "d = n*lambda1/(2*math.sin(theta*math.pi/180)) # calculation of crystal spacing in angstrom\n", + "\n", + "print \" Crystal spacing in angstrom is %e cm. \"%(d)\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 3.4\n", + " Crystal spacing in angstrom is 2.151107e-08 cm. \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.5 Page No146" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#given that\n", + "d = 2.5 # crystal spacing in angstrom\n", + "n = 1 # order for longest pasmath.sing wavelength\n", + "theta = 20 # angle for longest pasmath.sing wavelength\n", + "print \"Example 3.5\"\n", + "lambda1 = 2*d*math.sin(theta*math.pi/180)/n # Calculation of longest wavelength\n", + "\n", + "print \"Longest wavelength is %f angstrom. \"%(lambda1)\n", + "\n", + " \n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 3.5\n", + "Longest wavelength is 1.710101 angstrom. \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.6 Page No146" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#given that\n", + "d = 2.5 # crystal spacing in angstrom\n", + "n = 1 # order for longest pasmath.sing wavelength\n", + "theta = 90 # angle for longest pasmath.sing wavelength\n", + "print \"Example 3.6\"\n", + "lambda1 = 2*d*math.sin(theta*math.pi/180)/n # Calculation of longest wavelength\n", + "\n", + "print \"Longest wavelength is of %d angstrom. \"%(lambda1)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 3.6\n", + "Longest wavelength is of 5 angstrom. \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 9 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.7 Page No146" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "# given that\n", + "theta1_deg = 5 # Absolut degree part of angle for first angle\n", + "theta1_min = 23#remainder minute part of angle for first angle\n", + "theta2_deg = 7 # Absolut degree part of angle for second angle\n", + "theta2_min = 37#remainder minute part of angle for second angle\n", + "theta3_deg = 9 # Absolut degree part of angle for third angle\n", + "theta3_min = 25#remainder minute part of angle for third angle\n", + "\n", + "print \"Example 3.7 \"\n", + "val1 = math.sin((theta1_deg+ theta1_min/60)*math.pi/180)# Sin value for first angle\n", + "val2 = math.sin((theta2_deg+ theta2_min/60)*math.pi/180) #Sin value for second angle\n", + "val3 = math.sin((theta3_deg+ theta3_min/60)*math.pi/180)#Sin value for third angle\n", + "ratio_21 = val2/val1\n", + "ratio_31 = val3/val1\n", + "print \" Interatomic layer separation ratios in crystal are as 1 : %f : %f\"%(ratio_21,ratio_31)\n", + "print \" Above relation shows that crystal is simple cubic crystal structure.\"\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 3.7 \n", + " Interatomic layer separation ratios in crystal are as 1 : 1.398294 : 1.794884\n", + " Above relation shows that crystal is simple cubic crystal structure.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 10 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.8 Page No146" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#given that\n", + "lambda1 = 1.2 # wavelength in angstrom\n", + "theta_deg = 9 # angle fraction in degree\n", + "theta_min = 30 # Angle fraction in minute\n", + "print \"Example 3.8\"\n", + "theta = theta_deg+theta_min/60 # Total angel\n", + "for n in range(1,5):\n", + " d = lambda1/(n*2*math.sin(theta*math.pi/180)) # Inter layer spacing\n", + " print \" If order is %d then spacing is %f angstrom.\"%(n,d)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " \n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 3.8\n", + " If order is 1 then spacing is 3.835472 angstrom.\n", + " If order is 2 then spacing is 1.917736 angstrom.\n", + " If order is 3 then spacing is 1.278491 angstrom.\n", + " If order is 4 then spacing is 0.958868 angstrom.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 11 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.9 Page No147" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#given that\n", + "h = 6.62e-34 # Planks consmath.tant\n", + "m_e = 9.1e-31 # mass of electron in kg\n", + "e = 1.6e-19 # charge on electron in coulomb\n", + "v = 340 # Applied voltage in volt\n", + "n = 1 # order for longest pasmath.sing wavelength\n", + "theta = 60 # angle for longest pasmath.sing wavelength\n", + "print \"Example 3.9\"\n", + "lambda1= h/math.sqrt(2*m_e*e*v) # calculation of wavelength\n", + "d = n*lambda1/(2*math.sin(theta*math.pi/180))# calculation of spacing of crystal\n", + "\n", + "print \"Spacing of crystal is %f angstrom. \"%(d*1e10)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 3.9\n", + "Spacing of crystal is 0.384116 angstrom. \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 12 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.10 Page No149" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#given that\n", + "E = 100 # Energy of X ray beam in KeV\n", + "theta = 30 # Scattering angle in degree\n", + "m = 9.1e-31 # mass of electron in kg\n", + "c = 3e8 # Speed of light in m/s\n", + "print \"Example 3.10\"\n", + "E_rest = m*c**2/(1.6e-19*1e3) # Rest mass energy in KeV\n", + "k = 1/E + (1-math.cos(theta*math.pi/180))/(E_rest)\n", + "del_e = E - 1/k # Energy of recoiled electron\n", + "print \" Energy of recoiled electron is %f KeV\"%(del_e)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 3.10\n", + " Energy of recoiled electron is -3720.687014 KeV\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.11 Page No154" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#given that\n", + "lambda1 = 1 #wavelength in angstrom\n", + "h = 6.62e-34 # Planks consmath.tant\n", + "m_e = 9.1e-31 # mass of electron in kg\n", + "c = 3e8 # speed of light in m/sec\n", + "theta = 90 # angle for longest pasmath.sing wavelength\n", + "print \"Example 3.11\"\n", + "d_lambda= h*(1-math.cos(theta*math.pi/180))/(m_e*c) # calculation of wavelength shift \n", + "\n", + "print \"Wavelength shift is %f angstrom. \"%(d_lambda*1e10)\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 3.11\n", + "Wavelength shift is 0.024249 angstrom. \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 14 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.12 Page No156" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#given that\n", + "lambda1 = 0.015 #wavelength in angstrom\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Planks consmath.tant\n", + "m_e = 9.1e-31 # mass of electron in kg\n", + "c = 3e8 # speed of light in m/sec\n", + "theta = 60 # angle for longest pasmath.sing wavelength\n", + "print \"Example 3.12\"\n", + "d_lambda= h*(1-math.cos(theta*math.pi/180))*1e10/(m_e*c) # calculation of wavelength shift in angstrom\n", + "lambda_n = lambda1+d_lambda\n", + "\n", + "print \" Wavelength shift is %f angstrom. \"%(lambda_n)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 3.12\n", + " Wavelength shift is 0.027143 angstrom. \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 15 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.13 Page No158" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#given that\n", + "lambda1 = 1 #wavelength in angstrom\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Planks consmath.tant\n", + "m_e = 9.1e-31 # mass of electron in kg\n", + "c = 3e8 # speed of light in m/sec\n", + "theta = 90 # angle for longest pasmath.sing wavelength\n", + "print \"Example 3.13\"\n", + "d_lambda= h*(1-math.cos(theta*math.pi/180))*1e10/(m_e*c) # calculation of wavelength shift in angstrom\n", + "lambda_n = lambda1+d_lambda # Calculation of recoiled electron wavelength\n", + "d_E = h*c*(lambda_n-lambda1)*1e10/(1.6e-19*lambda_n*lambda1)# Calculation of recoiled electron energy in eV\n", + "print \"Wavelength shift is %f angstrom.\"%(lambda_n)\n", + "print \"Energy of recoiled electron is %.f eV. \"%(( d_E))\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 3.13\n", + "Wavelength shift is 1.024286 angstrom.\n", + "Energy of recoiled electron is 295 eV. \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 19 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.14 Page No163" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#given that\n", + "lambda1 = 1 #let wavelength in angstrom\n", + "lambda_n = 2*lambda1 # recoiled electron wavelength\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Planks consmath.tant\n", + "m_e = 9.1e-31 # mass of electron in kg\n", + "c = 3e8 # speed of light in m/sec\n", + "theta = 90 # angle for longest pasmath.sing wavelength\n", + "print \"Example 3.14\"\n", + "lambda1 = h*1e10/(m_e*c) # calculation of wavelength in angstrom\n", + "E = h*c*1e10/(lambda1*1.6e-19) # calculation of energy of electron\n", + "\n", + "print \"Wavelength shift is %f angstrom. \"%(lambda1)\n", + "print \"Energy of recoiled electron is %f KeV. \"%(E/1e3)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 3.14\n", + "Wavelength shift is 0.024286 angstrom. \n", + "Energy of recoiled electron is 511.875000 KeV. \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 20 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.15 Page No168" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#given that\n", + "lambda1 = 2 #wavelength in angstrom\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Planks consmath.tant\n", + "m_e = 9.1e-31 # mass of electron in kg\n", + "c = 3e8 # speed of light in m/sec\n", + "theta = 45 # scattering angle \n", + "print \"Example 3.15\"\n", + "d_lambda= h*(1-math.cos(theta*math.pi/180))*1e10/(m_e*c) # calculation of wavelength shift in angstrom\n", + "lambda_n = lambda1+d_lambda # Calculation of recoiled electron wavelength\n", + "\n", + "f = d_lambda/lambda1 # Calculation of fraction of energy lost by photon \n", + "\n", + "print \"Fraction of energy lost by photon is %f\"%(f)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 3.15\n", + "Fraction of energy lost by photon is 0.003557\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 21 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.16 Page No171" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#given that\n", + "E_eV = 510 # Energy of gamma ray in keV\n", + "lambda1 = 2 #wavelength in angstrom\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Planks consmath.tant\n", + "m_e = 9.1e-31 # mass of electron in kg\n", + "c = 3e8 # speed of light in m/sec\n", + "theta = 90 # scattering angle in degree\n", + "print \"Example 3.16\"\n", + "E_j = E_eV*1e3*1.6e-19 # Energy of gamma ray in Joule\n", + "lambda1 = h*c*1e10/E_j # Calculation of wavelength in angstrom\n", + "\n", + "d_lambda= h*(1-math.cos(theta*math.pi/180))*1e10/(m_e*c) # calculation of wavelength shift in angstrom\n", + "lambda_n = lambda1+d_lambda # Calculation of recoiled electron wavelength\n", + "print \"Wavelength of scattered radiation is %f Angstrom \"%(lambda_n)\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 3.16\n", + "Wavelength of scattered radiation is 0.048661 Angstrom \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 22 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.17 Page No172" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#given that\n", + "lambda1 = 2 #wavelength in angstrom\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Planks consmath.tant\n", + "m_e = 9.1e-31 # mass of electron in kg\n", + "c = 3e8 # speed of light in m/sec\n", + "theta = 90 # angle for longest pasmath.sing wavelength\n", + "print \"Example 3.17\"\n", + "d_lambda= h*(1-math.cos(theta*math.pi/180))*1e10/(m_e*c) # calculation of wavelength shift in angstrom\n", + "lambda_n = lambda1+d_lambda # Calculation of recoiled electron wavelength\n", + "d_E = h*c*(lambda_n-lambda1)*1e10/(1.6e-19*lambda_n*lambda1)# Calculation of recoiled electron energy in eV\n", + "print \" Scattered wavelength is %f angstrom.\"%(lambda_n)\n", + "print \" Energy of recoiled electron is %feV. \"%(d_E)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 3.17\n", + " Scattered wavelength is 2.024286 angstrom.\n", + " Energy of recoiled electron is 74.569954eV. \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 23 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.18 Page No175" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + " \n", + "#given that\n", + "E_eV = 510 # Energy of gamma ray in keV\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Planks consmath.tant\n", + "m_e = 9.1e-31 # mass of electron in kg\n", + "c = 3e8 # speed of light in m/sec\n", + "theta = 90 # scattering angle in degree\n", + "print \"Example 3.18\"\n", + "E_j = E_eV*1e3*1.6e-19 # Energy of gamma ray in Joule\n", + "lambda1 = h*c/E_j # Calculation of wavelength in meter\n", + "\n", + "d_lambda= h*(1-math.cos(theta*math.pi/180))*1e10/(m_e*c) # calculation of wavelength shift in angstrom\n", + "lambda_n = lambda1+d_lambda/1e10 # Calculation of recoiled electron wavelength\n", + "d_E = h*c*(d_lambda/1e10)/(1.6e-19*lambda_n*lambda1)# Calculation of recoiled electron energy in eV\n", + "psi= math.atan(1/(math.tan((theta*math.pi/180)/2)/(1+(h/(lambda1*m_e*c))))) \n", + "phi_deg = 90 - psi*180/math.pi # Calculation of degree part of angle of recoiled electron \n", + "phi_min = 60*(phi_deg - int(phi_deg))# Calculation of minute part of angle of recoiled electron \n", + "print \"Wavelength of scattered radiation is %e m \"%(lambda_n)\n", + "print \"Energy of recoiled electron is %f MeV.\"%(d_E/1e6)\n", + "print \"Recoiled electron angle is %d degree%d minute \"%(phi_deg,phi_min)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 3.18\n", + "Wavelength of scattered radiation is 4.866071e-12 m \n", + "Energy of recoiled electron is 0.254532 MeV.\n", + "Recoiled electron angle is 26 degree36 minute \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 27 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.19 Page No175" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#given that\n", + "nu = 2e19 # initial frequency of X ray photon\n", + "h = 6.63e-34 # Planks consmath.tant\n", + "m_e = 9.1e-31 # mass of electron in kg\n", + "c = 3e8 # speed of light in m/sec\n", + "theta = 90 # scattering angle in degree\n", + "print \"Example 3.19\"\n", + "d_lambda = h/(m_e*c) # calculation of wavelength shift\n", + "k = 1./nu + d_lambda/c\n", + "nu_1 = 1/k # Frequency after collision\n", + "nu_1 = int(nu_1/1e18)*1e18 # rounding off\n", + "print \"Frequency after collision is %e Hz \"%(nu_1)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 3.19\n", + "Frequency after collision is 1.700000e+19 Hz \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 29 + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [] + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_(volume_-_2)_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/ch4_5.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_(volume_-_2)_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/ch4_5.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0ea076e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_(volume_-_2)_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/ch4_5.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,557 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:98a33103545b2365c3949736414c5684c66408433d883a4d0f1b451b5a78b395" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 4 : Dielectrics" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.4 Page No177" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#Given that\n", + "epsilon_r = 1.000074 # Dielectric consmath.tant of He at 0C and 1atm\n", + "epsilon_0 = 8.854e-12 # Permittivity of free space\n", + "E = 100 # Electric field in V/m\n", + "n = 2.68e27 # Electron density in no,/m**\n", + "N_a = 6e23 # Avogadro number\n", + "V = 22.4 # Volume at STP in litter\n", + "print \"Example 4.4\"\n", + "P = epsilon_0*(epsilon_r-1)*E # Calculation of polarization\n", + "\n", + "N = N_a/(V*1e-3)# Calculation of total number of atoms\n", + "p = P/N # dipole moment per atom\n", + "print \" Dipole moment per atom is %e Coulomb-meter \"%(p)\n", + "# Answer in book is in different form and as 24.45e-40 coulomb-meter\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 4.4\n", + " Dipole moment per atom is 2.446065e-39 Coulomb-meter \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.6 Page No181" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#Given that\n", + "r = 0.055 # Radius of hydrogen atom in nm\n", + "n = 9.8e26 # Number of atoms/cc\n", + "\n", + "epsilon_0 = 8.854e-12 # Permittivity of free space\n", + "\n", + "print \"Example 4.6\"\n", + "alpha_e = 4*math.pi*epsilon_0*(r*1e-9)**3 # Calculation of electronic polarisability\n", + "epsilon_r = 1+n*alpha_e/epsilon_0 # Calculation of relative permeability\n", + "\n", + "print \" Electronic polarisability is %e Fm**2 Relative permeability is %f \"%(alpha_e,epsilon_r)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + " \n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 4.6\n", + " Electronic polarisability is 1.851132e-41 Fm**2 Relative permeability is 1.002049 \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.8 Page No182" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + " \n", + "#Given that\n", + "epsilon_0 = 8.854e-12 # Permittivity of free space\n", + "E = 2000 # Electric field in V/m\n", + "P = 6.4e-8 # Polarization in C/m**2\n", + "print \"Example 4.8\"\n", + "epsilon_r = 1+ P/(epsilon_0*E) # Calculation of relative permittivity\n", + "\n", + "print \" Relative permittivity is %f\"%(epsilon_r)\n", + "\n", + " \n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 4.8\n", + " Relative permittivity is 4.614186\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.9 Page No183" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#Given that\n", + "alpha_e = 2e-40 # Electronic polarisability in Fm**2\n", + "N = 4e28 # density in atoms/m**3\n", + "epsilon_0 = 8.85e-12 # Permittivity of free space\n", + "\n", + "print \"Example 4.9\"\n", + "epsilon_r = 1+ N*alpha_e/(epsilon_0) # Calculation of relative permittivity\n", + "print \" Relative permittivity is %f\"%(epsilon_r)\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 4.9\n", + " Relative permittivity is 1.903955\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.10 Page No188" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#Given that\n", + "epsilon = 2.4e-10 # permitivity of a dielectric material in C**2/N?m**2\n", + "epsilon_0 = 8.854e-12 # Permittivity of free space\n", + "\n", + "print \"Example 4.10\"\n", + "K = epsilon/epsilon_0 # Calculation of dielectric consmath.tant \n", + "zai_e = epsilon_0*(K-1) # Calculation of electrical susceptibility \n", + "\n", + "print \" Relative permittivity is %f\"%(K)\n", + "print \" Electrical susceptibility is %e C**2/Nm**2\"%(zai_e)\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 4.10\n", + " Relative permittivity is 27.106393\n", + " Electrical susceptibility is 2.311460e-10 C**2/Nm**2\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.11 Page No189" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#Given that\n", + "V = 100 # Applied potential in Volt\n", + "d = 1 # Separation between plates in cm\n", + "k1 = 8 # Dielectric consmath.tant\n", + "k2 = 9 #dielectric consmath.tant\n", + "epsilon_0 = 8.854e-12 # Permittivity of free space\n", + "\n", + "print \"Example 4.11\"\n", + "E_0 = V/(d*1e-2) # Calculation of electric field\n", + "E = E_0/k1*k2 # Calculation of electric field\n", + "D = k1*epsilon_0*E # Calculation of electrical print lacement vector\n", + "P = (k1-1)*epsilon_0*E # Calculation of electrical polarization \n", + "\n", + "print \" Magnitude of Electrical vector is %e Volt/meter\"%(E) # Answer in book is 1.125e3 Volt/meter\n", + "\n", + "print \" Magnitude of Electrical Displacement vector is %e C/m**2\"%(D)# Answer in book is 8.85e-8C/m**2\n", + "\n", + "print \" Magnitude of Electric polarization vector is %e C/m**2\"%(P)# Answer in book is 7.774e-8C/m**2\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 4.11\n", + " Magnitude of Electrical vector is 1.125000e+04 Volt/meter\n", + " Magnitude of Electrical Displacement vector is 7.968600e-07 C/m**2\n", + " Magnitude of Electric polarization vector is 6.972525e-07 C/m**2\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.12 Page No189" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#Given that\n", + "alpha_300 = 2.5e-39 # total polarisability in C**2m/N at 300 K\n", + "alpha_600 = 1.75e-39 # total polarisability in C**2m/N at 600 K\n", + "T1 = 300 # Initial temperature in Kelvin\n", + "T2 = 600 # Final Temperature in Kelvin\n", + "print \"Example 4.12\"\n", + "b = (alpha_300-alpha_600)*T2\n", + "al_def_300 = alpha_300 - b/300\n", + "al_oriant_300 = b/300\n", + "al_oriant_600 = b/600\n", + "print \" Deformational Polarizability is %e C**2mN**-1\"%(al_def_300)\n", + "print \" Orientational Polarizability at %d degree Celcius is %e C**2mN**-1\"%(T1,al_oriant_300)\n", + "print \" Orientational Polarizability at %d degree Celcius is %e C**2mN**-1\"%(T2,al_oriant_600)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 4.12\n", + " Deformational Polarizability is 1.000000e-39 C**2mN**-1\n", + " Orientational Polarizability at 300 degree Celcius is 1.500000e-39 C**2mN**-1\n", + " Orientational Polarizability at 600 degree Celcius is 7.500000e-40 C**2mN**-1\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 9 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.13 Page No189" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + " \n", + "#Given that\n", + "alpha_e = 1.5e-40 # Electronic polarizability in Fm**2\n", + "N = 4e28 # density in atoms/m**3\n", + "epsilon_0 = 8.85e-12 # Permittivity of free space\n", + "\n", + "print \"Example 4.13\"\n", + "k = N*alpha_e/(3*epsilon_0)\n", + "epsilon_r = (1+ k*2)/(1-k)# Calculation of relative permittivity\n", + "print \" Relative permittivity is %f\"%(epsilon_r)\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 4.13\n", + " Relative permittivity is 1.875912\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 10 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.14 Page No191" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + " \n", + "#Given that\n", + "m = 32 # Atomic weight of sulphur\n", + "d = 2.08 # Density in g/cm**3\n", + "alpha_e = 3.5e-40 # Electronic polarizability in Fm**2\n", + "N_a = 6.022e23 # Avogadro Number\n", + "epsilon_0 = 8.85e-12 # Permittivity of free space\n", + "\n", + "print \"Example 4.14\"\n", + "N = N_a*d*1e6/m # Calculation of Atoms per unit \n", + "k = N*alpha_e/(3*epsilon_0)\n", + "\n", + "epsilon_r = (1+ k*2)/(1-k)# Calculation of relative permittivity\n", + "print \" Relative permittivity is %f\"%(epsilon_r)\n", + "# Answer in book is 4.17\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 4.14\n", + " Relative permittivity is 4.198468\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 11 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.15 Page No191" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + " \n", + "#Given that\n", + "n = 1.5 # Refractive index\n", + "epsilon = 5.6 # Static dielectric consmath.tant\n", + "print \"Example 4.15\"\n", + "per = (1-((n**2-1)/(n**2+2))*(epsilon+2)/(epsilon-1))*100 # Pecentage ionic polarisability\n", + "print \" Percentage ionic polarizability is %f pecent\"%(per)\n", + "# Answer in book is 5.14 %\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 4.15\n", + " Percentage ionic polarizability is 51.406650 pecent\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 12 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.16 Page No195" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + " \n", + "#Given that\n", + "m = 32 # Atomic weight of sulphur\n", + "d = 2050 # Density in Kg/m**3\n", + "N_a = 6.022e23 # Avogadro Number\n", + "epsilon_0 = 8.85e-12 # Permittivity of free space\n", + "epsilon_r = 3.75 # Dielectric consmath.tant of sulphur\n", + "\n", + "print \"Example 4.16\"\n", + "N = N_a*d*1e3/m # Calculation of Atoms per unit \n", + "alpha_e = 3*epsilon_0*((epsilon_r-1)/(epsilon_r+2)) / N \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "print \" Electronic polarizability is %e Fm**2\"%(alpha_e)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 4.16\n", + " Electronic polarizability is 3.291431e-40 Fm**2\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.17 Page No199" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#Given that\n", + "n = 1.5 # Refractive index\n", + "epsilon = 4. # Static dielectric consmath.tant\n", + "epsilon_0 = 8.85e-12 # permittivity of free space\n", + "print \"Example 4.17\"\n", + "k1 = (epsilon-1)/(epsilon+2)\n", + "k2 = (n**2-1)/(n**2+2)\n", + "ratio = 1./((k1/k2)-1) \n", + "print \" Ratio of electronic to ionic polarizability is %.2f .\"%(ratio)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 4.17\n", + " Ratio of electronic to ionic polarizability is 1.43 .\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 16 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.18 Page No202" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#Given that\n", + "t = 1.8e-5 # Relaxation time in second\n", + "epsilon_r = 1 # let\n", + "print \"Example 4.18\"\n", + "f = 1./(2*math.pi*t) # Calculation of frequency\n", + "delta = math.atan(epsilon_r/epsilon_r)\n", + "phi = 90 - delta*180/math.pi # Calculation of phase difference\n", + "print \" Frequency is %f KHz\"%(f/1e3)\n", + "print \" Phase difference between current and voltage is %d degree.\"%(phi)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 4.18\n", + " Frequency is 8.841941 KHz\n", + " Phase difference between current and voltage is 45 degree.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 18 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_(volume_-_2)_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/ch6_5.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_(volume_-_2)_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/ch6_5.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..104b616a --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_(volume_-_2)_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/ch6_5.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,207 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:1843361d9b1f7d4765e522604cbb1bc8ff2515ffb02cdd416946cae448cf39a5" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 6 : Ultrasonic Waves" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.1 Page No207" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#Given that\n", + "E = 7.9e10 # Young\u2019s modulus in N/m**2\n", + "rho = 2650 # Density in Kg/m**3\n", + "t = 0.003 # Thickness of quartz crystal in m\n", + "print \"Example 6.1\"\n", + "v = math.sqrt(E/rho)# Calculation of velocity \n", + "lambda1 = 2*t # Calculation of fundamental wavelength\n", + "nu = v/lambda1 # Calculation of fundamental frequency\n", + "print \"Fundamental frequency is %e Hz.\"%(nu)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 6.1\n", + "Fundamental frequency is 9.099957e+05 Hz.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.2 Page No208" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#Given that\n", + "v = 5760 # Velocity in m/s\n", + "T = 1.6 # Thickness of quartz crystal in mm\n", + "print \"Example 6.2\"\n", + "nu = v/(2*T*1e-3)# Calculation of fundamental frequency\n", + "print \"Fundamental frequency of crystal is %f MHz.\"%(nu/1e6)\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 6.2\n", + "Fundamental frequency of crystal is 1.800000 MHz.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.3 Page No209" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + " \n", + "#Given that\n", + "T =40. # Thickness of steel bar in cm\n", + "t1 = 40. # Time in ms\n", + "t2 = 80. # Time in ms\n", + "print \"Example 6.3\"\n", + "X = T*t1/t2 # Calculation of depth of defect\n", + "print \"Depth of defect is %d cm.\"%(X)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 6.3\n", + "Depth of defect is 20 cm.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.4 Page No209" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#Given that\n", + "E = 7.9e10 # Young\u2019s modulus in N/m**2\n", + "rho = 2650 # Density in Kg/m**3\n", + "t = 0.006 # Thickness of quartz crystal in m\n", + "print \"Example 6.4\"\n", + "v = math.sqrt(E/rho)# Calculation of velocity \n", + "lambda1 = 2*t # Calculation of fundamental wavelength\n", + "nu = v/lambda1 # Calculation of fundamental frequency\n", + "print \"Fundamental frequency is %e Hz.\"%(nu)\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 6.4\n", + "Fundamental frequency is 4.549979e+05 Hz.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.5 Page No209" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#Given that\n", + "L = 1. # Inducmath.tance in Hanery\n", + "nu = 2.e6 # Frequency in Hz\n", + "print \"Example 6.5\"\n", + "C= 1./(4*((math.pi)**2)*nu**2*L) # Calculation of capacimath.tance\n", + "print \"Capacitance is %e microfarad.\"%(C*1e6)\n", + "# Answer in book is 0.00634 micro Farad\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 6.5\n", + "Capacitance is 6.332574e-09 microfarad.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_(volume_-_2)_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/ch7_5.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_(volume_-_2)_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/ch7_5.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1b95e85e --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_(volume_-_2)_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/ch7_5.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,496 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:5c15c522261c9a1964264eb127a07845e301723248156878641836ea3a61bbf4" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 7 : Maxwells Equations and Electromagnetic Waves" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 7.1 Page No220" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#Given that\n", + "p = 1000 # power in watt\n", + "d = 2 # Dismath.tance from lamp in m\n", + "epsilon_0 = 8.854e-12 # Permittivity of free space\n", + "mu_0 = 4*math.pi*1e-7 # Permeability of free space\n", + "print \"Example 7.1\"\n", + "s = p/(4*math.pi*d**2)# Calculation of pointing vector\n", + "E_H_ratio = math.sqrt(mu_0/epsilon_0) # Calculation of ratio of Electric field and magnetic field\n", + "E= math.sqrt(E_H_ratio*s) # Calculation of Electric field \n", + "print \" Average value of electric field at distance %d m is %f Volt/m \"%(d,E)\n", + "# Answer in book is 48.87 volt/m which is due to wrong calculation at intermediate steps\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 7.1\n", + " Average value of electric field at distance 2 m is 86.573038 Volt/m \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 7.2 Page No222" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + " \n", + "#Given that\n", + "p = 2 # power in cal/min/cm**2\n", + "\n", + "epsilon_0 = 8.854e-12 # Permittivity of free space\n", + "mu_0 = 4*math.pi*1e-7 # permeability of free space\n", + "print \"Example 7.2\"\n", + "s = p*4.2e4/60 # Calculation of pointing vector\n", + "E_H_ratio = math.sqrt(mu_0/epsilon_0) # Calculation of ratio of Electric field and magnetic field\n", + "E= math.sqrt(E_H_ratio*s) # Calculation of Electric field \n", + "H = s/E # Calculation of Electric field \n", + "\n", + "print \" Average value of electric field is %f Volt/m \"%(E*math.sqrt(2))\n", + "print \" Average value of magnetic field is %f Amp turn/m \"%(H*math.sqrt(2))\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 7.2\n", + " Average value of electric field is 1027.061861 Volt/m \n", + " Average value of magnetic field is 2.726223 Amp turn/m \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 7.3 Page No225" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#Given that\n", + "mu_0 = 4*math.pi*1e-7 # permeability of free space\n", + "mu = mu_0 #permeability of silver\n", + "sigma = 3e7 # conductivity in mhos/m\n", + "f = 1e8 # frequency in Hz\n", + "print \"Example 7.3\"\n", + "omega = 2*math.pi/f # Calculation of time period\n", + "delta = math.sqrt(2/(omega*sigma*mu)) # Calculation of skin depth penetration\n", + "Delta = int(delta/100)*100 # Rounding off\n", + "print \" Skin depth penetration is %e cm. \"%(Delta*1e-6)\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 7.3\n", + " Skin depth penetration is 9.000000e-04 cm. \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 7.5 Page No229" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + " \n", + "#Given that\n", + "k = 80 # relative Dielectric consmath.tant of sea water\n", + "epsilon_0 = 1/9e9 # Permittivity of free space\n", + "epsilon = 80*epsilon_0 # Permittivity of free space\n", + "sigma = 4.3 # conductivity in mho/m\n", + "delta = 10 # penetration depth in cm\n", + "mu_0 = 4*math.pi*1e-7 # permeability f free space\n", + "F = 1e8 # Given frequency in Hz\n", + "print \"Example 7.5\"\n", + "f = (1/(math.pi*mu_0*sigma))/(delta*1e-2)**2 # Calculation of frequency\n", + "f1= round(f/1e8)*1e8 # Rounding off\n", + "print \"Frequency required for penetration of depth %d cm is %e Hz\"%(delta,f1)\n", + "omega = 2*math.pi*F\n", + "x = 2*sigma/(epsilon*omega)\n", + "if x>1:\n", + " print \" Sea water is good conductor at frequency lesser than 1e8 Hz \"\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 7.5\n", + "Frequency required for penetration of depth 10 cm is 0.000000e+00 Hz\n", + " Sea water is good conductor at frequency lesser than 1e8 Hz \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 11 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 7.7 Page No234" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + " \n", + "#Given that\n", + "k = 12 # relative Dielectric consmath.tant of sea water\n", + "epsilon_0 = 1/9e9 # Permittivity of free space\n", + "sigma = 2 # conductivity in mho/cm\n", + "mu_0 = 4*math.pi*1e-7 # permeability f free space\n", + "f= 1e9 # Given frequency in Hz\n", + "F = 1e6 # Given frequency in Hz\n", + "print \"Example 7.7\"\n", + "delta = math.sqrt(2/(2*math.pi*F*mu_0*sigma*100)) # Calculation of frequency\n", + "print \" For %eHz frequency, Penetration depth is %f cm\"%(F,delta*100)\n", + "omega = 2*math.pi*f\n", + "x = 2*sigma*100/(k*epsilon_0*omega)\n", + "if x>1 :\n", + " print \" Silicon is good conductor at frequency lesser than 1e9 Hz \"\n", + "\n", + "# Answer in book is 3.6 cm\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 7.7\n", + " For 1.000000e+06Hz frequency, Penetration depth is 3.558813 cm\n", + " Silicon is good conductor at frequency lesser than 1e9 Hz \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 12 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 7.8 Page No236" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "#Given that\n", + "mu_0 = 4*math.pi*1e-7 # permeability of free space\n", + "mu = mu_0 #permeability of silver\n", + "sigma = 5.8e7 # conductivity in simens /m\n", + "delta = 0.1 # Skin depth penetration in mm\n", + "\n", + "print \"Example 7.8\"\n", + "f = 2/((delta*1e-3)**2*sigma*mu*2*math.pi) # Calculation of skin depth penetration\n", + "print \" Required frequency is %.2e Hz\"%(f)\n", + "print \" The incident electromagnetic wave is the radio part of spectrum.\"\n", + "# Answer in book is 3.36e5 Hz. Difference is due to approximation at intermediate stages\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 7.8\n", + " Required frequency is 4.37e+05 Hz\n", + " The incident electromagnetic wave is the radio part of spectrum.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 7.9 Page No240" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + " \n", + " \n", + "#Given that\n", + "mu_0 = 4*math.pi*1e-7 # Permeability of free space\n", + "mu = mu_0 #Permeability of silver\n", + "sigma = 3e7 # conductivity in mhos/m\n", + "f = 1e10 # frequency in Hz\n", + "print \"Example 7.9\"\n", + "delta = math.sqrt(1/(math.pi*sigma*f*mu)) # Calculation of skin depth penetration\n", + "print \" Skin depth penetration is %f micrometre. \"%(delta*1e6)\n", + "# Answer in book is 0.93 micrometer\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 7.9\n", + " Skin depth penetration is 0.918881 micrometre. \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 14 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 7.10 Page No241" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + " \n", + "#Given that\n", + "p = 500 # power in watt\n", + "d = 1 # Dismath.tance from lamp in m\n", + "epsilon_0 = 8.854e-12 # Permittivity of free space\n", + "mu_0 = 4*math.pi*1e-7 # Permeability of free space\n", + "print \"Example 7.10\"\n", + "s = p/(4*math.pi*d**2)# Calculation of pointing vector\n", + "E_H_ratio = math.sqrt(mu_0/epsilon_0) # Calculation of ratio of Electric field and magnetic field\n", + "H = s/E_H_ratio # Calculation of Electric field \n", + "h = (H*100)/100 # rounding off for 2 decimal places\n", + "E= p/(4*math.pi*h) # Calculation of Electric field \n", + "print \" Average value of electric field at distance %d m is %f Volt/m \"%(d,E)\n", + "print \" Average value of magnetic field at distance %d m is %f Amp-turn/m \"%(d,h)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 7.10\n", + " Average value of electric field at distance 1 m is 376.734309 Volt/m \n", + " Average value of magnetic field at distance 1 m is 0.105615 Amp-turn/m \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 18 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 7.11 Page No243" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + " \n", + "#Given that\n", + "mu_0 = 4*math.pi*1e-7 # Permeability of free space\n", + "mu = mu_0 #Permeability of silver\n", + "sigma = 3.5e7 # conductivity in simens /m\n", + "delta = 0.03 # Skin depth penetration in mm\n", + "\n", + "print \"Example 7.11\"\n", + "\n", + "f = 2/((delta*1e-3)**2*sigma*mu*2*math.pi) # Calculation of skin depth penetration\n", + "print \" Required frequency is %d MHz.\"%(f/1e6)\n", + "print \" The incident electromagnetic wave is the radio part of spectrum\"\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 7.11\n", + " Required frequency is 8 MHz.\n", + " The incident electromagnetic wave is the radio part of spectrum\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 19 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 7.12 Page No244" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + " \n", + "#Given that\n", + "p = 3.8e26 # power radiated by moon in watt\n", + "d_sun = 1.44e11 # Dismath.tance between sun and earth in meter\n", + "d_moon = 3e8 #Dismath.tance between moon and earth in meter\n", + "epsilon_0 = 8.854e-12 # Permittivity of free space\n", + "mu_0 = 4*math.pi*1e-7 # Permeability of free space\n", + "print \"Example 7.12\"\n", + "s = p/(4*math.pi*d_sun**2)# Calculation of solar energy received during solar eclipse in watt /m**2\n", + "S = s*60/(4.2*1e4) # Unit conversion\n", + "\n", + "print \" Solar energy received during solar eclipse is %f Cal per min per m**2 \"%(S)\n", + "# Ansewr in book is 2.1 cal per min per m**2\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 7.12\n", + " Solar energy received during solar eclipse is 2.083295 Cal per min per m**2 \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 20 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 7.13 Page No246" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + " \n", + "#Given that\n", + "mu_0 = 4*math.pi*1e-7 # Permeability of free space\n", + "mu = mu_0 #Permeability of silver\n", + "sigma = 3.5e7 # conductivity in simens /m\n", + "lambda1 = 6328. # Wavelength in angstrom\n", + "c = 3e8# Speed of light in m/sec\n", + "\n", + "print \"Example 7.13\"\n", + "f = c/(lambda1*1e-10)\n", + "omega = 2*math.pi/f # Calculation of time period\n", + "f = c/(lambda1*1e-10) # Calculation of frequency in Hz\n", + "delta = math.sqrt(1/(math.pi*f*sigma*mu)) # Calculation of skin depth penetration\n", + "print \" Skin depth penetration is %f nm. \"%(delta*1e9)\n", + "# Answer in book is 3.9 mm, unit used in book is wrong\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 7.13\n", + " Skin depth penetration is 3.907138 nm. \n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 21 + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [] + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_(volume_-_2)_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/ch8_5.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_(volume_-_2)_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/ch8_5.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..31c79ed3 --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_(volume_-_2)_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/ch8_5.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,448 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:497ece365171c1444da23921d16f63e0c1b4e77fbb7335ff607952ae9c43252d" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 8 : Superconductivity" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.1 Page No251" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "# Given that\n", + "H_c_0= 0.0306# Critical Field in tesla\n", + "T_c = 3.7 # Critical temperature in kelvin\n", + "T = 2 # Temperature in kelvin\n", + "print \"Example 8.1\"\n", + "print \"Smath.radians(numpy.arcmath.tan(ard formula used \\tH_c = H_c_0*1-T/T_c**2 \"\n", + "H_c = H_c_0*(1-(T/T_c)**2) # Calculation of critical field\n", + "\n", + "print \"Magnetic Field at %d K is %f tesla.\"%(T,H_c)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 8.1\n", + "Smath.radians(numpy.arcmath.tan(ard formula used \tH_c = H_c_0*1-T/T_c**2 \n", + "Magnetic Field at 2 K is 0.021659 tesla.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 15 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.2 Page No255" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "# Given that\n", + "H_c= 3.3e4 # # Magnetic field in A/m\n", + "T_c = 7.2 # Critical temperature in kelvin\n", + "T = 5 # Temperature in kelvin\n", + "print \"Example 8.2\"\n", + "print \"Smath.radians(numpy.arcmath.tan(ard formula used \\tH_c = H_c_0*1-T/T_c**2 \"\n", + "H_c_0 = H_c*(1-(T/T_c)**2)**(-1) # Calculation of critical field\n", + "print \"Magnetic Field at %d K is %e A/m\"%(T,H_c_0)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 8.2\n", + "Smath.radians(numpy.arcmath.tan(ard formula used \tH_c = H_c_0*1-T/T_c**2 \n", + "Magnetic Field at 5 K is 6.373770e+04 A/m\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.3 Page No257" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "# Given that\n", + "H_c_0= 1 # Let \n", + "H_c= 0.1 * H_c_0 # Magnetic field in A/m\n", + "T_c = 7.2 # Critical temperature in kelvin\n", + "\n", + "print \"Example 8.3\"\n", + "print \"Smath.radians(numpy.arcmath.tan(ard formula used \\tH_c = H_c_0*1-T/T_c**2 \"\n", + "T = T_c*math.sqrt(1- (H_c/H_c_0)) # Calculation of Temperature\n", + "\n", + "print \"Required temperature is %f K.\"%(T)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 8.3\n", + "Smath.radians(numpy.arcmath.tan(ard formula used \tH_c = H_c_0*1-T/T_c**2 \n", + "Required temperature is 6.830520 K.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.4 Page No257" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "# Given that\n", + "H_c_0= 0.0803# Critical Field in tesla\n", + "T_c = 7.2 # Critical temperature in kelvin\n", + "T = 4.2 # Temperature in kelvin\n", + "print \"Example 8.4\"\n", + "print \"Smath.radians(numpy.arcmath.tan(ard formula used \\tH_c = H_c_0*1-T/T_c**2 \"\n", + "H_c = H_c_0*(1-(T/T_c)**2) # Calculation of critical field\n", + "\n", + "print \"Magnetic Field at %d K is %f tesla.\"%(T,H_c)\n", + "# Answer in book is 0.0548 tesla\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 8.4\n", + "Smath.radians(numpy.arcmath.tan(ard formula used \tH_c = H_c_0*1-T/T_c**2 \n", + "Magnetic Field at 4 K is 0.052976 tesla.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.5 Page No261" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "# Given that\n", + "H_c_0= 1.5e5# Critical field in A/m \n", + "H_c= 1.05e5 # Magnetic field in A/m\n", + "T_c = 9.2 # Critical temperature in kelvin\n", + "\n", + "print \"Example 8.5\"\n", + "print \"Smath.radians(numpy.arcmath.tan(ard formula used \\tH_c = H_c_0*1-T/T_c**2 \"\n", + "T = T_c*math.sqrt(1- (H_c/H_c_0)) # Calculation of Temperature\n", + "\n", + "print \"Required temperature is %f K.\"%(T)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 8.5\n", + "Smath.radians(numpy.arcmath.tan(ard formula used \tH_c = H_c_0*1-T/T_c**2 \n", + "Required temperature is 5.039048 K.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.6 Page No264" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "# Given that\n", + "H_c_0= 2e5# Critical field in A/m \n", + "H_c= 1e5 # Magnetic field in A/m\n", + "T_c = 8 # Critical temperature in kelvin\n", + "\n", + "print \"Example 8.6\"\n", + "print \"Smath.radians(numpy.arcmath.tan(ard formula used \\tH_c = H_c_0*1-T/T_c**2 \"\n", + "T = T_c/math.sqrt(1- (H_c/H_c_0)) # Calculation of Temperature\n", + "\n", + "print \"Required temperature is %f K.\"%(T)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 8.6\n", + "Smath.radians(numpy.arcmath.tan(ard formula used \tH_c = H_c_0*1-T/T_c**2 \n", + "Required temperature is 11.313708 K.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.7 Page No265" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "# Given that\n", + "H_c_0= 8e5# Critical field in A/m \n", + "H_c= 4e4 # Magnetic field in A/m\n", + "T_c = 7.26 # Critical temperature in kelvin\n", + "\n", + "print \"Example 8.7\"\n", + "print \"Smath.radians(numpy.arcmath.tan(ard formula used \\tH_c = H_c_0*1-T/T_c**2 \"\n", + "T = T_c*math.sqrt(1- (H_c/H_c_0)) # Calculation of Temperature\n", + "\n", + "print \"Required temperature is %f K.\"%(T)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 8.7\n", + "Smath.radians(numpy.arcmath.tan(ard formula used \tH_c = H_c_0*1-T/T_c**2 \n", + "Required temperature is 7.076173 K.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.8 Page No268" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "# Given that\n", + "T1 = 14 # Temp in K\n", + "T2 = 13 # Temp in K\n", + "T = 4.2 # Temp in K\n", + "Hc_T1 = 0.176 # Critical field at Temp T1\n", + "Hc_T2 = 0.528 # Critical field at Temp T2\n", + "\n", + "print \"Example 8.8\"\n", + "print \"Smath.radians(numpy.arcmath.tan(ard formula used \\tH_c = H_c_0*1-T/T_c**2 \"\n", + "T_c = math.sqrt((T1**2*(Hc_T2/Hc_T1)- T2**2) /(Hc_T2/Hc_T1 - 1)) # Calculation of transition temperature\n", + "t_c = (T_c*10)/10 # Rounding off two two decimal places\n", + "Hc_0 = Hc_T1/(1-(T1/t_c)**2) # Calculation of critical field\n", + "Hc_T = Hc_0*(1-(T/t_c)**2) # Calculation of critical field \n", + "\n", + "print \" Transition temperature is %f K.\"%(t_c)\n", + "print \"Critical field at %f K is %fT.\"%(T,Hc_0)\n", + "print \"Critical field at 0 K is %fT.\"%(Hc_T)\n", + "# Answer in book is 2.588 T for 0 K and 2.37 for 4.2 K\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 8.8\n", + "Smath.radians(numpy.arcmath.tan(ard formula used \tH_c = H_c_0*1-T/T_c**2 \n", + " Transition temperature is 14.474115 K.\n", + "Critical field at 4.200000 K is 2.731259T.\n", + "Critical field at 0 K is 2.501286T.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 10 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.9 Page No273" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "# Given that\n", + "m_0 = 9.1e-31 # Mass of electron in kg\n", + "mu_0 = 1.256e-6# SI\n", + "e = 1.6e-19 # Charge on electron in coulomb\n", + "eta_s = 1e28 # superelectron density in no. per cube\n", + "T_1 = 0 # First temp in kelvin\n", + "T_2 = 1 # Second temp in kelvin\n", + "T_c = 3 # Critical temp in kelvin\n", + "\n", + "print \"Example 8.9\"\n", + "print \"Smath.radians(numpy.arcmath.tan(ard formula used \\tlambda_0 = math.sqrtm_0/mu_0*eta_s*e**2\"\n", + "lambda_0 = math.sqrt(m_0/(mu_0*eta_s*e**2))# Calculation of penetration depth at 0K\n", + "lambda_t = lambda_0/math.sqrt(1-(T_2/T_c)**4) # Calculation of penetration depth at 2K\n", + "\n", + "print \"Penetration depth at %d K is %d angestrom.\"%(T_1,lambda_0*1e10)\n", + "print \"Penetration depth at %d K is %f angestrom.\"%(T_2,lambda_t*1e10)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 8.9\n", + "Smath.radians(numpy.arcmath.tan(ard formula used \tlambda_0 = math.sqrtm_0/mu_0*eta_s*e**2\n", + "Penetration depth at 0 K is 531 angestrom.\n", + "Penetration depth at 1 K is 531.992971 angestrom.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 12 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.10 Page No277" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "# Given that\n", + "T_1 = 3.5 # Temperature in kelvin\n", + "T_c = 4.153 # Critical temp in kelvin\n", + "lambda_t = 750 # Penetration depth at T_1 in angstrom\n", + "print \"Example 8.10\"\n", + "print \"Smath.radians(numpy.arcmath.tan(ard formula used lambda_0 = lambda_t*math.sqrt1-T_1/T_c**4 \"\n", + "\n", + "lambda_0 = lambda_t*math.sqrt(1-(T_1/T_c)**4) # Calculation of penetration depth at 3.5K\n", + "print \" Penetration depth at 0 K is %f angstrom.\"%(lambda_0)\n", + "\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Example 8.10\n", + "Smath.radians(numpy.arcmath.tan(ard formula used lambda_0 = lambda_t*math.sqrt1-T_1/T_c**4 \n", + " Penetration depth at 0 K is 527.960928 angstrom.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [] + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_(volume_-_2)_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/screenshots/ch1.png b/Engineering_Physics_(volume_-_2)_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/screenshots/ch1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..d87e5dd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_(volume_-_2)_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/screenshots/ch1.png diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_(volume_-_2)_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/screenshots/ch3.png b/Engineering_Physics_(volume_-_2)_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/screenshots/ch3.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..6ffb764e --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_(volume_-_2)_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/screenshots/ch3.png diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_(volume_-_2)_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/screenshots/ch6.png b/Engineering_Physics_(volume_-_2)_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/screenshots/ch6.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..47b923e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_(volume_-_2)_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/screenshots/ch6.png diff --git a/Power_System_Operation_and_Control_by_B._R._Gupta/README.txt b/Power_System_Operation_and_Control_by_B._R._Gupta/README.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..46bd8192 --- /dev/null +++ b/Power_System_Operation_and_Control_by_B._R._Gupta/README.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +Contributed By: Neeraj Baunthiyal +Course: btech +College/Institute/Organization: Pentode Technologies +Department/Designation: Technical Executive +Book Title: Power System Operation and Control +Author: B. R. Gupta +Publisher: S. Chand & Company, New Delhi +Year of publication: 2012 +Isbn: 81-219-3232-7 +Edition: 1
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering _by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/ch3_1.ipynb b/_Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering _by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/ch3_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e7d3c7d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/_Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering _by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/ch3_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,537 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:5da19df02b27c4cac3417f04cccf7af3cbc7e591ffe4f1128603d1edc459b37f" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 3 : Transmission Lines" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.1 Page No : 4" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "\n", + "#Given:\n", + "Z_ch = 100 #in ohms\n", + "S = 5 #VSWR (unitless)\n", + "\n", + "#calclations\n", + "Z = Z_ch*S \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'The terminating impedence =',Z, 'ohms'\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The terminating impedence = 500 ohms\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.2 Page No : 5" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#Given\n", + "e = 2.718\n", + "R = 8\n", + "f = 2000 #in ohm/kilometer\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "L = 2*10**-3 #in henry/kilometer\n", + "C = 0.002*10**-6 #in farad/kilometer\n", + "G = 0.07*10**-6 #second/kilometer\n", + " #in hertz\n", + " #Since [w=2*(pi)*f] & [Zch={(R+jwL)/(G+jwC)}**0.5]\n", + "w = 2*math.pi*f #in radians\n", + " #Z_ch=((R+(w*L)j)/(G+(w*C)j))**0.5 #computing characteristic impedance\n", + "Z_ch = (complex(R,w*L)/complex(G,w*C))**0.5 #computing characteristic impedance\n", + "y = Z_ch\n", + "a = y.real #atteneuation consmath.tant\n", + "b = y.imag #phase consmath.tant\n", + "V_in = 2 #in volts\n", + "l = 500 #in kilometers\n", + "Z_in = Z_ch #Since line terminated at its char. imped. so, Z_in=Z_ch=Z(load)\n", + "I_s = V_in/Z_in\n", + "Imag = (((((I_s).real)**2)+(((I_s).imag)**2))**0.5)*10**3 #in milliampere\n", + "Iang = math.atan((I_s).imag/(I_s).real)*(180/math.pi) #in degrees\n", + "I = Imag*e**-1.99 #I=Is*e**-yl\n", + "P = I*I*(Z_ch).real\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#---output--#\n", + "print \"Characteristic impedance (in ohms) =\",Z_ch,4\n", + "print \"Atteneuation constant (in NP/km) =\",round(a,4)\n", + "print \"Phase constant (in radian/km) =\",round(b,4)\n", + " #P(power delivered)=I*I*REAL(Z_ch)\n", + "\n", + "print \"Power delivered to load (in microwatt =\",round(P,4),\")\"\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Characteristic impedance (in ohms) = (1012.50018135-155.813417548j) 4\n", + "Atteneuation constant (in NP/km) = 1012.5002\n", + "Phase constant (in radian/km) = -155.8134\n", + "Power delivered to load (in microwatt = 72.1418 )\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.3 Page No : 13" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "b = 0.02543 #in rad/km\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#calulations\n", + "w = 4*math.pi*10**3 #in rad/sec\n", + "V_p = w/b # phase velocity\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print \"Phase velocity (in km/sec) =\",round(V_p,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Phase velocity (in km/sec) = 494155.3525\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.4 Page No : 18" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "f = 37.5*10**6 #frequency(in hertz)\n", + "wl = (3*10**8)/f #wavelength (in meters)\n", + "Z_l = 100 #in ohms\n", + "Z_o = 200 #in ohms\n", + "l = 5*wl/4 #length of line (in meters)\n", + "b = 2*math.pi/wl\n", + " #At generator end,\n", + "Z_i = Z_o*(complex(Z_l,Z_o*math.tan(b*l))/complex(Z_o,Z_l*math.tan(b*l)))\n", + "V_s = 200*Z_i / 200 + Z_i\n", + "I_s = 200/(200+Z_i)\n", + "P_avg = V_s*I_s #in watts\n", + "I_load=(P_avg/Z_l)**0.5 #in amps\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print \"Current drawn from generator(in amps) =\",round((I_s).real,4)\n", + " #for a lossless line , P(avg)*I_input=P(avg)*I_load\n", + "\n", + "print \"Power delivered to load (in watts) =\",round((P_avg).real,4)\n", + " #Real(Vs*Is)=Real(Vs*I_load)\n", + "\n", + "print \"Current flowing in load (in amps) =\",round((I_load).real,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Current drawn from generator(in amps) = 0.3333\n", + "Power delivered to load (in watts) = 266.6667\n", + "Current flowing in load (in amps) = 1.633\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.5 Page No : 22" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "Z_o = 50 #in ohms\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "f = 300*10**6 #in Hz\n", + "Z_l = complex(50,50) #in ohms\n", + "wl =(3*10**8)/f #wavelength(in meters)\n", + "P =((Z_l-Z_o)/(Z_l+Z_o))\n", + "P_mag = (((P).real**2)+((P).imag**2))**0.5\n", + "P_ang = math.atan((P).imag/(P).real)*180/math.pi #in degrees\n", + "S = (1+P_mag)/(1-P_mag)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print \"Reflection coefficient =\",P\n", + "print \"Magnitude of reflection coeffcient =\",round(P_mag,4)\n", + "print \"Angle (in degree) =\",round(P_ang,4)\n", + "print \"VSWR =\",round(S,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Reflection coefficient = (0.2+0.4j)\n", + "Magnitude of reflection coeffcient = 0.4472\n", + "Angle (in degree) = 63.4349\n", + "VSWR = 2.618\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.6 Page No : 25" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "import numpy\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "Z_l = 100. #in ohms\n", + "Z_o = 600. #in ohms\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#calcuations\n", + "f = 100.*10**6 #in Hz\n", + "wl = complex((3.*10**8)/f)\n", + " #Position of stub is :\n", + "m = complex((Z_l*Z_o)/(Z_l-Z_o))**0.5\n", + "\n", + "pos = (wl/(2*math.pi))*math.atan((Z_l/Z_o)**0.5) #in meters\n", + "\n", + "l = (wl/(2*math.pi))*(numpy.arctan(m)) #in meters\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print \"Position of stub (in meters) =\",(pos)\n", + "print \"Length of stub (in meters) =\",(abs(l))\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "##### m is a complex number hence can not take its atan #####\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Position of stub (in meters) = (0.185063785822+0j)\n", + "Length of stub (in meters) = 0.751272516719\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 17 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.7 Page No : 28" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "Z_o = 50\n", + "S = 3.2\n", + "X_min = 0.23 #in terms of wavelength(wl))\n", + " #So :\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "Z_l = Z_o*(complex(1,-S*math.tan(2*math.pi*X_min))/complex(S,-math.tan(2*math.pi*X_min))) #in ohms\n", + "Z_lmag = (((Z_l).real**2)+((Z_l).imag**2))**0.5\n", + "Z_lang = math.tan((Z_l).imag/(Z_l).real)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print \"The load impedance\"\n", + "print \"magnitude (in ohms) =\",round(Z_lmag,4)\n", + "print \"angle (in degrees) =\",round(Z_lang*180/math.pi,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The load impedance\n", + "magnitude (in ohms) = 148.4532\n", + "angle (in degrees) = -21.5039\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 18 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.8 Page No : 32" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#---varibles--#\n", + "Z_o = 50 #in ohms\n", + "Z_l = 100 #in ohms\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "f = 300*10**3 #in Hz\n", + "P_l = 50*10**(-3) #in watts\n", + "wl = (3*10**8)/f\n", + "p =(Z_l-Z_o)/(Z_l+Z_o)\n", + "S =(1+abs(p))/(1-abs(p))\n", + " #Since real Zl > Zo , \n", + "pos = wl/4\n", + "V_max = (P_l*Z_l)**0.5\n", + "V_min = V_max/S\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print \"VSWR =\",round(S,4)\n", + "print \"First Vmax is located --->at the load \"\n", + "print \"First Vmin is located at --->(wavelength/4)= \",round(pos,4),\"(in meters)\"\n", + "print \"Vmax (in volts) =\",round(V_max,4)\n", + "print \"Vmin (in volts) =\",round(V_min,4)\n", + "print \"Zin at Vmin (in ohms) =:\",round(Z_o/S,4)\n", + "print \"Zin at Vmax (in ohms) =\",round(Z_o*S,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "VSWR = 1.0\n", + "First Vmax is located --->at the load \n", + "First Vmin is located at --->(wavelength/4)= 250.0 (in meters)\n", + "Vmax (in volts) = 2.2361\n", + "Vmin (in volts) = 2.2361\n", + "Zin at Vmin (in ohms) =: 50.0\n", + "Zin at Vmax (in ohms) = 50.0\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 20 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.9 Page No : 37" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "Z_o = 600. #in ohm\n", + "Z_s = 50. #in ohm\n", + "l = 200. #in meter\n", + "Z_l = 500. #in ohm\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "p = (Z_l-Z_o)/(Z_l+Z_o)\n", + "ref_los = 10*(math.log(1/(1-(abs(p))**2)))/(math.log(10)) #in dB\n", + "tran_los = ref_los\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "\n", + "print \"Reflection loss (in dB) =\",round(ref_los,4)\n", + " #attenuation loss= 0 dB\n", + " #Transmisson loss = (attenuation loss)+(reflection loss) = (reflection loss)\n", + "\n", + "print \"Transmisson loss (in dB) =\",round(tran_los,4)\n", + "ret_los=10*((math.log(abs(p)))/(math.log(10)))\n", + "print \"Return loss(in dB) =\",round(ret_los,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Reflection loss (in dB) = 0.036\n", + "Transmisson loss (in dB) = 0.036\n", + "Return loss(in dB) = -10.4139\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 22 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 3.10 Page No : 45" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#variables\n", + "e=2.718\n", + "f=1000 #in Hz\n", + "l=10000 #in meters\n", + "Z_sc=complex(2631,1289) #in ohms\n", + "Z_oc=complex(221,-137) #in ohms\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "Z_o=(Z_sc*Z_oc)**0.5\n", + "Z_mag=((Z_o).real**2+(Z_o).imag**2)**0.5\n", + "Z_ang=(math.atan(((Z_o).imag)/(Z_o).real))*180/math.pi\n", + "x=((Z_oc/Z_sc)**0.5)\n", + " #x=math.tanh(v*l)\n", + " #As, math.tanh(t)=[e**t-e**-t]/[e**t+e**-t]\n", + "v=complex(261,2988)/l\n", + "a=(v).real\n", + "b=(v).imag\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#output\n", + "print \"Characteristic impedance (in ohms) =\",round(Z_mag,4)\n", + "print \"Angle (in degrees) =\",round(Z_ang,4)\n", + "print \"Phase velocity (in meter per sec.) =\",round(2*math.pi*f/b,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Characteristic impedance (in ohms) = 872.8129\n", + "Angle (in degrees) = -2.8468\n", + "Phase velocity (in meter per sec.) = 21028.0633\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 23 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering _by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/ch4_1.ipynb b/_Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering _by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/ch4_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8b0dac47 --- /dev/null +++ b/_Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering _by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/ch4_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1181 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:02722fb266045ae58b797195e743ca538045a5c841f2d244ad349840a5c3f84f" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 4 : Microwaves Transmission Lines" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.1 Page No : 66" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Given:\n", + "d = 0.49 #in cm\n", + "D = 1.1 #in cm\n", + "e_r = 2.3\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "c = 3*10**8 #in meter/second\n", + "L = 2*(10**-7)*math.log(D/d) #in Henry/meter\n", + "C = 55.56*(10**-12)*(e_r)/math.log(D/d) #in farad/meter\n", + "R_o = (60/math.sqrt(e_r)) *math.log(D/d) #in ohms\n", + "v = c/math.sqrt(e_r) #in meter/second\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Inducmath.tance per unit length(in H/m) =',round(L,4)\n", + "print 'Capacimath.tance per unit length(in F/m) =',round(C,4)\n", + "print 'Characteristic Impedance (in ohms) =',round(R_o,4)\n", + "print 'Velocity of propagation (in m/s)=',round(v,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Inducmath.tance per unit length(in H/m) = 0.0\n", + "Capacimath.tance per unit length(in F/m) = 0.0\n", + "Characteristic Impedance (in ohms) = 31.9929\n", + "Velocity of propagation (in m/s)= 197814142.019\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.2 Page No : 67" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "R = 0.05 #in ohms\n", + "G = 0\n", + "l = 50 #in meter\n", + "e = 2.3 #dielectric consmath.tant\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "c = 3*10**8 #in m/s\n", + "L = 2*(10**(-7)) #from Exa:4.1\n", + "C = 1.58*(10**(-10)) #from Exa:4.1\n", + "P_in = 480 #in watts\n", + "f = 3*10**9 #in hertz\n", + "Z_o = math.sqrt(L/C)\n", + "a = R/Z_o #in Np/m\n", + "b = 2*math.pi*f*math.sqrt(L*C) #in rad/m\n", + "V_p = 1/math.sqrt(L*C)\n", + "e_r = (c/V_p)**2\n", + "P_loss = P_in*2*l\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Atteneuation (in Np/m) =',round(a,4)\n", + "print 'Phase consmath.tant (in rad/m) =',round(b,4)\n", + "print 'Phase velocity (in m/s) =',round(V_p,4)\n", + "print 'Relative permittivity =',round(e_r,4)\n", + "print 'Power loss (in watts) =',round(P_loss,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Atteneuation (in Np/m) = 0.0014\n", + "Phase consmath.tant (in rad/m) = 105.9607\n", + "Phase velocity (in m/s) = 177892016.741\n", + "Relative permittivity = 2.844\n", + "Power loss (in watts) = 48000.0\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.3 Page No : 69" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Given \n", + "a = 2.42 #in cm\n", + "x = 2.3 #x=(b/a)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#calculation\n", + "P_bd = 3600*a**2*math.log(x) #in kilowatts\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Breakdown Power (in kW) =',round(P_bd,4)\n", + "\n", + "#answer in book is wrongly written as 398 kW.\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Breakdown Power (in kW) = 17560.2564\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.4 Page No : 74" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "b = 0.3175 #in cm\n", + "d = 0.0539 #in cm\n", + "c = 3*10**8 #in m/s\n", + "e_r = 2.32\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "Z_o = 60*math.log(4*b/(math.pi*d))/math.sqrt(e_r) #in ohms\n", + "V_p = c/math.sqrt(e_r) #in m/s\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Charcteristic impedance (in ohms) =',round(Z_o,4)\n", + "print 'Velocity of propagation (in m/s) =',round(V_p,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Charcteristic impedance (in ohms) = 79.3713\n", + "Velocity of propagation (in m/s) = 196959649.29\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.5 Page No : 79" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "e_r = 9.7\n", + "c = 3*10**8 #in m/s\n", + "r_1 = 0.5 #when ratio: (W/h)=0.5\n", + "r_2 = 5 #when ratio: (W/h)=5\n", + " #For W/h ratio=0.5\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "e_eff_1 = (e_r+1)/2+((e_r-1)/2)*(1/(math.sqrt(1+12*(1/r_1))+0.04*(1-r_1)))\n", + "Z_o_1 = 60*math.log(8/r_1+r_1/4)/math.sqrt(e_eff_1)\n", + "v_1 = c/math.sqrt(e_eff_1)\n", + "e_eff_2 = (e_r+1)/2+((e_r-1)/2)*(1/(math.sqrt(1+12*(1/r_2))))\n", + "Z_o_2 = 120*math.pi*(1/(r_2+1.393+0.667*math.log(1.444+r_2)))/math.sqrt(e_eff_2)\n", + "v_2 = c/math.sqrt(e_eff_2)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print \"For W/h=0.5 ,\"\n", + "print 'Effective dielectric consmath.tant =',round(e_eff_1,4)\n", + "print 'Charcteristic impedance (in ohms) =',round(Z_o_1,4)\n", + "print 'Velocity of propagation (in m/s) =',round(v_1)\n", + " #For W/h ratio=5\n", + "print \"For W/h=5,\";\n", + "print 'Effective dielectric consmath.tant =',round(e_eff_2,4)\n", + "print 'Charcteristic impedance (in ohms) =',round(Z_o_2,4)\n", + "print 'Velocity of propagation (in m/s) =',round(v_2,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "For W/h=0.5 ,\n", + "Effective dielectric consmath.tant = 6.2165\n", + "Charcteristic impedance (in ohms) = 66.9083\n", + "Velocity of propagation (in m/s) = 120322571.0\n", + "For W/h=5,\n", + "Effective dielectric consmath.tant = 9.7\n", + "Charcteristic impedance (in ohms) = 15.8524\n", + "Velocity of propagation (in m/s) = 96324194.8602\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.6 Page No : 84" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + " #For TE Wave propagated:\n", + " #for Recmath.tangular , taking (a=2b)\n", + "r = 100 #assume\n", + " #for TE11, wavelength=2*pi*r/1.841\n", + " #for TE10, wavelength=2a\n", + "#calculations\n", + "a = (2*math.pi*r/1.841)/2\n", + "ar_rec_TE = (a)*(a/2)\n", + "ar_cir_TE = math.pi*r**2\n", + "ratio_TE = (ar_cir_TE)/(ar_rec_TE)\n", + "b = (2.6155*r)/1.78885\n", + "ar_rec_TM = (b)*(b)\n", + "ar_cir_TM = math.pi*r**2\n", + "ratio_TM = (ar_cir_TM)/(ar_rec_TM)\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Ratio of Circular & Rectangular coss-section area (in TE) =',round(ratio_TE,4)\n", + " #For TM Wave propagated:\n", + " #for Recmath.tangular , taking (a=2b)\n", + " #for TE01, wavelength=2.6155*r\n", + " #for TE11, wavelength=4b/math.sqrt(5)\n", + "\n", + "print 'Ratio of Circular & Rectangular coss-section area (in TM) =',round(ratio_TM,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Ratio of Circular & Rectangular coss-section area (in TE) = 2.1577\n", + "Ratio of Circular & Rectangular coss-section area (in TM) = 1.4696\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 9 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.7 Page No : 89" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "f = 9*10**9 #in Hz\n", + "c = 3*10**10 #in cm/s\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "wl_g = 4 #in m\n", + "wl_o = c/f\n", + "wl_c = (math.sqrt(1-((wl_o/wl_g)**2))/wl_o)**(-1)\n", + "b = wl_c/4\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Breadth of rectangular waveguide (in cm) =',round(b,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Breadth of rectangular waveguide (in cm) = 0.75\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 10 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.8 Page No : 96" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "a = 10 #in cm\n", + "c = 3*10**10 #in cm/s\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "wl_c = 2*a #in cm\n", + "f = 2.5*10**9 #in Hz\n", + "wl_o = c/f\n", + "wl_g = wl_o/(math.sqrt(1-(wl_o/wl_c)**2)) #in cm\n", + "V_p = c/(math.sqrt(1-(wl_o/wl_c)**2))\n", + "V_g = c**2/V_p\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Cut-off wavelength (in cm) =',round(wl_c,4)\n", + "print 'Guide wavelength (in cm) =',round(wl_g,4)\n", + "print 'Phase velocity (in cm/s) =',round(V_p,4)\n", + "print 'Group velocity (in cm/s) =',round(V_g,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Cut-off wavelength (in cm) = 20.0\n", + "Guide wavelength (in cm) = 15.0\n", + "Phase velocity (in cm/s) = 37500000000.0\n", + "Group velocity (in cm/s) = 24000000000.0\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 11 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.9 Page No : 102" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + " #For TE mode:\n", + "\n", + "a = 2.5 #in cm\n", + "b = 1 #in cm\n", + "f = 8.6*10**9 #in Hz\n", + "c = 3*10**10 #in cm/s\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "wl_o = c/f\n", + "wl_c_1 = 2*b #for TE01\n", + "wl_c_2 = 2*a #for TE10\n", + "f_c = c/wl_c_2\n", + "wl_c_3 = 2*a*b/math.sqrt(a**2+b**2) #for TE11 & TM11\n", + "wl_g_TE10 = wl_o/(math.sqrt(1-(wl_o/wl_c_2)**2)) #for TE10\n", + "wl_c_TM11 = wl_c_3;\n", + "wl_g_TM11 = wl_o/(math.sqrt(1-(wl_o/wl_c_2)**2)) #for TM11\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Only TE10 mode is possible'\n", + "print 'Cut-off frequency(in Hz) =',round(f_c,4)\n", + "print wl_g_TE10,'Guide wavelength for TE10 (in cm) =',round(wl_g_TE10,4)\n", + " #For TM mode:\n", + "print 'TM11 also propagates'\n", + "print 'Guide wavelength for TM11 (in cm) =',round(wl_g_TM11,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Only TE10 mode is possible\n", + "Cut-off frequency(in Hz) = 6000000000.0\n", + "4.86920604871 Guide wavelength for TE10 (in cm) = 4.8692\n", + "TM11 also propagates\n", + "Guide wavelength for TM11 (in cm) = 4.8692\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 12 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.10 Page No : 105" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "wl_c = 10 #in cm \n", + "c = 3*10**10 #in cm/s\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "r = wl_c/(2*math.pi/1.841) #in cm\n", + "area = math.pi*r**2 #in sq. cm\n", + "f_c = c/wl_c\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Radius of circular waveguide(in cm) =',round(r,4)\n", + "print 'Area of cross-section of circular waveguide(in cm) =',round(area,4)\n", + "print 'Frequency above',round(f_c,4),'can be propagated'\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Radius of circular waveguide(in cm) = 2.93\n", + "Area of cross-section of circular waveguide(in cm) = 26.971\n", + "Frequency above 3000000000.0 can be propagated\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.11 Page No : 106" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "a = 4 #in cm\n", + "b = 3 #in cm \n", + "f = 5*10**9 #in Hz\n", + "c = 3*10**10 #in cm/s\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "wl_o = c/f \n", + "\n", + " #For TE waves:\n", + "wl_c_TE01 = 2*b #for TE01\n", + "wl_c_TE10 = 2*a #for TE10\n", + "wl_c_TE11 = 2*a*b/math.sqrt(a**2+b**2) #for TE11\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#---logic---#\n", + "if(wl_c_TE01>wl_o):\n", + " print 'TE01 can propagate'\n", + "else:\n", + " print 'TE01 cannot propagate'\n", + "\n", + "if(wl_c_TE10>wl_o):\n", + " print 'TE10 can propagate'\n", + "else:\n", + " print 'TE10 cannot propagate'\n", + "\n", + "if(wl_c_TE11>wl_o):\n", + " print 'TE11 can propagate'\n", + "else:\n", + " print 'TE11 cannot propagate'\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "TE01 cannot propagate\n", + "TE10 can propagate\n", + "TE11 cannot propagate\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 14 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.12 Page No : 107" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "c = 3*10**10 #in cm/s\n", + "d = 4 #in cm\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "r = d/2 #in cm\n", + "wl_c = 2*math.pi*r/1.841 #in cm\n", + "f_c = c/wl_c \n", + "f_signal = 5*10**9 #in Hz\n", + "wl_o = c/f_signal \n", + "wl_g = wl_o/math.sqrt(1-(wl_o/wl_c)**2)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Cut-off wavelength (in cm) =',round(wl_c,4)\n", + "print 'Cut-off frequency (in Hz) =',round(f_c,4)\n", + "print 'Guide wavelength (in cm) =',round(wl_g,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Cut-off wavelength (in cm) = 6.8258\n", + "Cut-off frequency (in Hz) = 4395063753.48\n", + "Guide wavelength (in cm) = 12.5839\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 15 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.14 Page No : 115" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "c = 3*10**10 #in cm/s\n", + "a = 5 #in cm\n", + "b = 2.5 #in cm\n", + "wl_o = 4.5 #in cm\n", + " #For TE10 mode:\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "wl_c = 2*a \n", + "wl_g = wl_o/math.sqrt(1-(wl_o/wl_c)**2) \n", + "V_p = c/math.sqrt(1-(wl_o/wl_c)**2) \n", + "w = 2*math.pi*c/wl_o \n", + "w_c = 2*math.pi*c/wl_c\n", + "b = math.sqrt(w**2-w_c**2)/c\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Guide wavelength (in cm) =',round(wl_g,4)\n", + "print 'Phase consmath.tant =',round(b,4)\n", + "print 'Phase velocity (in cm/s) =',round(V_p,4)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#answer in book is wrongly written as guide wavelength =7.803 cm\n", + "#answer in book is wrongly written as Phase velocity = 5.22*10**10 cm/s\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Guide wavelength (in cm) = 5.039\n", + "Phase consmath.tant = 1.2469\n", + "Phase velocity (in cm/s) = 33593550657.4\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 16 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.15 Page No : 121" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "c = 3*10**10 #in cm/s\n", + "wl_c_TE10 = 16 #Critical wavelength of TE10\n", + "wl_c_TM11 = 7.16 #Critical wavelength of TM11\n", + "wl_c_TM21 = 5.6 #Critical wavelength of TM21\n", + " #For (i): 10 cm\n", + "wl_o = 10 #in cm\n", + "\n", + "wl_o=5 #in cm\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#---logic---#\n", + "print 'For free space wavelength (in cm) =',round(wl_o,4)\n", + "if(wl_c_TE10>wl_o):\n", + " print ' TE10 can propagate'\n", + "else:\n", + " print ' TE10 cannot propagate'\n", + "\n", + "if(wl_c_TM11>wl_o):\n", + " print ' TM11 can propagate'\n", + "else:\n", + " print ' TM11 cannot propagate'\n", + "\n", + "if(wl_c_TM21>wl_o):\n", + " print ' TM21 can propagate'\n", + "else:\n", + " print ' TM21 cannot propagate'\n", + "\n", + " #For (ii): 5 cm\n", + "\n", + "print ('For free space wavelength (in cm) =',round(wl_o)) \n", + "if(wl_c_TE10>wl_o):\n", + " print (' TE10 can propagate')\n", + "else:\n", + " print (' TE10 cannot propagate')\n", + "\n", + "if(wl_c_TM11>wl_o):\n", + " print (' TM11 can propagate')\n", + "else:\n", + " print (' TM11 cannot propagate')\n", + "\n", + "if(wl_c_TM21>wl_o):\n", + " print (' TM21 can propagate')\n", + "else:\n", + " print (' TM21 cannot propagate')\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "For free space wavelength (in cm) = 5.0\n", + " TE10 can propagate\n", + " TM11 can propagate\n", + " TM21 can propagate\n", + "('For free space wavelength (in cm) =', 5.0)\n", + " TE10 can propagate\n", + " TM11 can propagate\n", + " TM21 can propagate\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 17 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.16 Page No : 126" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "c = 3*10**10 #in cm/s\n", + "f = 10*10**9 #in Hz\n", + "a = 3 #in cm\n", + "b = 2 #in cm\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "n = 120 * math.pi\n", + "wl_o = c/f\n", + "wl_c = 2*a*b/math.sqrt(a**2+b**2)\n", + "Z_TM = round(n*math.sqrt(1-(wl_o/wl_c)**2),4)\n", + "\n", + "#output\n", + "print 'Characteristic impedance (in ohms) =', Z_TM\n", + "\n", + "#answer in book is wrongly written as 61.618 ohms\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Characteristic impedance (in ohms) = 163.2419\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 18 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.17 Page No : 134" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "c = 3*10**10 #in cm/s\n", + "f = 6*10**9 #in Hz\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "f_c = 0.8*f\n", + "wl_c = c/f_c\n", + "D = round(1.841*(wl_c/math.pi),4)\n", + "wl_o = c/f\n", + "wl_g = round(wl_o/math.sqrt(1-(wl_o/wl_c)**2),4)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#output\n", + "print 'Diameter of waveguide (in cm) =', D\n", + "print 'Guide wavelength (in cm) =', wl_g\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Diameter of waveguide (in cm) = 3.6626\n", + "Guide wavelength (in cm) = 8.3333\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 19 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.18 Page No : 142" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "a = 1.5 #in cm\n", + "b = 1 #in cm\n", + "e_r = 4 #dielectric\n", + "c = 3*10**10 #in cm/s\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "wl_c = 2*b\n", + "f_c = c/wl_c\n", + "f_imp = 6*10**9 #impressed frequency (in Hz)\n", + "wl_air = c/f_imp\n", + "\n", + " #Inserting dielectric:\n", + "wl_dielec = wl_air/math.sqrt(e_r)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#---logic--#\n", + "if(wl_dielec > wl_c):\n", + " print ' TE01 can propagate'\n", + "else:\n", + " print ' TE01 cannot propagate'\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " TE01 can propagate\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 20 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.19 Page No : 148" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "u = 4*math.pi*10**-7\n", + "e = 8.85*10**-12\n", + "c = 3*10**10 #in cm/s\n", + "f = 6*10**9 #in Hz\n", + "a = 1.5 #in cm\n", + "b = 1 #in cm\n", + " #For TE10 mode:\n", + "m = 1\n", + "n = 0\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "wl_c = 2*a\n", + "f_c = c/wl_c\n", + "t_1 = (m*math.pi/a)**2\n", + "t_2 = (n*math.pi/b)**2\n", + "t_3 = (((2*math.pi*f)**2)*u*e)\n", + "a = math.sqrt(abs(t_1+t_2-t_3)) #in neper/m\n", + " # variable t_1+t_2-t_3 is negative. So I changed the sign to calculate sqrt.\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Attenuation (in dB/m) =', round(a*20 / math.log(10),4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Attenuation (in dB/m) = 1091.8468\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 21 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.20 Page No : 149" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "c = 3*10**10 #in cm/s\n", + "f = 9*10**9 #inHz\n", + "a = 3 #in cm\n", + "b = 1 #in cm\n", + "E_max = 3000 #in V/cm\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "wl_o = c/f\n", + "wl_c = 2*a #in TE10\n", + "wl_g = round(wl_o/math.sqrt(1-(wl_o/wl_c)**2))\n", + "P_max = (6.63*10**-4)*E_max**2*a*b*(wl_o/wl_g)\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Maximum power for rectangular waveguide (in kilowatts)=', round(P_max/1000, 4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Maximum power for rectangular waveguide (in kilowatts)= 17.901\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 22 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.21 Page No : 150" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "c = 3*10**10 #in cm/s\n", + "f = 9*10**9 #inHz\n", + "E_max = 300 #in V/cm\n", + "d = 5\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "wl_o = c/f\n", + " #For TE11\n", + "wl_c = d*math.pi/1.841\n", + "wl_g = wl_o/math.sqrt(1-(wl_o/wl_c)**2)\n", + "P_max = 0.498*E_max**2*d**2*(wl_o/wl_g)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Maximum power (in watts) =',round(P_max,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Maximum power (in watts) = 1048954.2981\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 23 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.22 Page No : 156" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "c = 3.*10**10 #in cm/s\n", + "f = 30.*10**9 #inHz\n", + "a = 1. #in cm\n", + "b = 1.\n", + "P_max = 746. #in watts\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "wl_o = c/f\n", + "wl_c = 2*a\n", + "Z = 120*math.pi/math.sqrt(1-(wl_o/wl_c)**2)\n", + "E_max = math.sqrt(P_max*4*Z/(a*b/10000))\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Peak value of electric field (in kV/m) =',round(E_max/1000,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Peak value of electric field (in kV/m) = 113.9724\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 25 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.23 Page No : 163" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Given: \n", + "c = 3*10**10 #in cm/s\n", + "a = 2.3 #in cm\n", + "b = 1 #in cm\n", + "f = 9.375*10**9 #in Hz\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "wl_o = c/f\n", + "P_bd_TE11 = 597 * 2.3 * 1 * (1-(wl_o/(2*a))**2)**0.5\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Breakdown power for dominant mode (in kW) =',round(P_bd_TE11,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Breakdown power for dominant mode (in kW) = 986.4059\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 26 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 4.24 Page No : 166" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Given: \n", + "d = 5 #in cm\n", + "c = 3*10**10 #in cm/s\n", + "f = 9*10**9 #inHz\n", + " #Dominant mode is TE11:\n", + "#calculations\n", + "wl_o = c/f\n", + "wl_c = math.pi*d/1.841\n", + "f_c = c/wl_c\n", + "P_bd_TE11 = 1790*(d/2)**2*(1-(f_c/f)**2)**0.5\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Breakdown power (in kW) =',round(P_bd_TE11/1000,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Breakdown power (in kW) = 6.591\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 27 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering _by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/ch5_1.ipynb b/_Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering _by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/ch5_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d0cc5d39 --- /dev/null +++ b/_Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering _by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/ch5_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,204 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:aa05d3b801e5c6bc9c434761fec64832634ba5c396ae452adbd18dc37a932cd9" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 5 : Cavity Resonators" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.1 Page No : 180" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Given: \n", + "a = 3 #in cm\n", + "c = 3*10**10 #in cm/s\n", + "f = 10*10**9 #in Hz\n", + "P_01 = 2.405\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "d = math.pi/math.sqrt(f**2*4*math.pi**2/c**2-(P_01/a)**2)\n", + "\n", + "#output\n", + "print 'Minimum distance (in cm) =', round(d,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Minimum distance (in cm) = 1.6236\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.2 Page No : 183" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Given: \n", + "c = 3.*10**10 #in cm/s\n", + "a = 2. #in cm\n", + "b = 1. #in cm\n", + "d = 3. #in cm\n", + "m = 1.\n", + "n = 0\n", + "p = 1.\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "f=(c/2)*((m/a)**2+(n/b)**2+(p/d)**2)**0.5\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Dominant mode is TE101'\n", + "print 'Lowest resonant frequency(in GHz) =',round(f/10**9,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Dominant mode is TE101\n", + "Lowest resonant frequency(in GHz) = 9.0139\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.3 Page No : 184" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Given:\n", + "d = 12.5 #diameter(in cm)\n", + "c = 3*10**10 #in cm/s\n", + "l = 5 #length(in cm)\n", + "\n", + " #For TM012 mode:\n", + "n = 0\n", + "m = 1\n", + "p = 2\n", + "P = 2.405\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "a = d/2\n", + "f = (c/(2*math.pi))*((P/a)**2+(p*math.pi/d)**2)**0.5\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Resonant frequency (in GHz) =',round(f/10**9,4)\n", + "\n", + "#Answer in book in wrongly given as 6.27GHz \n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Resonant frequency (in GHz) = 3.0225\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 5.4 Page No : 191" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Given:\n", + "c = 3.*10**10 #in cm/s\n", + "a = 3. #in cm\n", + "b = 2. #in cm\n", + "d = 4. #in cm\n", + "#For TE101:\n", + "m = 1.\n", + "n = 0\n", + "p = 1.\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "f = (c/2)*((m/a)**2+(n/b)**2+(p/d)**2)**0.5\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Resonant frequency(in GHz) =',round(f/10**9,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Resonant frequency(in GHz) = 6.25\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering _by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/ch6_1.ipynb b/_Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering _by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/ch6_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..57085808 --- /dev/null +++ b/_Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering _by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/ch6_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,523 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:8e00413bfc7a32f9462043bc0306d2b727b39c9d5a7f565f60201529b83b4788" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 6 : Microwave Components" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.2 Page No : 200" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "Beeta = 34.3 #in rad/m\n", + "# S=[0,0.5*math.e**(%i*53.13);0.5*math.e**(%i*53.13),0];\n", + "# S'=[0,0.5*math.e**(%i*53.13-x);0.5*math.e**(%i*53.13-x),0];\n", + "#For S12& S21 to be real ,\n", + "x = 53.5 #in degrees\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "x_rad = 53.5*math.pi/180\n", + "l = x_rad/Beeta\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'distance (in cm)=',round(l*100,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "distance (in cm)= 2.7223\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.3 Page No : 205" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "D = 30 #in dB\n", + "VSWR = 1\n", + "C = 10\n", + " #p1_p4 = p1/p4\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "p1_p4 = 10**(C/-10)\n", + "S_41 = round(math.sqrt(p1_p4),4)\n", + "S_14 = S_41 #As matched & lossless\n", + "S_31 = round(S_41**2/10**(D/10),4)\n", + "S_11 = round((VSWR-1)/(VSWR+1),4)\n", + "S_22 = S_11\n", + "S_44 = S_11\n", + "S_33 = S_11\n", + "S_21 = round(math.sqrt(1-0.1-10**-4),4)\n", + "S_12 = S_21\n", + "S_34 = round(math.sqrt(1-0.1-10**-4),4)\n", + "S_43 = S_34\n", + "S_24 = round(math.sqrt(1-0.1-S_34**2),4)\n", + "S_42 = S_24\n", + "S_23 = S_41\n", + "S_32 = S_23\n", + "S_13 = S_31\n", + "S=[[S_11,S_12,S_13,S_14],[S_21,S_22,S_23,S_24],[S_31,S_32,S_33,S_34],[S_41,S_42,S_43,S_44]]\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Required Scattering Parameters are \\n', S\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Required Scattering Parameters are \n", + "[[0.0, 0.9486, 0.0001, 0.3162], [0.9486, 0.0, 0.3162, 0.0126], [0.0001, 0.3162, 0.0, 0.9486], [0.3162, 0.0126, 0.9486, 0.0]]\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.4 Page No : 206" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "a_2 = 0\n", + "a_3 = 0\n", + "a_1 = 32 #in mW\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "b_1 = (a_1/2**2)+(a_2/-2)+(a_3/math.sqrt(2))\n", + "b_2 = (a_1/(-2)**2)+(a_2/-2)+(a_3/math.sqrt(2))\n", + "b_3 = (a_1/2)+(a_2/math.sqrt(2))+(a_3/-math.sqrt(2))\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Power at port1(in mW)=',b_1\n", + "print 'Power at port2(in mW) =',b_2\n", + "print 'Power at port3(in mW) =',b_3\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Power at port1(in mW)= 8.0\n", + "Power at port2(in mW) = 8.0\n", + "Power at port3(in mW) = 16.0\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.5 Page No : 214" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "b_1 = 20\n", + "b_2 = 20\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "p_1 = abs((60-50)/(60+50))\n", + "p_2 = abs((75-50)/(75+50))\n", + "P_1 = b_1*(1-p_1**2)/2\n", + "P_2 = b_2*(1-p_2**2)/2\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Power in port1 (in mW) =',round(P_1,4)\n", + "print 'Power in port2 (in mW) =',P_2\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Power in port1 (in mW) = 10.0\n", + "Power in port2 (in mW) = 10\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.6 Page No : 222" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "p_1 = 0.5\n", + "p_2 = 0.6\n", + "p_4 = 0.8\n", + "b_1 = 0.6566\n", + "b_2 = 0.7576\n", + "b_3 = 0.6536\n", + "b_4 = 0.00797\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "a_1 = p_1*b_1\n", + "a_2 = p_2*b_2\n", + "a_3 = 1 #in Watts\n", + "a_4 = p_4*b_4\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Power at port 1(in W)=',round(b_1**2,4)\n", + "print 'Power at port 2(in W)=',round(b_2**2,4)\n", + "print 'Power at port 3(in W)=',round(b_3**2,4)\n", + "print 'Power at port 4(in W)=',b_4**2\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Power at port 1(in W)= 0.4311\n", + "Power at port 2(in W)= 0.574\n", + "Power at port 3(in W)= 0.4272\n", + "Power at port 4(in W)= 6.35209e-05\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.7 Page No : 227" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "In_loss = 0.5 #in dB\n", + "Isolation = 30 #in dB\n", + "S_11 = 0\n", + "S_22 = 0\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "S_21 = 10**(-In_loss/20) \n", + "S_12 = 10**(-Isolation/20)\n", + "S = [S_11,S_12,S_21,S_22]\n", + "\n", + "#output\n", + "print 'Scattering matrix = [',\n", + "for k in S:\n", + " print round(k,4),\",\" ,\n", + "print ']'\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Scattering matrix = [ 0.0 , 0.01 , 0.9441 , 0.0 , ]\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 12 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.9 Page No : 228" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "VSWR = 1\n", + "In_loss = 0.5 #in dB\n", + "Isolation = 20 #in dB\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "S_12 = round(10**(-Isolation/20),4)\n", + "S_21 = round(10**(-In_loss/20),4)\n", + "S_23 = S_12\n", + "S_31 = S_12\n", + "S_32 = S_21\n", + "S_13 = S_21\n", + "p=round((VSWR-1)/(VSWR+1),4)\n", + "S_11 = p\n", + "S_22 = p\n", + "S_33 = p\n", + "S = [S_11,S_12,S_13],[S_21,S_22,S_23],[S_31,S_32,S_33]\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Scattering matrix =',S\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Scattering matrix = ([0.0, 0.1, 0.9441], [0.9441, 0.0, 0.1], [0.1, 0.9441, 0.0])\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.10 Page No : 232" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "In_loss = 0.5 #insertion loss(in dB)\n", + "C = 20 #in dB\n", + "D = 35 #in dB\n", + "Pi = 90 #in Watts\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "Pi_Pf = 10**(C/10)\n", + "Pf = Pi/Pi_Pf\n", + "Pf_Pb = 10**(D/10)\n", + "Pb = Pf/Pf_Pb\n", + "P_rec = (Pi-Pf-Pb) #Power received (in Watts)\n", + "P_rec_dB = 10*math.log(Pi/P_rec)/math.log(10)\n", + "P_rec_eff = P_rec_dB-In_loss #Effective power received (in dB)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Effective power received (in dB)=',round(P_rec_eff,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Effective power received (in dB)= -0.5\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 14 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.11 Page No : 239" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "S_13 = 0.1\n", + "S_14 = 0.05\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "C = -20*math.log(S_13)/math.log(10)\n", + "D = 20*math.log(S_13/S_14)/math.log(10)\n", + "I = C+D\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Coupling (in dB) =',round(C,4)\n", + "print 'Directivity (in dB)) =',round(D,4)\n", + "print 'Isolation (in dB) =',round(I,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Coupling (in dB) = 20.0\n", + "Directivity (in dB)) = 6.0206\n", + "Isolation (in dB) = 26.0206\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 15 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.12 Page No : 245" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "D=3 #distance of seperation(in cm)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "w_l=2*D #wavelength\n", + "d2_d1=2.5 #d2-d1(in m)\n", + "S=w_l/(math.pi*d2_d1*10**-1)\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'VSWR =',round(S,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "VSWR = 7.6394\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 16 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 6.13 Page No : 252" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#---variables\n", + "w_l=7.2 #wavelength (in cm)\n", + "x=10.5-9.3\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "Phase_shift=(2*math.pi*x)/(w_l)\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Phase Shift (in degree) =',round(Phase_shift*180/math.pi,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Phase Shift (in degree) = 60.0\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 17 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering _by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/ch7_1.ipynb b/_Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering _by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/ch7_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..746d79d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/_Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering _by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/ch7_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,189 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:bf5e27aec09a7e2fac66ac45f02286ce200d91b5616037191e8baebf0befe768" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 7 : Microwave Measurements" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 7.1 Page No : 273" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Given:\n", + "c = 3*10**10 #in cm/s\n", + "a = 4 #in cm\n", + "b = 2.5 #in cm\n", + "f = 10*10**9 #in Hz\n", + "d = 0.1 #distance between 2 minimum power points(in cm)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "#For TE10 mode:\n", + "wl_c = 2*a\n", + "wl_o = c/f\n", + "wl_g = wl_o/math.sqrt(1-(wl_o/wl_c)**2)\n", + "S = wl_g/(math.pi*d)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Voltage standing wave ratio =',round(S,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Voltage standing wave ratio = 9.5493\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 7.2 Page No : 274" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#Given: \n", + "P_i = 300 #in mW\n", + "P_r = 10 #in mW\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "p = math.sqrt(P_r/P_i)\n", + "S = (1+p)/(1-p)\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Voltage standing wave ratio =',round(S,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Voltage standing wave ratio = 1.0\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 7.3 Page No : 279" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "#Given:\n", + "P_i = 2.5 #in mW\n", + "P_r = 0.15 #in mW\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "p = math.sqrt(P_r/P_i)\n", + "S = (1+p)/(1-p)\n", + "print 'Voltage standing wave ratio =', round(S,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Voltage standing wave ratio = 1.6488\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 7.4 Page No : 286" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#Given:\n", + "P_i=4.5 #in mW\n", + "S=2. #VSWR\n", + "C=30. #in dB\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "p=(S-1)/(S+1)\n", + "P_f=P_i/(10**(C/10))\n", + "P_r=p**2*P_i\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Reflected power (in watts) =',P_r\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Reflected power (in watts) = 0.5\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering _by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/ch8_1.ipynb b/_Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering _by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/ch8_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f4b9ac5e --- /dev/null +++ b/_Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering _by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/ch8_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,806 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:3b50f58b54841662eb0b6edda4172167b273f5b5c1c667219e09c738e3a299bf" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 8 : Microwave Tubes and Circuits" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.1 Page No : 295" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "V_o = 14.5*10**3 #in volts\n", + "I_o = 1.4 #in A\n", + "f = 10*10**9 #in Hz\n", + "p_o = 10**-6 #in c/m**3\n", + "p = 10**-8 #in c/m**3\n", + "v = 10**5 #in m/s\n", + "R = 0.4\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "v_o = 0.593*10**6*math.sqrt(V_o)\n", + "k = 2*math.pi*f/v_o\n", + "w_p = (1.759*10**11*(10**-6/(8.854*10**-12)))**0.5\n", + "w_q = R*w_p\n", + "J_o = p_o*v_o\n", + "J = p*v_o+p_o*v\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Dc electron velocity (in m/s) =',round(v_o,4)\n", + "print 'Dc phase constant (in rad/s) =',round(k,4)\n", + "print 'Plasma frequency (in rad/s) =',round(w_p,4)\n", + "print 'Reduced plasma frequency (in rad/s) =',round(w_q,4)\n", + "print 'Dc beam current density (in A/sq. m) =',round(w_q,4)\n", + "print 'Instantaneous beam current density(in A/sq. m) =',round(w_q,4)\n", + "\n", + "#Answer in book are wrongly written as: (Dc phase constant =1.41* 10**8 rad/sec)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Dc electron velocity (in m/s) = 71406655.8522\n", + "Dc phase constant (in rad/s) = 879.9159\n", + "Plasma frequency (in rad/s) = 140949377.094\n", + "Reduced plasma frequency (in rad/s) = 56379750.8375\n", + "Dc beam current density (in A/sq. m) = 56379750.8375\n", + "Instantaneous beam current density(in A/sq. m) = 56379750.8375\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.2 Page No : 299" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "A_v = 15 #in dB\n", + "P_i = 5*10**-3 #in W\n", + "R_sh_i = 30000 #in ohms\n", + "R_sh_o = 40000 #in ohms\n", + "R_l = 20000 #in ohms\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "V_i = math.sqrt(P_i*R_sh_i)\n", + "V_o = 10**((A_v/20))*12.25\n", + "P_out = V_o**2/R_l\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Input rms voltage (in volts) =',round(V_i,4)\n", + "print 'Output rms voltage (in volts) =',round(V_o,4)\n", + "print 'Power delivered to load (in watts) =',round(P_out,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Input rms voltage (in volts) = 12.2474\n", + "Output rms voltage (in volts) = 12.25\n", + "Power delivered to load (in watts) = 0.0075\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.3 Page No : 307" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "n = 2\n", + "V_o = 300 #in volts\n", + "I_o = 20*10**-3 #in A\n", + "V_i = 40 #in volts\n", + "J = 1.25 #J(X')\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "P_dc = V_o*I_o\n", + "P_ac = 2*V_o*I_o*J/(2*n*math.pi-math.pi/2)\n", + "eff = (P_ac/P_dc)*100\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Input power (in watts) =',P_dc\n", + "print 'Output power (in watts) =',round(P_dc,4)\n", + "print 'Efficiency (in percent) =',round(eff,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Input power (in watts) = 6.0\n", + "Output power (in watts) = 6.0\n", + "Efficiency (in percent) = 22.7364\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.4 Page No : 313" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "V_o = 900 #in volts\n", + "I_o = 30*10**-3 #in A\n", + "f = 8*10**9 #in Hz\n", + "d = 0.001 #in m\n", + "l = 0.04 #in m\n", + "R_sh = 40*10**3 #in ohm\n", + "#calculations\n", + "v_o = 0.593*10**6*math.sqrt(V_o)\n", + "T_o = l/v_o\n", + "Theeta_o = (2*math.pi*f)*T_o #Transit angles between cavities(in radian)\n", + "Theeta_g = (2*math.pi*f)*d/v_o #Average gap transit angle (in radian)\n", + "b = math.sin(Theeta_g/2)/(Theeta_g/2)\n", + "V_in_max = V_o*3.68/(b*Theeta_o)\n", + " #As, {J(X)/X=0.582}\n", + "A_r = b**2*Theeta_o*0.582*R_sh/(30*10**3*1.841)\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Electron velocity (in m/s) =',round(v_o,4)\n", + "print 'Dc Transit Time (in sec)=',round(T_o,4)\n", + "print 'Maximum input voltage (in volts) =',round(V_in_max,4)\n", + "print 'Voltage gain (in dB) =',round(A_r,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Electron velocity (in m/s) = 17790000.0\n", + "Dc Transit Time (in sec)= 0.0\n", + "Maximum input voltage (in volts) = 41.9225\n", + "Voltage gain (in dB) = 23.2777\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.5 Page No : 316" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "V_o = 1200 #in volts\n", + "I_o = 28*10**-3 #in A\n", + "f = 8*10**9 #inHz\n", + "d = 0.001 #in m\n", + "l = 0.04 #in m\n", + "R_sh = 40*10**3 #in ohms\n", + "Beeta_o = 0.768\n", + "J = 0.582 #J(X)\n", + "G_o = 23.3*10**-6\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "V_p_max = 1200*3.68*0.593*10**6*math.sqrt(V_o)/(2*math.pi*f*l)\n", + "Theeta_g = (2*math.pi*f)*d/(0.593*10**6*math.sqrt(V_o)) #transit angle (in rad)\n", + "beeta = math.sin(Theeta_g/2)/(Theeta_g/2)\n", + "V_i_max = V_p_max/beeta\n", + "A_v = (Beeta_o)**2*97.88*J*R_sh/(1200/(28*10**-3*1.841)) #calculating voltage gain\n", + "eff = (0.58*(2*28*10**-3*J*Beeta_o*R_sh)/V_o)*100 #calculating efficiency\n", + "G_b = (G_o/2)*(Beeta_o**2-Beeta_o*math.cos(Theeta_g)) #beam loading conducmath.tance\n", + "R_b = 1/(G_b*1000) #beam loading resistance(in kilo ohms)\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Input microwave voltage(in volts) =',round(V_i_max,4)\n", + "print 'Voltage gain =',round(A_v,4)\n", + "print 'Effeciency of amplifier (in percentage) =',round(eff,4)\n", + "print 'Beam loading resistance(in kilo ohms) =',round(R_b,4)\n", + "\n", + "#Answer in book is wrongly given as: Voltage gain =17.034\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Input microwave voltage(in volts) = 58.7055\n", + "Voltage gain = 57.7338\n", + "Effeciency of amplifier (in percentage) = 48.3926\n", + "Beam loading resistance(in kilo ohms) = 72.7516\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.6 Page No : 318" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "e_m_ratio = 1.759*10**11 #(e/m)\n", + "V_o = 500 #in volts\n", + "R_sh = 20*10**3 #in ohms\n", + "f = 8*10**9 #inHz\n", + "n = 2 #mode\n", + "L = 0.001 #spacing between repeller & cavity (in m)\n", + "x = 0.023\n", + "Beeta_o = 1 #Assuming\n", + "J = 0.582\n", + "V_1 = 200 #given (in volts)\n", + "j = 0.84 #J(X')\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "w = 2*math.pi*f\n", + "volt_diff = math.sqrt(V_o*(x))\n", + "V_r = volt_diff+V_o #repeller volatge\n", + "I_o = V_1/(R_sh*2*J)\n", + "Theeta_o = 2*math.pi*f*J*10**6*2*10**-3*math.sqrt(V_o)/(1.579*10**11*(V_r+V_o))\n", + "X = V_1*Theeta_o/(2*V_o) #X'\n", + "eff = (2*j/(2*math.pi*2-math.pi/2))*100\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Repeller voltage(in volts) =',round(V_r,4)\n", + "print 'Necessary beam current (in Amp.s) =',round(I_o,4)\n", + "print 'Effeciency (in percentage) =',round(eff,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Repeller voltage(in volts) = 503.3912\n", + "Necessary beam current (in Amp.s) = 0.0086\n", + "Effeciency (in percentage) = 15.2789\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.7 Page No : 325" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "P_dc_in = 40 #in mW\n", + "ratio = 0.278 #V_1/V_o;\n", + "n = 1\n", + "J=2.35\n", + "#calculations\n", + "X=ratio*(2*n*math.pi-math.pi/2)\n", + "eff=ratio*J*100 #in percentage\n", + "P_out= 8.91*P_dc_in/100\n", + "P_load=3.564*80/100\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Effeciency (in percentage) =',round(eff,4)\n", + "print 'Total power output (in mW) =',round(P_out,4)\n", + "print 'Power delivered to load (in mW) =',round(P_load,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Effeciency (in percentage) = 65.33\n", + "Total power output (in mW) = 3.564\n", + "Power delivered to load (in mW) = 2.8512\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.8 Page No : 327" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "e_m_ratio = 1.759*10**11 #(e/m)\n", + "R_a = 0.15 #in m\n", + "R_o = 0.45 #in m\n", + "B_o = 1.2*10**-3 #in weber/m**2\n", + "V = 6000 #in volts\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "V_o = ((e_m_ratio)*B_o**2*R_o**2*(1-(R_a/R_o)**2)**2)/8\n", + "B_c = math.sqrt(8*V/e_m_ratio)/((1-(R_a/R_o)**2)*(R_o)) #in weber/m**2\n", + "w_c = (e_m_ratio)*B_o\n", + "f_c = w_c/(2*math.pi) #in Hz\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Cut-off voltage (in volts) =',round(V_o,4)\n", + "print 'Cut-off magnetic flux density (in milli weber/sq. m) =',round(B_c*10**5,4)\n", + "print 'Cyclotron frequency (in GHz) =',round(f_c*10**-9,4)\n", + "\n", + "#Answer in book is wrongly given as: f_c=0.336Hz & V_o=50.666 kV\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Cut-off voltage (in volts) = 5065.92\n", + "Cut-off magnetic flux density (in milli weber/sq. m) = 130.5953\n", + "Cyclotron frequency (in GHz) = 0.0336\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 9 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.9 Page No : 332" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "e_m_ratio = 1.759*10**11 #(e/m)\n", + "c = 3*10**8 #in m/s\n", + "d = 0.002 #diameter(in m)\n", + "pitch = (1./50)/100 #As,50 turns per cm (in m)\n", + " \n", + "#calculations\n", + "circum = math.pi*d\n", + "v_p = c*pitch/circum\n", + "V_o = v_p**2/(2*e_m_ratio)\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Axial phase velocity (in m/s) =',round(v_p,4)\n", + "print 'Anode Voltage (in kV) =',round(V_o,4)\n", + "\n", + "#Answer in book is wrongly given as V_o=25.92 V\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Axial phase velocity (in m/s) = 9549296.5855\n", + "Anode Voltage (in kV) = 259.2071\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 10 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.10 Page No : 339" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "V_o = 900 #in volts\n", + "I_o = 30*10**-3 #in A\n", + "f = 8*10**9 #in Hz\n", + "d = 0.001 #in m\n", + "l = 0.04 #in m\n", + "R_sh = 40*10**3 #in ohm\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "v_o = 0.593*10**6*math.sqrt(V_o)\n", + "T_o = l/v_o\n", + "Theeta_o = (2*math.pi*f)*T_o #Transit angles between cavities(in radian)\n", + "Theeta_g = (2*math.pi*f)*d/v_o #Average gap transit angle (in radian)\n", + "b = math.sin(Theeta_g/2)/(Theeta_g/2)\n", + "V_in_max = V_o*3.68/(b*Theeta_o)\n", + " #As, {J(X)/X=0.582}\n", + "A_r = b**2*Theeta_o*0.582*R_sh/(30*10**3*1.841)\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Electron velocity (in m/s) =',round(v_o,4)\n", + "print 'Dc Transit Time (in sec)=',round(T_o,4)\n", + "print 'Maximum input voltage (in volts) =',round(V_in_max,4)\n", + "print 'Voltage gain (in dB) =',round(A_r,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Electron velocity (in m/s) = 17790000.0\n", + "Dc Transit Time (in sec)= 0.0\n", + "Maximum input voltage (in volts) = 41.9225\n", + "Voltage gain (in dB) = 23.2777\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 11 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.11 Page No : 341" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "V_o = 20*10**3 #in volts\n", + "I_o = 2 #in A\n", + "f = 10*10**9 #in Hz\n", + "p_o = 10**-6 #in c/m**3\n", + "p = 10**-8 #in c/m**3\n", + "v = 10**5 #in m/s\n", + "R = 0.5\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "v_o = 0.593*10**6*math.sqrt(V_o)\n", + "k = 2*math.pi*f/v_o\n", + "w_p = (1.759*10**11*(10**-6/(8.854*10**-12)))**0.5\n", + "w_q = R*w_p\n", + "J_o = p_o*v_o\n", + "J = p*v_o-p_o*v\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Dc electron velocity (in m/s) =',round(v_o,4)\n", + "print 'Dc phase constant (in rad/s) =',round(k,4)\n", + "print 'Plasma frequency (in rad/s) =',round(w_p,4)\n", + "print 'Reduced plasma frequency (in rad/s) =',round(w_q,4)\n", + "print 'Dc beam current density (in A/sq. m) =',round(J_o,4)\n", + "print 'Instantaneous beam current density(in A/sq. m) =',round(J,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Dc electron velocity (in m/s) = 83862864.2487\n", + "Dc phase constant (in rad/s) = 749.2214\n", + "Plasma frequency (in rad/s) = 140949377.094\n", + "Reduced plasma frequency (in rad/s) = 70474688.5468\n", + "Dc beam current density (in A/sq. m) = 83.8629\n", + "Instantaneous beam current density(in A/sq. m) = 0.7386\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 12 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.12 Page No : 347" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "V_o = 1000 #Anode voltage(in volts)\n", + "gap = 0.002 #in m\n", + "f = 5*10**9 #in Hz\n", + "L = 2.463*10**-3 #length of drift region (in m)\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "u_o = 5.93*10**5*math.sqrt(V_o) #in m/s\n", + "Theeta_g = 2*math.pi*f*2*10**-3/u_o #radians\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Transit angle(in radians) =',round(Theeta_g,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Transit angle(in radians) = 3.3506\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 13 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.13 Page No : 354" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "V_o = 1200 #in volts\n", + "I_o = 30*10**-3 #in A\n", + "f = 10*10**9 #inHz\n", + "d = 0.001 #in m\n", + "l = 0.04 #in m\n", + "R_sh = 40*10**3 #in ohms\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "v_o = 0.593*10**6*math.sqrt(V_o)\n", + "Theeta_o = 2*math.pi*f*l/(20.54*10**6)\n", + "X = 1.84 #for maximum output power\n", + "V_max = 2*X*V_o/122.347\n", + "Theeta_g = 122.347*10**-3/(4*10**-2)\n", + "Beeta_i = math.sin(Theeta_g/2)/(Theeta_g/2)\n", + "V_1_max = V_max/Beeta_i\n", + "J = 0.58\n", + "Beeta_o = Beeta_i\n", + "I_2 = 2*I_o*J\n", + "V_2 = Beeta_o*I_2*R_sh\n", + "A_v = V_2/V_1_max #in dB\n", + "eff = 0.58*(V_2/V_o)*100 #in percentage\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Input rf voltage(in volts) =',round(V_1_max,4)\n", + "print 'Voltage gain (in dB) =',round(A_v,4)\n", + "print 'Maximum efficiency (in percentage) =',round(eff,4)\n", + "\n", + "#Answer in book is wrongly given as: A_v=24.33 dB\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Input rf voltage(in volts) = 55.2475\n", + "Voltage gain (in dB) = 16.4608\n", + "Maximum efficiency (in percentage) = 43.9551\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 14 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.14 Page No : 356" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "e_m_ratio = 1.759*10**11 #(e/m)\n", + "a = 0.04\n", + "b = 0.08\n", + "V_o = 30*10**3 #in volts\n", + "I_o = 80 #in A\n", + "B_o = 0.01 #in weber/sq.m\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "w=(e_m_ratio)*B_o\n", + "V_c=((e_m_ratio)*B_o**2*b**2*(1-(a/b)**2)**2)/8\n", + "B_c=math.sqrt(8*V_o/e_m_ratio)/((1-(a/b)**2)*(b)) #in weber/m**2\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Cyclotron angular frequency( in rad/s) =',round(w,4)\n", + "print 'Cut-off voltage (in volts) =',round(V_c,4)\n", + "print 'Cut-off magnetic flux density (in milli weber/sq. m) =',round(B_c*10**3,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Cyclotron angular frequency( in rad/s) = 1759000000.0\n", + "Cut-off voltage (in volts) = 7915.5\n", + "Cut-off magnetic flux density (in milli weber/sq. m) = 19.468\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 15 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.15 Page No : 362" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "n = 2.\n", + "V_o = 280. #in volts\n", + "I_o = 22.*10**-3 #in A\n", + "V_i = 30. #in volts\n", + "J = 1.25 #J(X')\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "P_dc = V_o*I_o\n", + "P_ac = 2*V_o*I_o*J/(2*n*math.pi-math.pi/2)\n", + "eff = (P_ac/P_dc)*100\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Input power (in watts) =',round(P_dc,4)\n", + "print 'Output power (in watts) =',round(P_ac,4)\n", + "print 'Efficiency (in percent) =',round(eff,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Input power (in watts) = 6.16\n", + "Output power (in watts) = 1.4006\n", + "Efficiency (in percent) = 22.7364\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 16 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.16 Page No : 367" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + " \n", + "e_m_ratio = 1.759*10**11 #(e/m)\n", + "V_o = 300 #in volts\n", + "R_sh = 20*10**3 #in ohms\n", + "f = 8*10**9 #inHz\n", + "#calculations\n", + "w = 2*math.pi*f\n", + "n = 2 #mode\n", + "L = 0.001 #spacing between repeller & cavity (in m)\n", + "x = (e_m_ratio)*(2*math.pi*n-math.pi/2)**2/(8*w**2*L**2)\n", + "volt_diff = math.sqrt(V_o/(x))\n", + "V_r = (volt_diff)+V_o #repeller volatge\n", + "J = 0.582\n", + "V_1 = 200 #given (in volts)\n", + "I_o = V_1/(R_sh*2*J)\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Repeller voltage(in volts) =',round(V_r,4)\n", + "print 'Necessary beam current (in milliAmp.s) =',round(I_o*10**3,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Repeller voltage(in volts) = 833.9796\n", + "Necessary beam current (in milliAmp.s) = 8.5911\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 17 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering _by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/ch9_1.ipynb b/_Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering _by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/ch9_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..975d0f7d --- /dev/null +++ b/_Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering _by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/ch9_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,326 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:512dac66811a3f49aa4547133f350721d7f8293f683c8b2dac1cf4662066ad2e" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 9 : Solid State Microwave Devices" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9.1 Page No : 387" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "v_d = 10**7*10**-2 #drift velocity(in m/s)\n", + "L = 2.*10**-6 #drift length(in m)\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "f = v_d/(2*L) #in Hz\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Operating Frequency (in GHz) =',round(f/10**9,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Operating Frequency (in GHz) = 25.0\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9.2 Page No : 392" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "f=10*10**9 #in Hz\n", + "L=75*10**-6 #Device length (in m)\n", + "V=25. #Voltage pulse amplified (in volts)\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "E_th=V/L\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Threshold Electric field (in kV/cm) =',round(E_th,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Threshold Electric field (in kV/cm) = 333333.3333\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9.3 Page No : 399" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "f_s = 2*10**9 #in Hz\n", + "f_p = 12*10**9 #in Hz\n", + "R_i = 16\n", + "R_s = 1000\n", + "#calculations\n", + "A_p = 10*math.log((f_p-f_s)/f_s)\n", + "A_p_usb = 10*math.log((f_p+f_s)/f_s)\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Power gain (in dB) =',round(math.log(10),4)\n", + "print 'Power gain as USB converter (in dB) =',round(A_p_usb,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Power gain (in dB) = 2.3026\n", + "Power gain as USB converter (in dB) = 19.4591\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9.4 Page No : 405" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "E_s = 12.5\n", + "E_o = 8.85*10**-12\n", + "N = 3.2*10**22 #per cubic meter\n", + "L = 8*10**-6 #in m\n", + "q = 1.6*10**-19 #in coulombs\n", + "#calculations\n", + "E = E_o*E_s\n", + "V_c = q*N*L**2/(2*E)\n", + "V_bd = 2*V_c\n", + "E_bd = V_bd/L\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Critical voltage(in kV) =',round(V_c/10**3,4)\n", + "print 'Breakdown Voltage (in kV) =',round(V_bd/10**3,4)\n", + "print 'Breakdown Electric field (in V/cm) =',round(E_bd,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Critical voltage(in kV) = 1.481\n", + "Breakdown Voltage (in kV) = 2.9621\n", + "Breakdown Electric field (in V/cm) = 370259887.006\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9.5 Page No : 411" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "N_a = 2.5*10**16 #per cubic cm\n", + "J = 33 #in kA/cm**2\n", + "q = 1.6*10**-19\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "V_z = J/(q*N_a) #Avalanche zone velocity (in cm/s)\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Avalanche zone velocity (in cm/s) =',round(V_z,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Avalanche zone velocity (in cm/s) = 8250.0\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 5 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9.6 Page No : 414" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + " \n", + "R_neg = 25 #in ohm\n", + "R_load = 50. #in ohm\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "G=((- abs(R_neg)-R_load)/(- abs(R_neg)+R_load))**2\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Power gain =',round(G,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Power gain = 9.0\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9.7 Page No : 422" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "volt_grad = 3.3*10**3 #voltage gradient\n", + "L = 5*10**-4 #in drift length\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "V_min = volt_grad*L #in volts\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Minimum voltage needed (in Volts) =',round(V_min,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Minimum voltage needed (in Volts) = 1.65\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 7 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 9.8 Page No : 430" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "v_d = 2.*10**7 #in cm/s\n", + "L = 20.*10**-4 #in cm\n", + "\n", + "#calculations\n", + "f = v_d/L\n", + "critical_field = 3.3*10**3\n", + "V = L*critical_field\n", + "\n", + "#---output---#\n", + "print 'Natural frequency (in GHz) =',round(f*10**-9,4)\n", + "print 'Critical voltage (in volts) =',round(V,4)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "Natural frequency (in GHz) = 10.0\n", + "Critical voltage (in volts) = 6.6\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 8 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering _by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/screenshots/3_1.png b/_Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering _by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/screenshots/3_1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..e3686eef --- /dev/null +++ b/_Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering _by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/screenshots/3_1.png diff --git a/_Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering _by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/screenshots/5_1.png b/_Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering _by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/screenshots/5_1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..26328bb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/_Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering _by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/screenshots/5_1.png diff --git a/_Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering _by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/screenshots/9_1.png b/_Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering _by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/screenshots/9_1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..eabc693d --- /dev/null +++ b/_Applied_Thermodynamics_and_Engineering _by_T._D._Eastop_and_A._Mcconkey/screenshots/9_1.png diff --git a/dss_by_asd/README.txt b/dss_by_asd/README.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6e111d12 --- /dev/null +++ b/dss_by_asd/README.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +Contributed By: Asmita Bhat +Course: msc +College/Institute/Organization: sdf +Department/Designation: sdf +Book Title: dss +Author: asd +Publisher: sdf +Year of publication: 3 +Isbn: 3 +Edition: 3
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/dss_by_asd/namratha.ipynb b/dss_by_asd/namratha.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a3461ece --- /dev/null +++ b/dss_by_asd/namratha.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,907 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# #Chapter 3:Magnetic Circuits" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# #Example 3.1:Page number-158\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The reluctance of steel ring is= 1250000.0 AT/Wb\n", + "The magnetomotive force is= 625.0 AT\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#given\n", + "pi=3.14\n", + "l=pi*0.2 #l=mean length of the ring=pi*mean diameter of the ring\n", + "A=400*10**-6 #A=cross sectional area of ring\n", + "u1=1000 #u1=relative permeability of steel\n", + "u2=4*pi*10**-7 #relative permeability of air\n", + "\n", + "R=l/(A*u1*u2) #reluctance of steel ring\n", + "\n", + "print \"The reluctance of steel ring is=\",round(R,0),\"AT/Wb\"\n", + "\n", + "#case b\n", + "\n", + "flux=500*10**-6\n", + "f=flux*R\n", + "\n", + "print \"The magnetomotive force is=\",round(f,0),\"AT\"\n", + "\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# #Example 3.2:Page number-158" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The flux density is= 0.625 Wb/m**2\n", + "The magnetomotive force is= 375.0 AT\n", + "The magnetic field strength is= 750.0 AT/m\n", + "The relative permeability is= 663.0\n", + "The flux density is= 1.5 Wb/m**2\n", + "The magnetomotive force is= 1250.0 AT\n", + "Magnetic field strength= 2500.0 AT/m\n", + "The relative permeability is= 477.7\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#given\n", + "l=0.5\n", + "A=4*10**-4\n", + "N=250\n", + "I=1.5\n", + "flux=0.25*10**-3\n", + "fluxdensity=flux/A \n", + "\n", + "f=N*I #magnetomotive force\n", + "\n", + "H=(N*I)/l #magnetic field strength\n", + "\n", + "pi=3.14\n", + "u1=4*pi*10**-7\n", + "u2=fluxdensity/(u1*H)\n", + "\n", + "print \"The flux density is=\",round(fluxdensity,3),\"Wb/m**2\"\n", + "print \"The magnetomotive force is=\",round(f,0),\"AT\"\n", + "print \"The magnetic field strength is=\",round(H,0),\"AT/m\"\n", + "print \"The relative permeability is=\",round(u2,0)\n", + "\n", + "#case b\n", + "\n", + "#given\n", + "I=5\n", + "flux=0.6*10**-3\n", + "A=4*10**-4\n", + "N=250\n", + "l=0.5\n", + "\n", + "fluxdensity=flux/A\n", + "\n", + "print \"The flux density is=\",round(fluxdensity,1),\"Wb/m**2\"\n", + "\n", + "f=N*I #magnetomotive force\n", + "\n", + "print \"The magnetomotive force is=\",round(f,0),\"AT\"\n", + "\n", + "H=(N*I)/l #magnetic field stength\n", + "\n", + "print \"Magnetic field strength=\",round(H,0),\"AT/m\"\n", + "pi=3.14\n", + "u1=4*pi*10**-7\n", + "u2=fluxdensity/(u1*H)\n", + "\n", + "print \"The relative permeability is=\",round(u2,1)\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Example 3.3: Page number-159" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Magnetomotive force= 1250.0 AT\n", + "The reluctance of air gap is= 162154.449 AT/Wb\n", + "The flux is= 0.006475308 Wb\n", + "The flux density is= 13.188 Wb/m**2\n", + "The reluctance of steel string is= 69494.763801 AT/Wb\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#given\n", + "pi=3.14\n", + "ls=0.627 #mean length of steel string\n", + "\n", + "la=0.0001 #length of air gap\n", + "\n", + "A=4.91*10**-4 #cross sectional area of magnetic circuit\n", + "\n", + "f=N*I #magnetomotive force\n", + "print \"Magnetomotive force=\",round(f,0),\"AT\"\n", + "\n", + "fa=1050 #fa=mmf of air gap=1050AT\n", + "\n", + "fs=450 #fs=mmf of steel ring=450\n", + "\n", + "#case b\n", + "\n", + "u1=4*pi*10**-7\n", + "ra=la/(u1*A) #reluctance of air gap\n", + "\n", + "print \"The reluctance of air gap is=\",round(ra,3),\"AT/Wb\"\n", + "\n", + "flux=fa/ra\n", + "\n", + "print \"The flux is= \",round(flux,20),\"Wb\"\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#case c\n", + "\n", + "fluxdensity=flux/A\n", + "\n", + "print \"The flux density is=\",round(fluxdensity,5),\"Wb/m**2\"\n", + "\n", + "#case d\n", + "\n", + "rs=fs/flux #reluctance of steel string\n", + "\n", + "print \"The reluctance of steel string is=\",round(rs,6),\"AT/Wb\"\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], + "source": [] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Example 3.4: Page number-160" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 24, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The air gap= 955414.01274 AT/m\n", + "The magnetomotive force is= 5.0 AT\n", + "hs= 1061.57 AT/m\n", + "The magnetomotive force for air gap is= 318.47 AT\n", + "Total mmf= 323.47 AT\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#given\n", + "\n", + "la=2*10**-3 #length of the air gap\n", + "ls=0.3 #lentgh of the cast steel core\n", + "B=1.2\n", + "\n", + "ha=B/u1\n", + "\n", + "print \"The air gap=\",round(ha,5),\"AT/m\"\n", + "\n", + "fa=H*la #magnetomotive ofrce for air gap\n", + "\n", + "print \"The magnetomotive force is=\",round(fa,0),\"AT\"\n", + "\n", + "u2=900\n", + "hs=B/(u1*u2)\n", + "\n", + "print \"hs=\",round(hs,2),\"AT/m\"\n", + "\n", + "fs=hs*ls #magnetomotive force for air gap\n", + "\n", + "print \"The magnetomotive force for air gap is=\",round(fs,2),\"AT\"\n", + "\n", + "totmmf=fa+fs\n", + "\n", + "print \"Total mmf=\",round(totmmf,2),\"AT\"\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Example 3.5-Page number-161 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 26, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "flux density is= 2.15844 mWb/m**2\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#given\n", + "\n", + "f=200 #total mmf\n", + "#ra=2*10**-3/(u1*a) #reluctance of air gap\n", + "#ri=10**-3/(u1*a) #reluctance of iron core\n", + "#r=3*10**-3/(u1*a) #reluctance of magnetic circuit\n", + "\n", + "#flux=f/r\n", + "\n", + "a=3*10**-3\n", + "fluxdensity=flux/a\n", + "\n", + "print \"flux density is=\",round(fluxdensity,5),\"mWb/m**2\"\n", + "\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Example 3.6-Page number-161" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 12, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The relucatance of air gap is= 497611.464968 AT/wb\n", + "The flux density in central limb is= 0.1125 Wb/m**2\n", + "The mmf drop in central limb is= 300.0 AT\n", + "fabh= 500.0 AT\n", + "The total mmf required is= 1695.0 AT\n", + "The required current is= 2.825 A\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#given\n", + "\n", + "fluxa=0.00018 #flux in the air gap\n", + "la=0.1*10**-2 #length of the air gap\n", + "ac=16*10**-4 #area of cross section\n", + "u1=4*3.14*10**-7\n", + "\n", + "ra=la/(u1*ac) #reluctance of the air gap\n", + "\n", + "print \"The relucatance of air gap is=\",round(ra,10),\"AT/wb\"\n", + "\n", + "#fa=fluxa*ra #mmf required to set up flux in air gap\n", + "\n", + "#print \"The mmf required to set up flux in air gap is=\",round(fa,10),\"AT\" --> This rounds to 895\n", + "\n", + "fa=895\n", + "\n", + "B=fluxa/ac #flux density in central limb\n", + "\n", + "print \"The flux density in central limb is=\",round(B,10),\"Wb/m**2\"\n", + "\n", + "#given from B-H curve, when B=1.125 the field density required is hc=1000 AT/m\n", + "#given\n", + "\n", + "hc=1000 #as above\n", + "\n", + "lc=30*10**-2 #length of central limb\n", + "\n", + "fc=hc*lc #mmf drop in central limb\n", + "\n", + "print \"The mmf drop in central limb is=\",round(fc,0),\"AT\"\n", + "\n", + "#from the diagram the flux density in parallel path fabh is flux(a)/2 =0.5625 Wb/m**2 and field intensity H=625 AT/m\n", + "\n", + "#given\n", + "\n", + "lp=80*10**-2 #length of parallel path\n", + "\n", + "H=625 #from above\n", + "\n", + "fabh=H*lp\n", + "\n", + "print \"fabh=\",round(fabh,0),\"AT\"\n", + "\n", + "F=fa+fc+fabh\n", + "\n", + "print \"The total mmf required is=\",round(F,0),\"AT\"\n", + "\n", + "#given\n", + "N=600 #number of turns\n", + "I=F/N\n", + "\n", + "print \"The required current is=\",round(I,5),\"A\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Example 3.7:Page number-163" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 23, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "B= 0.7 Wb/m**2\n", + "mmf= 111.4 AT\n", + "totmmf= 223.85 AT\n", + "h2= 298.46667 AT\n", + "flux2= 0.0014 Wb\n", + "total mmf in fabc= 2250.0 Wb/m**2\n", + "totmmfm= 2473.85 AT\n", + "The total current required to set up flux in air gap is= 4.9477 A\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#given\n", + "\n", + "fluxa=1.4*10**-3\n", + "area=0.002\n", + "\n", + "B=fluxa/area #flux density in air gap \n", + "\n", + "print \"B=\",round(B,3),\"Wb/m**2\"\n", + "\n", + "#u1=4*3.14*10**-7\n", + "#ha=B/u1 in AT/m #magnetic field in air gap\n", + "ha=55.7\n", + "\n", + "la=2 #length of air gap in m\n", + "mmf=ha*la #mmf of air gap\n", + "print \"mmf=\",round(mmf,3),\"AT\"\n", + "\n", + "#since the flux density of central limb is 0.7 the corresponding field srength is h1=250AT/m\n", + "h1=250\n", + "mmfl=112.45 #mmf for magnetic central limb-->mmf=250*(450-0.2)*10**-3\n", + "\n", + "totmmf=mmf+mmfl\n", + "\n", + "print \"totmmf=\",round(totmmf,5),\"AT\"\n", + "\n", + "#mean length of core CGHF=0.75m\n", + "\n", + "ml=0.75 #as above\n", + "\n", + "#since the central limb and magnetic core are in parallel they have same mmf that is 223.86AT\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "h2=totmmf/ml #magnetic intensity in CGHF\n", + "\n", + "print \"h2=\",round(h2,5),\"AT\"\n", + "\n", + "flux2=B*area \n", + "print \"flux2=\",round(flux2,5),\"Wb\"\n", + "\n", + "totflux=fluxa+flux2 #Wb\n", + "Bfabc=totflux/area #flux density in magnetic core fabc in Wb/m**2\n", + "\n", + "H=3000 #AT/m\n", + "totmmffabc=H*ml #total mmf in fabc in AT\n", + "print \"total mmf in fabc=\",round(totmmffabc,5),\"Wb/m**2\"\n", + "\n", + "totmmfm=totmmffabc+totmmf #total mmf in magnetic core in AT\n", + "\n", + "print \"totmmfm=\",round(totmmfm,5),\"AT\"\n", + "\n", + "N=500\n", + "I=totmmfm/N #The required current to set up flux in air gap\n", + "\n", + "print \"The total current required to set up flux in air gap is=\",round(I,5),\"A\"\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "source": [ + "# Example 3.8:Page number-171" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 25, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "l1= 0.004 mH\n", + "m12= 0.003 mH\n", + "l2= 0.006 mH\n", + "m21= 0.003 mH\n", + "Work done= 7.7 J\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#given\n", + "\n", + "r1=3.98*10**6 #reluctance of air gap in AT/Wb and the value is same for r2\n", + "r3=5.97*10**6 #reluctance of air gap in AT/Wb\n", + "\n", + "#assume that current of 1A flows through 150 turns coil,for assumed directions of fluxes application of mesh current leads to matrix equations that can be simplified to:\n", + "#[flux1 flux2]=[2.36 1.41]*10**-5 Wb\n", + "\n", + "#The self inductance and mutual inductance are obtained as follows:\n", + "\n", + "n1=150 #number of turns\n", + "i1=1 #A\n", + "flux1=2.36*10**-5 #Wb\n", + "l1=(n1*flux1)/i1 #self inductance\n", + "\n", + "print \"l1=\",round(l1,3),\"mH\"\n", + "\n", + "n2=200 #number of turns\n", + "flux2=1.41*10**-5\n", + "m12=(n2*flux2)/i1 #mutual inductance\n", + "\n", + "print \"m12=\",round(m12,3),\"mH\"\n", + "\n", + "#assume that 1A of current flows through 200 turns coil\n", + "#The self inductance of the coil is determined as above using the matrix and the result is as follows\n", + "#[flux1 flux2]=[1.89 3.14]*10**-5 Wb\n", + "#Hence self and mutual inductance are computed as follows\n", + "\n", + "n2=200 #number of turns\n", + "flux2=3.14*10**-5 #Wb\n", + "i2=1 #A\n", + "l2=(n2*flux2)/i2 #self inductance\n", + "\n", + "print \"l2=\",round(l2,3),\"mH\"\n", + "\n", + "flux1=1.89*10**-5\n", + "m21=(n1*flux1)/i2 #mutual inductance\n", + "print \"m21=\",round(m21,3),\"mH\"\n", + "\n", + "#case b\n", + "#When the air gap l3 is closed the reluctance of the limb is zero since the permeability of the magnetic material is infinity.Thus,the limb behaves like short circuit and the entire flux passes through it.Thus,the flux linking 200 turns coil is zero and mutual inductance is zero\n", + "\n", + "#case 3\n", + "\n", + "W=((3.5)/2)+((6.3)/2)+2.8 #work equation in joules\n", + "print \"Work done=\",round(W,5),\"J\"\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Example 3.9:Page number-174" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "i= 7.85 A\n", + "l= 0.20382 H\n", + "rair= 3184713.3758 AT/Wb\n", + "fair= 6369.42675 AT\n", + "total mmf= 12602.60675 AT\n", + "L= 0.10157 H\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#given\n", + "\n", + "B=0.8 #Wb/m**2\n", + "A=25*10**-4 #m**2\n", + "flux=20*10**-4 #Wb\n", + "l=3.14*40*10**-2 #m\n", + "f=2000*3.14 #AT\n", + "n=800 #number of turns\n", + "\n", + "#case a\n", + "i=f/n #A exciting current\n", + "\n", + "print \"i=\",round(i,3),\"A\"\n", + "\n", + "l=(n*flux)/i #self inductance in H\n", + "\n", + "print \"l=\",round(l,5),\"H\"\n", + "\n", + "#case b\n", + "\n", + "fluxa=20*10**-4 #Wb\n", + "\n", + "gap=1*10**-2\n", + "u1=4*3.14*10**-7\n", + "rair=gap/(u1*A) #reluctance of air in AT/Wb\n", + "\n", + "print \"rair=\",round(rair,5),\"AT/Wb\"\n", + "\n", + "fair=rair*flux #mmf for air gap in AT\n", + "\n", + "print \"fair=\",round(fair,5),\"AT\"\n", + "\n", + "fcore=6233.18 #AT--> 5000*((0.4*3.14)-0.01)=6233.18\n", + "\n", + "totmmf=fcore+fair\n", + "\n", + "print \"total mmf=\",round(totmmf,5),\"AT\"\n", + "\n", + "I=totmmf/n #A exciting current\n", + "\n", + "#self inductance\n", + "L=(n*flux)/I\n", + "print \"L=\",round(L,5),\"H\"\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Example 3.10:Page number-175" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "lx= 0.01 H\n", + "m= 0.015 H\n", + "The induced emf in coil Y= 30.0 V\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#given\n", + "n=2000 #number of turns\n", + "flux=0.05*10**-3 #Wb\n", + "i=10 #A\n", + "\n", + "lx=(n*flux)/i #self inductance in X\n", + "\n", + "print \"lx=\",round(lx,5),\"H\"\n", + "\n", + "#since coils are identical self inductance in Y=self inductance in x\n", + "\n", + "fluxlinkingX=0.75*0.05*10**-3 #Wb flux linking due to current in coil X\n", + "fluxlinkingY=2000*0.05*0.75*10**-3 #Wb flux linkages in coil Y\n", + "\n", + "m=fluxlinkingY/5 #mutual inductance\n", + "\n", + "print \"m=\",round(m,5),\"H\"\n", + "\n", + "#The rate of change in current di/dt=2000A/sec --> di/dt=(10-(-10))/0.01\n", + "\n", + "rate=2000\n", + "ey=m*rate\n", + "\n", + "print \"The induced emf in coil Y=\",round(ey,0),\"V\"\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Example 3.11:Page number-175" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "k=0.72168\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#given\n", + "#when currents are in same direction the total induction is:\n", + "#lt=l1+l2+2m\n", + "#when currents are in opposite direction the total emf is:\n", + "#lt=l1+l2-2m\n", + "#According to this problem\n", + "#l1+l2+2m=1.2\n", + "#l1+l2-2m=0.2\n", + "#Solving the above equations we get l1=0.4H M=0.25H\n", + "#on substituting we get l2=0.3H\n", + "#k=m/squareroot(l1*l2)\n", + "print \"k=0.72168\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Example 3.12:Page number-176" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "flux 0.0001 Wb\n", + "i 0.3125 A\n", + "l= 0.08 H\n", + "w= 0.00391 J\n", + "796.178343949\n", + "exciting current= 6.3 A\n", + "l= 0.00397 H\n", + "e= 0.07881 J\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#given\n", + "#case a\n", + "B=1 #Wb/m**2\n", + "A=10**-4 #cm**2\n", + "per=800 #permeability\n", + "n=250 #number of turns\n", + "\n", + "flux=B*A\n", + "\n", + "print \"flux\",round(flux,5),\"Wb\"\n", + "\n", + "r=781250 #AT/Wb calculated using formula for reluctance\n", + "\n", + "mmf=flux*r #AT\n", + "\n", + "i=mmf/n #exciting current required in A\n", + "\n", + "print \"i\",round(i,5),\"A\"\n", + "\n", + "l=(n*flux)/i #self inductance of the coil\n", + "\n", + "print \"l=\",round(l,5),\"H\"\n", + "\n", + "w=(l*i*i)/2 #energy stored\n", + "\n", + "print \"w=\",round(w,5),\"J\"\n", + "\n", + "#case b\n", + "\n", + "airgap=1*10**-3 #air gap is assumed \n", + "rair=airgap/(u1*A) #reluctance of air gap in AT/Wb\n", + "mmfa=flux*rair #mmf of air in AT\n", + "print mmfa\n", + "#rcore=((2.5*3.14)-0.1)/(32*3.14*10**-6) #reluctance of core \n", + "#mmfc=flux*rcore\n", + "mmfc=780 #AT\n", + "F=mmfc+mmfa\n", + "\n", + "I=F/n #A\n", + "\n", + "print \"exciting current=\",round(I,2),\"A\"\n", + "\n", + "n=250 #number of turns\n", + "L=(n*flux)/I #self inductanc eof coil with air gap \n", + "\n", + "print \"l=\",round(L,5),\"H\"\n", + "\n", + "e=(L*I*I)/2 #energy stored in coil\n", + "\n", + "print \"e=\",round(e,5),\"J\"\n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Example 3.13:Page number:178" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 16, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "force= 39808.9172 N\n", + "W= 796.17834 J\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import math\n", + "\n", + "#given\n", + "A=10**-1 #area\n", + "flux=0.1 #Wb\n", + "\n", + "#case a\n", + "\n", + "B=flux/A #flux density Wb/m**2\n", + "\n", + "u1=4*3.14*10**-7 \n", + "F=(B*B*A)/(2*u1) #force in N\n", + "print \"force=\",round(F,5),\"N\"\n", + "\n", + "#case b\n", + "\n", + "l=10**-2 #length of the air gap\n", + "w=(B*B*A*l*2)/(2*u1) #energy stored in two airgaps, 2=air gaps\n", + "\n", + "print \"W=\",round(w,5),\"J\"\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": true + }, + "outputs": [], + "source": [] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.6" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/dss_by_asd/screenshots/screenshot2.png b/dss_by_asd/screenshots/screenshot2.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..c8801e74 --- /dev/null +++ b/dss_by_asd/screenshots/screenshot2.png diff --git a/dss_by_asd/screenshots/screenshot4.png b/dss_by_asd/screenshots/screenshot4.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..d280cd21 --- /dev/null +++ b/dss_by_asd/screenshots/screenshot4.png diff --git a/dss_by_asd/screenshots/streamplot.png b/dss_by_asd/screenshots/streamplot.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..7f01b676 --- /dev/null +++ b/dss_by_asd/screenshots/streamplot.png diff --git a/sample_notebooks/RaviGarg/chap1.ipynb b/sample_notebooks/RaviGarg/chap1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..36a74a3e --- /dev/null +++ b/sample_notebooks/RaviGarg/chap1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,462 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:1a5424f1a289fa2ea02065679fbda8bfa43c7eec69070520139086e97a973104"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter 1 Coulombs Law"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 1.1 Page no 12"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Given\n",
+ "q=-3*10**-7 #C\n",
+ "e=-1.6*10**-19 #C\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=q/e\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Number of electrons transferred from wool to polythene is\", n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Number of electrons transferred from wool to polythene is 1.875e+12\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 1.2 Page no 12"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Given\n",
+ "m=3.11 #g\n",
+ "Z=29\n",
+ "A=63.5 \n",
+ "N=6.023*10**23\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=(N*m)/A\n",
+ "n1=n*Z\n",
+ "q=n1*e\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Total positive or negative charge is\", round(q*10**-5,2),\"*10**5 C\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Total positive or negative charge is 1.37 *10**5 C\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 23
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 1.3 Page no 12"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Given\n",
+ "q1=2*10**-7\n",
+ "q2=3*10**-7\n",
+ "r=0.3 #m\n",
+ "a=9*10**9\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "F=(a*q1*q2)/r**2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Force between two small charged spheres is\", F*10**3,\"*10**-3\",\"N(repulsive\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Force between two small charged spheres is 6.0 *10**-3 N(repulsive\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 11
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 1.4 page no. 12"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Given\n",
+ "F=3.7*10**-9 #N\n",
+ "r=5*10**-10 #m\n",
+ "a=9*10**9\n",
+ "q1=1.6*10**-19\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "n=math.sqrt(F*r**2/(a*q1**2))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"number of electrons is\", round(n,0)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "number of electrons is 2.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 16
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 1.5 Page no 12"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Given\n",
+ "q1=0.4*10**-6 #C\n",
+ "q2=0.8*10**-6 #C\n",
+ "F12=0.2 #N\n",
+ "a=9.0*10**9\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "r=math.sqrt((a*q1*q2)/F12)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"(a) Distance between two spheres is\", r,\"m\"\n",
+ "print\"(b) Force on charge q2 due to q1 is\",F12,\"N\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "(a) Distance between two spheres is 0.12 m\n",
+ "(b) Force on charge q2 due to q1 is 0.2 N\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 32
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 1.6 Page no 13"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Given\n",
+ "q1=5*10**-8 #C\n",
+ "m1=8*10**-3 #Kg\n",
+ "a=9*10**9\n",
+ "r=0.05 #m\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "q2=m1*9.8*r**2/(a*q1)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Charge q2 is\", round(q2*10**7,2)*10**-7,\"C(positive)\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Charge q2 is 4.36e-07 C(positive)\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 40
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 1.7 Page no 13"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Given\n",
+ "q1=6.5*10**-7 #C\n",
+ "q2=6.5*10**-7\n",
+ "r=0.5 #m\n",
+ "a=9*10**9\n",
+ "K=80.0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Fair=a*q1*q2/r**2\n",
+ "r1=0.5/2.0\n",
+ "F1=a*4*q1*q2/r1**2\n",
+ "Fwater=Fair/K\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"(a) Mutual force of electrostatic repulsion is\", Fair*10**2,\"*10**-2 N\"\n",
+ "print\"(b) (i) Force of repulsion is\", round(F1,4),\"N\"\n",
+ "print \"(ii) Force of repulsion is\",round(Fwater*10**4,1),\"*10**-4 N\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "(a) Mutual force of electrostatic repulsion is 1.521 *10**-2 N\n",
+ "(b) (i) Force of repulsion is 0.2434 N\n",
+ "(ii) Force of repulsion is 1.9 *10**-4 N\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 57
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 1.8 Page no 13"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Given\n",
+ "q1=6.5*10**-7 #C\n",
+ "r=0.05 #m\n",
+ "a=9*10**9\n",
+ "r1=0.5\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "q11=q1/2.0\n",
+ "q21=(q1+q11)/2.0\n",
+ "F=(a*q11*q21)/r1**2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"New force of repulsion between A and B is\", round(F*10**3,3),\"*10**-3 N\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "New force of repulsion between A and B is 5.704 *10**-3 N\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 64
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 1.10 Page no 14"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Given\n",
+ "a=9.0*10**9\n",
+ "r=0.2\n",
+ "m=9.8*10**-3\n",
+ "a1=0.1\n",
+ "a2=0.5\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "a11=m*(a1/(math.sqrt(a2**2-a1**2)))\n",
+ "q=math.sqrt((a11*r**2)/a)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Charge on each ball is\", round(q*10**8,2)*10**-6,\"C\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Charge on each ball is 9.43e-06 C\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 100
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 1.12 Page no 14"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Given\n",
+ "qa=10**-5 #C\n",
+ "qb=5*10**-6 #C\n",
+ "qc=-5*10**-6 #C\n",
+ "r=0.1 #m\n",
+ "a=9*10**9\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "Fab=(a*qa*qb)/r**2\n",
+ "Fac=Fab\n",
+ "F=math.sqrt(Fab**2+Fac**2+(2*Fab*Fac*math.cos(120*3.14/180.0)))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Resultant force is\", round(F,0),\"N\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Resultant force is 45.0 N\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 75
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 1.13 Page no 15"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Given\n",
+ "qa=1\n",
+ "qb=100\n",
+ "ab=10\n",
+ "a=9*10**9\n",
+ "qd=75\n",
+ "a1=5\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "Fab=(a*qa*qb)/ab**2\n",
+ "Fac=Fab\n",
+ "Fac1=(a*qa*qd)/(ab**2-a1**2)\n",
+ "Fx=Fab*math.cos(60*3.14/180.0)+Fac1*math.cos(60*3.14/180.0)\n",
+ "Fy=Fac\n",
+ "F=math.sqrt(Fx**2+Fy**2)\n",
+ "B=Fy/Fx\n",
+ "B1=math.atan(B)*180/3.14\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Resultant force on charge qa is inclined at\", round(B1,0),\"Degree\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Resultant force on charge qa is inclined at 45.0 Degree\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 90
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file |
_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/screenshots/ch1.png?id=37c5eeeddf3dddc176192efc7c699faa15f22601){kind=link}
_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/screenshots/ch3.png?id=37c5eeeddf3dddc176192efc7c699faa15f22601){kind=link}
_by_B._K._Pandey_and_S._Chaturvedi/screenshots/ch6.png?id=37c5eeeddf3dddc176192efc7c699faa15f22601){kind=link}
