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+{

+ "metadata": {

+  "name": ""

+ },

+ "nbformat": 3,

+ "nbformat_minor": 0,

+ "worksheets": [

+  {

+   "cells": [

+    {

+     "cell_type": "heading",

+     "level": 1,

+     "metadata": {},

+     "source": [

+      "Chapter 09 : Transistor Biasing and Thermal Stabilization"

+     ]

+    },

+    {

+     "cell_type": "heading",

+     "level": 2,

+     "metadata": {},

+     "source": [

+      "Example 9.1, Page No 55"

+     ]

+    },

+    {

+     "cell_type": "code",

+     "collapsed": false,

+     "input": [

+      "import math\n",

+      "#initialisation of variables\n",

+      "Vcc=22.5    #in V\n",

+      "Rc=5.6 #in K\n",

+      "Re=1.0  #in K\n",

+      "R2=10.0 #in K\n",

+      "R1=90.0 #in K\n",

+      "B=55.0 #beta\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#Calculations\n",

+      "V=(R2*Vcc)/(R2+R1)                 #Thevenin Equivallent Voltage\n",

+      "Rb=(R2*R1)/(R2+R1)                 #Thevenin Equivallent Resistance\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#For base current large compared to reverse saturation current ie Ib>>Ico it follows that Ic=B*Ib\n",

+      "#Applying KVL to the base circuit\n",

+      "#0.65-2.25+Ic+10*Ib=0\n",

+      "#We have   -1.60+Ic+(10/55)*Ic=0\n",

+      "\n",

+      "Ic=1.60/(65.0/55);\n",

+      "Ib=Ic/55.0\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#Applying KVL to the collector circuit yields\n",

+      "#-22.5+6.6*Ic+Ib+Vce\n",

+      "\n",

+      "Vce = 22.5-(6.6*1.36)-0.025\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#Results\n",

+      "print(\"The equivallent Vbb = %.2f Volts \" %V)\n",

+      "print(\"The equivallent Rb is = %.2f ohm \" %Rb)\n",

+      "print(\"As B=55 we have Ic=55*Ib \")\n",

+      "print(\" Ic= %.2f milli amp \" %Ic)\n",

+      "print(\"Ib= %.2f micro amp \" %Ib)\n",

+      "print(\"Vce= %.2f Volts \" %Vce)\n"

+     ],

+     "language": "python",

+     "metadata": {},

+     "outputs": [

+      {

+       "output_type": "stream",

+       "stream": "stdout",

+       "text": [

+        "The equivallent Vbb = 2.25 Volts \n",

+        "The equivallent Rb is = 9.00 ohm \n",

+        "As B=55 we have Ic=55*Ib \n",

+        " Ic= 1.35 milli amp \n",

+        "Ib= 0.02 micro amp \n",

+        "Vce= 13.50 Volts \n"

+       ]

+      }

+     ],

+     "prompt_number": 2

+    },

+    {

+     "cell_type": "heading",

+     "level": 2,

+     "metadata": {},

+     "source": [

+      "Example 9.2, Page No 61"

+     ]

+    },

+    {

+     "cell_type": "code",

+     "collapsed": false,

+     "input": [

+      "import math\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#initialisation of variables\n",

+      "Rc=4.0 #in K\n",

+      "Vcc=20.0  #in V\n",

+      "Vce=10.0     #in V\n",

+      "Ic=2.0       #in mA\n",

+      "#Ic varies from 1.75 to 2.25 and B(beta) varies from 36 to 90\n",

+      "Re = (Vcc-Vce)/Ic - Rc\n",

+      "#S=delta Ic/delta B\n",

+      "Ic2=2.25     #in mA\n",

+      "Ic1=1.75  #in mA\n",

+      "B2=90.0\n",

+      "B1=36.0\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#Calculations\n",

+      "S=(Ic2-Ic1)/(B2-B1)\n",

+      "S2=(S*36*(1+90))/1.75\n",

+      "#S2=(1+B)*(1+(Rb/Re))/(1+B+(Rb/Re))\n",

+      "Rb=(S2-1)*(1+B2)*Re/(1+B2-S2);\n",

+      "Vbe=0.65       #in V\n",

+      "V = Vbe + ((Rb+Re*(1+B1))*Ic1/B1);\n",

+      "R1=Rb*Vcc/V\n",

+      "R2=R1*V/(Vcc-V)\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#Results\n",

+      "print(\"S2 = %.2f K \" %S2)\n",

+      "print(\"Re = is %.2f B2=90 \" %Re)\n",

+      "print(\"Rb= %.2f K \" %Rb)\n",

+      "print(\"V =  %.2f Volts \" %V)\n",

+      "print(\"R1= %.2f K \" %R1)\n",

+      "print(\"R2= %.2f K \" %R2)"

+     ],

+     "language": "python",

+     "metadata": {},

+     "outputs": [

+      {

+       "output_type": "stream",

+       "stream": "stdout",

+       "text": [

+        "S2 = 17.33 K \n",

+        "Re = is 1.00 B2=90 \n",

+        "Rb= 20.18 K \n",

+        "V =  3.43 Volts \n",

+        "R1= 117.67 K \n",

+        "R2= 24.35 K \n"

+       ]

+      }

+     ],

+     "prompt_number": 5

+    },

+    {

+     "cell_type": "heading",

+     "level": 2,

+     "metadata": {},

+     "source": [

+      "Example 9.3a Page No 69"

+     ]

+    },

+    {

+     "cell_type": "code",

+     "collapsed": false,

+     "input": [

+      "import math\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#initialisation of variables\n",

+      "Re=4.7    #in K\n",

+      "Rb=7.75   #in K\n",

+      "B1=55.0   #/beta at 25degree C\n",

+      "Ic1=1.5   #in mA\n",

+      "Ico1=1.0\n",

+      "Vbe1=0.6     #in V\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#Part a\n",

+      "\n",

+      "Ico2=33000.0                #in nA\n",

+      "Vbe2=0.225              #in V\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#Calculations\n",

+      "M1=1/(1+(Rb/(Re*B1)))       #Stability Factor\n",

+      "B2=100.0         #at 175degree C\n",

+      "M2=1/(1+(Rb/(Re*B2)))       #Stability Factor\n",

+      "\n",

+      "print(\"Stabitity Factor at 25deree C= %.2f \" %M1)\n",

+      "print(\"Stabitity Factor at 175deree C= %.2f \" %M2)\n",

+      "\n",

+      "if M2>M1 :\n",

+      "    M1=1.0\n",

+      "    M2=1.0\n",

+      "\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#Let k = (delta Ic)/(Ic1)\n",

+      "k=(1+(Rb/Re))*(M1*(Ico2-Ico1)*(10**-9)/Ic1*(10**-3))-(M1*(Vbe2-Vbe1)/(Ic1*Re))+(1+(Rb/Re))*(M2*(B2-B1)/(B2*B1));\n",

+      "deltaIc=k*Ic1\n",

+      "print(\"Change in Collector Current at 175degree C is = %.2f mA\" %deltaIc)\n",

+      "\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#Given Data at -65degree C\n",

+      "Ico2=1.95*(10**-3)\n",

+      "B2=25.0\n",

+      "Vbe2=0.78\n",

+      "\n",

+      "M2=1/(1+(Rb/(Re*B2)))      #Stability Factor\n",

+      "print(\"Stabitity Factor at -65deree C= %.2f \" %M2)\n",

+      " \n",

+      "#Let k = (delta Ic)/(Ic1)\n",

+      "k=(1+(Rb/Re))*(M1*(Ico2-Ico1)*(10**-9)/Ic1*(10**-3))-(M1*(Vbe2-Vbe1)/(Ic1*Re))+(1+(Rb/Re))*(M2*(B2-B1)/(B2*B1))\n",

+      "deltaIc=k*Ic1\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#Results\n",

+      "print(\"Change in Collector Current at -65degree C is = %.2f mA\" %deltaIc)\n"

+     ],

+     "language": "python",

+     "metadata": {},

+     "outputs": [

+      {

+       "output_type": "stream",

+       "stream": "stdout",

+       "text": [

+        "Stabitity Factor at 25deree C= 0.97 \n",

+        "Stabitity Factor at 175deree C= 0.98 \n",

+        "Change in Collector Current at 175degree C is = 0.11 mA\n",

+        "Stabitity Factor at -65deree C= 0.94 \n",

+        "Change in Collector Current at -65degree C is = -0.12 mA\n"

+       ]

+      }

+     ],

+     "prompt_number": 9

+    },

+    {

+     "cell_type": "heading",

+     "level": 2,

+     "metadata": {},

+     "source": [

+      "Example 9.3b, Page No 70"

+     ]

+    },

+    {

+     "cell_type": "code",

+     "collapsed": false,

+     "input": [

+      "import math\n",

+      "#initialisation of variables\n",

+      "Re=4.7    #in K\n",

+      "Rb=7.75   #in K\n",

+      "B1=55.0   #/beta at 25degree C\n",

+      "Ic1=1.5   #in mA\n",

+      "Ico1=1.0\n",

+      "Vbe1=0.6     #in V\n",

+      "\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#Part a\n",

+      "\n",

+      "Ico2=33000.0                #in nA\n",

+      "Vbe2=0.225              #in V\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#Calculations\n",

+      "M1=1/(1+(Rb/(Re*B1)))       #Stability Factor\n",

+      "#Given Data at -65degree C\n",

+      "Ico2=1.95*(10**-3)\n",

+      "B2=25.0         #at -65degree C\n",

+      "Vbe2=0.78\n",

+      "M2=1/(1+(Rb/(Re*B2)))       #Stability Factor\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#Let k = (delta Ic)/(Ic1)\n",

+      "k=(1+(Rb/Re))*(M1*(Ico2-Ico1)*(10**-9)/Ic1*(10**-3))-(M1*(Vbe2-Vbe1)/(Ic1*Re))+(1+(Rb/Re))*(M2*(B2-B1)/(B2*B1));\n",

+      "deltaIc=k*Ic1\n",

+      "\n",

+      "\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#Given Data\n",

+      "Ico2=32.0         #in nA\n",

+      "Vbe2=0.10      #in V\n",

+      "M1=1/(1+(Rb/(Re*B1)))       #Stability Factor\n",

+      "print(\"Stabitity Factor at 25deree C= %.2f \" %M1)\n",

+      "B2=90.0            #at 175degree C\n",

+      "M2=1/(1+(Rb/(Re*B2)))            #Stability Factor\n",

+      "print(\"Stabitity Factor at 75deree C= %.2f \" %M2)\n",

+      "\n",

+      "if M2>M1 :\n",

+      "    M1=1.0\n",

+      "    M2=1.0\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#Let k = (delta Ic)/(Ic1)\n",

+      "k=(1+(Rb/Re))*(M1*(Ico2-Ico1)*(10**-9)/Ic1*(10**-3))-(M1*(Vbe2-Vbe1)/(Ic1*Re))+(1+(Rb/Re))*(M2*(B2-B1)/(B2*B1));\n",

+      "deltaIc=k*Ic1\n",

+      "print(\"Change in Collector Current at 75degree C is = %.2f mA\" %deltaIc)\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#Given Data at -65degree C\n",

+      "Ico2=1.95*(10**-3)\n",

+      "B2=20.0\n",

+      "Vbe2=0.38\n",

+      "\n",

+      "M2=1/(1+(Rb/(Re*B2)))         #Stability Factor\n",

+      "print(\"Stabitity Factor at -65deree C= %.2f \" %M2)\n",

+      " \n",

+      "    \n",

+      "#Let k = (delta Ic)/(Ic1)\n",

+      "k=(1+(Rb/Re))*(M1*(Ico2-Ico1)*(10**-9)/Ic1*(10**-3))-(M1*(Vbe2-Vbe1)/(Ic1*Re))+(1+(Rb/Re))*(M2*(B2-B1)/(B2*B1));\n",

+      "deltaIc=k*Ic1\n",

+      "print(\"Change in Collector Current at -65degree C is = %.2f mA\" %deltaIc)\n"

+     ],

+     "language": "python",

+     "metadata": {},

+     "outputs": [

+      {

+       "output_type": "stream",

+       "stream": "stdout",

+       "text": [

+        "Stabitity Factor at 25deree C= 0.97 \n",

+        "Stabitity Factor at 75deree C= 0.98 \n",

+        "Change in Collector Current at 75degree C is = 0.13 mA\n",

+        "Stabitity Factor at -65deree C= 0.92 \n",

+        "Change in Collector Current at -65degree C is = -0.07 mA\n"

+       ]

+      }

+     ],

+     "prompt_number": 10

+    },

+    {

+     "cell_type": "heading",

+     "level": 2,

+     "metadata": {},

+     "source": [

+      "Example 9.4 Page No 71"

+     ]

+    },

+    {

+     "cell_type": "code",

+     "collapsed": false,

+     "input": [

+      "import math\n",

+      "#initialisation of variables\n",

+      "\n",

+      "B1=150.0   #beta\n",

+      "Ico1=50.0     #in nA\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#Given Data at 65degree C\n",

+      "B2=1200.0 #beta\n",

+      "Ico2=3.0    #in micro A\n",

+      "\n",

+      "Vbe=0.65       #in mV\n",

+      "Vcc=20.0        #in V\n",

+      "M=1.0   \n",

+      "#Assumption: Each factor Ico,B, and Vbe cuses the same percentge change(5%)\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#Let Rb/Re=k\n",

+      "#(1+k)*((1200-150)/(1200*150))=0.05\n",

+      "\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#Calculations\n",

+      "k=((0.05)*((1200*150)/(1200-150)))-1\n",

+      "print(\"Rb/Re = %.2f  \" %k)\n",

+      "#Let us check our assumption\n",

+      "\n",

+      "if M>(1.0/(1+(k/B1))) :\n",

+      "    M=1.0\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#(1+(Rb/Re))*((Ico2-Ico1)/Ic1)=0.05   Since Ico2>>Ico1, we consider only Ico2\n",

+      "\n",

+      "Ic1=((1+k)*Ico2)/(0.05*1000)\n",

+      "print(\"Ic1= %.2f mA \" %Ic1)\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#Vbe changes 2.5mV/degree\n",

+      "DVbe=2.5*40\n",

+      "#Total increment\n",

+      "dVbe=2*DVbe*(10**-3)\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#Let l=(Ic1*Re)\n",

+      "l=dVbe/0.05\n",

+      "\n",

+      "Re=l/Ic1\n",

+      "print(\"Re= %.2f  \" %Re)\n",

+      "Rb=k*Re\n",

+      "print(\"Rb= %.2f  \" %Rb)\n",

+      "\n",

+      "B=(B1+B2)/2              #beta\n",

+      "V=((Ic1/B)*Rb)+(Vbe)+(((Ic1/B)+Ic1)*Re)\n",

+      "print(\"V= %.2f  Volts\" %V)\n",

+      "R1=(Rb*Vcc)/V\n",

+      "R2=(R1*V)/(Vcc-V)\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#Results\n",

+      "print(\"R1= %.2f ohm\" %R1)\n",

+      "print(\"R2= %.2f ohm\" %R2)\n"

+     ],

+     "language": "python",

+     "metadata": {},

+     "outputs": [

+      {

+       "output_type": "stream",

+       "stream": "stdout",

+       "text": [

+        "Rb/Re = 7.55  \n",

+        "Ic1= 0.51 mA \n",

+        "Re= 7.80  \n",

+        "Rb= 58.87  \n",

+        "V= 4.70  Volts\n",

+        "R1= 250.47 ohm\n",

+        "R2= 76.96 ohm\n"

+       ]

+      }

+     ],

+     "prompt_number": 11

+    },

+    {

+     "cell_type": "heading",

+     "level": 2,

+     "metadata": {},

+     "source": [

+      "Example 9.5 Page No 78"

+     ]

+    },

+    {

+     "cell_type": "code",

+     "collapsed": false,

+     "input": [

+      "import math\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#initialisation of variables\n",

+      "\n",

+      "Vcc=30.0          #in V\n",

+      "Rc=2.0           #in K\n",

+      "Re=4.7           #in K\n",

+      "Ic=1.5           #in mA\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#We know that dPc/dIc = Vcc - (2*Ic*(Rc+Re))\n",

+      "#Let D=dPc/dIc\n",

+      "\n",

+      "D = Vcc - (2*Ic*(Re+Rc))\n",

+      "\n",

+      "print('Ic increases by 0.131mA over a temprature range of 35 to 75 degree C')\n",

+      "print('theta<(A=(dPc/dIc)*(dIc/dTc))')\n",

+      "A=D*((0.131*(10^-3))/(75-25))\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#Results\n",

+      "print(\"theta< %.2f degreeC/W \" %(1.0/A))\n",

+      "print('The upper bound on theta is so high that transistor would not violate it and therefore circuit will be safe from thermal runaway')\n"

+     ],

+     "language": "python",

+     "metadata": {},

+     "outputs": [

+      {

+       "output_type": "stream",

+       "stream": "stdout",

+       "text": [

+        "Ic increases by 0.131mA over a temprature range of 35 to 75 degree C\n",

+        "theta<(A=(dPc/dIc)*(dIc/dTc))\n",

+        "theta< -4.28 degreeC/W \n",

+        "The upper bound on theta is so high that transistor would not violate it and therefore circuit will be safe from thermal runaway\n"

+       ]

+      }

+     ],

+     "prompt_number": 12

+    },

+    {

+     "cell_type": "heading",

+     "level": 2,

+     "metadata": {},

+     "source": [

+      "Example 9.6a, Page No 79 "

+     ]

+    },

+    {

+     "cell_type": "code",

+     "collapsed": false,

+     "input": [

+      "import math\n",

+      "#initialisation of variables\n",

+      "B=100.0 #beta\n",

+      "Ico=-5.0 #in mA\n",

+      "Ic=-1.0 #in mA\n",

+      "Vcc=40.0 \n",

+      "Re=5.0     #in ohm\n",

+      "Rc=10.0   #in ohm\n",

+      "\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#Calculations\n",

+      "#Ic= BIb + (1+B)*Ico\n",

+      "#Ic=B(Ib+Ico)\n",

+      "Ib=-(Ic/B)+Ico\n",

+      "\n",

+      "print(\"Ib= %.2f mA \" %Ib)\n",

+      "#Neglecting Vbe\n",

+      "Rb=(5-Vcc)/(Ib*0.001)\n",

+      "print(\"Rb= %.2f ohm \" %Rb)\n",

+      "\n",

+      "Vce=Vcc-15\n",

+      "if Vce>(Vcc/2) :\n",

+      "    S=(1+B)*(1+(Rb/Re))/(1+B+(Rb/Re))\n",

+      "    print(\"Stability Factor is= %.2f \" %S)\n",

+      "\n",

+      "A=-(Vcc+(2*Ic*(Re+Rc)))*(S)*(0.007*Ico*0.01)\n",

+      "\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#Results\n",

+      "print(\"theta< %.2f degreeC/W \" %(1.0/A))\n"

+     ],

+     "language": "python",

+     "metadata": {},

+     "outputs": [

+      {

+       "output_type": "stream",

+       "stream": "stdout",

+       "text": [

+        "Ib= -4.99 mA \n",

+        "Rb= 7014.03 ohm \n",

+        "Stability Factor is= 94.28 \n",

+        "theta< 3.03 degreeC/W \n"

+       ]

+      }

+     ],

+     "prompt_number": 14

+    },

+    {

+     "cell_type": "heading",

+     "level": 2,

+     "metadata": {},

+     "source": [

+      "Example 9.6b Page No 80"

+     ]

+    },

+    {

+     "cell_type": "code",

+     "collapsed": false,

+     "input": [

+      "import math \n",

+      "\n",

+      "#initialisation of variables\n",

+      "B=100.0 #beta\n",

+      "Ico=-5.0 #in mA\n",

+      "Ic=-1.0 #in mA\n",

+      "Vcc=40.0 \n",

+      "Re=5.0     #in ohm\n",

+      "Rc=10.0   #in ohm\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#Calculations\n",

+      "#Ic= BIb + (1+B)*Ico\n",

+      "#Ic=B(Ib+Ico)\n",

+      "Ib=-(Ic/B)+Ico\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#Neglecting Vbe\n",

+      "Rb=(5-Vcc)/(Ib*0.001)\n",

+      "\n",

+      "Vce=Vcc-15\n",

+      "if Vce>(Vcc/2) :\n",

+      "    S=(1+B)*(1+(Rb/Re))/(1+B+(Rb/Re))\n",

+      "    print(\"Stability Factor is= %.2f \" %S)\n",

+      "\n",

+      "A=-(Vcc+(2*Ic*(Re+Rc)))*(S)*(0.007*Ico*0.01)\n",

+      "\n",

+      "\n",

+      "#Results\n",

+      "print(\"theta< %.2f degreeC/W \" %(1.0/A))\n"

+     ],

+     "language": "python",

+     "metadata": {},

+     "outputs": [

+      {

+       "output_type": "stream",

+       "stream": "stdout",

+       "text": [

+        "Ib= -4.99 mA \n",

+        "Rb= 7014.03 ohm \n",

+        "Stability Factor is= 94.28 \n",

+        "theta< 3.03 degreeC/W \n"

+       ]

+      }

+     ],

+     "prompt_number": 15

+    }

+   ],

+   "metadata": {}

+  }

+ ]

+}
\ No newline at end of file