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+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "the divergence of the beam is 8.05960631817e-05 in radians\n",
+      "the divergence of the beam is 0.00461781426568 in degrees\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'''Example 1.1.1 :Divergence of a beam '''\n",
+    "\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "\n",
+    " #decalring variables\n",
+    "Lambda=633*(10**-9)          #wavelength of laser\n",
+    "s=10*10**-3                 #spot size of the laser\n",
+    "w=s/2                       # waist radius\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculations\n",
+    "\n",
+    "theta_radians=(4*Lambda)/(math.pi*(2*w))\n",
+    "num=math.pi*(w)\n",
+    "theta_degrees=math.degrees(theta_radians)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#results\n",
+    "print \"the divergence of the beam is\",theta_radians,\"in radians\"\n",
+    "print \"the divergence of the beam is\",theta_degrees,\"in degrees\"\n"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Materials   EpsilonR squareroot(EpsilonR)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "------------------------------------------\n",
+      "\n",
+      "silicon \t11.9 \t3.44963766213 \n",
+      "\n",
+      "Diamond \t5.7 \t2.38746727726 \n",
+      "\n",
+      "GaAs    \t13.1 \t3.61939221417 \n",
+      "\n",
+      "SiO2    \t3.84 \t1.95959179423 \n",
+      "\n",
+      "Water   \t80 \t8.94427191 \n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'''Example 1.2.1: relative permittivity and refractive index n'''\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "\n",
+    "numbers=[0,1,2,3,4]\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#declaring array variables\n",
+    "materials=['silicon','Diamond','GaAs   ','SiO2   ','Water  ']       #declaring the materials\n",
+    "relative_permittivity=[11.9,5.7,13.1,3.84,80]                       #declaring the relative permittivity at low frequencies\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculations\n",
+    "refractive_index=[]                                                 #declaring result set                                                 \n",
+    "for i in relative_permittivity:\n",
+    "    t=math.sqrt(i)\n",
+    "    refractive_index.append(t)\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "#Results and Table\n",
+    "print \"Materials   EpsilonR squareroot(EpsilonR)\\n\"\n",
+    "print \"------------------------------------------\\n\"\n",
+    "for j in numbers:\n",
+    "    print materials[j],\"\\t\",relative_permittivity[j],\"\\t\",refractive_index[j],\"\\n\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "The phase velocity is  206896551.724\n",
+      "The group velocity is  205479452.055\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'''Example 1.3.2:Group and phase velocities'''\n",
+    "\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#declaring variables\n",
+    "Lambda=1*10**-6         #wavelength of light\n",
+    "n=1.450                 #refractive index\n",
+    "c=3*10**8               #velocity of light in free space\n",
+    "group_index=1.46        #Group index(available from graph)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculations\n",
+    "phase_velocity=c/n      #calculation of phase velocity\n",
+    "group_velocity=c/group_index    #calculation of group velocity\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#results\n",
+    "\n",
+    "print \"The phase velocity is \",phase_velocity\n",
+    "print \"The group velocity is \",group_velocity"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "The Elctric field and Magnetic field of air are  86.7926073205 and 2.89308691068e-07 respectively\n",
+      "The Elctric field and Magnetic field of glass are  72.0773372269 and 3.48373796597e-07 respectively\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'''Example 1.4.1: Electric and magnetic fields in light'''\n",
+    "\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Declaring variables\n",
+    "Irradiance=1*10**-3*10**4       #Declaring irradiance in standard units\n",
+    "ng=1.45                         #declaring refractive index of glass\n",
+    "c=3*10**8                       #declaring velocity of light\n",
+    "n=1                             #Refractive index of free space\n",
+    "e=8.85*10**-12\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculations of magnitude of electrical and magnetic fields in air\n",
+    "El_air=math.sqrt((2*Irradiance)/(c*e*n))    #Electric field calculation(air)\n",
+    "B_air=(n*El_air)/c                          #Magnetic field calculation(air)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculations of magnitude of electrical and magnetic fields in glass\n",
+    "El_glass=math.sqrt((2*Irradiance)/(c*e*ng))  #Electric field calculation(glass)   \n",
+    "B_glass=(ng*El_glass)/c                        #magnetic field calculation(glass)   \n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Results\n",
+    "print \"The Elctric field and Magnetic field of air are \",El_air,\"and\",B_air,\"respectively\"\n",
+    "print \"The Elctric field and Magnetic field of glass are \",El_glass,\"and\",B_glass,\"respectively\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "A\n",
+      "the crirical angle is equal to   0.986206896552 \n",
+      "\n",
+      "B\n",
+      "The phase change in medium 1 at incident angle=85 degrees with electrical component perpendicular to the plane of incidence is 116.45255621 degrees\n",
+      "The phase change in medium 1 at incident angle=85 degrees with electrical component parallel to the plane of incidence is -62.1314255434 degrees\n",
+      "The phase change in medium 1 at incident angle=90 degrees with electrical component perpendicular to the plane of incidence is 180.0 degrees\n",
+      "The phase change in medium 1 at incident angle=90 degrees with electrical component parallel to the plane of incidence is -2.84217094304e-14 degrees \n",
+      "\n",
+      "C\n",
+      "The penetration depth of medium 2 at incident angle of 85 degrees is  7.80048054638e-07 meters\n",
+      "The penetration depth of medium 2 at incident angle of 90 degrees is  6.63145596216e-07 meters\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'''Example 1.6.2'''\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#declaration of variables\n",
+    "\n",
+    "n1=1.450            #refractive index of first medium\n",
+    "n2=1.430            #refractive index of second medium\n",
+    "Lambda=1*10**-6     #wavelength of light at standard units\n",
+    "theta_i1=85         #declaration of incidence angle 1\n",
+    "theta_i2=90         #declaration of incidence angle 2\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation of minimum incidence angle\n",
+    "theta_c=n2/n1       #calculation of critical angle\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation of phase change in medium 1 at incident angle 85 with perpendicular electrical component\n",
+    "tanphi_pp_85m1=math.sqrt(math.pow(math.sin(math.radians(theta_i1)),2)-math.pow((n2/n1),2))/math.cos(math.radians(theta_i1))\n",
+    "phi_pp_85im1=2*math.degrees(math.atan(tanphi_pp_85m1))\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation of phase change in medium 1 at incident angle 85 with parallel electrical component\n",
+    "tanphi_prll_85m1=math.pow((n1/n2),2)*tanphi_pp_85m1\n",
+    "phi_prll_85m1=2*(math.degrees(math.atan(tanphi_prll_85m1)))-math.degrees(math.pi)\n",
+    "phi_prll_inv_85m1=180+phi_prll_85m1\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation of phase change in medium 1 at incident angle 90 with perpendicular electrical component\n",
+    "tanphi_pp_90m1=math.sqrt(math.pow(math.sin(math.radians(theta_i2)),2)-math.pow((n2/n1),2))/math.cos(math.radians(theta_i2))\n",
+    "phi_pp_90m1=2*math.degrees(math.atan(tanphi_pp_90m1))\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation of phase change in medium 1 at incident angle 85 with parallel electrical component\n",
+    "tanphi_prll_90m1=math.pow((n1/n2),2)*tanphi_pp_90m1\n",
+    "phi_prll_90m1=2*(math.degrees(math.atan(tanphi_prll_90m1)))-math.degrees(math.pi)\n",
+    "phi_prll_inv_90m1=180+phi_prll_90m1\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation of penetration depth in medium 2 at incident angle 85\n",
+    "alpha_85=(2*math.pi*n2/Lambda)*(math.sqrt((math.pow((n1/n2),2)*math.pow(math.sin(math.radians(theta_i1)),2))-1))\n",
+    "delta_85=1/alpha_85\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculation of penetration depth in medium 2 at incident angle 90\n",
+    "alpha_90=(2*math.pi*n2/Lambda)*(math.sqrt((math.pow((n1/n2),2)*math.pow(math.sin(math.radians(theta_i2)),2))-1))\n",
+    "delta_90=1/alpha_90\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Results\n",
+    "print \"A\"\n",
+    "print \"the crirical angle is equal to  \",theta_c,\"\\n\"\n",
+    "print \"B\"\n",
+    "print \"The phase change in medium 1 at incident angle=85 degrees with electrical component perpendicular to the plane of incidence is\",phi_pp_85im1,\"degrees\"\n",
+    "print \"The phase change in medium 1 at incident angle=85 degrees with electrical component parallel to the plane of incidence is\",phi_prll_85m1,\"degrees\"\n",
+    "print \"The phase change in medium 1 at incident angle=90 degrees with electrical component perpendicular to the plane of incidence is\",phi_pp_90m1,\"degrees\"\n",
+    "print \"The phase change in medium 1 at incident angle=90 degrees with electrical component parallel to the plane of incidence is\",phi_prll_90m1,\"degrees \\n\"\n",
+    "print \"C\"\n",
+    "print \"The penetration depth of medium 2 at incident angle of 85 degrees is \",delta_85,\"meters\"\n",
+    "print \"The penetration depth of medium 2 at incident angle of 90 degrees is \",delta_90,\"meters\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 7,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "A\n",
+      "the reflection coefficient when light travels from air to glass is  -0.2\n",
+      "the reflectance when light passes from air to glass is  0.04\n",
+      "The phase change of the reflected light is \n",
+      "180\n",
+      "B\n",
+      "the reflection coefficient when light travels from glass  to air is  0.2\n",
+      "the reflectance when light passes from glass to air is  0.04\n",
+      "The phase change of the reflected light is \n",
+      "180\n",
+      "C\n",
+      "The polarisation angle is  56.309932474\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'''Example 1.6.3: Reflection at normal Incidence.Internal and external reflection'''\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#declaration of variables\n",
+    "nglass=1.5\n",
+    "nair=1\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#declaration of phase change\n",
+    "def phasechange(r):\n",
+    "    if r<0:\n",
+    "        return 180\n",
+    "    else:\n",
+    "        return 0 \n",
+    "#Calculation of reflection coefficient and intensity from air to glass\n",
+    "r_coeffag=(nair-nglass)/(nair+nglass)         #reflection coefficient\n",
+    "Rag=math.pow(r_coeffag,2)                       #Reflectance\n",
+    "pag=phasechange(r_coeffag)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation of relection and intensity from glass to aie\n",
+    "r_coeffga=(nglass-nair)/(nglass+nair)\n",
+    "Rga=math.pow(r_coeffga,2)\n",
+    "pga=phasechange(r_coeffga)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculation of polarisation angle\n",
+    "theta_p=math.degrees(math.atan(nglass/nair))\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Results\n",
+    "print \"A\"\n",
+    "print\"the reflection coefficient when light travels from air to glass is \",r_coeffag\n",
+    "print \"the reflectance when light passes from air to glass is \",Rag\n",
+    "print \"The phase change of the reflected light is \\n\",pag\n",
+    "print \"B\"\n",
+    "print\"the reflection coefficient when light travels from glass  to air is \",r_coeffga\n",
+    "print \"the reflectance when light passes from glass to air is \",Rga\n",
+    "print \"The phase change of the reflected light is \\n\",pag\n",
+    "\n",
+    "print \"C\"\n",
+    "print \"The polarisation angle is \",theta_p"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 8,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "the reflectance of the Silicon is  0.308641975309\n",
+      "the refractive index of coating must be  1.87082869339\n",
+      "the thickness of the coating is  9.21052631579e-08  meters\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'''Example 1.6.4: Antireflection coatings on solarcells'''\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Declaration of variables\n",
+    "nair=1\n",
+    "nsi=3.5\n",
+    "ncoating=1.9\n",
+    "Lambda=700*10**-9\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#declaration of phase change\n",
+    "def phasechange(r):\n",
+    "    if r<0:\n",
+    "        return 180\n",
+    "    else:\n",
+    "        return 0 \n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation of reflectance at Silicon\n",
+    "rsi=((nair-nsi)/(nair+nsi))\n",
+    "Rsi=math.pow(rsi,2)\n",
+    "psi=phasechange(rsi)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculation of refractive index of coating\n",
+    "ncoating_theoritical=math.sqrt(nair*nsi)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculation of thickness\n",
+    "d=Lambda/(4*ncoating)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#results\n",
+    "print \"the reflectance of the Silicon is \",Rsi\n",
+    "print \"the refractive index of coating must be \",ncoating_theoritical\n",
+    "print \"the thickness of the coating is \",d,\" meters\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# '''Example 1.7.1: Resonator modes and spectral width'''\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#declaration of variables\n",
+    "L=100*10**-6\n",
+    "R=0.9\n",
+    "Lambda=900*10**-9\n",
+    "c=3*10**8\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation of seperation of modes\n",
+    "delta_vm=c/(2*L)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculation of finesse\n",
+    "F=((math.pi)*math.sqrt(R))/(1-R)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculation of modewidth\n",
+    "del_vm=delta_vm/F\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculation of mode frequency\n",
+    "vm=c/Lambda\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculation of spectral width\n",
+    "del_lambda=(c/math.pow(vm,2))*del_vm\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Results\n",
+    "print \"The seperation of modes is \",delta_vm,\" Hertz\"\n",
+    "print \"The spectral width is\", del_lambda,\" meters\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
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+    "name": "ipython",
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+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
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