Added(A)/Deleted(D) following books

 A  The_Theory_of_Machines_by_T._Bevan/ch10.ipynb
A  The_Theory_of_Machines_by_T._Bevan/ch11.ipynb
A  The_Theory_of_Machines_by_T._Bevan/ch12.ipynb
A  The_Theory_of_Machines_by_T._Bevan/ch13.ipynb
A  The_Theory_of_Machines_by_T._Bevan/ch14.ipynb
A  The_Theory_of_Machines_by_T._Bevan/ch15.ipynb
A  The_Theory_of_Machines_by_T._Bevan/ch2.ipynb
A  The_Theory_of_Machines_by_T._Bevan/ch3.ipynb
A  The_Theory_of_Machines_by_T._Bevan/ch4.ipynb
A  The_Theory_of_Machines_by_T._Bevan/ch5.ipynb
A  The_Theory_of_Machines_by_T._Bevan/ch6.ipynb
A  The_Theory_of_Machines_by_T._Bevan/ch7.ipynb
A  The_Theory_of_Machines_by_T._Bevan/ch8.ipynb
A  The_Theory_of_Machines_by_T._Bevan/ch9.ipynb
A  The_Theory_of_Machines_by_T._Bevan/screenshots/amp_forced_vibr.png
A  The_Theory_of_Machines_by_T._Bevan/screenshots/couple_sup_shaft_2.png
A  The_Theory_of_Machines_by_T._Bevan/screenshots/vel,disp,acc.png
A  sample_notebooks/PrashantSahu/Chapter-2-Molecular_Diffusion_-_Principles_of_Mass_Transfer_and_Separation_Process_by_Binay_K_Dutta_2.ipynb

1 files changed, 789 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/sample_notebooks/PrashantSahu/Chapter-2-Molecular_Diffusion_-_Principles_of_Mass_Transfer_and_Separation_Process_by_Binay_K_Dutta_2.ipynb b/sample_notebooks/PrashantSahu/Chapter-2-Molecular_Diffusion_-_Principles_of_Mass_Transfer_and_Separation_Process_by_Binay_K_Dutta_2.ipynb
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/sample_notebooks/PrashantSahu/Chapter-2-Molecular_Diffusion_-_Principles_of_Mass_Transfer_and_Separation_Process_by_Binay_K_Dutta_2.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,789 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Chapter 2 Molecular Diffusion"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 2.1 pgno:10"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Molar average velocity of gas mixture is: 0.0303 m/s\n",
+      "Mass average velocity of gas mixture is: 0.029 m/s\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Calculation of average velocities\n",
+    "\n",
+    "N2 = 0.05   #mole fraction of Nitrogen denoted as 1\n",
+    "H2 = 0.15   #mole fraction of Hydrogen denoted as 2\n",
+    "NH3 = 0.76  #mole fraction of Ammonia denoted as 3\n",
+    "Ar = 0.04   #mole fraction of Argon denoted as 4\n",
+    "u1 = 0.03\n",
+    "u2 = 0.035\n",
+    "u3 = 0.03\n",
+    "u4 = 0.02\n",
+    "#Calculating molar average velocity\n",
+    "U = N2*u1 + H2*u2 + NH3*u3 + Ar*u4\n",
+    "print 'Molar average velocity of gas mixture is: %.4f m/s'%U\n",
+    "#Calculating of mass average velocity\n",
+    "M1 = 28\n",
+    "M2 = 2\n",
+    "M3 = 17\n",
+    "M4 = 40\n",
+    "M = N2*M1 + H2*M2 + NH3*M3 + Ar*M4\n",
+    "u = (1/M)*(N2*M1*u1 + H2*M2*u2 + NH3*M3*u3 + Ar*M4*u4)\n",
+    "print 'Mass average velocity of gas mixture is: %.3f m/s'%u"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 2.2 pgno:16"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false,
+    "scrolled": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "(a) Time for complete evaporation is: 15.93 hours\n",
+      "(b) Time for disappearance of water is: 8.87 hours\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Diffusion of A through non-diffusing B\n",
+    "\n",
+    "from math import log\n",
+    "from math import exp\n",
+    "import numpy as np\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calcualtion for (a) part\n",
+    "#calculating vapor pressure of water at 301K\n",
+    "pv = exp(13.8573 - (5160.2/301))   #in bar\n",
+    "#wet-bulb temperature is 22.5 degree centigrade\n",
+    "#calculating mean air-film temperature\n",
+    "Tm = ((28+22.5)/2)+273  #in kelvin\n",
+    "#calculating diffusion coefficient\n",
+    "Dab = ((0.853*(30.48**2))*((298.2/273)**1.75))/(3600*10000)   #in m^2/s\n",
+    "l = 2.5e-3     #in m\n",
+    "P = 1.013      #in bar\n",
+    "R = 0.08317    #Gas constant\n",
+    "pAo = exp(13.8573 - (5160.2/295.2))    #vapor pressure of water at the wet-bulb temperature, 22.2C\n",
+    "pAl = 0.6*round(pv,4)\n",
+    "Na = (((round(Dab,7)*P)/(R*298.2*l))*log((P-pAl)/(P-round(pAo,3))))*18     #in kg/m^2s\n",
+    "#amount of water per m^2 of floor area is\n",
+    "thickness = 2e-3\n",
+    "Amount = thickness*1    #in m^3 \n",
+    "#density of water is 1000kg/m^3\n",
+    "#therefore in kg it is\n",
+    "amount = Amount*1000\n",
+    "Time_for_completion = amount/Na   #in seconds\n",
+    "Time_for_completion_hours = Time_for_completion/3600\n",
+    "print '(a) Time for complete evaporation is: %.2f'%Time_for_completion_hours,'hours'\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation for (b) part\n",
+    "water_loss = 0.1   #in kg/m^2.h\n",
+    "water_loss_by_evaporation = Na*3600\n",
+    "total_water_loss = water_loss + water_loss_by_evaporation\n",
+    "time_for_disappearance = amount/total_water_loss\n",
+    "print '(b) Time for disappearance of water is: %0.2f'%time_for_disappearance,'hours'\n",
+    "#Answers may vary due to round off error"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 2.3 pgno:17"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "(a) The molar flux of Ammonia is:1.922E-05 gmol/cm^2.s\n",
+      "(b) and (c)\n",
+      "Velocity of A is 0.522 cm/s\n",
+      "Velocity of B is 0.000 cm/s\n",
+      "Mass average velocity of A is 0.439 cm/s\n",
+      "Molar average velocity of A is 0.47 cm/s\n",
+      "(d) Molar flux of NH3 is 3.062E-06 gmol/cm^2.s\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x9bda2b0>"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "image/png": 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dzKyDmTUFhgEVWtDMbD9CUji3qqQgItKYmMH48WHy2wMPxBRD1N/EzWwQcCtQ\nBExw9zFmNgLA3ceb2d3AacB7qV/Z4u69Kl1DNQYRaVQWL4YBA+Dll+Ggg+p3jfrWGDTzWUQkR91z\nD9xyC7z2Guy6a91/X4lBRKTAuMOFF4bmpXvvrfvv52ofg4iI1JMZ/OlPocZw//1ZfN98+CauGoOI\nNGbb+htmzgzrK6VLNQYRkQLVvTv8z//AsGHw5ZfRv59qDCIiecAdzjwTvvMd+MMf0vsd1RhERAqY\nWdjU56mnYOrUiN8rH76Jq8YgIhLMng2nngrz58O+tSw5qhqDiEgj0KcPXHklnHdeWK47CkoMIiJ5\nZvTo0Ofw299Gc301JYmI5KE1a+D73w/7Nxx5ZNVl1JQkItKItGsHd9wRVmLdtCmz11aNQUQkj11y\nSfg5YcK3X1ONQUSkEbrttrAC65QpmbumagwiInnu1Vdh6FBYuBD22WfH86oxiIg0Ur17wxVXhJVY\ny8oafr3IE4OZlZjZMjNbYWajqni9i5nNNrMvzew/o45HRKQQXXstnH9+Zq4VaWIwsyJgHFACHAQM\nN7OulYp9DFwJ3BxlLIUiExt9Fwrdix10L3ZorPeiuBjOPRd2ysCnetQ1hl7ASndf7e5bgMnA0PIF\n3P0jd58HbIk4loLQWP/RV0X3Ygfdix10Lxou6sTQFlhT7nxt6jkREclRUScGDSUSEckzkQ5XNbPe\nQKm7l6TORwNl7j62irLXA5+5+y1VvKYEIyJSD/UZrlocRSDlzAM6mVkHYD0wDBheTdlqg6/Pf5iI\niNRP5BPczGwQcCtQBExw9zFmNgLA3ceb2XeAucDuQBmwCTjI3T+LNDAREalSXsx8FhGR7Mmpmc+1\nTYZLlbk99foiMzss2zFmSxoTA89J3YM3zGyWmfWII85sSOffRapcTzPbamY/yGZ82ZLm30fCzBaa\n2ZtmlsxyiFmTxt9HazObbmavp+7FhTGEmRVmdo+ZfWBmi2soU7fPTXfPiYPQ1LQS6AA0AV4HulYq\nMxh4JvX4SODVuOOO8V70AfZIPS5pzPeiXLkXgaeA0+OOO6Z/Ey2Bt4B9U+et4447xntRCozZdh8I\nE2mL4449ovtxNHAYsLia1+v8uZlLNYZaJ8MBpwD3Abj7HKClmbXJbphZkc7EwNnuvjF1OgeoZffX\nvJXOvwsIs+cfBT7KZnBZlM59OBt4zN3XArj7v7IcY7akcy/eJ/Rbkvr5sbtvzWKMWePufwc21FCk\nzp+buZQ8N1ERAAAD0ElEQVQY0pkMV1WZQvxArOvEwEuAZyKNKD613gsza0v4YLgj9VQhdpyl82+i\nE7Cnmb1kZvPM7LysRZdd6dyLu4BuZrYeWAT8NEux5aI6f25GPVy1LtL9Y648dLUQPwTS/m8ys2OB\ni4F+0YUTq3Tuxa3AL93dzcyoYehzHkvnPjQBDgeOA5oDs83sVXdfEWlk2ZfOvbgGeN3dE2bWEXjO\nzA5x9wzvdZY36vS5mUuJYR3Qrtx5O0Jmq6nMvqnnCk0694JUh/NdQIm711SVzGfp3IsjgMkhJ9Aa\nGGRmW9x9WnZCzIp07sMa4F/u/gXwhZm9AhwCFFpiSOde9AV+DeDuq8zsHaAzYW5VY1Pnz81cakra\nPhnOzJoSJsNV/sOeBpwP22dVf+LuH2Q3zKyo9V6Y2X7AFOBcd18ZQ4zZUuu9cPfvufv+7r4/oZ/h\n8gJLCpDe38cTwFFmVmRmzQkdjUuyHGc2pHMvlgEDAVLt6Z2Bt7MaZe6o8+dmztQY3H2rmY0EZrBj\nMtzS8pPh3P0ZMxtsZiuBzcBFMYYcmXTuBXAd0Aq4I/VNeYu794or5qikeS8KXpp/H8vMbDrwBmGy\n6F3uXnCJIc1/E78BJprZIsIX4F+4+79jCzpCZvYQcAzQ2szWANcTmhXr/bmpCW4iIlJBLjUliYhI\nDlBiEBGRCpQYRESkAiUGERGpQIlBREQqUGIQEZEKlBhEamFmz5vZbhm4zguZuI5I1JQYRGpgZgOA\n5RlaY2cycFkGriMSKU1wE0lJzZz9cep0D2A1sAr4q7v/LVXmfOA/CYuQLXL3C8zsXuBzwpr4/0FY\n7fYioCcwx90vSv1uG+DJQpyhLoVFiUGkEjMrJmz681vgd0A/d/+3mXUjrE/VJ3Xe0t0/MbOJwM7u\nfraZnQL8hbCR0hLCfuaXuPui1LXfBrq7++YY/tNE0qKmJJFvux14wd2fAvYpt8bOAOCRbefu/km5\n33ky9fNN4P+7+1sevnW9RdhpbJsPqLjSpUjOyZlF9ERyQWpv4HbufkUVLzvV7/XwdepnGfBVuefL\nqPh3ZhTmHiJSQFRjEEkxsyMI/Qfldz5bb2Z7ph6/CJyx7dzMWtXjbdpQxd4aIrlENQaRHX5CWMr8\npdRS5vOAmYRO5BnuvsTMfg28bGbfAAsIu+dBxVpA5RqBA5jZdwh7D6t/QXKaOp9FamBmCWCYu1+e\ngWv9CNjV3X/f4MBEIqSmJJEauHuSsFtYJiamDSNsxSqS01RjEBGRClRjEBGRCpQYRESkAiUGERGp\nQIlBREQqUGIQEZEKlBhERKSC/wMlMWMmKfP/ywAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n",
+      "text/plain": [
+       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x3bd4e48>"
+      ]
+     },
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "display_data"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Calculation of flux and velocity\n",
+    "\n",
+    "%matplotlib inline\n",
+    "from math import log\n",
+    "from math import exp\n",
+    "import numpy as np\n",
+    "from matplotlib import pyplot as plt\n",
+    "#calculation for (a) part\n",
+    "l = 1         #thickness of air in cm\n",
+    "pAo = 0.9     #in atm\n",
+    "pAl = 0.1     #in atm\n",
+    "Dab = 0.214   #in cm^2/s\n",
+    "T = 298       #in K\n",
+    "P = 1         #in atm\n",
+    "R = 82.1      #in (cm^3)(atm)/(K)(gmol)\n",
+    "#calculating molar flux of ammonia\n",
+    "Na = ((Dab*P)/(R*T*l))*log((P-pAl)/(P-pAo))\n",
+    "print '(a) The molar flux of Ammonia is:%0.3E'%Na,'gmol/cm^2.s'\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculation for (b) and (c) part\n",
+    "Nb = 0        #air is non-diffusing\n",
+    "U = (Na/(P/(R*T)))     #molar average velocity\n",
+    "yA = pAo/P\n",
+    "yB = pAl/P\n",
+    "uA = U/yA           #\n",
+    "uB = 0              #since Nb=0\n",
+    "Ma = 17\n",
+    "Mb = 29\n",
+    "M = Ma*yA + Mb*yB\n",
+    "u = uA*yA*Ma/M      #since u =(uA*phoA + uB*phoB)/pho\n",
+    "print '(b) and (c)'\n",
+    "print 'Velocity of A is %0.3f'%uA,'cm/s'\n",
+    "print 'Velocity of B is %0.3f'%uB,'cm/s'\n",
+    "print 'Mass average velocity of A is %0.3f'%u,'cm/s'\n",
+    "print 'Molar average velocity of A is %0.2f'%U,'cm/s'\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculation for (d) part\n",
+    "Ca = pAo/(R*T)\n",
+    "Ia = Ca*(uA - u)      #molar flux of NH3 relative to an observer moving\n",
+    "                      #with the mass average velocity \n",
+    "print '(d) Molar flux of NH3 is %0.3E'%Ia,'gmol/cm^2.s'\n",
+    "\n",
+    "z = []\n",
+    "pa =[]\n",
+    "for i in np.arange(0,1,0.01):\n",
+    "    z.append(i)\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "for i in range(0,len(z)):\n",
+    "    pa.append(1-(0.1*exp(2.197*z[i])))\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "from matplotlib.pyplot import*\n",
+    "plot(z,pa);\n",
+    "plt.xlabel('z(cm)');\n",
+    "plt.ylabel('pA(atm)');\n",
+    "#Answers may vary due to round off error"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 2.4 pgno:19"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "(a) Rate of diffusion of oxygen 7.151E-10 kmol/s\n",
+      "(b) The partial pressure gradient of oxygen at midway in diffusion path is: -4.25 bar/m\n",
+      "(c)\n",
+      "Molar average velocity and diffusion velocities at \"midway\"\n",
+      "Molar average velocity in z-direction is 9.9E-05 m/s\n",
+      "The diffusion velocity of oxygen 7.9E-04 m/s\n",
+      "The diffusion velocity of Nitrogen -9.9E-05 m/s\n",
+      "Molar average velocity and diffusion velocities at \"top of tube\"\n",
+      "Molar average velocity in z-direction is 9.9E-05 m/s\n",
+      "The diffusion velocity of oxygen 3.72E-04 m/s\n",
+      "The diffusion velocity of Nitrogen -9.9E-05 m/s\n",
+      "Molar average velocity and diffusion velocities at \"bottom of tube\"\n",
+      "Molar average velocity in z-direction is 9.9E-05 m/s\n",
+      "The diffusion velocity of oxygen is not infinity\n",
+      "The diffusion velocity of Nitrogen -9.9E-05 m/s\n",
+      "(d)\n",
+      "New molar flux of (A) 4.95E-06 kmol/m^2.s\n",
+      "New molar flux of (B) 7.19E-06 kmol/m^2.s\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "image/png": 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ogmzw96am8BARkYyS3PQkIiIJoEQhIiIZKVGIiEhGShQiIpKREoWIiGSkRCEi\nIhkpUYjUk5lNM7PWOTjP9FycRyRqShQi9WBmQ4AFOZof6GHg7BycRyRSGnAnUov0qN7z0m/bAEuA\nD4FH3f259DGjgEsJk6rNcff/MrP7ge8IawJ0JMzmOxoYCLzu7qPTP9sJeLoYR9BLcVGiEKmDmZUQ\nFkG6CbgZGOzuX5vZHoT5tQ5Kv2/r7t+Y2R+Bbdz9Z2Z2AvAXwsJS84BZwJnuPid97o+Avdx9bQz/\nNJGsqOlJpG63A9PdfRLQudr8QEOARyrfu/s31X7m6fTrXOAzd3/Pw19l7xFWYau0ks1n8hRJnMRO\nCiiSBOl1lbu5+5gaPnZqX+tiQ/q1AlhfbX8Fm//eGcW5hooUEdUoRGphZvsR+h+qrwr3iZm1T28/\nD5xY+d7M2jXgMp2oYW0RkSRRjUKkdhcQpm5/IT11+xvAK4RO6SnuPs/MrgNeNLNNwJuE1QVh81rC\nljUGBzCzHQnrNqt/QhJNndki9WBmZcBJ7n5+Ds51DtDK3X/X6MBEIqSmJ5F6cPcUYSW1XAyUO4mw\ndK1IoqlGISIiGalGISIiGSlRiIhIRkoUIiKSkRKFiIhkpEQhIiIZKVGIiEhG/x/dtbi5bQDtAwAA\nAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n",
+      "text/plain": [
+       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x3bc1e10>"
+      ]
+     },
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "display_data"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Flux, velocity and pressure gradient\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculation of (a) part\n",
+    "#given data\n",
+    "from math import log\n",
+    "from math import pi\n",
+    "from math import exp\n",
+    "import numpy as np\n",
+    "from matplotlib import pyplot as plt\n",
+    "T = 298              #in kelvin\n",
+    "P = 1.013            #in bar\n",
+    "pAl = 0              #partial pressure of oxygen(A) at liquid surface\n",
+    "pAo = 0.21*1.013     #partial pressure of oxygen at open mouth\n",
+    "l = 0.05             #length of diffusion path in m\n",
+    "Dab = 2.1e-5         #diffusivity in m^2/s\n",
+    "R = 0.08317          #in m^3.bar.kmol.K\n",
+    "Na = Dab*P*log((P-pAl)/(P-pAo))/(R*T*l)       #in kmol/m^2.s\n",
+    "area = (pi/4)*(0.015)**2\n",
+    "rate = area*Na\n",
+    "print '(a) Rate of diffusion of oxygen %0.3E'%rate,'kmol/s'\n",
+    "z = []\n",
+    "pa =[]\n",
+    "for i in np.arange(0,1,0.01):\n",
+    "    z.append(i)\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "for i in range(0,len(z)):\n",
+    "    pa.append(P-(P-pAo)*exp((R*T*Na*z[i])/(Dab*P)))\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "from matplotlib.pyplot import*\n",
+    "plot(z,pa);\n",
+    "plt.xlabel('z(cm)');\n",
+    "plt.ylabel('pA(atm)');\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculation of (b) part\n",
+    "z = 0.025           #diffusion path\n",
+    "pA = 0.113          #in bar\n",
+    "#we have to find partial pressure gradient of oxygen at mid way of diffusion path\n",
+    "#let dpA/dz = ppd\n",
+    "ppd = -(R*T*round(Na,8)*(P-pA))/(Dab*P)\n",
+    "print '(b) The partial pressure gradient of oxygen at midway in diffusion path is: %0.2f'%ppd,'bar/m'\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculation of (c) part\n",
+    "uA = Na*(R*T/pA)     #velocity of oxygen\n",
+    "uB = 0               #since nitrogen is non-diffusing hence Nb = 0\n",
+    "U = pA*uA/P          #since U=1/C*(uA*Ca + uB*Cb)\n",
+    "vAd = uA - U         #diffusion velocity of oxygen\n",
+    "vBd = uB - U         #diffusion velocity of nitrogen\n",
+    "print '(c)'\n",
+    "print 'Molar average velocity and diffusion velocities at \"midway\"'\n",
+    "print 'Molar average velocity in z-direction is %0.1E'%U,'m/s'\n",
+    "print 'The diffusion velocity of oxygen %0.1E'%vAd,'m/s'\n",
+    "print 'The diffusion velocity of Nitrogen %0.1E'%vBd,'m/s'\n",
+    "#at z=0(at top of tube)\n",
+    "uA = Na*(R*T/pAo)\n",
+    "uB = 0\n",
+    "U = pAo*uA/P\n",
+    "vAd = uA - U\n",
+    "vBd = uB - U\n",
+    "print 'Molar average velocity and diffusion velocities at \"top of tube\"'\n",
+    "print 'Molar average velocity in z-direction is %0.1E'%U,'m/s'\n",
+    "print 'The diffusion velocity of oxygen %0.2E'%vAd,'m/s'\n",
+    "print 'The diffusion velocity of Nitrogen %0.1E'%vBd,'m/s'\n",
+    "#at z=0.05(at bottom of tube)\n",
+    "#uA = inf\n",
+    "uB = 0\n",
+    "U = pAo*uA/P\n",
+    "vAd = uA - U\n",
+    "vBd = uB - U\n",
+    "print 'Molar average velocity and diffusion velocities at \"bottom of tube\"'\n",
+    "print 'Molar average velocity in z-direction is %0.1E'%U,'m/s'\n",
+    "print 'The diffusion velocity of oxygen is not infinity'\n",
+    "print 'The diffusion velocity of Nitrogen %0.1E'%vBd,'m/s'\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculation of (d) part\n",
+    "V = -2*U\n",
+    "pA = 0.113\n",
+    "Nad = round(Na,8) - V*(pA/(R*T))\n",
+    "Nbd = 0 - (P - pA)*V/(R*T)\n",
+    "print '(d)'\n",
+    "print 'New molar flux of (A) %0.2E'%Nad,'kmol/m^2.s'\n",
+    "print 'New molar flux of (B) %0.2E'%Nbd,'kmol/m^2.s'\n",
+    "#Answers may vary due to round off errors"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 2.5 pgno:21"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "(a) The air-film thickness is :0.00193 m\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Diffusion with changing bulk concentration\n",
+    "\n",
+    "from math import log\n",
+    "#given data\n",
+    "area = 3*4           #in m^2\n",
+    "mperarea = 3.0/12    #in kg/m^2\n",
+    "#part (a)\n",
+    "P = 1.013            #in bar\n",
+    "Dab = 9.95e-6        #in m^2/s\n",
+    "R = 0.08317          #in m^3.bar./K.kmol\n",
+    "T = 273+27           #in K\n",
+    "#let d=1\n",
+    "d = 1                #in m\n",
+    "pAo = 0.065          #partial pressure of alcohol on liquid surface\n",
+    "pAd = 0              #partial pressure over d length of stagnant film of air\n",
+    "Na = (Dab*P*log((P-pAd)/(P-pAo)))/(R*T*d)     #in kmol/m^2.s\n",
+    "Na = Na*60           #in kg/m^2.s\n",
+    "flux = mperarea/(5*60)   #since the liquid evaporates completely in 5 minutes\n",
+    "#now we have to find the value of d\n",
+    "d = Na/flux\n",
+    "print '(a) The air-film thickness is :%0.5f'%d,'m'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 2.6 pgno:24"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "(a)\n",
+      "The steady-state flux is: 3.35E-06 kmol/m^2.s\n",
+      "The rate of transport of N2 from vessel 1 to 2: 6.6E-09 kmol/s\n",
+      "(b)\n",
+      "The flux and the rate of transport of oxygen is: -3.35E-06 kmol/m^2.s\n",
+      "(c)\n",
+      "Partial pressure at a point 0.05m from vessel 1 is: 1.2 atm\n",
+      "(d)\n",
+      "Net or total mass flux: -1.340E-05 kmol/m^2.s\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Equimolar counterdiffusion\n",
+    "\n",
+    "from math import pi\n",
+    "#given data\n",
+    "#part (a)\n",
+    "Dab = 0.23e-4*0.5*(293.0/316)**1.75     #in m^2/s\n",
+    "pA1 = 2*0.8           #in atm\n",
+    "pA2 = 2*0.2           #in atm\n",
+    "l = 0.15              #in m\n",
+    "R = 0.0821            #in m^3.atm./K.kmol\n",
+    "T = 293               #in K\n",
+    "Ma = 28\n",
+    "Mb = 32\n",
+    "Na = Dab*(pA1-pA2)/(R*T*l)   #in kmol/m^2.s\n",
+    "area = pi/4*(0.05)**2     #in m^2\n",
+    "rate = area*Na\n",
+    "print '(a)'\n",
+    "print 'The steady-state flux is: %0.2E'%Na,'kmol/m^2.s'\n",
+    "print 'The rate of transport of N2 from vessel 1 to 2: %0.1E'%rate,'kmol/s'\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#part (b)\n",
+    "Nb = -Na\n",
+    "print '(b)'\n",
+    "print 'The flux and the rate of transport of oxygen is: %0.2E'%Nb,'kmol/m^2.s'\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#part (c)\n",
+    "#let dpA/dz = ppg\n",
+    "dz = 0.05               #in m\n",
+    "ppg = (pA2 - pA1)/l     #in atm/m\n",
+    "pA = pA1 + (ppg)*dz     #in atm\n",
+    "print '(c)'\n",
+    "print 'Partial pressure at a point 0.05m from vessel 1 is: %0.1f'%pA,'atm'\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#part (d)\n",
+    "nt = Ma*Na + Mb*Nb\n",
+    "print '(d)'\n",
+    "print 'Net or total mass flux: %0.3E'%nt,'kmol/m^2.s'\n",
+    "#Answers may vary due to round off errors"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 2.7 pgno:25"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 7,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Methanol flux: 4.64e-05 kmol/m^2.s\n",
+      "Water flux: -4.06e-05 kmol/m^2.s\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Non-equimolar counterdiffusion in distillation of a binary mixture\n",
+    "\n",
+    "from math import log\n",
+    "#given data\n",
+    "Ha = 274.6*32     #molar latent heat of methanol(a)\n",
+    "Hb = 557.7*18     #molar latent heat of water(b)\n",
+    "yAl = 0.76        #mole fraction of methanol in the vapour\n",
+    "yAo = 0.825       #mole fraction of methanol in the vapour at the liquid-vapour interface\n",
+    "P = 1             #in atm\n",
+    "l = 1e-3          #in m\n",
+    "T =344.2          #in K\n",
+    "R = 0.0821        #m^3.atm./K.kmol\n",
+    "Dab = 1.816e-5    #in m^2/s\n",
+    "Na = Dab*P*log((1-0.1247*yAl)/(1-0.1247*yAo))/(0.1247*R*T*l)\n",
+    "print 'Methanol flux: %0.2e'%Na,'kmol/m^2.s'\n",
+    "Nb = -(Ha/Hb)*Na\n",
+    "print 'Water flux: %0.2e'%Nb,'kmol/m^2.s'\n",
+    "#Answers may vary due to round off errors"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 2.8 pgno:27"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 8,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Value of pA1 is 0.937 atm\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Equimolar counterdiffusion in an interconnected system\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#given values\n",
+    "from math import exp\n",
+    "V1 = 3000      #in cm^3\n",
+    "V2 = 4000      #in cm^3\n",
+    "Dab = 0.23     #in cm^2/s\n",
+    "Dba = 0.23     #in cm^2/s\n",
+    "l1 = 4         #in cm\n",
+    "d1 = 0.5       #in cm\n",
+    "l2 = 2         #in cm\n",
+    "d2 = 0.3       #in cm\n",
+    "pA3 = 1        #in atm\n",
+    "#unknowns\n",
+    "# pA1   and   pA2\n",
+    "# dpA1bydt = (Dab/V1*l1)*((pA1)-(pA2))*((math.pi*(d1**2))/4)\n",
+    "#on integrating using Laplace trandformation\n",
+    "# initial conditions\n",
+    "t=18000       #in seconds\n",
+    "pA1 = 1-0.57*(exp((-1.005)*(10**(-6))*t)-exp((-7.615)*(10**(-6))*t))\n",
+    "print 'Value of pA1 is %0.3f'%pA1,'atm'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 2.10 pgno:34"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 9,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Value of flux of water vapour: 2.96E-05 kmol/m^2.s\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Diffusion of only one component in a three-component mixture\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#given values\n",
+    "from math import log\n",
+    "y1l = 0           #mol fraction of dry air\n",
+    "y10 = (17.53/760) #mol fraction of water\n",
+    "l = 1.5           #in mm\n",
+    "C = 0.0409        #in kmol/m^3 : calculated by P/RT\n",
+    "D12 = 0.923       #Diffusivity of hydrogen over water\n",
+    "D13 = 0.267       #Diffusivity of oxygen over water\n",
+    "y2 = 0.6          #mole fraction of hydrogen\n",
+    "y3 = 0.4          #mole fraction of oxygen\n",
+    "D1m = 1/((y2/D12)+(y3/D13))       #calculating mean diffusivity\n",
+    "Ni = (D1m*C*1000/(l*10000))*log((1-y1l)/(1-y10))\n",
+    "print 'Value of flux of water vapour: %0.2E'%Ni,'kmol/m^2.s'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 2.11 pgno:35"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 10,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Flux of ethane 4.804E-05 gmol/cm^2.s\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Multicomponent diffusion\n",
+    "\n",
+    "from math import log\n",
+    "#given data\n",
+    "y1 = 0.4          #mole fraction of ethane(1)\n",
+    "y2 = 0.3          #mole fraction of ethylene(2)\n",
+    "y3 = 0.3          #mole fraction of hydrogen(3)\n",
+    "#calculating D13\n",
+    "#The Lennard-Jones parameters are\n",
+    "sigma1 = 4.443    #in angstrom\n",
+    "sigma2 = 4.163    #in angstrom\n",
+    "sigma3 = 2.827    #in angstrom\n",
+    "e1byk = 215.7\n",
+    "e2byk = 224.7\n",
+    "e3byk = 59.7\n",
+    "sigma13 = (sigma1 + sigma3)/2     #in angstrom\n",
+    "e13byk = (e1byk*e3byk)**0.5\n",
+    "kTbye13 = 993/113.5\n",
+    "ohmD13 = 0.76      #from collision integral table\n",
+    "D13 = ((0.001858)*(993**1.5)*((1.0/30)+(1.0/2))**0.5)/((2)*(sigma13**2)*(ohmD13))\n",
+    "#calculating D23\n",
+    "sigma23 = (sigma2+sigma3)/2\n",
+    "kTbye23 = ((993/224.7)*(993/59.7))*0.5\n",
+    "ohmD23 = 0.762\n",
+    "D23 = (0.001858*(993**1.5)*((1.0/28)+(1.0/2))**0.5)/(2*(sigma23**2)*ohmD23)\n",
+    "D = (D13+D23)/2   #in cm^2/s\n",
+    "l = 0.15          #in cm\n",
+    "#at z=0 (bulk gas)\n",
+    "y10 = 0.6\n",
+    "y20 = 0.2\n",
+    "y30 = 0.2\n",
+    "#at z=l (catalyst surface)\n",
+    "y1l = 0.4\n",
+    "y2l = 0.3\n",
+    "y3l = 0.3\n",
+    "C = 2.0/(82.1*993)   #calculated by P/RT\n",
+    "N1 = (D*C/l)*log((y10+y20)/(y1l+y2l))\n",
+    "print 'Flux of ethane %0.3E'%N1,'gmol/cm^2.s'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 2.12  pgno:43"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 11,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "The liquid-film thickness is:  0.0004 m\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Liquid-phase diffusion\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#given data\n",
+    "from math import pi\n",
+    "rc = 5e-4        #in m\n",
+    "D = 7e-10        #in m^2/s\n",
+    "Cab = 1          #in kmol/m^3\n",
+    "Na = 3.15e-6     #in kmol/m^2.s\n",
+    "W = 4*pi*(rc**2)*Na    #the rate of reaction\n",
+    "#let (rc+delta)/delta = 1\n",
+    "w1 = 4*pi*D*Cab*rc*1   #flux of the reactant to the surface of the catalyst\n",
+    "rcplusdelta = W/w1\n",
+    "delta = rc/(rcplusdelta-1)      #stagnant liquid-film thickness \n",
+    "print 'The liquid-film thickness is: ',delta,'m'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 2.13 pgno:46"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 12,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Tortuosity factor is:  2.5\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Diffusivity determination--diaphragm cell\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#given data\n",
+    "from math import log\n",
+    "from math import pi\n",
+    "V1 = 60.2        #in cm^3; volume of compartment 1\n",
+    "V2 = 59.3        #volume of compartment 2 in cm^3\n",
+    "Ca1i = 0.3       #initial concentration of KCl in compartment 1\n",
+    "Ca2i = 0         #initial concentration of KCl in compartment 2\n",
+    "Ca1f = 0.215     #final concentration of KCl in compartment 1\n",
+    "Ca2f = 0.0863    #final concentration of KCl in compartment 2\n",
+    "D = 1.51e-5      #diffusivity of KCl in cm^2/s\n",
+    "tf = 55.2*3600   #time of the experiment in s\n",
+    "#calcutaling cell constant\n",
+    "beta = (1/(D*tf))*log((Ca1i - Ca2i)/(Ca1f - Ca2f))\n",
+    "#diffusion of propionic acid\n",
+    "Cpa1i = 0.4      #initial concentration of propionic acid in compartment 1\n",
+    "Cpa2i = 0        #initial concentration of propionic acid in compartment 2\n",
+    "Cpa1f = 0.32     #final concentration of propionic acid in compartment 1\n",
+    "Cpa2f = 0.0812   #final concentration of propionic acid in compartment 2 by mass balance\n",
+    "tfp = 56.4*3600  #time for the experiment\n",
+    "Dp = (1/(beta*tfp))*log((Cpa1i-Cpa2i)/(Cpa1f-Cpa2f))   #diffusivity of the propionic acid\n",
+    "#calculating tortusity factor\n",
+    "A= (pi/4)*(3.5**2)     #area of the diaphragm\n",
+    "epsilon = 0.39    #average porosity of the diaphragm\n",
+    "l = 0.18         #thickness of hte diaphragm\n",
+    "tou = (A*epsilon/(beta*l))*(1/V1 + 1/V2)\n",
+    "print 'Tortuosity factor is: ',round(tou,1)"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 2",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python2"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 2
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+   "version": "2.7.10"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}