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diff --git a/backup/Modern_Physics_By_G.Aruldas_version_backup/Chapter15_2.ipynb b/backup/Modern_Physics_By_G.Aruldas_version_backup/Chapter15_2.ipynb
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-{

- "metadata": {

-  "name": "",

-  "signature": "sha256:ede2b0bb266c67744fbe14f69a09ec9b5592c13400e7d0bf2db5fa598ebe9db1"

- },

- "nbformat": 3,

- "nbformat_minor": 0,

- "worksheets": [

-  {

-   "cells": [

-    {

-     "cell_type": "heading",

-     "level": 1,

-     "metadata": {},

-     "source": [

-      "15: Lasers"

-     ]

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "heading",

-     "level": 2,

-     "metadata": {},

-     "source": [

-      "Example number 15.1, Page number 283"

-     ]

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "code",

-     "collapsed": false,

-     "input": [

-      "#importing modules\n",

-      "import math\n",

-      "from __future__ import division\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Variable declaration\n",

-      "k=1.38*10**-23;   #boltzmann constant(J/K)\n",

-      "T=1000;    #temperature(K)\n",

-      "new1=7.5*10**14;  \n",

-      "new2=4.3*10**14;\n",

-      "h=6.626*10**-34;    #planck's constant(Js)\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Calculation\n",

-      "kT=k*T;\n",

-      "#optical region extends from 4000 to 7000 angstrom\n",

-      "hnew=h*(new1-new2);  \n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Result\n",

-      "print \"value of kT is\",kT,\"J\"\n",

-      "print \"value of hnew is\",hnew,\"J\"\n",

-      "print \"hnew>kT.therefore spontaneous transitions are dominant ones in optical region\""

-     ],

-     "language": "python",

-     "metadata": {},

-     "outputs": [

-      {

-       "output_type": "stream",

-       "stream": "stdout",

-       "text": [

-        "value of kT is 1.38e-20 J\n",

-        "value of hnew is 2.12032e-19 J\n",

-        "hnew>kT.therefore spontaneous transitions are dominant ones in optical region\n"

-       ]

-      }

-     ],

-     "prompt_number": 3

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "heading",

-     "level": 2,

-     "metadata": {},

-     "source": [

-      "Example number 15.2, Page number 298"

-     ]

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "code",

-     "collapsed": false,

-     "input": [

-      "#importing modules\n",

-      "import math\n",

-      "from __future__ import division\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Variable declaration\n",

-      "h=6.626*10**-34;    #planck's constant(Js)\n",

-      "c=3*10**8;    #velocity of light(m/sec)\n",

-      "P=0.6;   #power(watt)\n",

-      "T=30*10**-3;    #time(s)\n",

-      "lamda=640*10**-9;   #wavelength(m)\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Calculation\n",

-      "E=P*T;    #energy deposited(J)\n",

-      "n=E*lamda/(h*c);   #number of photons in each pulse\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Result\n",

-      "print \"energy deposited is\",E,\"J\"\n",

-      "print \"number of photons in each pulse is\",round(n/10**16,1),\"*10**16\""

-     ],

-     "language": "python",

-     "metadata": {},

-     "outputs": [

-      {

-       "output_type": "stream",

-       "stream": "stdout",

-       "text": [

-        "energy deposited is 0.018 J\n",

-        "number of photons in each pulse is 5.8 *10**16\n"

-       ]

-      }

-     ],

-     "prompt_number": 6

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "heading",

-     "level": 2,

-     "metadata": {},

-     "source": [

-      "Example number 15.3, Page number 298"

-     ]

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "code",

-     "collapsed": false,

-     "input": [

-      "#importing modules\n",

-      "import math\n",

-      "from __future__ import division\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Variable declaration\n",

-      "lamda=5000*10**-10;   #wavelength(m)\n",

-      "f=0.2;   #focal length(m)\n",

-      "a=0.009;   #radius of aperture(m)\n",

-      "P=2.5*10**-3;   #power(W)\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Calculation\n",

-      "A=math.pi*lamda**2*f**2/a**2;    #area of spot at focal plane(m**2)\n",

-      "I=P/A;   #intensity at focus(W/m**2)\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Result\n",

-      "print \"area of spot at focal plane is\",round(A*10**10,2),\"*10**-10 m**2\"\n",

-      "print \"intensity at focus is\",round(I/10**6,3),\"*10**6 W/m**2\""

-     ],

-     "language": "python",

-     "metadata": {},

-     "outputs": [

-      {

-       "output_type": "stream",

-       "stream": "stdout",

-       "text": [

-        "area of spot at focal plane is 3.88 *10**-10 m**2\n",

-        "intensity at focus is 6.446 *10**6 W/m**2\n"

-       ]

-      }

-     ],

-     "prompt_number": 11

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "heading",

-     "level": 2,

-     "metadata": {},

-     "source": [

-      "Example number 15.4, Page number 298"

-     ]

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "code",

-     "collapsed": false,

-     "input": [

-      "#importing modules\n",

-      "import math\n",

-      "from __future__ import division\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Variable declaration\n",

-      "lamda=693*10**-9;   #wavelength(m)\n",

-      "D=3*10**-3;    #diameter of mirror(m)\n",

-      "d=300*10**3;   #distance from earth(m)\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Calculation\n",

-      "delta_theta=1.22*lamda/D;    #angular spread(rad)\n",

-      "a=delta_theta*d;    #diameter of beam on satellite(m)\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Result\n",

-      "print \"angular spread is\",round(delta_theta*10**4,2),\"*10**-4 rad\"\n",

-      "print \"diameter of beam on satellite is\",round(a,2),\"m\""

-     ],

-     "language": "python",

-     "metadata": {},

-     "outputs": [

-      {

-       "output_type": "stream",

-       "stream": "stdout",

-       "text": [

-        "angular spread is 2.82 *10**-4 rad\n",

-        "diameter of beam on satellite is 84.55 m\n"

-       ]

-      }

-     ],

-     "prompt_number": 15

-    }

-   ],

-   "metadata": {}

-  }

- ]

-}
\ No newline at end of file