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+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": ""
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "chapter-2, Economics of generation"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Ex1, Page 73"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "from __future__ import division\n",
+      "#To Determine the Demand and Supply Parameters for 15 bulbs\n",
+      "\n",
+      "W=60  #Wattage of the bulb\n",
+      "N=15  #No. of bulbs\n",
+      "CL=W*N  #Connected Load \n",
+      "Wih=2*(10**3)  #Wattage of immersion heater\n",
+      "Wh=2*(10**3)  #Wattage of heater\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Usage of Bulbs at different time periods\n",
+      "N1=5 \n",
+      "N2=10 \n",
+      "N3=6\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Time periods for bulbs\n",
+      "T1=2  #6pm - 8pm\n",
+      "T2=2  #8pm - 10pm\n",
+      "T3=2  #10pm - 12pm\n",
+      "#Time Periods for heaters\n",
+      "T4=4  #1pm - 5pm\n",
+      "T5=3  #8pm - 11pm\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#CASE 1\n",
+      "MD1=W*N2  #Maximum Demand\n",
+      "DF=MD1*100/CL  #Demand Factor\n",
+      "EC1=(N1*W*T1)+(N2*W*T2)+(N3*W*T3)  #Energy Consumed\n",
+      "DLF1=EC1*100/(24*MD1)  #Daily Load Factor\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#CASE 2\n",
+      "MD2=(W*N2)+Wh  #From 8pm - 10pm\n",
+      "EC2=(T4*Wih)+(T5*Wh)+EC1  #Energy Consumed\n",
+      "DLF2=EC2*100/(24*MD2)  #Daily Load Factor\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print '''i)a) Connected Load is %0.2f W\\nb) The Maximum Demand is %0.2f W\n",
+      "c) The Demand Factor is %0.2f percent\\nd) The Daily Load Factor is %0.2f percent''' %(CL,MD1,DF,DLF1)\n",
+      "print 'ii) The Improved Daily Load Factor is %0.2f percent' %DLF2"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "i)a) Connected Load is 900.00 W\n",
+        "b) The Maximum Demand is 600.00 W\n",
+        "c) The Demand Factor is 66.67 percent\n",
+        "d) The Daily Load Factor is 17.50 percent\n",
+        "ii) The Improved Daily Load Factor is 26.47 percent\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 9
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Ex2, Page 74"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "from __future__ import division\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#To determine the Demand and supply parameter of four consumers\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Maximum Demands of various users\n",
+      "MD1=2*(10**3)  #9pm\n",
+      "MD2=2*(10**3)  #12 noon\n",
+      "MD3=8*(10**3)  #5pm\n",
+      "MD4=4*(10**3)  #8pm\n",
+      "MDT=MD1+MD2+MD3+MD4  #Sum of all Maximum Demands\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Demands of various users\n",
+      "D1=1.6*(10**3)  #8pm\n",
+      "D2=1*(10**3)  #8pm\n",
+      "D3=5*(10**3)  #8pm\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#The Number after the Alphabets represents the Consumer\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Maximum Demand of the System arises at 8.00 PM\n",
+      "MDS = D1+D2+D3+MD4 \n",
+      "\n",
+      "TDF=MDT/MDS  #Diversity Factor\n",
+      "#Given Values\n",
+      "#Average Loads\n",
+      "AL2=500 \n",
+      "AL4=1000 \n",
+      "#Load Factors\n",
+      "LF1=15/100 \n",
+      "LF3=25/100 \n",
+      "#Calculated Values\n",
+      "#Average Loads\n",
+      "AL1=LF1*MD1 \n",
+      "AL3=LF3*MD3 \n",
+      "#Load Factors\n",
+      "LF2=AL2*100/MD2 \n",
+      "LF4=AL4*100/MD4 \n",
+      "\n",
+      "ALS=AL1+AL2+AL3+AL4   #Combined Average Loads\n",
+      "LFS=ALS*100/MDS  #Combined Load Factor\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Load Percent\n",
+      "LF1*=100 # %\n",
+      "LF3*=100 # %\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print 'i) The Diversity Factor is %0.2f' %TDF\n",
+      "print 'ii) The Average load and Load factor of:'\n",
+      "print ' Consumer 1 : %0.2f W and %0.2f percent' %(AL1,LF1)\n",
+      "print ' Consumer 2 : %0.2f W and %0.2f percent' %(AL2,LF2)\n",
+      "print ' Consumer 3 : %0.2f W and %0.2f percent' %(AL3,LF3)\n",
+      "print ' Consumer 4 : %0.2f W and %0.2f percent' %(AL4,LF4)\n",
+      "print 'iii) The Combined Load Factor and the Combined Average Load is %0.2f percent and %0.2f W respectively\\n' %(LFS,ALS)"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "i) The Diversity Factor is 1.38\n",
+        "ii) The Average load and Load factor of:\n",
+        " Consumer 1 : 300.00 W and 15.00 percent\n",
+        " Consumer 2 : 500.00 W and 25.00 percent\n",
+        " Consumer 3 : 2000.00 W and 25.00 percent\n",
+        " Consumer 4 : 1000.00 W and 25.00 percent\n",
+        "iii) The Combined Load Factor and the Combined Average Load is 32.76 percent and 3800.00 W respectively\n",
+        "\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 15
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Ex3, Page 75"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "from __future__ import division\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#To Determine the Yearly Cost of the substation\n",
+      "\n",
+      "Teff=95/100  #Transmission Efficiency\n",
+      "Deff=85/100  #Distribution Efficiency\n",
+      "DFT=1.2  #Diversity Factor For Transmission\n",
+      "DFD=1.3  #Diversity Factor For Distribution\n",
+      "MDGS=100*(10**6)  #Maximum Demand of Generating Station\n",
+      "ALF=40/100  #Annual Load Factor\n",
+      "ACCT=2.5*(10**6)  #Annual Capital Charge for Transmission\n",
+      "ACCD=2*(10**6)  #Annual Capital Charge for Distribution\n",
+      "GCC=100  #Generating Cost per kW demand\n",
+      "GCCU=5/100  # Per Unit Cost\n",
+      "#Fixed Charges from Supply to Substation Annually\n",
+      "GFC=GCC*MDGS/1000  #Generating\n",
+      "TFC=ACCT  #Transmission\n",
+      "TotFCS=GFC+TFC  #Total\n",
+      "#Fixed Charges for supply upto Consumer Annually\n",
+      "DFC=ACCD  #Distribution\n",
+      "TotFCC=TotFCS+DFC  #Total\n",
+      "\n",
+      "AMDS= DFT*MDGS/1000  #Aggregate of Maximum Demand at Supply\n",
+      "AMDC= DFD*AMDS  #Aggregate of Maximum Demand for Consumers\n",
+      "\n",
+      "FCS=TotFCS/AMDS  #Fixed Charges Per KW at substation\n",
+      "CES=GCCU/Teff  #Cost of energy at the substation\n",
+      "\n",
+      "FCC=TotFCC/AMDC  #Fixed Charges per KW at the consumer premises\n",
+      "CEC=CES/Deff  #Cost of Energy at the consumer premises\n",
+      "\n",
+      "CEC*=100  # converting from rupee to paise\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print 'The Yealy Cost per KW demand and the cost per KWhr at:'\n",
+      "print 'a) The substation is %0.2f rupees per KW and %0.2f paise per kWhr'%(FCS,CES)\n",
+      "print 'b) The consumer premises is %g rupees per KW and %g paise per kWhr' %(FCC,CEC)"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The Yealy Cost per KW demand and the cost per KWhr at:\n",
+        "a) The substation is 104.17 rupees per KW and 0.05 paise per kWhr\n",
+        "b) The consumer premises is 92.9487 rupees per KW and 6.19195 paise per kWhr\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 17
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Ex4, Page 78"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "#To determine the Load factor and suitable units for 24 hr operation of the plant\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Demands at Various Time Periods starting from 12PM to 12PM\n",
+      "D1=500*(10**3)  \n",
+      "D2=800*(10**3) \n",
+      "D3=2000*(10**3) \n",
+      "D4=1000*(10**3) \n",
+      "D5=2500*(10**3) \n",
+      "D6=2000*(10**3) \n",
+      "D7=1500*(10**3) \n",
+      "D8=1000*(10**3) \n",
+      "\n",
+      "MD=D5  #Maximum Demand\n",
+      "#Time Periods of demands from 12PM\n",
+      "T1=5 \n",
+      "T2=5 \n",
+      "T3=2 \n",
+      "T4=2 \n",
+      "T5=3 \n",
+      "T6=3 \n",
+      "T7=2 \n",
+      "T8=2 \n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Total Energy Demand in 24hrs\n",
+      "TED=(T1*D1)+(T2*D2)+(T3*D3)+(D4*T4)+(T5*D5)+(D6*T6)+(D7*T7)+(T8*D8) \n",
+      "\n",
+      "LF=TED*100/(24*MD) \n",
+      "\n",
+      "C1000=3*1000*(10**3)  #1000 unit \n",
+      "C500=1*500*(10**3)  #500 Unit\n",
+      "\n",
+      "TCP=C1000+C500  #Total capacity of the plant\n",
+      "PCF=TED*100/(24*TCP)  #Plant Capacity Factor\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Operating Schedule, Units operated can be seen in the textbook\n",
+      "G1=500*(10**3)   \n",
+      "G2=1000*(10**3) \n",
+      "G3=2000*(10**3) \n",
+      "G4=1000*(10**3) \n",
+      "G5=2500*(10**3) \n",
+      "G6=2000*(10**3) \n",
+      "G7=1500*(10**3) \n",
+      "G8=1000*(10**3) \n",
+      "\n",
+      "TEG=(T1*G1)+(T2*G2)+(T3*G3)+(G4*T4)+(T5*G5)+(G6*T6)+(G7*T7)+(T8*G8) #Total Energy Generated\n",
+      "PUF=TED*100/(TEG)  #Plant Use Factor\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print 'a) The Reserve Capacity is a 1000kW Unit and Load Factor is %0.2f percent' %LF\n",
+      "print 'b) The Plant Capacity Factor is %0.2f percent' %PCF\n",
+      "print 'c) The Plant Use Factor is %0.2f percent' %PUF"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "a) The Reserve Capacity is a 1000kW Unit and Load Factor is 51.67 percent\n",
+        "b) The Plant Capacity Factor is 36.90 percent\n",
+        "c) The Plant Use Factor is 96.88 percent\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 18
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Ex5, Page 80"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "#To determine the Plant use factore of each unit\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "MDS=25*(10**6)  #Maximum Demand on the System\n",
+      "U1=15*(10**6)  #Load Supplied By Unit 1\n",
+      "U2=12.5*(10**6)  #Load Supplied By Unit 2\n",
+      "#Running Time Factor of the Unit\n",
+      "T1=1 \n",
+      "T2=40/100 \n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Energy generated by each unit\n",
+      "E1=1*(10**8) \n",
+      "E2=1*(10**7) \n",
+      "Et=E1+E2  #Total Energy\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Maximum Demands on Each Units\n",
+      "MD1=U1 \n",
+      "MD2=MDS-U1 \n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Annual Load Factor for the Units\n",
+      "ALF1=E1*1000*100/(MD1*8760) \n",
+      "ALF2=E2*1000*100/(MD2*8760) \n",
+      "\n",
+      "LF2=E2*1000*100/(MD2*0.4*8760)  #Load Factor for the it is loaded\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "PUF1=ALF1  #Plant Use Factor\n",
+      "PCF1=ALF1  # Plant Capacity Factor\n",
+      "\n",
+      "PCF2=E2*1000*100/(U2*8760)  #Plant Capacity Factor for Unit 2\n",
+      "PUF2=E2*1000*100/(U2*0.4*8760) #Plant Use Factor for Unit 2\n",
+      "\n",
+      "LFP=Et*100*1000/(MDS*8760)  #Annual Load Factor of the Complete Plant\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print 'The Load Factor, Plant Capacity Factor, Plant Use Factor of:'\n",
+      "print 'Unit 1 : %0.2f percent, %0.2f percent, %0.2f percent' %(ALF1,PCF1,PUF1)\n",
+      "print 'Unit 2 : %0.2f percent, %0.2f percent, %0.2f percent' %(ALF2,PCF2,PUF2)\n",
+      "print 'The Annual Load Factor of the Entire Plant is %0.2f percent' %LFP"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The Load Factor, Plant Capacity Factor, Plant Use Factor of:\n",
+        "Unit 1 : 76.10 percent, 76.10 percent, 76.10 percent\n",
+        "Unit 2 : 11.42 percent, 9.13 percent, 22.83 percent\n",
+        "The Annual Load Factor of the Entire Plant is 50.23 percent\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 21
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Ex6, Page 91"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "#To determine the most economic power factor\n",
+      "\n",
+      "from numpy import sqrt\n",
+      "\n",
+      "P=200*(10**3)  #Maximum Demand\n",
+      "pf=0.707  #Power Factor Lagging\n",
+      "\n",
+      "a=100  #Tariff per kVA per year\n",
+      "\n",
+      "b=200  #Power factor improvement cost Per kVA.\n",
+      "r=20  #Interest Depriciation, maintenance and cost of losses amount to  20% of capital cost per year\n",
+      "\n",
+      "# Economic PF = sqrt(1-((b1/a)**2))\n",
+      "\n",
+      "b1=r*b/100 # b' term accrding to the equation above\n",
+      "\n",
+      "pfeco=sqrt(1-((b1/a)**2))  #Economic Power Factor\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print 'The Economic Power Factor is %0.2f ' %pfeco\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The Economic Power Factor is 0.92 \n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 22
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}